OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS

Why do we study them at this point???

1. OpAmps are very useful electronic components

2. We have already the tools to analyze practical circuits
using Op-Amps (OhmsKCL and KVL)
3. The linear models for OpAmps include dependent sources

COMMERCIAL PACKAGING OF TYPICAL OP-AMP

CIRCUIT SYMBOL FOR AN OP-AMP SHOWING POWER SUPPLIES

LINEAR MODEL

OUTPUT RESISTANCE
INPUT RESISTANCE

TYPICAL VALUES

Ri : 10 10
5

RO : 1 50
A : 105 107

12

VIN

IN

VO

IN

GAIN

TRANSFER PLOTS FOR SOME COMERCIAL OP-AMPS

LINEAR
REGION

IDENTIFY SATURATION REGIONS

SATURATION
REGION

OP-AMP IN SATURATION

THE IDEAL OP-AMP

IDEAL RO 0, Ri , A
i
i

RO 0 vO A(v v )
Ri
A

REPLACING OP-AMPS BY THEIR LINEAR MODEL

WE USE THIS EXAMPLE TO DEVELOP

A PROCEDURE TO DETERMINE OP-AMP
CIRCUITS USING THE LINEAR MODELS

1.

Identify Op Amp nodes

v
vo

3. Draw components of linear OpAmp

(on circuit of step 2)

v
vo

Ri

RO

2. Redraw the circuit cutting out

the Op Amp

A(v v )

4. Redraw as needed

v
R2

v
vo

v
v

INVERTING AMPLIFIER: ANALYSIS OF NON IDEAL CASE

USE LINEAR ALGEBRA

NODE ANALYSIS

CONTROLLING VARIABLE IN TERMS OF NODE

VOLTAGES

TYPICAL OP - AMP : A 105 ,

Ri 108 , RO 10

R1 1k, R2 5k

vO
v
4.9996994 A O 5.000
vS
vS

SUMMARY COMPARISON: IDEAL OP-AMP AND NON-IDEAL CASE

v 0
i 0

v 0
IDEAL OP-AMP ASSUMPTIONS

Ri i i 0

A v v
KCL @ INVERTING TERMINAL

NON-IDEAL CASE
REPLACE OP-AMP BY LINEAR MODEL
SOLVE THE RESULTING CIRCUIT WITH
DEPENDENT SOURCES
GAIN FOR NON-IDEAL CASE

0 v S 0 vO
v
R

0 O 2
R1
R2
vs
R1
THE IDEAL OP-AMP ASSUMPTION PROVIDES EXCELLENT APPROXIMATION.
(UNLESS FORCED OTHERWISE WE WILL ALWAYS USE IT!)

LEARNING EXAMPLE: DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER

THINK NODES!

OUTPUT CURRENT IS NOT KNOWN

THE OP-AMP IS DEFINED BY ITS 3 NODES. HENCE IT NEEDS 3 EQUATIONS

KCL AT V_ AND V+ YIELD TWO EQUATIONS
(INFINITE INPUT RESISTANCE IMPLIES THAT i-, i+ ARE KNOWN)
DONT USE KCL AT OUTPUT NODE. GET THIRD EQUATION FROM INFINITE
GAIN ASSUMPTION (v+ = v-)

LEARNING EXAMPLE: DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER

IDEAL OP-AMP CONDITIONS

NODES @ INVERTING TERMINAL

R4
R4
v2 v
v2
R3 R4
R3 R4

R
R
R
R
vO 1 2 v 2 v1 2 1 1 v v1
R1
R1
R1 R2

i 0 v

NODES @ NON INVERTING TERMINAL

R4 R2 , R3 R1 vO

R2
(v2 v1 )
R1

LEARNING EXAMPLE: USE IDEAL OP-AMP

v1

FIND vO

vo1

v1
vm1
v2

v 1 v m 1
v 2 v m 2
FINISH WITH INPUT NODE EQUATIONS
USE INFINTE GAIN ASSUMPTION

v1 v1

v 2
vo 2

vm 1 v1

v 2 v 2

vm 2 v2

USE REMAINING NODE EQUATIONS

v 2

@ vm1 :

vm 2

6 NODE EQUATIONS + 2 IDEAL OP-AMP

v 1 v 1
v 2 v 2

v1 v01 v1 v 2 v1 vo 2

00
R2
RG
R1

v 2 v o 2 v 2 v1 v 2
@ vm 2 :

00
R1
RG
R2

ONLY UNKWONS ARE OUTPUT NODE VOLTAGES

SOLVE FOR REQUIRED VARIABLE vo vo1

LEARNING EXTENSION

FIND IO . ASSUME IDEAL OP - AMP

v 12V

AO v 12V

v 12V
Ri i 0

12 Vo 12

0 Vo 84V
12k
2k
V
IO o 8.4mA
10k

KCL@ v :

Homework:
Example: 4.3, 4.4 (non-inverting op-amp)
Extensions: 4.2
Problems: 4.1, 4.2, 4.5, 4.8, 4.9, 4.11, 4.12,
4.13, 4.18, 4.19, 4.21, 4.31, 4.33, 4.37,4.39, 4.40
Design Example: 4.10, 4.11 and 4.13

Due Date:(18-10-2010)