Taivlieu DCKDB

BI GING K THUT IN IN T CHNG 5
153
CHNG 05
NGCKHNGNGB3PHA
5.1.TNG QUAN V T TRNG TRONG MACH T CUA NG C IN :
Mch t ca ng c cm ng hay ng c khng ng b 3 pha gm hai thnh phn:
Stator : phn ng yn khng quay.
Rotor: phn quay ca ng c.
Khi cho dng in qua cc b dy qun trn stator to thnh h thng ng sc t trng
hay t thng trong mch t. H thng ng sc t trng tha cc qui lut sau dy:
ng sc t trng lun c hng v khp kn trn mch t .
ng sc t i theo ng ngn nht c t tr nh nht v tp trung mnh nht
trong vt liu dn t.
Mt h thng ng sc t khp kn c gi l mi ng sc.
S mi ng sc bng vi s cc t hnh thnh trong ng c
STATOR
CC T BAC
BC CC T
STATOR
BAC
T
THONG
T
THONG
NAM
ROTOR
ROTOR
NAM
BAC
MO HNH 2p = 2
S cc t ca ng
c (k hiu l 2p), lun lun
l s chn. Cc cc t i
tnh lun lun xp lin tip
xen k nhau trong khng
gian ca rotor v stator.
Trong hnh 5.1 trnh by
phn b ng sc t
trng dng tng qut.trn
mch t ca ng cvi
cc trng hp 2p = 2 cc
v 2p = 4 cc.
MO HNH 2p = 4
CC T NAM
HNH 5.1: Phn b ng sc t trng trong mch t
DAY QUAN STATOR
T THONG
CC T BAC
TRUNG TNH HNH HOC
CC T NAM
STATOR
HNH 5.2: Phn b ng sc t trng trong mch t startor ng c 2p = 2 cc.

i hc Bch Khoa Tp H Ch Minh Khoa in in T Phng Th Nghim My in v Thc Tp in- 2009
154
Trong hnh 5.2, ta c th hnh dung r rng hn dng ng sc t trng (hay t thng)
qua mch t ca mch t ng c c 2p = 2. T thng to ra trong mch t l do cc cun dy
qun trn stator khi cho dng in i qua. Quan st h thng ng sc hnh thnh trn mch t
ta rt ra cc nhn xt nh sau:
Ti mt cc t c ng sc i hng ra l mt cc t Bc
Ti mt cc t c ng sc i hng vo l mt cc t Nam.
ng sc t trng tp trung mnh nht ngay gia mt cc t.
ng thng ni lin tm ca cc mt cc t (trong kt cu 2p = 2) gi l trc cc t.
ng thng vung gc vi trc cc t gi l ng trung tnh hnh hc.
5.1.1.PHN B T TRNG TRONG KHNG GIAN :

Mun hiu r phn b t thng trong khang khe h khng kh gia rotor v stator, ta
c th khai trin kt cu trong hnh 5.2 t dng khng gian a v dng khai trin trong mt phng
xem hnh 5.3. Theo in t hc, ti nhng v tr no ng sc tp trung dy c, mt
ng sc t trng phn b tng cao, t cm B c gi tr cao. Ngc li ti cc v tr no
NG SC T TRNG PHN B THA THT, t cm B c gi tr thp. Tng t, ti cc v tr
khng c ng sc t i qua, t cm c gi tr l B = 0 .
Tuy nhin phn bit tnh cht ca cc cc t Bc v Nam trn kt cu mch t, ta c
th qui c nh sau :
Ti cc Bc qui c gi tr B > 0 .
Ti cc Nam qui c gi tr B < 0.
HNH 5.3: Phn b t trngmt cp cc t theo v tr khng gian, dng khai trin trn mt phng.
155
Trong hnh 5.3, trnh by th (hay ng biu din) m t gi tr tc thi ca t cm B

ti tng v tr khng gian trn mt cp cc t. Ty thuc vo s phn b ca h thng ng sc,
gi tr B thay i theo tng v tr.
Trong thit k my
in, ngi ta thng tnh
B
tan rng ca mi bc
cc theo khang h khng
kh gia rotor v stator c
c phn b t thng (hay
.x
Bm
B Bm . cos
t cm) theo dng sin trong

x
khng gian. Biu thc m t,
x
phn b t cm theo dng sin
trong khng gian c trnh
Khoa ng m ron g mot cc t
by theo quan h (5.1) vi v
tr trc ta chun v phn
b t cm dng sin trnh by
theo hnh 5.4 .
HNH 5.4: Phn b t cm dng sin trong khng gian
.x
B Bm.cos
(5.1)
Trong :
Bm : bin cc i ca t cm B.
: bc cc t, hay khang m rng ca mt cc t (tng ng phm vi gc in
180o theo v tr khng gian)
x : l ta ca v tr kho st trong khng gian.
5.1.2. T TRNG P MCH :
Theo ni dung phn tch trong mc 5.1.1,ta ch cc trng hp sau:
Khi cp dng mt chiu vo dy qun stator, phn b t cm ti khe h khng kh
(gia rotor v stator ) c dng sin trong v tr khng gian tng ng vi ln ca gi tr dng
in c cp vqo dy qun. iu cn nh l: phn b t cm trong khng gian khng ph
thuc bin s thi gian t m ch ph thuc vo bin s v tr x.
Khi cp dng in xoay chiu hnh sin vo dy qun stator, gi tr dng tc thi hnh
sin thay i theo tng thi im kho st (bin dng in bin thin theo bin s thi gian).
Phn b t cm trong khng gian c bin thay i theo tng thi im kho st, nhng
vn phi m bo qui tc phn b sin theo v tr khng gian. Gi s , biu thc tc thi ca
dng in c dng sau :
i t Im.sin t
(5.2)
V bin ca t cm B cng nh t thng t l thun vi dng in i, nn bin Bm

trong (5.1) thay i theo thi gian t (ph thuc tng thi im kho st) . Chng ta c th vit
li biu thc phn b t cm B theo v tr v theo tng thi im kho st nh trong (5.3).
.x
B t,x Bm.sin t .cos
(5.3)
Tm li khi cp dng hnh sin vo dy qun stator, t trng nhn c ti khe h khng
kh l hm theo hai bin s x (v tr khng gian) v t (bin s thi gian) . Ni cch khc, phn b t
cm ti khe h khng kh c dng sin trong khng gian v bin bin thin theo qui lut sin i
vi thi gian . T trng phn b theo qui lut trn c gi l t trng p mch.
156
TUCAMB
hiu r hn tnh cht v ngha hnh hc ca t trng p mch, chng ta kho st

hnh 5.5, trong ta ln lt thay i cc thng s ca quan h (5.3) theo tng thi im ; v v
dng phn b ca t cm B theo v tr khng gian (theo bin x). Cc thi im kho st c
chn trc v tnh tan nh sau y :
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
-0.9
-1
0
0.52 1.04 1.56 2.08 2.6 3.12 3.64 4.16 4.68 5.2 5.72 6.24 6.76
VI TRI X
HNH 5.5: Cc ng biu din bin t cm B (phn b t trng) theo v tr khng gian, khi thi
gian thay i. (Hnh v m t bin i ca phn b t cm khi thi gian t bin i )
Khi t 0 ,
.0
B Bm .sin 0 .cos
0

(ng 1 hnh 5.5)
(ng 2 hnh 5.5).
Khi t
,
6
.x Bm
.x
B Bm.sin .cos
.cos

6
2

Khi t
,
4
Khi t
,
3
Khi t
,
2
.x Bm
.x
B Bm.sin .cos
.cos

4
2

.x Bm 3
.cos .x
B Bm.sin .cos
3
2

.x
.x
B Bm.sin .cos
Bm.cos
2

.x
B Bm.sin .cos
0

Khi t ,
Khi t
3
,
2
3
.x
.x
B Bm.sin
.cos
Bm.cos
(ng 3 hnh 5.5).
(ng 4 hnh 5.5).
(ng 5 hnh 5.5).
(ng 1 hnh 5.5).
(ng 6 hnh 3.5).
157
Khi kho st ng biu din phn b t trng trong khng gian ti nhiu thi im lin
tip, chng ta rt ra nhn xt sau:
Ti cc v tr khng gian c t trng t bin cc i, khi thi gian bin i bin
ca cc v tr ny lc no cng cc i .
Tng t, ti cc v tr khng gian t trng t bin trit tiu, khi thi gian bin
i bin cc v tr ny lc no cng trit tiu.
Nh vy, t trng p mch c xem tng ng vi hin tng sng dng
ca tng hp sng c hc hay giao thoa sng c.
Cc v tr khng gian tng ng vi bin t cm B = 0, tng ng nt dao ng
ca sng dng, cc v tr ny c gi l trung tnh ca cc t.
Cc v tr khng gian tng ng vi bin t cm t cc i, tng ng bng dao
ng ca sng dng, cc v tr ny ang ngay chnh tm cc mt cc cc t ca ng c.
Tm li, trn stator ng c, khi cho dng in xoay chiu i qua dy qun s hnh
thnh t trng p mch trong khang h khng kh gia rotor v stator.
5.2.CU TAO CUA NG C KHNG NG B (NG C CAM NG) :

ng c khng ng b (hay cm ng) gm c hai thnh phn chnh:
STATOR: phn ng
yn ca ng c, c to thnh
t nhiu l thp k thut in
ghp li thnh hnh tr vnh khn.
Cc l thp to thnh stator,
c dp cc rnh phn b u
theo vng trn trong ca stator.
Trong cc rnh ngi ta lt cch
in trc khi lp t cc b dy
qun vo rnh stator. Trong hnh
5.6 trnh by kt cu li thp
stator ng c 3 pha cng sut
ln ang c lm v sinh rnh
trc khi b tr dy qun .
HNH 5.6: li thp stator ng c cm ng 3 pha( cng sut ln )
Hnh 5.7 trnh by mt mu stator ang c qun dy

v hnh 5.8 trnh by b dy qun han chnh. Vi ng c
khng ng b 3 pha, trn stator b tr 3 b dy qun c
lp nhau tun theo mt s qui lut nh trc hnh thnh
t trng quay trn ti khe h khng kh stator v rotor.
ROTOR: l phn quay ca ng c. Vi ng c
cm ng, rotor thng c ch to theo mt trong hai
dng: rotor lng sc (hnh 5.9 v 5.10) v rotor dy qun
(hnh 5.11 v 5.12). Vi yu cu vn hnh bnh thng,
ng c thng c dng rotor lng sc, trong trng hp
cn iu chnh thay i tc ng c ta mi ng c
rotor dy qun. Rotor lng sc gm cc thanh ng hay
nhm, c c xuyn qua cc rnh ca rotor, cc thanh
ny c hn ni tt bi hai vnh ngn mch hai u
rotor.
HNH 5.7: Dy qun stator
158
HNH 5.8: Dy qun stator sau khi qun han chnh.
HNH 5.9: Rotor lng sc.
Trn cc vnh ngn mch ngi ta

thng c thm cc cnh khuy
trn gi , gii nhit cho ng c trong
qu trnh vn hnh. Ngai ra chng ta
c th li dng cc cnh khuy ny
thm cc i trng cn bng ng
cho rotor trong qu trnh quay.
159
HNH 5.10: Rotor ang c gia cng tin lng b mt sau ghi p trc vo rotor.
HNH 5.11: Rotor dy qun cng sut

ln sau khi gia cng qun dy.
Vi rotor dy qun, ngui ta qun

dy trn cc rnh rotor, dy qun
bao gm 3 b dy 3 pha c lp
nhau (b tr tng t nh dy
qun trn stator. Dy qun trn
rotor c u thnh hnh Y, tan
b 3 u dy ra ca dy qun rotor
c ni n 3 vnh trt b tr
trn trc ca rotor. Khi vn hnh
ng c, ta phi dng 3 chi than
ni tt 3 vnh trt ny vi nhau,
hay ni 3 vnh trt ny n 3 u
ca b bin tr u Y b tr bn ngai.
HNH 5.12: Rotor dy qun cng sut nh vi vnh trt
160
HNH 5.13: cu to ng c khng ng b 3 pha, rotor lng sc.
5.3.KHAI NIM V T TRNG QUAY TRON:

hnh dung v hiu c t trng quay, xem hnh
5.14; vi thanh nam chm vnh cu hnh ch U c t trn
trc thng ng. Khi ch n khong khng gian gia hai
cc Bc Nam ca nam chm, chng ta biu din hng ca
ng sc t trng trong khng gian ny bng vector cm
ng t B. Khi quay trn u thanh nam chm quanh trc,
vector B cng quay trn u cng chiu quay v cng tc
vi trc quay.
Hnh nh ca vector B quay trn trong khng gian cho
ta hnh tng n gin ca mt t trng quay trn.
Mun hnh thnh t trng quay trn trong ng c
khng ng b ba pha, ta cn cc iu kin sau :
Trn stator b tr 3 b dy qun c lp.
Ba b dy c lp t lch v tr khng gian tng
HNH 5.14: Hnh nh t trng
quay trn khi quay thanh nam
chm vnh cu quanh trc ng.
i 120o
Cp cc dng in xoay chiu lch pha thi gian
tng i 120o vo 3 b dy
iu kin b tr lch v tr khng gian ca cc b dy

qun c thc hin trong qu trnh ch to, khi qun dy stator. Vi ba b dy qun c
ch to ging ht nhau v s liu, ta xem ba b dy l ti 3 pha cn bng .
Mun to dng in hnh sin lch pha thi gian tng i 120o qua ba b dy, chng ta ch cn
u 3 b dy theo dng hnh Y hay ; sau cp ngun ba pha vo h thng dy qun sau khi
c u ni.
161
p dng kt qu va kho st trong mc 5.2; ta c nhn xt nh sau:

T trng to bi mi pha dy qun l t trng p mch.
Do v tr b tr trong khng gian v dng in qua cc b dy lch pha thi gian vi
nhau, ti thi im kho st bt k nu t trng to bi mt trong ba b dy c gi tr cc i,
th cc t trng hnh thnh trong hai b dy cn li khng t gi tr cc i.
T trng tng hp t ba t trng p mch (to bi ba b dy qun) l t
trng quay trn.
Chng ta kho st t trng tng hp theo mt trong hai phng php sau:
PHNG PHP 1: p dng phng php tan hc tng hp cc t trng p mch tm ra
biu thc cho t trng tng hp, v chng minh t trng tng c dng quay trn. Sau v
dng t trng tng hp khi thi gian thay i.
PHNG PHP 2: p dng phng php tng hp vector xc nh t trng tng ti cc thi
im lin tip.
5.3.1 PHNG PHP 1 : (P DNG GII TCH KHO ST T TRNG QUAY)
Trong hnh 5.15 ba b dy stator lch v tr khng
gian 1200; cc b dy c u Y v cp ngun p ba
pha th t thun v dy qun. Vi h thng ngun ba
pha th t thun cc biu thc tc thi ca dng in
qua mi b dy qun l :
iB t Im.sin(t 120O )
iC t Im.sin(t 240O )
iA t Im.sin(t)
(5.4)
Chn trc v tr khng gian chun l trc ca b

dy AX , t trng p mch to nn do b dy ny
khi c dng i A i qua l:
.x
BA t,x Bm .sin t .cos
HNH 5.15
(5.5)
i vi b dy BY,do b tr lch khng gian so vi

b dy AX mt gc l 120o , ng thi cho dng in iB i qua, t trng p mch c dng sau:
.x
120o
BB t, x Bm.sin t 120o .cos

(5.6)
Xt tng t cho b dy CZ, ta nhn c t trng p mch do b dy ny to ra ( khi

cho dng iC i qua):
.x
240o
BC t,x Bm.sin t 240o .cos

(5.7)
Gi B l t trng tng hp t cc t trng p mch thnh phn :
B t,x BA t,x BB t,x BC t,x
(5.8)
Mun xc nh biu thc gii tch ca B ta p dng cng thc bin i lng gic c bn
sinp.cosq
1
sin(p q) sin(p q) bin i cc quan h (5.5); (5.6) v (5.7) ri tng hp.
162
Ta c kt qu sau:
.x
.x
1
.Bm sin(t
) sin(t
)
2
(5.9)
BB t,x
.x
.x
1
240o ) sin(t
.Bm sin(t
)
2
(5.10)
.x
.x
1
480o ) sin(t
.Bm sin(t
)
2
(5.11)
BA t,x
BC t,x
Cn ch tnh cht sau:
.x
.x
.x
240o sin t
480o 0
sin t
sin t

(5.12)
Phi hp (5.9); (5.10) v (5.11) suy ra biu thc gii tch ca t trng tng hp, ta c:
B t,x
1 .5
1 .4
1 .3
1 .2
1 .1
1
0 .9
0 .8
0 .7
0 .6
0 .5
0 .4
0 .3
0 .2
0 .1
0
-0 .1
-0 .2
-0 .3
-0 .4
-0 .5
-0 .6
-0 .7
-0 .8
-0 .9
-1
-1 .1
-1 .2
-1 .3
-1 .4
-1 .5
3.Bm
.x
.sin t
(5.13)
t 0
t
4
t
3
t
0 .52 31.0 461 .56 92 .09 22.6 153 .13 83.6 614 .18 44.7 07 5.2 3 5 .75 36.2 766 .79 9
V i tri
x
HINH 5.16: th m t t trng hnh sin ang chuyn ng
3.Bm
.x
t 0 ; B
sin
;B
4
3.Bm
.x
sin
2

4
;B
2
3.Bm
.x
sin
2

2
Mun nhn thy

c t trng tng
B(t,x) l t trng
quay trn trong khng
gian, ta chn trc
thi im t ri v
quan h B theo v tr
x ; thc hin lp li vi
nhiu thi im lin
tip nhau, ta s thy
c ng sin ca
t trng di chuyn
theo phng ca v
tr x.
Cc thi im
c chn la v
ng phn b t
trng tng nh sau:
;B
6
3.Bm
.x
sin
2

6
;B
3
3.Bm
.x
sin
2

3
Trong hnh 5.16 trnh by dng ca t trng tng di chuyn theo khng gian khi v ti cc
thi im lin tip nhau. trc hanh biu din v tr khng gian ti khe h khng kh gia stator v
rotor ng c .
163
Ta rt ra nhn xt sau:
T trng tng phn b theo dng sin trong khng gian .
Khi thi gian thay i, t trng sin ny di chuyn theo hng trc x (trn hnh v di
chuyn t tri sang phi).
Tm li, t trng tng di chuyn trong khng gian theo hng trc v tr x. Nu trc v tr
c un cong thnh hnh trn (theo khng gian ca khe h khng kh thc s gia rotor v
stator) t trng ny s di chuyn dc theo chu vi trong ca stator. Chuyn ng ny chng
t t trng tng hp l dng t trng quay trn bn trong ng c.
TM LI :
Trong stator ng c 3 pha, khi lp t 3 b dy qun c lp tha cc qui tc: lch v tr
khng gian 120o, v dng in qua cc b dy ny lch pha thi gian 120o; ta c kt lun nh sau:
T trng to bi mi b dy l dng t trng p mch.
T trng tng to bi 3 t trng p mch thnh phn (t 3 b dy qun) l t trng
quay trn.
3
ln bin ca t trng thnh phn
2
Bin t trng tng bng
5.3.2 PHNG PHP 2 : (TNG HP VECTOR)
t1
6
t2
2
5
t3
7
t4
3
t5
11
t6
HINH 5.17: th dng tc thi ca ngun 3 pha theo thi gian.
Mun kho st
s hnh thnh t
trng quay; da vo
gi tr tc thi ca
dng 3 pha qua 3 b
dy qun, suy ra cc
vector t trng B to
bi mi b dy ti
tng thi im ; sau
cng tng hp cc
vector t trng B
thnh phn c
c
vector
t
trng tng to ti
thi im kho st.
Thc hin li phng
php trn ti vi thi
im lin tip; ta c
th thy c hnh
nh t trng tng l
t trng quay.
Trn hnh 5.17, ta c th biu din cc dng 3 pha tc thi qua dy qun, chng ta kho
st gi tr tc thi ca cc dng in iA, iB, iC ti 6 thi im; ta c bng gi tr sau:
t
iA
iB
iC
/6
0,5 Im
- Im
0,5 Im
/2
Im
-0,5 Im
-0,5 Im
5/6
0,5 Im
0,5 Im
- Im
7/6
-0,5 Im
Im
-0,5 Im
3/2
- Im
0,5 Im
0,5 Im
11/6
-0,5 Im
-0,5 Im
Im
Cc gi tr t trng p mch (to ra do cc b dy) t l thun vi gi tr dng in qua

dy qun, da vo bng gi tr tc thi ca dng in 3 pha ta c th biu din cc vector t cm
(c trng cho t trng) to ra ti tng thi im. p dng php tng hp vector suy ra vector t
trng tng, xem hnh 5.18 v 5.19 sau y:
164
i A = 0,5 I m
BA
C
BC
i C = 0,5 I m
BC
BB
BB
T TRNG
TONG
BA
iB=
-Im
T TRNG TONG TAI LUC
iA= Im
A
A
BA
BC
BB
BC
BB
- 0,5.I m
iC=
iB=
T TRNG TONG TAI LUC
T TRNG
TONG
A
A
BA
- 0,5.I m
i A = 0.5I m
BA
BB
BC
i B = 0,5.I m
BB
C
C
iC=
T TRNG
TONG
-Im
5
T TRNG TONG TAI LUC t
6
BC
BA
3
5
, t
, t
6
6
6
HINH 5.18: Kho st t trng quay ti cc thi im: t
165
T TRNG
TONG
i A = - 0,5 I m
BA
i C = - 0,5 I m
BC
BB
BA
BB
iB= Im
T TRNG TONG TAI LUC
7
6
BC
T TRNG
TONG
i A = -I m
BA
BA
BC
BB
BB
i C = 0,5.I m
i B = 0,5.I m
T TRNG TONG TAI LUC
T TRNG
TONG
3
2
i A = - 0,5I m
BA
BC
BC
i B = - 0,5.I m
BB
BA
iC=Im
T TRNG TONG TAI LUC t
11
6
BC
BB
7
9
11
, t
, t
6
6
6
HINH 5.19: Kho st t trng quay ti cc thi im: t
166
5.3.3 C IM CA T TRNG QUAY :

5.3.3.1. VN TC CA T TRNG QUAY :
Vn tc ca t trng quay c k hiu l n1 hay ndb, cn c gi l vn tc ng b.

Vn tc ny ph thuc :
Tn s f ca ngun in cp vo dy qun stator.

S i cc (p) ca ng c.
Vi cc phng php trnh by trong cc mc 5.3.1 v 5.3.2 v phng thc hnh thnh t
trng quay chng ta rt ra cc nhn xt nh sau i vi my in ch c 2p = 2 cc:
Vi cc dng sin 3 pha cp vo cc b dy qun theo (5.4), gi tr trong cc biu thc
ca cc dng in l tn s gc. Gi tr ny quan h vi tn s ngun in theo quan h:
2.f
(5.14)
Vi biu thc (5.13) cho thy t cm tng hp B l hm iu ha theo thi gian t, nh vy

vector c trng cho t cm tng hp l vector phase quay nhn gi tr lm vn tc gc. Nh vy
gi tr ny c quan h vi vn tc t t trng n1 theo quan h sau:
2.n1
(5.15)
T (5.14) v (5.15) ta suy ra vi my in c 2p = 2 cc quan h gia tn s ngun in

cung cp vi s cc 2p tha quan h sau:
f n1
(5.16)
Ni theo cch khc, khi dng in sin hon tt mt chu k th t trng quay qut qua
ng mt khong bng 2 cc t ca my in.
T suy ra vi my c 2p = 4 cc, mun t trng quay qut qua trn vn khng gian
tng ng vi 4 cc ta cn 2 chu k ca dng in hnh sin cp t ngun. Mt cch tng qut vi
my in c 2p cc quan h gia tn s ngun in vi vn tc t trng quay tha quan h sau:
f p.n1
(5.17)
vong
Trong , p l s i cc t; f Hz v n1
. Nu i n v o ca vn tc
s
vong
n1 phut ta ghi li nh sau:
p.n1
f
60
(5.18)
5.3.3.2. CHIU QUAY CA T TRNG :
Chiu quay ca t trng ph thuc vo th t pha ca dng in cp vo dy qun

stator. Kho st trn hnh 5.18 v 5.19 ta rt ra nhn xt sau:
Hng ca vector t trng tng B lun lun cng hng vi vector t trng to bi
b dy qun no ang cho dng in c gi tr cc i (+ Im) hay gi tr cc tiu (Im) qua n .
Trong hnh 5.18 i dc theo chu vi ca stator ; cc dng in qua cc b dy c bin
cc i (+ Im) ln lt theo th t A,B,C ; chiu ca t trng quay hnh thnh qut qua cc b
dy theo th t tng ng A, B, C.
Khi han v hai trong ba pha ngun cp vo dy qun stator, th t ca h thng thay
i, nn chiu quay ca t trng s o hng ngc li.
167
5.4. NGUYN LY HOAT NG CUA NG C KHNG NG B :

5.4.1. CC NH LUT IN T P DNG KHI KHO ST NGUYN L HOT NG:
Nguyn tc hat ng ca ng c khng ng b c gii thch da trn cc nh lut
in t hc c bn sau y:
nh lut cm ng in t kho st hin tng hnh thnh sc in ng trong thanh
dn di chuyn ct ng sc t trng.
nh lut Laplace kho st lc in t tc ng ln thanh dn ang mang dng in v
t trong t trng.
5.4.1.1. NH LUT CM NG IN T:
t2 = dt
t1 = 0
B
v
dS
Hng cua dong ien

cam ng qua mach
dx
HINH 5.20: Sc in ng hnh thnh khi di chuyn thanh dn trong t trng
Trong hnh 5.20,

b tr hai thanh dn
song song nhau, cch
nhau khang cch l .
t thanh dn th ba
vung gc vi hai thanh
dn trn. Tan b h
thng thanh dn c
t trong t trng u,
cc ng sc t c
hng vung gc vi
mt phng to bi cc
thanh dn.
Tc ng bng ngai lc ko thanh dn th ba ny di chuyn thng u vi vn tc l

v . Gi s ti thi im ban u t1 = 0 t thng xuyn qua din tch gii hn bi cc thanh dn l
1 ; sau khang khang thi gian dt, ti thi im t2 = dt, thanh dn di chuyn n v tr khc. Ti
y ta c t thng xuyn qua tit din mi l 2.
p dng cng thc Faraday, sc in ng cm ng trn thanh dn i ng tha quan h:
B. S2 S1
1
d
2
dt
dt
dt
dx
B.dS
B.l B.l.v
dt
dt
(5.19)
(5.20)
Du (-) trong biu thc (5.20) th hin tnh i khng ca

sc in ng sinh ra; khi vn tc di lm tng t thng xuyn
qua tit din, sc in ng hnh thnh c khuynh hng lm
gim t thng xuyn qua tit din.
thuc vo hng
Hng ca sc in ng e sinh ra ph
ca B v vn tc v , xc nh hng ca e ta p dng qui tc

sau: ( v , B , e ) to thnh tam din thun (hnh 5.20) hoc dng
e
B
HINH 5.21: Qui tc bn tay tri
nh hng sc in ng e.
qui tc bn tay tri, xem hnh 5.21.

Vi qui c ny xem thanh dn tung ng vi ngun p e hnh
thnh trong thanh dn vi du (+) v tr ngn vector e v du ()
v tr gc vector e (xem hnh 5.20). Mt cch khc c th xem

hng ca e hnh thnh trong thanh dn chnh l hng ca dng
cm ng i qua thanh dn (khi mch trng thi kn).
168
5.4.1.2. NH LUT V LC IN T :
Trong hnh 5.22 trnh by mt thanh dn thng mang

dng in i v c t trong t trng B; theo nh lut
Laplace thanh dn chu tc dng ca lc in t F.
Trong trng hp tng qut, phng ca dng in i
v phng ca B hp nhau mt gc c gi tr l , lc in t
F c xc nh theo quan h sau:
F B.I.L.sin
I
B
F
F
B
(5.21)
Trong L l b di ca thanh dn ang mang dng

in I . Khi phng ca dng in I v phng ca vector t
cm B hp nhau gc 900 ; lc in t xc nh theo quan h
sau:
F B.I.L
HINH 5.22: Qui tc bn tay tri

nh hng lc in t.
(5.22)
Hng ca lc in t F c xc nh theo qui tc bn tay tri (hnh 5.22)

5.4.2. NGUYN TC HAT NG CA NG C CM NG :
T trng
ng yen
Chieu quay cua

t trng
B
ROTOR
quay
ROTOR
ng yen
HINH 5.23: p dng chuyn ng tng i gii thch

nguyn l hat ng ca ng c khng ng b.
T TRNG
NG YEN
e2
+
B
ROTOR
QUAY
e2
HINH 5.24: Sc in ng sinh ra trong thanh dn rotor.
Trong hnh 5.23, trnh by m

hnh n gin ca ng c khng
ng b. Gi s dy qun trn stator
to ra t trng quay trn (vector t
cm tng B quay trn trong khng
gian vi vn tc n1). Dy qun rotor
ni tt c m t n gin nh l
khung dy kn, trong hnh 5.22 khung
dy c biu din bng cc mt ct
ca hai thanh dn to thnh khung
dy.T trng quay to bi dy
qun stator chuyn ng v qut ln
cc thanh dn ca rotor ; p dng
chuyn ng tng i trong c hc
ta c th xem: trng thi thanh dn
rotor ng yn v t trng quay
trn (gi s theo chiu kim ng h);
tng ng vi trng thi t
trng ng yn v thanh dn rotor
quay tng i theo chiu ngc li
(chiu quay tng i ca thanh dn
rotor l chiu ngc kim ng h).
Tm li khi kho st theo
chuyn ng tng i, thanh dn
rotor quay trn v ct ng sc
t trng, trn thanh dn hnh thnh
sc in ng cm ng e2. Tc
quay tng i ca thanh dn bng
tc ca t trng quay l n1. V
rotor ngn mch nn sc in
ng e2 s to ra dng cm ng i2
trong cc thanh dn.
Gi s trn rotor ch c hai

thanh dn, hng ca dng cm ng sinh ra trn mi thanh dn trnh by trong hnh 5.24 .
169
Khi cc thanh dn rotor c dng cm ng i qua v cc thanh dn ny t trong t trng

B, cc thanh dn s chu tc ng ca lc in t F. Hng ca lc in t tc ng ln cc
thanh dn xc nh theo qui tc bn tay tri. Cc lc in t tc ng ln cc thnh dn hnh
thnh ngu lc lm rotor quay theo hng ngc vi hng chuyn ng tng i ca cc
thanh dn trn rotor, ni khc i chiu quay rotor cng chiu vi chiu ca t trng quay.
Nn nh vn tc ca rotor khng th t bng vn tc ca t trng; v nu hai tc
quay bng nhau lc thanh dn rotor v t trng xem nh ng yn khi so tng i vi
nhau. Tm li, vn tc ca rotor lun lun nh hn vn tc ca t trng quay.
Ta c nh ngha cho trt s l vn tc chnh lch tng i gia vn tc rotor so vi
vn tc ca t trng quay. Gi :
n1 : vn tc ca t trng quay ( hay tc ng b).
n2 : vn tc ca rotor .
s : trt ca ng c.
Trong ta nh ngha trt bng quan h sau:
n1 n2
n1
n2
(5.23)
n1
Hay
n2 n1.(1 s)
(5.24)
TH D 5.1:
ng c khng ng b ba pha 2p = 4 cc, c cp ngun xoay chiu 3 pha c tn s l
f = 50Hz. Bng l lch ca ng c c ghi tc nh mc l 1425 vng/pht . Xc nh :
a./ Tc ca t trng quay.
b./ trt ca ng c ti ti nh mc.
GII
TC CA T TRNG QUAY:
p dng cng thc (3.15) ta suy ra tc ng b hay tc t trng quay:
n1
60.f 60. 50 3000
1500 [vong/phut]
p
2
2
TRT CA NG C:
Vn tc ca t trng quay : n1 = 1500 vng/pht.

Vn tc ca rotor ti lc ti nh mc : n2 = 1425 vng/pht.
trt s ca ng c :
n1 n2
n1
n2
n1
1425 1500 1425

75
0, 05
1500
1500
1500
5.5. CAC PHNG TRINH CUA NG C KHNG NG B:

5.5.1. PHNG TRNH CN BNG P STATOR:
Vi ba b dy qun stator c ch to cng s liu v hon ton ging nhau, ta ni dy
qun ba pha cn bng. Dy qun stator c th u theo dng Y hay ty theo p hiu dng nh
mc cho php t ngang qua hai u mi pha dy qun. Khi cp ngun p 3 pha cn bng vo
dy qun stator, mch in stator l mch 3 pha cn bng, do ta ch kho st trn 1 pha tng
ng . Gi :
V1 : p pha hiu dng cp vo mi pha dy qun pha stator.
f 1 : tn s ngun in cp vo dy qun stator.
170
Tng t nh my bin p, dy qun stator xem l dy qun s cp, khi cp dng hnh
sin qua dy qun stator mi pha dy qun to thnh t thng p mch vi bin l m . T
thng ny bin thin theo thi gian nn hnh thnh cc sc in ng cm ng trn mi pha dy
qun . Sc in ng cm ng hiu dng trn mi pha dy qun xc nh theo quan h sau:
E1 4, 44.f1.N1.Kdq1.m
(5.25)
Trong :
N 1 : tng s vng mt pha dy qun stator.
Kdq1 : h s dy qun mt pha stator, tnh n s phn b dy qun trn mt cp cc t
T thong chnh T thong tan ranh stator T thong tan tap stator
Trn dy qun stator ,

chng ta cn n cc
thnh phn :
STATOR
ROTOR
T thong tan ranh rotor T thong tan tap rotor

HINH 5.25: Phn b t thng tn trong rnh stator v rotor
in tr ni R1 ca
mi pha dy qun .
Thnh
phn
in
khng tn t c trng cho t
thng tn ( thnh phn t thng
to nn do dy qun stator,
khp kn mch trn dy qun
stator nhng khng mc vng
qua rotor) . Cc thnh phn t
thng tn trong my in quay
gm c t thng tn trong rnh
v t thng tn tp (hnh 5.25).
Gi xt1 l thnh phn in khng tn t mi pha dy qun stator. Phng trnh cn bng
p vit cho mt pha dy qun pha stator c vit nh sau:
V1 E1 (R1 j.X t1). I1
(5.26)
Phng trnh ny ng cho trng hp ng c vn hnh ch khng ti cng nh

khi ng c mang ti . Khi ti trn trc ng c thay i, dng in I1 thay i gi tr tng ng.
5.5.2. PHNG TRNH CN BNG P ROTOR:
Khi kho st phng trnh cn bng p pha rotor, ta chia ra cc trng hp sau :
Trng hp rotor ng yn khng quay.
Trng hp rotor quay.
Trong mi trng hp iu quan trng cn ch : s thay i f2: tn s dng in rotor v
cc thng s mch pha rotor.
5.5.2.1. PHNG TRNH CN BNG P ROTOR (LC ROTOR NG YN):
Khi rotor ng yn, t trng quay qut qua dy qun rotor hnh thnh sc in ng
cm ng E2 trn mi pha dy qun rotor. Sc in ng rotor ny cng tn s vi sc in ng
pha stator:
E2 4, 44.f2 .N2 .Kdq2 .m (Rotor ng yen)
(5.27)
f2 f1 (Rotor ng yen)
(5.28)
N2 : tng s vng mt pha dy qun rotor.

Kdq2 : h s dy qun ca mt pha rotor. .
171
V rotor thuc dng ngn mch, phng trnh cn bng p mi pha pha rotor lc ng
yn c dng sau:
E2 (R2 j.X t2 ). I 2
(Rotor ng yen)
(5.29)
Trong :
R2 : in tr ni ca mi pha dy qun rotor
Xt2 : in khng tn t mi pha pha rotor
5.5.2.2. PHNG TRNH CN BNG P ROTOR ( LC ROTOR QUAY):
Khi rotor quay vi tc quay l n2 trong khi t trng quay c tc l n1 > n2 , tc

quay tng i gia t trng quay v rotor l sn1 = (n1 n2 ). V tn s dng in pha rotor t l
thun vi tc qut ca t trng quay ln thanh dn rotor ,ta c nhn xt nh sau
TRNG THI
Rotor ng yn
Rotor quay
TC T TRNG QUAY SO VI ROTOR
TN S ROTOR
n1
s.n1
f 2 = f1
f2
Tn s pha rotor lc ang quay c xc nh nh sau:
f2
s.n1.f1
s.f1
n1
Tm li :
f2 s.f1
(Khi rotor ang quay)
(5.30)
Khi ti trn trc ng c thay i lm thay i tc quay ca ng c, do tn s pha

rotor lun thay i theo tc quay ca rotor. Cc phn t mch pha rotor c lin quan n tn
s u thay i.
in khng tn t, sc in ng cm ng pha rotor thay i theo gi tr tn s f2 khi rotor
thay i tc quay. Gi :
E2s : sc in ng pha rotor (khi rotor quay).

Xt2s : in khng tn t pha rotor lc rotor ang quay.
TRNG THI
SC IN NG CM NG ROTOR
IN KHNG TN T ROTOR
Rotor ng yn
E2 4, 44.f1.N2 .kdq2 .m
X t2 2.f1.Lt2
Rotor quay
E2S 4, 44.f2 .N2 .kdq2 .m
X t2s 2.f2 .Lt2
Suy ra:
E2 s
E2
f2
f1
s.f1
f1
E2s s.E2
(5.31)
Tng t ta suy ra :
X t2 s
X t2
2 .f2 .L t2
2 .f1.L t2
X t2s s.X t2
s.f1
f1
s
(5.32)
172
Phng trnh cn bng p pha rotor (khi rotor ang quay):
E2s (R2 j.X t2s ). I 2
(Rotor ang quay, tan so f2 )
(5.33)
TH D 5.2:
Vi ng c trong th d 5.1, xc nh tn s pha rotor khi ng c ang ti nh mc.
GII
Vi h s trt ca ng c ti lc mang ti nh mc l s = 0,05 ; p dng quan h
(5.30) suy ra tn s pha rotor lc ti nh mc l
f2 s.f1
(Khi rotor ang quay)
f2 0, 05 50 2, 5 Hz
5.5.3. PHNG TRNH CN BNG DNG IN :
5.5.3.1.TC T TRNG QUAY STATOR V T TRNG QUAY ROTOR KHI NG C QUAY:
Khi b tr trn stator dy qun ba pha v cp dng in 3 pha c tn s f1 vo dy qun,
t trng quay c tc quay l n1
60f1
. Di tc dng ca t trng quay, rotor quay
p
theo cng chiu vi t trng quay, tc quay ca rotor l n2 = n1(1s ) ; tn s dng in

trong rotor l f2 s.f1 .
Vi ng c rotor lng sc (dng rotor c dy qun nhiu pha) ; khi c dng cm ng
qua dy qun rotor, trn rotor cng hnh thnh t trng quay trn vi vn tc quay l nr . Vn
tc ca t trng quay to bi rotor t l thun vi tn s rotor v t l nghch vi s i
cc to bi dy qun trn rotor. p dng quan h (3.15) ta suy ra tc quay ca t trng quay
hnh thnh trn rotor.
nr
60.f2
p
nr s.n1
60.s.f1
p
s.
60f1
p
(5.34)
Khi rotor ang quay vi vn tc l n2 v mang theo t trng quay to bi rotor c

vn tc l nr ny , suy ra vn tc ca t trng quay to bi dy qun rotor so tng i vi
tc t trng quay to bi dy qun stator l (n2 + nr). Suy ra:
n2 nr n1.(1 s) s.n1
n2 nr n1
(5.35)
Tm li :
Vn tc ca t trng quay (to bi dy qun stator) v tc ca t trng quay
(to bi dy qun rotor) bng nhau
5.5.3.2.PHNG TRNH CN BNG DNG (KHI NG C ANG QUAY):
L lun tng t nh khi kho st nguyn l ca my bin p; t trng (hay t thng)

quay stator c to bi sc t ng stator khi c dng 3 pha qua cc pha dy qun stator .Khi
rotor mang ti, dng in qua dy qun rotor hnh thnh sc t ng rotor c tnhcht i khng
vi sc t ng stator. Hin tng i khng ny s cn bng v m bo sc t ng tng lun
lun khng i v bng vi sc t ng hnh thnh do dy qun stator lc khng ti.
173
Gi:
N1kdq1.I1 : sc t ng to bi mt pha dy qun stator (khi ng c mang ti).
N2kdq2.I2 : sc t ng to bi mt pha dy qun rotor (khi mang ti).
N1kdq1.I10 : sc t ng to bi mt pha dy qun stator (khi khng ti).
Ta c :
N1.Kdq1. I1 N2 .Kdq2 . I 2 N1.Kdq1. I10
(5.36)
5.6.MACH IN TNG NG CUA NG C KHNG NG B:

R1
j.X t1
I10
I1
V1
E1
I C Im
RC j.Xm
I2
ROTOR QUAY
E2 s
n2 0
s 1
MACH STATOR TAN SO f1
j.X t2s
R2
T TRNG QUAY
MACH ROTOR TAN SO f2
HINH 5.26: Mch tng ng 1 pha lc rotor ang quay.
R1
j.X t1
I10
I1
V1
E1
I C Im
RC j.Xm
E2
I2
ROTOR NG YEN
j.X t2
R2
T TRNG QUAY
n2 0
s 1
HINH 5.27: Mch tng ng 1 pha lc rotor ng yn.
Thc hin qu
trnh kho st tng t
nh thc hin khi kho
st mch tng ng
ca my bin p. Mch
tng ng 1 pha khi
ng c ang quay tha
phng trnh cn bng p
(5.26) v khi c ch
n tn hao li thp do
dng xay v chu trnh
t tr to ra c trnh
by trong hnh 5.26.
Hnh 5.27 trnh by
mch tng ng 1 pha
ca ng c khi rotor
ng yn. Ti trng thi
ny tn s pha rotor v
stator bng nhau. Trong
thc t trng thi ny xy
ra ti thi im ng c
khi ng hay khi rotor
mang ti c momen ti
qu ln so vi momen ra
trn trc ng c lm
rotor b ghm ng yn
khng quay.
Mun qui i mch rotor v pha stator n gin i tc ng ca t trng quay ln

rotor tng t nh mch qui i thc hin cho my bin p, ta cn thc hin 2 lt qui i.
Qui i mch rotor t tn s f2 sang tn s f1, (ni cch khc l qui i cc thng s
mch rotor lc ang quay thnh cc thng s khc tng ng nh lc rotor ng yn).
Khi qui i mch rotor sang tn s f1, chng ta qui i rotor v stator.
5.6.1. QUI I MCH ROTOR T TN S f2 SANG TN S f1:
Phng trnh cn bng p pha rotor lc ang quay ng vi tn s f2 tha quan h (5.33).
E2s (R2 j.X t2s ). I 2
(Rotor ang quay, tan so la f2 )
Thay cc quan h (5.31) , (5.32) vo quan h (5.33) ta suy ra :
s.E2 (R2 j.s.X t2 ). I 2
(5.37)
174
Chia hai v quan h (5.37) cho s, ta c:
E2 (
R1
R2
j.X t2 ). I 2
j.X t1
I10
I1
I C Im
RC j.Xm
V1
E1
R2
E2
I2
ROTOR QUAY
n2 0
s 1
j.X t2
T TRNG QUAY
(5.38)
T quan h
(5.38) cho thy cc
thng s mch rotor
c qui i v
tn s f1, mch in
tng ng ca
ng c lc ny
c trnh by trong
hnh 5.28.
HINH 5.28: Mch tng ng 1 pha lc rotor quay v tn s rotor qui v f1
5.6.2. QUI I MCH ROTOR V STATOR :

Sau khi qui i mch rotor t tn s f2 sang tn s f1 , mun qui i mch rotor v pha
stator, ta cn c vo cc phng trnh cn bng p v dng (5.25), (5.27) v (5.38). Phng
php v c s qui i thc hin tng t nh trnh by trong bi my bin p.
Cn c vo cc biu thc sc in ng hiu dng ca mi pha dy qun pha stator v
rotor suy ra t s bin i Kbd nh sau :
Kbd
E1
E2
4, 44.f1.N1.Kdq1.m
4, 44.f1.N2 .Kdq2 .m
N1.Kdq1
N2 .Kdq2
(5.39)
T (5.36) suy ra :
N2 .Kdq2
. I 2 I10
I1
N1.Kdq1
t :
N2 .Kdq2
I
. I2 2
I'2
N1.Kdq1
Kbd
(5.40)
t :
E '2 Kbd.E2
(5.41)
T quan h (5.38), nhn 2 v cho Kbd suy ra :
Kba .E2 Kba.(
R2
Kba.E2 Kba
j.X t2 ). I 2
.(
R2
s
j.X t2 ).
I'2
Kba
(5.42)
175
R'2 (Kbd )2 .R2
(5.43)
X't2 (Kbd )2 .X t2
(5.43)
Cc quan h (5.40) v (5.42) c vit li nh sau:
E1 E '2 (
R'2
s
j.X't2 ).I'2
(5.43)
I 1 I'2 I10
R1
(5.54)
R'2
j.X t1
j.X 't2
I10
I1
V1
E1
I C Im
RC j.Xm
I'2
Cn c vo cc quan
h (5.26) , (5.43) v (5.54) suy
ra mch tng ng 1 pha
dng chnh xc qui i rotor v
stator theo hnh 5.29.
E '2
HINH 5.29: Mch tng ng chnh xc 1 pha qui i rotor v stator
R'2
:
s
5.6.3. NGHA VT L CA
Mun hiu r ngha ca thng s ny chng ta tch phn t thnh hai thnh phn :
R'2
1 s
R'2
.R'2
s
s
(5.55)
Trong (5.55), cc thnh phn phn tch mang ngha nh sau :
R1
I1
R '2
j.X t1
I10
V1
E1
I C Im
RC j.Xm
E '2
j.X 't2
I'2
1 s
.R'2
s
R2 : in tr dy
qun rotor qui v stator.
1 s
.R'2 : c
s
trng cho c nng hu ch

trn trc ca ng c.
Mch tng ng hnh
5.29 c v li theo hnh
5.30
HINH 5.30: Mch tng ng chnh xc 1 pha qui i rotor v stator
176
5.7. GIAN PHN B NNG LNG HIU SUT CUA NG C:

STATOR
ROTOR
P1
CONG SUAT IEN T
CONG SUAT C
Pc
Pt
CONG SUAT IEN
P1
Pmq
CONG SUAT C RA
P2
(A TR MA SAT C)
CAP VAO STATOR
TON HAO ONG STATOR

TON HAO THEP
Pth
TON HAO ONG ROTOR
Pj1
TON HAO MA SAT C
Pj2
Pmq
P2
HINH 5.31: Gin phn b nng lng trong ng c khng ng b.
T mch in tng ng trong hnh 5.30 suy ra cc thnh phn cng sut t dng nng
lng cp vo ng c nh sau:
CNG SUT IN CUNG CP VO NG C (THNG QUA DY QUN STATOR):
P1 3.V1.I1.cos1
(5.56)
Trong :
V1 : in p pha cp vo mi pha dy qun stator.
I1 : dng qua mi pha dy qun stator.
cos1 : h s cng sut mi pha dy qun stator.
TN HAO THP
Pth 3.RC .IC2
(5.57)
TN HAO TRN DY QUN STATOR (TN HAO NG STATOR):
Pj1 3.R1.I12
(5.58)
CNG SUT IN T CHUYN T STATOR SANG ROTOR:
Pien t P1 (Pth Pj1)

r'
r
Pien t 3. 2 .I'22 3. 2 .I22
s
s

(5.59)
TN HAO TRN DY QUN ROTOR (TN HAO NG ROTOR):
Pj2 3.R '2 .I'22 3.R2 .I22
(5.60)
CNG SUT C TRN TRC CA NG C (CHA TR I TN HAO MA ST C QUT GI)
1 s 2
1 s 2
Pc 3.R'2 .
.I'2 3.R2 .
.I2
s
s
(5.61)
CNG SUT C RA TRN TRC NG C (TR TN HAO MA ST C QUT GI)
Trong trng hp c tnh n tn hao ma st c kh do bi, qut gi .. cng sut ra thc

s trn trc ca ng c l P2 , ta c:
P2 Pc Pma sat c
(5.62)
177
Hiu sut ca ng c khng ng b c xc nh theo quan h sau :
P2
P1
P2
P2 (Pth Pj1 Pj2 Pmq )
(5.63)
Khi kho st phn b nng lng pha rotor ta cn ch thm cc mi quan h gia 3
thnh phn cng sut : Pin t , Pj2 v Pc . T (5.59), (5.60) v (5.61) suy ra cc quan h sau:
Pient Pj2 Pc
(5.64)
Pj2 s.Pien t
(5.65)
Pc (1 s).Pient
(5.66)
TH D 5.3:
Cho ng c khng ng b ba pha: 100HP c 2p = 4 cc, tn s ngun in cp vo
ng c l f = 50Hz, tc nh mc 1445 vng/pht. Cho 1HP 750W , bit tn hao ma st c
l 900 W, tn hao thp 4200 W, tn hao ng stator l 2700 W ; xc nh hiu sut ca ng c,.
GII
p dng cc quan h trnh by trong gin phn b nng lng, ln lt xc nh
cc thnh phn cng sut ca ng c ti ti nh mc l :
Cng sut c hu ch trn trc ca ng c ( tr i ma st c ):
P2 100.750 75.000W
Cng sut c :
Pc P2 Pma sat c 75.000 900 75.900W

Tc ng b ca ng c:
n1
60f1
p
60.50
1500 vong / phut
2
trt ca ng c, lc mang ti ng nh mc:
n
1445
s 1 2 1
0, 03667
n1
1500
Cng sut in t chuyn t stator sang rotor :
Pient
Pc
(1-s)
75.900
78.788, 93W
1 0.03667
Cng sut in cp vo ng c :
P1 Pient Pj1 Pthep 78.788, 93 2.700 4.200

P1 85.688, 93W
Hiu sut ca ng c :
P2
P1
75.000
0, 87525 87, 53%
85.688, 93
178
5.8. C TINH C CUA NG C KHNG NG B:

5.8.1. BIU THC TNG QUT CA MOMEN:
Momen c th hiu l nng lng cp cho mt vt vt thc hin chuyn ng quay
quanh mt trc mt gc bng 1 rad.
Vi ng c in, gi P2 l cng sut c cp n trc ca ng c ang quay vi vn tc
l n2 ; M l momen c trn trc ca ng c v 2 l vn tc quay gc; ta c nh ngha ca
momen nh sau:
P2
P2
(5.67)
2.n2
vong
Trong n v ca cc i lng l: P2 W ; n2
; M Nm .
s
vong
Trong trng hp n v o ca n2
quan h (5.67) c vit li nh sau:
phut
60.P2
2.n2
9, 55.
P2
(5.68)
n2
TH D 5.4:
Vi ng c khng ng b ba pha: 100HP c tc nh mc 1445 vng/pht v
1 HP = 746W ; ti lc ti nh mc momen nh mc trn trc ng c l:
M 9, 55.
100 746
493 Nm
1445
5.8.2. MOMEN CA NG C KHNG NG B :

Khi xem nh tn hao ma st c khng ng k, Momen c ra trn trc ng c c
xc nh theo quan h sau y :
M2 9, 55.
Pc
n2
1 s 2
3R'2 .
.I'
s 2
9, 55.
n2
(5.69)
Ta vit li nh sau:
M2 9, 55.
Pc
n2
R'
1 s
9, 55.3 2 .I'22 .
s
n
(5.70)
Theo nh ngha ca h s trt ta c:
n2
n1
1 s
Hay:
1 s
1
n2
n1
(5.71)
Th quan h (5.71) vo (5.70), suy ra:
M2 9, 55.
Pc
n2
R'
3 2 .I'22
s
Pien t
9, 55.
9, 55.
n1
n1
(5.71)
179
Tm li
9, 55.
Pc
n2
9, 55
Pient
(5.72)
n1
Nu t Momemen in t tha quan h sau:
Mien t 9, 55.
Pien t
n1
R'
3 2 .I'22
s
9, 55.
n1
(5.73)
T cc quan h (5.69), (5.72) v (5.73) suy ra M2 = Min t khi tn hao ma st c khng

ng k. Mt trong cc nguyn nhn dng gii thch l do cn xy dng quan h (5.73) c
trnh by sau y.
Ti lc ng c khi ng (hay m my) ta c tc ng c n2 = 0 ; nn h s trt
lc m my l s = 1. Khi th cc gi tr ny vo quan h (5.69) ta khng th xc nh c gi
0
.
0
tr ca momen lc khi ng v quan h ny c dng v nh
Do quan h (5.73) tm c ta xc nh c gi tr momen m my da vo biu

thc ca momen in t.
5.8.3. BIU THC TNH GN NG CA MOMEN IN T :
I1
R1
V1
I10
j.X t1
R'2
I'2
I C Im
RC j.Xm
HINH 5.31: Mch tng ng 1 pha dng gn ng .
j.X 't2
Vi quan h (5.73) khi

cn xc nh momen in t ti
mt im lm vic ca ng c
ti mt tc nh trc hay ti
trt vit trc, ta da vo
mch tng ng theo hnh
5.29 hay 5.30.
Tuy nhin trong mt s
trng hp cn xc nh nh
tnh c tnh ca ng c ta c
th p dng mch tng ng
1 pha dng gn ng qui i
rotor v stator theo hnh 5.31 vi
cc gi thit sau:
Xem nh Tn hao thp c lp vi ti c ko trn trc ng c.

Xem nh Tn hao thp ch ph thuc in p ngun cp vo ng c.
Tng t nh trng hp my bin p, ta t cc i lng sau:
Rn R1 R'2
(5.74)
Xn X t1 X 't2
(5.75)
Zn Rn2 Xn2
(5.76)
Rn : thnhh phn in tr ngn mch ; Xn : thnhh phn in khng ngn mch v

Zn : tng tr ngn mch ca mch tng ng 1 pha.
180
T mch tng ng hnh 5.31, suy ra :
I'2
V1
(5.77)
2
R'
2
R1 2 Xn
s
Biu thc xc nh momen in t xc nh nh sau :
Mien t
R'2
9, 55.3.V2
1
.
2

n1
R'2
2
R1
Xn
s
(5.78)
5.8.4. C TNH C CA NG C KHNG NG B :

c tnh c ca ng c l th hay ng biu din trnh by quan h gia momen
theo tc quay.
i vi ng c khng ng b v trt s ph thuc vo tc quay n2 ca rotor,
nn c th xem c tnh c l quan h gia hm momen quay theo bin s trt s .
Khi xem cc thng s ca cc phn t trong mch tng ng ca ng c l hng
s; p pha ngun V1 cp vo stator khng thay i gi tr ; ta kho st hm momen in t theo
trt s t suy ra th ca c tnh c.
MIN XC NH
Khi rotor ng yn , ti thi im ng c bt u khi ng , ta c n2 = 0 , suy ra s = 1 .

Khi rotor quay khng ti, tc quay xp x tc t trng quay n2 n1 , gi tr ca s 0.
Min xc nh ca s (0,1] .
O HM
2
R'
R'
u
Hm momen in t theo trt s c dng , vi u 2 ; v R1 2 Xn2
s
s
v
dMdt vu' uv '

. Ta ch cn quan tm n t s ca o hm, ta c:
Suy ra :
ds
v2
2

R'2
R'2
R'
R' R'2
2
vu' uv '
R1
Xn 2 2 R1 2 .
s2
s
s2
s
s
R'2
R'2
R'2
R'2
2
vu' uv '
R
Xn 2
. R
s2 1
s 1
s
s
2
R'2 2
R'2
2
vu' uv '
R Xn
s2 1
s
o hm
dMdt
ds
vu' uv '
v2
181
R'2
2
2
0 khi R1 Xn
0 . Suy ra , momen t cc tr khi
sth
R'2
(5.79)
R12 Xn2
Gi tr trt lc momen t cc tr c gi l trt ti hn.

Xt du o hm, suy ra im cc tr l cc i . Gi tr cc i ca momen c xc
nh nh sau:
Mmax
9, 55.3.V2
1
1

n1
2
2
2 R1 R1 Xn
(5.80)
T
quan
h
(5.78) thay th gi tr
trt s = 1 suy ra gi tr
ca momen ti lc n2 = 0
y chnh l gi tr ca
momen ng c lc khi
ng.
M max
M mm
0
0.1
s th
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
s
Momen
khi
ng hay momen m
my Mmm xc nh theo
quan h (5.81).
HINH 5.32: c tnh c ca ng c khng ng b
9, 55.3.V2
R'2
1
Mmm
.
R2 X2
n1
n
n
(5.81)
TH D 5.5:
Cho mt ng c khng ng b 3 pha , rotor lng sc ca nh sn xut CROMPTON
GREAVES (Anh quc) loi TEFC; cch in cp F c cc thng s sau:
Cng sut nh mc ca ng c: Pm = 55 KW.

p dy nh mc: Vm = 660V / 380V Y/. (Tn s ngun in f = 50 Hz ).
Tc nh mc ca ng c : nm = 980 vng/pht.
Hiu sut nh mc l : m = 93,5%.
H s cng sut lc ti nh mc: cosm = 0,86.
Bi s dng in m my ca ng c l mI = 6.
Khi cp ngun p 3 pha 380V (p dy) vo ng c, lc mang ti nh mc xc nh:
182
1./ Tn s ca rotor .
2./ Dng in nh mc cp vo stator ng c .
3./ Cng sut in t khi bit tn hao ma st c, qut gi chim 15% tng tn hao ca
ng c ; tn hao thp chim 25% tng tn hao.
4./ Tn hao ng rotor v stator suy ra in tr mi pha dy qun stator.
GAI:
1. TN S CA ROTOR KHI TI NH MC:
ng c c tc nh mc nm = 980 vng/pht ; khi vn hnh ti tn s f = 50Hz ; suy ra

s cc ng c l 2p = 6 cc v tc ng b l n1 = 1000 vng/pht.
H s trt nh mc ca ng c l :
n1 nm
n1
Iday
1000 980
0, 02
1000
Ipha
Tn s dng in rotor lc ti nh mc l :
f2 s.f1 0, 02.50 1Hz
Vday = 380 V
2. DNG IN NH MC NG C:
Dng nh mc t ngun cp vo ng c lc ti nh mc c xc nh theo quan h sau
(khi cp ngun p 3 pha vi p dy l 380V vo dy qun stator ang u theo s ).
Pm
Im day
3Vm.m.cos m
55000
3 380 0, 935 0, 86
103, 92A
Dng pha nh mc qua mi b dy qun lc ti nh mc l:
Impha
Im
103, 92
59, 99 60A
3. CNG SUT IN T CHUYN T STATOR SANG ROTOR:
Tng tn hao ca ng c:
Pm
Pm Pm 1
Tonhao 55000
1 3823, 53W
0, 935
Tonhao Pien Pm
T iu kin, tng tn hao ma st c, qut gi chim 15% gi tr tng tn hao, suy ra:
Tonhao 0,15 3823, 53 573, 53W
Pmq 15%
Cng sut c (khi cha tr i ma st c):
Pc Pm Pmq 55000 573, 53 55573, 53W

Ti ti nh mc, ta c h s trt s = 0,02 ; t suy ra cng sut in t cp vo rotor:
Pdt
Pc
55573, 53
1 s 1 0, 02
56707, 68 56708W
183
4. TN HAO TRN DY QUN TI TI NH MC IN TR PHA DY QUN STATOR:
Ti ti nh mc ng vi h s trt nh mc sm = 0,02; ta c th xc nh tn hao trn

dy qun rotor theo mt trong cc quan h sau:
Pj2 s.Pt
s.Pc
1 s
Pj2 0, 02 56707, 68 1134, 15W

V tn hao thp chim 25% tng tn hao, ta suy ra :
Tonhao 0, 25 3823, 53 955, 88 956W
Pthep 25%
Tn hao trn dy qun stator:
Tonhao Pthep Pj1 Pj2 Pmq

Pj1
Tonhao Pthep Pj2 Pmq
Pj1 3823, 53 955, 88 1124, 15 573, 53 1169, 97 1170W

in tr trn mt pha dy qun stator:
R1
Pj1
2
3.Idmpha
1170
3.602
0, 1083
184
BI TP CHNG 5
BI TP 5.1
Cho ng c khng ng b 3 pha : 25 hp, 6 cc, 60 Hz c rotor dy qun; in tr v in
khng tng ng 1 pha l : R2 = 0,1 /pha ; Xt2 = 0,54 /pha. in p o trn mi pha rotor khi
rotor b chn l E2 = 150 V.
Khi ng c vn hnh, nu rotor quay vi tc l 1164 vng/pht, xc nh:
a./ Tc ng b (tc n1 ca t trng quay).
b./ H s trt.
c./ Tng tr pha rotor lc ang quay.
d./ Dng in rotor.
e./ Dng in qua dy qun rotor khi thay i ti trn trc c h s trt s = 1,24 %
f./ Tc ng c khi t iu kin theo cu e.
P S:
a./ 1200 vng/pht

c./ ZR
R2
s
b./ s = 0,03
j.X t2 3, 38 9o20
d./ IR = I2 = 44,42 A
e./ IR I 2 18, 6 3o83 A
f./ 1185 vng/pht
BI TP 5.2
Cho ng c khng ng b 3 pha: 25 hp, 4 cc, 60 Hz; 460 V (p dy) c cng sut in
t cp vo rotor l 14,58 kW. Tn hao ng l 263 W, tn hao ma st c qut gi l 197 W.
Xc nh:
a./ Tc ng c.
b./ Cng sut c cp n ti.
c./ Momen c trn trc ng c.
P S:
a./ 1767,6 vng/pht
b./ 14317 W
c./ 77,35 Nm
BI TP 5.3
Cho ng c khng ng b 3 pha: 100 hp; 6 cc ; 60 Hz ; 230 V (p dy) c hiu sut
l 91 % khi c cp dng dy hiu dng l 218 A . Cho tn hao li thp, tn hao ng stator v
tn hao ng rotor ln lt l : 1697 W ; 2803 W v 1549 W . Xc nh:
a./ Cng sut in cp vo ng c.
b./ Tng tn hao ca ng c.
c./ Cng sut in t.
d./ Tc ngc.
e./ H s cng sut ca ng c.
f./ Tn hao ma st c + qut gi.
g./ Momen c ra trn trc .
P S:
a./ 81978 W
d./ 1176 vng/pht
b./ 7378 W
e./ HSCS = 0,83
c./ 77478 W
f./ 1329 W
g./ 605,8 Nm
BI TP 5.4
Cho ng c khng ng b 3 pha: 40 hp; 8 cc, 60 Hz, 2300 V (p dy) vn hnh 80 %
ti nh mc ti in p thp hn nh mc 6 %. Hiu sut v h s cng sut ca ng c trong
trng thi ny ln lt l 85% v 90%. Tn hao ma st c v qut gi l 1011 W , tn hao ng
rotor l 969 W, tn hao ng stator l 1559 W. Xc nh:
a./ Cng sut c trn trc.
b./ Tc ng c.
c./ Momen c ra
d. H s trt.
e./ Dng dy t ngun cp vo ng c.
f./ Tn hao thp.
185
BI TP 5.5
Cho ng c khng ng b 3 pha: 5 hp, 4 cc, 60 Hz, 115 V (p dy) hot ng ti p
nh mc, tn s nh mc v h s ti l 125 % ; ng c c hiu sut l 85,4% . Tn hao ng
stator, tn hao ng rotor v tn hao thp ln lt l : 223,2 W ; 153 W v 114,8 W . Xc nh:
a./ Tc ng c.
b./ Momen ra trn trc.
c./ Momen sinh ra do ma st c, qut gi.
BI TP 5.6
Cho ng c khng ng b 3 pha: 50 hp, 4 cc, 60 Hz, 230V (p dy) hot ng ti p
nh mc, tn s nh mc . ng c b qua ti khi tn s gim thp 5% v p ngun gim thp
7%. trnh tnh trng qu ti cng sut c trn trc gim cn 70% cng sut nh mc . Dng
dy ngun cp vo ng c lc ny l 100 A. Cc thnh phn tn hao trong trng thi hot ng
ny l; tn hao ng stator 1015 W ; tn hao ng rotor 696 W ; tn hao thp 522 W tn hao do
ma st c v qut gi l 667 W. Xc nh:
a./ Hiu sut ca ng c.
b./ Tc ng c.
c./ Momen c trn trc.
d./ H s cng sut.
BI TP 5.7
Cho ng c khng ng b 3 pha: 25 hp, 2 cc, 60 Hz, 230V (p dy) dng ko ti theo
yu cu momen khng i (momen l hng s khng ph thuc vo tc quay). ng c hot
ng ti p nh mc, tn s nh mc vi tc nh mc l 3575 vng/pht.
Xc nh cng sut c trn trc, tc quay v hiu sut nu tn s gim thp n 54 Hz.
H s cng sut v dng dy ngun trong iu kin mi l 0,89 v 55 A. Tn hao ng
stator, tn hao ng rotor v tn hao thp ln lt l: 992,7 W , 496 W v 546 W.
BI TP 5.8
Cho ng c khng ng b 3 pha: 15 hp, 6 cc, 60 Hz, 460V (p dy) dy qun stator
u Y, dng ko bm ly tm ti tc 1185 vng/pht. Tn hao ma st c v qut gi l 166 W.
Thng s mch tng ng 1 pha qui v stator l:
R1 = 0,2 ;
Xt1 = 1,2 ;
R2 = 0,25 ;
Xt2 = 1,29 ;
Rc = 317
Xm = 42
p dng mch tng ng dng chnh xc, xc nh:

a./ H s trt.
b./. Dng dy cp vo dy qun stator.
c./ Cng sut in v h s cng sut ca ng c.
d./ Tn hao ng stator, tn hao ng rotor.
e./ Cng sut in t.
f./ Cng sut c v momen c trn trc
g./ Hiu sut ca ng c.
P S:
a./ 0,0125
d./ 137 W, 121 W
b./ 15,11 A
e./ 9655 W
c./ 10,4 kW ; HSCS = 0,864

f./ 9368 W ; 75,5 Nm
g./ 90%
BI TP 5.9
Cho ng c khng ng b 3 pha: 40 hp, 4 cc, 60 Hz, 460V (p dy) c tc nh
mc l 1751 vng/pht . Thng s mch tng ng 1 pha qui v stator l:
R1 = 0,102 ;
R2 = 0,153 ;
Xt2 = 0,613 ;
Xt1 = 0,409 ;
Xc nh:
a./ Tc ti lc t momen cc i.
b./ Momen cc i v momen nh mc
P S:
a./ 1532 vng/pht
Rc = 102,2
Xm = 7,665
b./ 270,32 Nm ; 88,51 Nm
186

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BI GING K THUT IN IN T CHNG 5

HNH 5.1: Phn b ng sc t trng trong mch t

DAY QUAN STATOR

TRUNG TNH HNH HOC

HNH 5.2: Phn b ng sc t trng trong mch t startor ng c 2p = 2 cc.

BI GING K THUT IN IN T CHNG 5

5.1.1.PHN B T TRNG TRONG KHNG GIAN :

i hc Bch Khoa Tp H Ch Minh Khoa in in T Phng Th Nghim My in v Thc Tp in- 2009

BI GING K THUT IN IN T CHNG 5

Trong hnh 5.3, trnh by th (hay ng biu din) m t gi tr tc thi ca t cm B

t cm) theo dng sin trong

V bin ca t cm B cng nh t thng t l thun vi dng in i, nn bin Bm

i hc Bch Khoa Tp H Ch Minh Khoa in in T Phng Th Nghim My in v Thc Tp in- 2009

BI GING K THUT IN IN T CHNG 5

hiu r hn tnh cht v ngha hnh hc ca t trng p mch, chng ta kho st

(ng 1 hnh 5.5)

(ng 2 hnh 5.5).

(ng 3 hnh 5.5).

(ng 4 hnh 5.5).

(ng 5 hnh 5.5).

(ng 1 hnh 5.5).

(ng 6 hnh 3.5).

i hc Bch Khoa Tp H Ch Minh Khoa in in T Phng Th Nghim My in v Thc Tp in- 2009

BI GING K THUT IN IN T CHNG 5

5.2.CU TAO CUA NG C KHNG NG B (NG C CAM NG) :

HNH 5.6: li thp stator ng c cm ng 3 pha( cng sut ln )

Hnh 5.7 trnh by mt mu stator ang c qun dy

HNH 5.7: Dy qun stator

i hc Bch Khoa Tp H Ch Minh Khoa in in T Phng Th Nghim My in v Thc Tp in- 2009

BI GING K THUT IN IN T CHNG 5

HNH 5.8: Dy qun stator sau khi qun han chnh.

HNH 5.9: Rotor lng sc.

Trn cc vnh ngn mch ngi ta

i hc Bch Khoa Tp H Ch Minh Khoa in in T Phng Th Nghim My in v Thc Tp in- 2009

BI GING K THUT IN IN T CHNG 5

HNH 5.11: Rotor dy qun cng sut

Vi rotor dy qun, ngui ta qun

BI GING K THUT IN IN T CHNG 5

HNH 5.13: cu to ng c khng ng b 3 pha, rotor lng sc.

5.3.KHAI NIM V T TRNG QUAY TRON:

iu kin b tr lch v tr khng gian ca cc b dy

BI GING K THUT IN IN T CHNG 5

p dng kt qu va kho st trong mc 5.2; ta c nhn xt nh sau:

Chn trc v tr khng gian chun l trc ca b

i vi b dy BY,do b tr lch khng gian so vi

Xt tng t cho b dy CZ, ta nhn c t trng p mch do b dy ny to ra ( khi

Gi B l t trng tng hp t cc t trng p mch thnh phn :

B t,x BA t,x BB t,x BC t,x

i hc Bch Khoa Tp H Ch Minh Khoa in in T Phng Th Nghim My in v Thc Tp in- 2009

BI GING K THUT IN IN T CHNG 5

Cn ch tnh cht sau:

HINH 5.16: th m t t trng hnh sin ang chuyn ng

Mun nhn thy

BI GING K THUT IN IN T CHNG 5

Bin t trng tng bng

5.3.2 PHNG PHP 2 : (TNG HP VECTOR)

HINH 5.17: th dng tc thi ca ngun 3 pha theo thi gian.

Cc gi tr t trng p mch (to ra do cc b dy) t l thun vi gi tr dng in qua

BI GING K THUT IN IN T CHNG 5

T TRNG TONG TAI LUC

T TRNG TONG TAI LUC

HINH 5.18: Kho st t trng quay ti cc thi im: t

i hc Bch Khoa Tp H Ch Minh Khoa in in T Phng Th Nghim My in v Thc Tp in- 2009