Linear Programming

Linear Programming Models: Graphical and Computer Methods l CHAPTER 7
TRUE/FALSE
7.1
Management resources that need control include machinery usage, labor volume, money spent,
time used, warehouse space used, and material usage.
ANSWER: TRUE
7.2
In the term linear programming, the word programming comes from the phrase computer
programming.
ANSWER: FALSE
7.3
Linear programming has few applications in the real world due to the assumption of certainty in
the data and relationships of a problem.
ANSWER: FALSE
7.4
Any linear programming problem can be solved using the graphical solution procedure.
ANSWER: FALSE
7.5
Linear programming is designed to allow some constraints to be maximized.

ANSWER: FALSE
7.6
A typical LP involves maximizing an objective function while simultaneously optimizing resource

constraint usage.
ANSWER: TRUE
7.7
Resource restrictions are called constraints.

ANSWER: TRUE
7.8
Industrial applications of linear programming might involve several thousand variables and
constraints.
ANSWER: TRUE
7.9
An important assumption in linear programming is to allow the existence of negative decision

variables.
ANSWER: FALSE
7.10
7.11
The set of solution points that satisfies all of a linear programming problem's constraints
simultaneously is defined as the feasible region in graphical linear programming.
ANSWER: TRUE
An objective function is necessary in a maximization problem but is not required in a minimization
problem.
ANSWER: FALSE
173
7.12
In some instances, an infeasible solution may be the optimum found by the corner-point method.
ANSWER: FALSE
7.13
The analytic postoptimality method attempts to determine a range of changes in problem

parameters that will not affect the optimal solution or change the variables in the basis.
ANSWER: TRUE
7.14
The solution to a linear programming problem must always lie on a constraint.

ANSWER: TRUE
7.15
In a linear program, the constraints must be linear, but the objective function may be nonlinear.
ANSWER: FALSE
7.16
Early applications of linear programming were primarily industrial in nature, later the technique
was adopted by the military for scheduling and resource management.
ANSWER: FALSE
7.17
One can employ the same algorithm to solve both maximization and minimization problems.
ANSWER: TRUE
7.18
One converts a minimization problem to a maximization problem by reversing the direction of all
constraints.
ANSWER: FALSE
7.19
The graphical method of solution illustrates that the only restriction on a solution is that the
solution must lie along a constraint.
ANSWER: FALSE
7.20
Anytime we have an iso-profit line which is parallel to a constraint, we have the possibility of
multiple solutions.
ANSWER: TRUE
7.21
If the iso-profit line is not parallel to a constraint, then the solution must be unique.
ANSWER: TRUE
174
7.22
The iso-profit solution method and the corner-point solution method always give the same result.
ANSWER: TRUE
7.23
When two or more constraints conflict with one another, we have a condition called
unboundedness.
ANSWER: FALSE
7.24
The addition of a redundant constraint lowers the iso-profit line.

ANSWER: FALSE
7.25
Sensitivity analysis enables us to look only at the effects of changing the coefficients in the
objective function.
ANSWER: FALSE
*7.26
All linear programming problems require that we maximize some quantity.

ANSWER: FALSE
*7.27
If we do not have multiple constraints, we do not have a linear programming problem.

ANSWER: FALSE
*7.28
Inequality constraints are mathematically easier to handle than equality constraints.

ANSWER: TRUE
*7.29
Every solution to a linear programming problem lies at a corner point.

ANSWER: FALSE
*7.30
A linear programming problem can have, at most one, solution.

ANSWER: FALSE
*7.31
A linear programming approach can be used to solve any problem for which the objective is to
maximize some quantity.
ANSWER: FALSE
175
MULTIPLE CHOICE
7.32
Typical management resources include

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
machinery usage.
labor volume.
warehouse space utilization.
raw material usage.
all of the above
ANSWER: e
7.33
Which of the following is not a property of all linear programming problems?

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
the presence of restrictions

optimization of some objective
a computer program
alternate courses of action to choose from
usage of only linear equations and inequalities
ANSWER: c
7.34
Which of the following is not a basic assumption of linear programming?

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
The condition of certainty exists.

Proportionality exists in the objective function and constraints.
Additivity exists for the activities.
Divisibility exists, allowing non-integer solutions.
Solutions or variables may take values from to + .
ANSWER: e
7.35
A feasible solution to a linear programming problem

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
must satisfy all of the problem's constraints simultaneously.

need not satisfy all of the constraints, only the non-negativity constraints.
must be a corner point of the feasible region.
must give the maximum possible profit.
ANSWER: a
176
7.36
An optimal solution to a linear program

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
will always lie at an extreme point of the feasible region.

could be any point in the feasible region of the problem.
will always be unique (only one optimal solution possible for any one problem).
will always include at least some of each product or variable.
must always be in whole numbers (integers).
ANSWER: a
7.37
Infeasibility in a linear programming problem occurs when

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
there is an infinite solution.

a constraint is redundant.
more than one solution is optimal.
the feasible region is unbounded.
there is no solution that satisfies all the constraints given.
ANSWER: e
7.38
In a maximization problem, when one or more of the solution variables and the profit can be made
infinitely large without violating any constraints, then the linear program has
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
an infeasible solution.
an unbounded solution.
a redundant constraint.
alternate optimal solutions.
none of the above
ANSWER: b
7.39
Which of the following is not a part of every linear programming problem formulation?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
an objective function
a set of constraints
non-negativity constraints
a redundant constraint
maximization or minimization of a linear function
ANSWER: d
177
7.40
The optimal solution to a maximization linear programming problem can be found by graphing the
feasible region and
(a) finding the profit at every corner point of the feasible region to see which one gives the highest
value.
(b) moving the iso-profit lines towards the origin in a parallel fashion until the last point in the
feasible region is encountered.
(c) locating the point which is highest on the graph.
(d) none of the above
(e) all of the above
ANSWER: a
7.41
Which of the following is not true about product mix linear programming problems?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Two or more products are produced.

Limited resources are involved.
They always have integer (whole number) solutions.
The feasible region cannot include negative areas.
none of the above
ANSWER: c
7.42
The graphical solution to a linear programming problem

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
includes the corner-point method and the iso-profit line solution method.
is useful for four or fewer decision variables.
is inappropriate for more than two constraints.
is the most difficult approach, but is useful as a learning tool.
can only be used if no inequalities exist.
ANSWER: a
7.43
Which of the following about the feasible region is false?

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
It is only found in product mix problems.

It is also called the area of feasible solutions.
It is the area satisfying all of the problem's resource restrictions.
All possible solutions to the problem lie in this region.
all of the above
ANSWER: a
178
7.44
The corner-point solution method:

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
will yield different results from the iso-profit line solution method.
requires that the profit from all corners of the feasible region be compared.
will provide one, and only one, optimum.
requires that all corners created by all constraints be compared.
will not provide a solution at an intersection or corner where a non-negativity constraint is
involved.
ANSWER: b
7.45
When a constraint line bounding a feasible region has the same slope as an iso-profit line,
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
there may be more than one optimum solution.

the problem involves redundancy.
an error has been made in the problem formulation.
a condition of infeasibility exists.
none of the above
ANSWER: a
7.46
The simultaneous equation method is

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
an alternative to the corner-point method.

useful only in minimization methods.
an algebraic means for solving the intersection of two constraint equations.
useful only when more than two product variables exist in a product mix problem.
none of the above
ANSWER: c
7.47
Consider the following linear programming problem:

Maximize
Subject to:
12X + 10Y
4X + 3Y 480
2X + 3Y 360
all variables 0
Which of the following points (X,Y) is not a feasible corner point?

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(0,120)
(120,0)
(180,0)
(60,80)
none of the above
ANSWER: c
179
7.48

Maximize
Subject to:
12X + 10Y
4X + 3Y 480
2X + 3Y 360
all variables 0
The maximum possible value for the objective function is

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
360.
480.
1520.
1560.
none of the above
ANSWER: c
7.49

Maximize
Subject to:
12X + 10Y
4X + 3Y 480
2X + 3Y 360
all variables 0
Which of the following points (X,Y) is not feasible?

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(0,120)
(100,10)
(20,90)
(60,90)
none of the above
ANSWER: d
7.50

Maximize
Subject to:
4X + 10Y
3X + 4Y 480
4X + 2Y 360
all variables 0
180
The feasible corner points are (48,84), (0,120), (0,0), (90,0). What is the maximum possible
value for the objective function?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
1032
1200
360
1600
none of the above
ANSWER: b
7.51

Maximize
Subject to:
5X + 6Y
4X + 2Y 420
1X + 2Y 120
all variables 0
Which of the following points (X,Y) is not a feasible corner point?

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(0,60)
(105,0)
(120,0)
(100,10)
none of the above
ANSWER: c
7.52

Maximize
Subject to:
5X + 6Y
4X + 2Y 420
1X + 2Y 120
all variables 0

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
640.
360.
525.
560.
none of the above
ANSWER: d
181
7.53

Maximize
Subject to:
5X + 6Y
4X + 2Y 420
1X + 2Y 120
all variables 0
Which of the following points (X,Y) is not feasible?

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(50,40)
(20,50)
(60,30)
(90,10)
none of the above
ANSWER: a
7.54

Maximize
Subject to:
20X + 8Y
4X + 2Y 360
1X + 2Y 200
all variables 0
The optimum solution occurs at the point (X,Y)

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(100,0).
(90,0).
(80,20).
(0,100).
none of the above
ANSWER: b
7.55
Two models of a product Regular (X) and Deluxe (Y) are produced by a company. A linear
programming model is used to determine the production schedule. The formulation is as follows:
Maximize profit = 50X + 60 Y
Subject to:
8X + 10Y 800 (labor hours)
X + Y 120 (total units demanded)
4X + 5Y 500 (raw materials)
all variables 0
The optimal solution is X = 100 Y = 0.
182
How many units of the regular model would be produced based on this solution?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
0
100
50
120
none of the above
ANSWER: b
7.56
Subject to:
all variables 0
How many units of the raw materials would be used to produce this number of units?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
400
200
500
120
none of the above
ANSWER: a
7.57
Subject to:
X, Y 0
The optimal solution is X=100, Y=0.
183
Which of these constraints is redundant?

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
the first constraint

the second constraint
the third constraint
all of the above
none of the above
ANSWER: a
7.58
Consider the following linear programming problem.

Minimize
Subject to
20X + 30Y
2X + 4Y 800
6X + 3Y 300
X, Y 0
The optimum solution to this problem occurs at the point (X,Y)

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(0,0).
(50,0).
(0,100).
(400,0).
none of the above
ANSWER: b
7.59

Maximize
Subject to:
20X + 30Y
X + Y 80
6X + 12Y 600
X, Y 0
This is a special case of a linear programming problem in which

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
there is no feasible solution.

there is a redundant constraint.
there are multiple optimal solutions.
this cannot be solved graphically.
none of the above
ANSWER: c
184
7.60

Maximize
Subject to
20X + 30Y
X + Y 80
8X + 9Y 600
3X + 2Y 400
X, Y 0

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

none of the above
ANSWER: a
7.61
Adding a constraint to a linear programming (maximization) problem may result in

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
a decrease in the value of the objective function.

an increase in the value of the objective function.
no change to the objective function.
either (c) or (a) depending on the constraint.
either (c) or (b) depending on the constraint.
ANSWER: d
7.62
Deleting a constraint from a linear programming (maximization) problem may result in

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

no change to the objective function.
either (c) or (a) depending on the constraint.
either (c) or (b) depending on the constraint.
ANSWER: e
185
7.63
Which of the following is not acceptable as a constraint in a linear programming problem

(maximization)?
Constraint 1
Constraint 2
Constraint 3
Constraint 4
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
X + XY + Y 12
X 2Y 20
X + 3Y = 48
X + Y + Z 150
Constraint 1
Constraint 2
Constraint 3
Constraint 4
none of the above
ANSWER: a
7.64
If two corner points tie for the best value of the objective function, then
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
the solution is infeasible.

there are an infinite number of optimal solutions.
the problem is unbounded.
the problem is degenerate.
none of the above
ANSWER: b
7.65
If one changes the contribution rates in the objective function of an LP,

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
the feasible region will change.

the slope of the iso-profit or iso-cost line will change.
the optimal solution to the LP will no longer be optimal.
all of the above
none of the above
ANSWER: b
7.66
Changes in the technological coefficients of an LP problem

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
often reflect changes in the state of technology.

have no effect on the objective function of the linear program.
can produce a significant change in the shape of the feasible solution region.
all of the above
none of the above
ANSWER: d
186
7.67
Sensitivity analysis may also be called

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
postoptimality analysis.
parametric programming.
optimality analysis.
all of the above
none of the above
ANSWER: d
7.68
Sensitivity analyses are used to examine the effects of changes in

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
contribution rates for each variable.

technological coefficients.
available resources.
all of the above
none of the above
ANSWER: d
7.69
Which of the following is a property of all linear programming problems?

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
alternate courses of action to choose from

minimization of some objective
a computer program
usage of graphs in the solution
usage of linear and nonlinear equations and inequalities
ANSWER: a
7.70
Which of the following is a basic assumption of linear programming?

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
The condition of uncertainty exists.

Proportionality exists in the objective function and constraints.
Independence exists for the activities.
Divisibility exists, allowing only integer solutions.
Solutions or variables may take values from to + .
ANSWER: b
7.71
A point which satisfies all of a problem's constraints simultaneously is a(n)

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
feasible point.
corner point.
intersection of the profit line and a constraint.
intersection of two or more constraints.
none of the above
ANSWER: a
7.72
The condition when there is no solution which satisfies all the constraints is called:
(a) boundedness
187
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
redundancy
optimality
dependency
none of the above
ANSWER: e
7.73
In a minimization problem, when one or more of the solution variables and the cost can be made
infinitely large without violating any constraints, then the linear program has
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
an infeasible solution.
an unbounded solution.
a redundant constraint.
alternate optimal solutions.
none of the above
ANSWER: e
7.74
If the addition of a constraint to a linear programming problem does not change the solution, the
constraint is said to be
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
unbounded.
non-negative.
infeasible.
redundant.
bounded.
ANSWER: d
7.75
The following is not true about product mix linear programming problems:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Two or more products are produced.

Individual resources are used in only a single product.
They never have integer (whole number) solutions.
Cost is always to be minimized.
none of the above
ANSWER: b
188
7.76
The graphical solution to a linear programming problem

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
is a useful tool for solving practical problems.

is useful for four or less decision variables.
is useful primarily in helping one understand the linear programming solution process.
is the most difficult approach.
can only be used in a maximization problem.
ANSWER: c
7.77
In order for a linear programming problem to have a unique solution, the solution must exist
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
at the intersection of the non-negativity constraints.

at the intersection of a non-negativity constraint and a resource constraint.
at the intersection of the objective function and a constraint.
at the intersection of two or more constraints.
none of the above
ANSWER: d
7.78
In order for a linear programming problem to have a multiple solutions, the solution must exist
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
at the intersection of the non-negativity constraints.

on a constraint parallel to the objective function.
at the intersection of the objective function and a constraint.
at the intersection of three or more constraints.
none of the above
ANSWER: b
7.79

Maximize
Subject to:
12X + 10Y
4X + 3Y 480
2X + 3Y 360
all variables 0
Which of the following points (X,Y) could be a feasible corner point?

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(40,48)
(120,0)
(180,120)
(30,36)
none of the above
ANSWER: b
189
7.80

Maximize
Subject to:
12X + 10Y
2X + 3Y 480
4X + 3Y 360
all variables 0

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
360.
480.
1520.
1560.
none of the above
ANSWER: e
7.81

Maximize
Subject to:
12X + 10Y
4X + 3Y 480
2X + 3Y 360
all variables 0
Which of the following points (X,Y) is feasible?

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(10,120)
(120,10)
(30,100)
(60,90)
none of the above
ANSWER: c
7.82

Maximize
Subject to:
6X +8Y
3X + 4Y 480
4X + 2Y 360
all variables 0
190
The feasible corner points are (48,84), (0,120), (0,0), (90,0). What is the maximum possible
value for the objective function?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
540
1200
360
960
none of the above
ANSWER: d
7.83

Maximize
Subject to:
5X + 6Y
4X + 2Y 420
1X + 2Y 120
all variables 0
Which of the following points (X,Y) is in the feasible region?

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(30,60)
(105,5)
(0,210)
(100,10)
none of the above
ANSWER: d
7.84

Maximize
Subject to:
6X +5Y
4X + 2Y 420
1X + 2Y 120
all variables 0

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
530.
360.
525.
560.
none of the above
ANSWER: a
191
7.85

Maximize
Subject to:
5X + 6Y
4X + 2Y 420
1X + 2Y 120
all variables 0

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(50,40)
(30,50)
(60,30)
(90,20)
none of the above
ANSWER: e
7.86
Subject to:
8X +10Y 800 (labor hours)
all variables 0
How many units of the Deluxe model would be produced based on this solution?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
0
100
50
120
none of the above
ANSWER: a
7.87
Subject to:
X +Y 120 (total units demanded)
all variables 0
How many units of the labor hours would be used to produce this number of units?
192
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
400
200
500
120
none of the above
ANSWER: e
7.88
Subject to:
X, Y 0
Which of the constraints is active in determining the solution?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(d)

constraints (a) and (b)
none of the above
ANSWER: a
7.89

Maximize
Subject to:
18X + 36Y
X + Y 80
6X + 12Y 600
X, Y 0

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

none of the above
ANSWER: c
193
7.90

Maximize
Subject to:
20X + 30Y
X + Y 80
12X + 12Y 600
3X + 2Y 400
X, Y 0

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

none of the above
ANSWER: b
7.91
Removing a constraint from a linear programming (maximization) problem may result in

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

either an increase or decrease in the value of the objective function.
no change in the value of the objective function.
either (b) or (d)
ANSWER: e
7.92
Adding a constraint to a linear programming (maximization) problem may result in

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

either an increase or decrease in the value of the objective function.
no change in the value of the objective function.
either a decrease or no change in the value of the objective function.
ANSWER: e
194
7.93

(minimization)?
Constraint 1
Constraint 2
Constraint 3
Constraint 4
Constraint 5
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
X + Y 12
X - 2Y 20
X + 3Y = 48
X + Y + Z 150
2X - 3Y + Z > 75
Constraint 1
Constraint 2
Constraint 3
Constraint 4
Constraint 5
ANSWER: e
7.94
Changes in the contribution rates in the objective function of an LP may represent

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
changes in the technology used to produce the good.

changes in the price for which the product can be sold.
changes in government rules and regulations.
changes in the raw materials used.
none of the above
ANSWER: b
7.95
Changes in the technological coefficients of an LP problem may represent

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
changes in the price for which the product can be sold.

changes in the value of the resources used.
changes in the amount of resources used for a product.
changes in the degree to which a resource contributes to the cost of a product.
none of the above
ANSWER: c
*7.96

Maximize
Subject to
10X + 30Y
X + 2Y 80
8X + 16Y 640
4X + 2Y 100
X, Y 0
195

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

none of the above
ANSWER: b
*7.97

(maximization)?
Constraint 1
Constraint 2
Constraint 3
Constraint 4
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
X + Y 12
X 2Y 20
X + 3Y = 48
X2 + Y + Z 150
Constraint 1
Constraint 2
Constraint 3
Constraint 4
none of the above
ANSWER: d
*7.98

Maximize
Subject to:
12X + 10Y
4X + 3Y 480
2X + 3Y 360
all variables 0
Which of the following points (X,Y) could be a feasible corner point?

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(40,48)
(120,0)
(180,120)
(30,36)
none of the above
ANSWER: b
196
*7.99

Maximize
Subject to:
12X + 10Y
2X + 3Y 480
4X + 3Y 360
all variables 0

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
360.
480.
1520.
1560.
none of the above
ANSWER: e
7.100

Maximize
Subject to:
12X + 10Y
4X + 3Y 480
2X + 3Y 360
all variables 0

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(10,120)
(120,10)
(30,100)
(60,90)
none of the above
ANSWER: c
*7.101 Consider the following linear programming problem.
Maximize
Subject to:
5X + 6Y
4X + 2Y 420
1X + 2Y 120
all variables 0
197
Which of the following points (X,Y) is not in the feasible region?

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(30,30)
(60,40)
(100,5)
(20,40)
none of the above
ANSWER: b
*7.102 Two models of a product Regular (X) and Deluxe (Y) are produced by a company. A linear
Minimize cost
Subject to:
= 60X + 50 Y
all variables 0
How many units of the Deluxe model would be produced based on this solution?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
0
100
50
120
none of the above
ANSWER: a
*7.103 Two models of a product Regular (X) and Deluxe (Y) are produced by a company. A linear
Subject to:
6X +10Y 500 (labor hours)
X, Y 0
Which of the constraints is active in determining the solution?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(d)

the first and third constraints
none of the above
ANSWER: a
198
*7.104 Consider the following linear programming problem.

Maximize
Subject to:
15X + 36Y
X + Y 80
27.5X + 55Y 1200
X, Y 0

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

none of the above
ANSWER: e
PROBLEMS
7.105
As a supervisor of a production department, you must decide the daily production totals of a
certain product that has two models, the deluxe and the special. The profit on the deluxe model is
$12 per unit and the special's profit is $10. Each model goes through two phases in the production
process, and there are only 100 man-hours available daily at the construction stage and only 80
man-hours available at the finishing and inspection stage. Each deluxe model requires 20 minutes
of construction time and 10 minutes of finishing and inspection time. Each special model requires
15 minutes of construction time and 15 minutes of finishing and inspection time. The company has
also decided that the special model must comprise at least 40 percent of the production total.
(a) Formulate this as a linear programming problem.
(b) Find the solution that gives the maximum profit.
ANSWER:
(a) Let X1 = number of deluxe models produced
X2 = number of special models produced
Maximize
12X1 + 10X2
Subject to:
1/3X1 + 1/4X2 100

1/6X1 + 1/4X2 80
0.4X1 + 0.6X2 0
X1, X2 0
(b) Optimal solution: X1 = 0, X2 = 400

7.106
Profit = $4,000
The Fido Dog Food Company wishes to introduce a new brand of dog biscuits (composed of
chicken and liver flavored biscuits) that meets certain nutritional requirements. The liver flavored
biscuits contain 1 unit of nutrient A and 2 units of nutrient B, while the chicken flavored ones
199
contain 1 unit of nutrient A and 4 units of nutrient B. According to federal requirements, there
must be at least 40 units of nutrient A and 60 units of nutrient B in a package of the new mix. In
addition, the company has decided that there can be no more than 15 liver flavored biscuits in a
package. If it costs 1 cent to make a liver flavored biscuit and 2 cents to make a chicken flavored
one, what is the optimal product mix for a package of the biscuits in order to minimize the firm's
cost?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Formulate this as a linear programming problem.

Solve this problem graphically, giving the optimal values of all variables.
Are any constraints redundant? If so, which one or ones?
What is the total cost of a package of dog biscuits using the optimal mix?
ANSWER:
(a) Let X1 = number of liver flavored biscuits in a package
X2 = number of chicken flavored biscuits in a package
Minimize
Subject to:
X1 + 2X2
X1 + X2 40
2X1 + 4X2 60
X1 15
X1, X2 0
(b) Corner points (0,40) and (15,25)

Optimal solution is (15,25) with cost of 65.
(c) 2X1 + 4X2 60 is redundant
(d) minimum cost = 65 cents
7.107
Consider the following linear program.

Maximize
Subject to:
30X1 + 10X2
3X1 + X2 300
X1 + X2 200
X1 100
X2 50
X1 X2 0
X1, X2 0
(a) Solve the problem graphically. Is there more than one optimal solution? Explain.
(b) Are there any redundant constraints?
200
ANSWER:
(a) Corner points (0,50), (0,200), (50,50), (75,75), (50,150)
Optimum solutions: (75,75) and (50,150). Both yield profit of $3,000.
(b) The constraint X1 100 is redundant since 3X1 + X2 300 also means that X1 cannot
exceed 100.
7.108
The No-Glare Company is making two types of antique-style lamps, type #1 and type #2. There is
enough skilled labor to make either 1,000 type #1 or 2,000 type #2 lamps per day. There are only
6,000 inserts available per day, of which the type #1 lamp requires 3 and the type #2 lamp requires
4. Besides these shared constraints, there are only enough fancy switches to make 1,400 of the
type #2 lamps per day. Marginal profit (contribution) is $3 per type #1 lamp and $4 per type #2
lamp. Let X1 = the hundreds of type #1 lamps per day, etc.
(a) Identify each corner point bounding the feasible region and find the total variable profit at each
point.
(b) How many type #1 and type #2 lamps should be produced? What is the maximum possible
profit?
ANSWER:
(a)
Corner points
X1
X2
0
0
0
1,400
133.33 1,400
400
1,200
1,000
0
Profit($)
0
5,600
6,000 *
6,000 *
3,000
b) * Produce 133.33 type #1 lamps and 1,400 type #2 lamps for a profit of $6,000 or produce
400 type #1 lamps and 1,200 type #2 lamps for a profit of $6,000.
7.109
Solve the following linear programming problem using the corner point method.
Maximize
Subject to:
10X + 1Y
4X + 3Y
2X + 4Y
Y
X, Y
36
40
3
0
ANSWER:
Feasible corner points (X,Y):
(0,3) (0,10) (2.4,8.8) (6.75,3)
Maximum profit 70.5 at (6.75,3).
201
7.110
Solve the following linear programming problem using the corner point method.
Maximize
Subject to:
3 X + 5Y
4X + 4Y 48
1X + 2Y 20
Y 2
X, Y 0
ANSWER:
Feasible corner points (X,Y): (0,2) (0,10) (4,8) (10,2)
Maximum profit is 52 at (4,8).
7.111
Billy Penny is trying to determine how many units of two types of lawn mowers to produce each
day. One of these is the standard model, while the other is the deluxe model. The profit per unit on
the standard model is $60, while the profit per unit on the deluxe model is $40. The standard
model requires 20 minutes of assembly time, while the deluxe model requires 35 minutes of
assembly time. The standard model requires 10 minutes of inspection time, while the deluxe model
requires 15 minutes of inspection time. The company must fill an order for 6 deluxe models.
There are 450 minutes of assembly time and 180 minutes of inspection time available each day.
How many units of each product should be manufactured to maximize profits?
ANSWER:
Let X = number of standard model to produce
Y = number of deluxe model to produce
Maximize
Subject to:
60X + 40Y
20X + 35Y 450
10X + 15Y 180
X6
X, Y 0
Maximum profit is $780 by producing 9 standard and 8 deluxe models.

7.112
Two advertising media are being considered for promotion of a product. Radio ads cost $400 each,
while newspaper ads cost $600 each. The total budget is $7,200 per week. The total number of
ads should be at least 15, with at least 2 of each type. Each newspaper ad reaches 6,000 people,
while each radio ad reaches 2,000 people. The company wishes to reach as many people as
possible while meeting all the constraints stated. How many ads of each type should be placed?
202
ANSWER:
Let R = number of radio ads placed
N = number of newspaper ads placed
Maximize
Subject to:
2000R + 6000N
R + N 15
400R + 600N 7200
R2
N2
R, N 0
Feasible corner points (R,N): (2,2) (9,6) (13,2) (2,10.67)

Maximum exposure 68,020 with 2 radio and 10.67 newspaper ads.
7.113
Suppose a linear programming (maximization) problem has been solved and the optimal value of
the objective function is $300. Suppose an additional constraint is added to this problem. Explain
how this might affect each of the following:
(a) the feasible region
(b) the optimal value of the objective function
ANSWER:
(a) Adding a new constraint will reduce the size of the feasible region unless it is a redundant
constraint. It can never make the feasible region any larger.
(b) A new constraint can only reduce the size of the feasible region; therefore, the value of the
objective function will either decrease or remain the same. If the original solution is still
feasible, it will remain the optimal solution.
7.114
Upon retirement, Mr. Klaws started to make two types of childrens wooden toys in his shop, Wuns
and Toos. Wuns yield a variable profit of $9 each and Toos have a contribution margin of $8
apiece. Even though his electric saw overheats, he can make 7 Wuns or 14 Toos each day. Since
he doesn't have equipment for drying the lacquer finish he puts on the toys, the drying operation
limits him to 16 Wuns or 8 Toos per day.
(a) Solve this problem using the corner point method.

(b) For what profit ratios would the optimum solution remain the optimum solution?
203
ANSWER:
Let X1 = numbers of wuns/day
X2 = number of toos/day
Maximize
Subject to:
9X1 + 8X2
2X1 + 1X2 14
1X1 + 2X2 16
X1, X2 0
Corner points (0,0), (7,0), (0,8), (4,6)

Optimum profit $84 at (4,6).
7.115
Susanna Nanna is the production manager for a furniture manufacturing company. The company
produces tables (X) and chairs (Y). Each table generates a profit of $80 and requires 3 hours of
assembly time and 4 hours of finishing time. Each chair generates $50 of profit and requires 3
hours of assembly time and 2 hours of finishing time. There are 360 hours of assembly time and
240 hours of finishing time available each month. The following linear programming problem
represents this situation.
Maximize
Subject to:
80X + 50Y
3X + 3Y 360
4X + 2Y 240
X, Y 0
The optimal solution is X = 0, and Y = 120.

(a) What would the maximum possible profit be?
(b) How many hours of assembly time would be used to maximize profit?
(c) If a new constraint, 2X + 2Y 400, were added, what would happen to the maximum possible
profit?
ANSWER: (a) 6000, (b) 360, (c) it would not change
7.116
As a supervisor of a production department, you must decide the daily production totals of a
certain product that has two models, the deluxe and the special. The profit on the deluxe model is
$12 per unit, and the special's profit is $10. Each model goes through two phases in the production
process, and there are only 100 man-hours available daily at the construction stage and only 80
man-hours available at the finishing and inspection stage. Each deluxe model requires 20 minutes
of construction time and 10 minutes of finishing and inspection time. Each special model requires
15 minutes of construction time and 15 minutes of finishing and inspection time. The company has
also decided that the special model must comprise at most 60 percent of the production total.
Formulate this as a linear programming problem.
204
ANSWER:
Let X1 = number of deluxe models produced
X2 = number of special models produced
7.117
Maximize
12X1 + 10X2
Subject to:
1/3X1 + 1/4X2 100

1/6X1 + 1/4X2 80
1.5X1 + X2 0
X1, X2 0
The Fido Dog Food Company wishes to introduce a new brand of dog biscuits (composed of
chicken and liver flavored biscuits) that meets certain nutritional requirements. The liver flavored
biscuits contain 1 unit of nutrient A and 2 units of nutrient B, while the chicken flavored ones
contain 1 unit of nutrient A and 4 units of nutrient B. According to federal requirements, there
must be at least twice as many units of nutrient A as of nutrient B in a package of the new mix. In
addition, the company has decided that there can be no more than 15 liver flavored biscuits, and at
least 10 chicken flavored biscuits in a package. If it costs 1 cent to make a liver flavored biscuit
and 2 cents to make a chicken flavored one, what is the optimal product mix for a package of the
biscuits in order to minimize the firm's cost?
(b) Are any constraints impossible to achieve? If so which one(s)?
ANSWER:
Minimize
Subject to:
X1 + 2X2
3X1 + 7X2 0
X1 15
X2
X1, X2 0
Ratio of A to B
Maximum liver
Minimum chicken
Non-negativity
(b) The constraint, 3X1 + 7X2 0, is impossible to achieve.

7.118
The No-Glare Company is making two types of antique-style lamps, type #1 and type #2. There is
enough skilled labor to make either 1,000 type #1 or 2,000 type #2 lamps per day. There are only
6,000 inserts available per day, of which the type #1 requires 3 and the type #2 requires 4. Besides
these shared constraints, there are only enough fancy switches to make 1,400 of the type #2 lamps
per day. Management would like to make at least 10 percent more type #2 lamps than type #1
lamps; however, they do not believe that they can sell more than 25 percent more type #2 lamps
than type #1 lamps. Marginal profit (contribution) is $3 per type #1 lamp and $4 per type #2
lamp.
(a) Formulate this as a linear program.
(b) What constraint may be unrealistic?
ANSWER:
205
(a) Let X1 = the hundreds of type #1 lamps per day, etc.

Maximize: 300X1 + 400 X2
Subject to: 0.10X1 + 0.05X2 < 1
3X1 + 4X2 60
X2 14
1.1X1 X2 0
1.25X1 X2 0
X1 , X2 0
Labor
Inserts
Fancy switches
Minimum Type #2 to Type #1 ratio
Maximum Type #2 to Type #1 ratio
(b) The labor constraint may be unrealistic because it assumes a continuous tradeoff between labor
required for the Type #1 and Type #2 lamps.
7.119
Two advertising media are being considered for promotion of a product. Radio ads cost $400 each,
while newspaper ads cost $600 each. The total budget is $7,200 per week. The total number of
ads should be at least 15, with at least 2 of each type, and there should be no more than 19 ads in
total. The company does not want the number of newspaper ads to exceed the number of radio ads
by more than 25 percent. Each newspaper ad reaches 6,000 people, 50 percent of whom will
respond; while each radio ad reaches 2,000 people, 20 percent of whom will respond. The
company wishes to reach as many respondents as possible while meeting all the constraints stated.
Develop the appropriate LP model for determining the number of ads of each type that should be
placed?
ANSWER:
Let R = number of radio ads placed
N = number of newspaper ads placed
Maximize:
or
Maximize:
Subject to:
0.20*2000R + 0.50*6000N
500R + 3000N
R + N 15
R + N 19
400R + 600N 7200
1R - N
R2
N2
R, N 0
206
7.120
Suppose a linear programming (maximization) problem has been solved and the optimal value of
the objective function is $300. Suppose a constraint is removed from this problem. Explain how
this might affect each of the following:
ANSWER:
(a) Removing a constraint may, if the constraint is not redundant, increase the size of the feasible
region. It can never make the feasible region any smaller. If the constraint was active in the
solution, removing it will also result in a new optimal solution.
(b) Removal of a constraint can only increase or leave the same the size of the feasible region;
therefore, the value of the objective function will either increase or remain the same.
*7.121 Suppose a linear programming (maximization) problem has been solved and the optimal value of
the objective function is $300. Suppose an additional constraint () is added to this problem.
Explain how this might affect each of the following:
ANSWER:
(a) Adding a new constraint will either, leave the feasible region as it was, or make it smaller.
(b) A new constraint can only reduce the size of the feasible region. Therefore, the value of the
objective function will either stay the same or be lowered.
*7.122 The Dog Food Company wishes to introduce a new brand of dog biscuits (composed of chicken
and liver flavored biscuits) that meets certain nutritional requirements. The liver flavored biscuits
contain 2 units of nutrient A and 1 unit of nutrient B, while the chicken flavored ones contain 3
units of nutrient A and 4 units of nutrient B. According to federal requirements, there must be a
ratio of 3 units of A to 2 of B in the new mix. In addition, the company has decided that there can
be no more than 10 liver flavored biscuits, and that there must be least 10 chicken flavored biscuits
in a package. If it costs 3 cents to make a liver flavored biscuit and 2 cents to make a chicken
flavored one, what is the optimal product mix for a package of the biscuits in order to minimize the
firm's cost?
(b) What is the solution?
207
ANSWER:
Minimize
Subject to:
3X1 + 2X2
X1 - 6X2 0
X1 10
X2 0
X1, X2 0
Ratio of A to B
Maximum liver
Minimum chicken
Non-negativity
(b) X1 = 12, X2 = 10: Liver: 12 biscuits
Chicken: 10 biscuits
*7.123 The No-Glare Company is making two types of automobile headlights, type #1 and type #2. There
is enough skilled labor to make either 2,000 type #1 or 4,000 type #2 lamps per day. There are
only 12,000 inserts available per day, of which the type #1 lamp requires 6 and the type #2 lamp
requires 8. Besides these shared constraints, there are only enough fancy switches to make 2,800
of the type #2 lamps per day. Marginal profit (contribution) is $4 per type #1 lamp and $6 per
type #2 lamp. Let X1 = the hundreds of type #1 lamps per day, etc.
(a) Identify each corner point bounding the feasible region and find the total variable profit at each
point.
(b) How many type #1 and type #2 lamps should be produced? What is the maximum possible
profit?
ANSWER:
(a)
Corner points
X1
X2
0
0
0
15
20
0
Profit($)
0
9,000 *
8,000
b) * Produce 0 type #1 lamps and 1500 type #2 lamps for a profit of $9,000
*7.124 Billy Penny is trying to determine how many units of two types of lawnmowers to produce each
day. One of these is the standard model, while the other is the deluxe model. The profit per unit on
the standard model is $60, while the profit per unit on the deluxe model is $40. The standard
model requires 20 and the deluxe model, 30 minutes of assembly time. The standard model
requires 15 minutes of inspection time; the deluxe model, 30 minutes. The company must fill an
order for 12 deluxe models. There are 525 minutes of assembly time and 220 minutes of
inspection time available each day. How many units of each product should be manufactured to
maximize profits?
208
ANSWER:
Let X1 = number of standard model to produce
X2 = number of deluxe model to produce
Maximize
Subject to:
60X + 40Y
20X + 30Y 525
15X + 30Y < 220
X 12
X, Y 0
Maximum profit is $870 by producing 6.5 standard and 12 deluxe models.
SHORT ANSWER/ESSAY
7.125
List at least three typical management resources that warrant control.

ANSWER: machinery usage, labor volume, dollars spent, time used, warehouse space usage, raw
material usage
7.126
The basic assumption of linear programming is certainty. Explain its need.

ANSWER: Objective function rates and resource consumption are known and do not change
during the analyzed time period.
7.127
One basic assumption of linear programming is proportionality. Explain its need.

ANSWER: Rates of consumption exist, e.g., if the production of 1 unit requires 4 units of a
resource, then if 10 units are produced, 40 units of the resource are required.
7.128
One basic assumption of linear programming is additivity. Explain its need.

ANSWER: The total of all activities equals the sum of individual activities.
7.129
One basic assumption of linear programming is divisibility. Explain its need.

ANSWER: Solutions need not be whole numbers.
7.130
One basic assumption of linear programming is non-negativity. Explain its need.

ANSWER: Only solution values of zero or positive values are allowed.
7.131
Define infeasibility with respect to an LP solution.

ANSWER: When there is no solution that can satisfy all constraints simultaneously.
209
7.132
Define unboundedness with respect to an LP solution.

ANSWER: a solution variable that is allowed to increase without limit while satisfying all
constraints
7.133
Define redundancy with respect to an LP solution.

ANSWER: the presence of one or more constraints that have no effect on the feasible solution area
7.134
Define alternate optimal solution with respect to an LP solution.

ANSWER: More than one optimal solution point exists.
*7.135 Explain, briefly, the difference between an unbounded solution and a bounded solution.
ANSWER: In a bounded solution, one or more of the constraints restricts the solution. In an
unbounded solution, the solution is not restricted.
*7.136 Mathematically, what are the requirements for multiple solutions?
ANSWER: For multiple solutions to occur, the objective function must be parallel to an active
constraint.
210

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Linear Programming Models: Graphical and Computer Methods l CHAPTER 7