Bibliography

Primary Sources
The Charter Oath of 1868. Asia for Educators, Columbia Univeristy, n.d. Web. 10 Sep,
2014.
The original Charter Oath from 1868 was translated and then made available in a
digital format by Columbia University. The brief document discusses the goals of the Meiji
Restoration leaders for the nation. It will be helpful in providing insight about the political and
social values of the time.

Hasegawa, Chikuyo. Sericulture in the Imperial Palace. Circa 1870-1880s. Artelino.com, n.d.
Web. 20 Oct. 2014
This artwork is made available in a digital format by artelino.com. Chikuyo
Hasegawa painted the emperor sitting and watching as five women are involved in the various
stages of silk making. The women are all dressed in Western clothing. This will be useful in
showing how Japan was influenced by Western culture, since the production of silkimportant to
eastern cultureheld influences of the Western world.

Inoue, Yasuji. Opening of Azuma Bridge. Circa 1864-1889. Artelino.com, n.d. Web. 10 Oct.
2014
This painting is made available online by artelino.com. The artist, Yasuji Inoue,
depicts a new bridge spanning a waterway. A bustling crowd covers the bridge, with some of the
people wearing traditional clothing, and others wearing Western garments. The ships passing under
the bridge are a mixture of traditional and new ship designs. The painting will be useful in showing
that the Meiji Restoration ushered in new infrastructure and new technology into Japan.
Ito, Hirobumi. Commentaries on the Constitution of the Empire of Japan. University of
Toronto Libraries Internet Archive, n.d. Web. 10 Sep. 2014.
This is the second edition of the Commentaries on the Constitution of the Empire of
Japanwritten by Hirobumi Ito and translated by Miyoji Ito, published in 1906scanned into a
digital format and made available by the University of Toronto. The document describes the rights
that the emperor possesses, the liberties of the citizens, and the guidelines for the Imperial Diet, in
addition to other laws. It will be helpful in studying the transition of political power as the Meiji
Restoration progresses chronologically.

Kobayashi, Kiyochika. Last Shogun Yoshinobu Tokugawa. Circa 1868-1915. Artelino.com, n.d.
Web. 1 Oct. 2014
This painting is made available by artelino.com. It features the image of Yoshinobu
Tokugawa, who was the last shogunoriginally the shogun was the commander of all military
forces, but the role evolved into a role of leadership similar to the emperor. The fact that this
painting, which was done during the time of the Meiji Restoration, had the words Last Shogun in
it indicates that this artwork marks the beginning of a new, modern era in Japan.
The Meiji Emperor and His Family, Circa 1880. about education. Asian History, n.d.
Web. 11 Sep. 2014
This original image, taken around 1880, is made available by abouteducation.com. It
shows the emperor at the time, as well as his family, wearing Western influenced clothing. It will be
helpful in showing that Westernization affected all social classes, including the highest of nobility,
during the Meiji Restoration.

Shosai, Ikkei. First National Bank at Kaiun Bridge. Circa 1870. Artelino.com, n.d. Web. 10
Oct. 2014
This piece of artwork is made available online by artelino.com. Ikkei Shosai depicts
a busy street in front of a new stone buildingthe new bank. This image will be helpful in showing
that the Meiji Restoration was a period in time in which Western ideas helped to reshape Japan,
because banks were a Western idea.
Toyohara, Chikanobu. Beauties and Snow Play. Circa 1853-1912. Artelino.com, n.d. Web. 2
Oct. 2014
This piece of art is made available in an online format by artelino.com. The painting,
by Chikanobu Toyohara, features people playing in snow outside and finely dressed women and
men on the outside stairs and deck of a building. All of the people in the painting are wearing
Western clothing. This painting will be useful in showing that the Japanese began to embrace
Western clothing, an aspect of culture, as the Meiji Restoration progressed.
Toyohara, Chikanobu. Looking Outside Now and Ancient Times. Circa 1853-1912.
Artelino.com, n.d. Web. 1 Oct. 2014
This artwork is made available by artelino.com. Painted by Chikanobu Toyohara, it
depicts the sea from two views. On the left side, elaborately dressed women and children, standing
on an ornate patio, gaze out at the sea, where a steamship is seen approaching on the horizon. On

the right side, men dressed in simpler traditional clothing stand on a plain patio, looking out at the
sea, where a common Japanese fisherman sails his small craft. Above both ships is the rising sun,
symbolizing that Japan has moved on in time. The painting will help to show the relationship
between traditional views and the new technology that reached the shores of Meiji period Japan.
Toyohara, Chikanobu. Meiji Emperor and the New Constitution. Circa 1853-1912.
Artelino.com, n.d. Web. 2 Oct. 2014
This painting is made available online by artelino.com. The artist, Chikanobu
Toyohara, depicts the emperor during the Meiji period standing before an assembly of countrymen
and foreign dignitaries alike, reading the new Meiji Constitution. This artwork will be useful in
revealing that the Meiji Emperor had embraced the political modernization of Japan, and that he
played a crucial role in the Meiji Revolution.

Toyohara, Chikanobu. Meiji Emperor and Empress. Circa 1853-1912. Artelino.com, n.d. Web.
10 Oct. 2014
The artwork is made available in a digital format by artelino.com. Painted by
Chikanobu Toyohara, it shows the emperor, empressIchijo Harukoand four others in front of
the Edo Castle. The art will be useful in showing that the Meiji Restoration marked a new era, in
which the seat of power was moved to the Edo Castle in Tokyo.

Toyohara, Chikanobu. Meiji Empress and Steam Ship. 1881. Artelino.com, n.d. Web. 10 Oct.
2014
The original painting was made available online by artelino.com. Toyohara shows
several small boats, all bearing the Japanese flag, leading up to a steam ship, bearing several
different flags, and allowing their passengers to board. The empress at the time is among the
passengers waiting to board the steam ship. This will be helpful in providing solid evidence that the
Meiji Restoration was a time of change, and that the royal family was encouraging the nations
modernization.
Uchida, Kuichi. Portrait of Emperor Meiji. 1873. Metadata Database of Japanese Old Photographs
in Bakumatsu-Meiji Period, Nagasaki University Library, n.d. Web. 14 Oct. 2014.
This photograph is made available online by the Nagasaki University Library. The
photographer, Kuichi Uchida, features the Meiji Emperor in a military uniform, with a sword at his
waist. This will be helpful in showing that Japan began to embrace Western culture and technology
during the Meiji Restoration.

Utagawa, Kuniteru III. Meiji Emperor and Empress, Russian Prince. Circa 1877-1896.
Artelino.com, n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2014
This artwork is made available online by artelino.com. Kuniteru III Utagawa painted
the emperor and empressboth in Western clothingstanding on the shore, awaiting the Russian
prince that is being rowed to where they are. This involvement with the Russians would later result
in the Russo-Japanese War, during which Japan demonstrated that it was a modern military force to
be reckoned with. This will be useful in showing that Japans interaction with Western nations
increased during the Meiji Revolution.

Utagawa, Yoshiiku. The Third Industrial Exposition. Circa 1878-1904. Artelino.com, n.d. Web.
16 Oct. 2014
This piece of original artwork is made available by artelino.com. Yoshiiku Utagawa
depicts either the Third Paris International Exposition of 1878 or the Third National Industrial
Exhibition, which was held in Japan in 1890. The Meiji Emperor, his son, along with various other
members of his court, are featured in front of an exhibit. This will be useful in showing the
advancement of Japanese technology and interaction with the Western world.
Watanabe, Nobukazu. Emperor and Empress at Silver Wedding Anniversary. Circa 1894.
Artelino.com, n.d. Web. 16 Oct. 2014
This artwork is made available in a digital form online by artelino.com. The artist,
Nobukazu Watanabe, painted the celebration of the twenty-fifth wedding anniversary of the Meiji
Emperor and Empress. They are both in Western clothing as they are a part of a procession that
moves in front of the Imperial Palace in Tokyo. This helps to show the relationship between the
emperor and the further advancement and Western influences found in Japan during the Meiji
Restoration.

Yoshitoshi, Tsukioka. Empress Jing Leading the Invasion of Korea. 1879. The British
Museum. Web. 11 Sep. 2014.
This artwork is a woodblock print in color crated by Tsukioka Yoshitoshi in 1879. It
depicts Empress Jingwho, according to Japanese legend, victoriously led an invasion in Korea
wearing Westernized articles of clothing. It will help provide visual evidence of Japans embracing
of Western culture during the Meiji Restoration.