DAFTAR ISI

HALAMAN JUDUL .............................................................................................. i

LEMBAR PENGESAHAN

............................................................................. ii

ABSTRAK ............................................................................................................ iii

KATA PENGANTAR .......................................................................................... iv
DAFTAR ISI .......................................................................................................... v
DAFTAR TABEL .............................................................................................. xiii
DAFTAR GAMBAR ........................................................................................... xv

BAB I

PENDAHULUAN

1.1. Latar Belakang ...........................................................................................

1.2. Tujuan Percobaan ......................................................................................

1.3. Waktu Pelaksanaan ....................................................................................

1.4. Metodologi Penelitian ................................................................................

1.5. Sistematika Penulisan ................................................................................

BAB II

STRUKTUR BAHASA C, COMPILER, dan PROGAMER

2.1

Tujuan Percobaan .......................................................................................

2.2

Dasar Teori .................................................................................................

2.2.1 Pengenalan Code Vision AVR......................................................... .

2.2.2 Penggunaan Data Penulisan Fungsi pada CV AVR......................... .

2.2.3 Program Kontrol.............................................................................. .

2.2.4 Library Function pada Code Vision AVR....................................... .

2.3

Data Percobaan .......................................................................................... 15

2.3.1 Pembuatan Project pada CV AVR................................................... . 15
2.3.2 Program 1.......................................................................................... 17
2.3.3 Program 2.......................................................................................... 18
2.3.4 Program 3.......................................................................................... 19

2.4

Analisa dan Pembahasan ........................................................................... 20

2.4.1 Pembuatan Project pada CV AVR.................................................... 20
2.4.2 Program 1.......................................................................................... 23

2.4.3 Program 2.......................................................................................... 25

2.4.4 Program 3.......................................................................................... 29
2.5

Kesimpulan ................................................................................................ 33

BAB III

INPUT, OUTPUT, OPERASI BIT dan OPERASI BYTE

3.1 Tujuan Percobaan .......................................................................................... 35

3.2 Dasar Teori .................................................................................................... 36
3.2.1 Input dan Output pada AVR............................................................... 36
3.2.2 Operasi Bit dan Byte............................................................................ 37
3.3

Alat dan Bahan .......................................................................................... 40

3.4 Langkah Percobaan ....................................................................................... 41

3.4.1 Percobaan 1 : Register DDRx, PORTx, dan Internal pull-up.............. 41
3.4.2 Percobaan 2 : Port/Pin sebagai Input dan Output............................... . 43
3.4.3 Percobaan 3 : Operasi Bit.................................................................... . 45
3.4.4 Percobaan 4 : Operasi Byte................................................................. . 47
3.5 Data Percobaan.............................................................................................. 50
3.5.1 Percobaan 1 : Register DDRx, PORTx, dan Internal pull-up.............. 50
3.5.2 Percobaan 2 : Port/Pin sebagai Input dan Output............................... . 50
3.5.3 Percobaan 3 : Operasi Bit.................................................................... . 51
3.5.4 Percobaan 4 : Operasi Byte................................................................. . 51
3.6

Analisa dan Pembahasan ........................................................................... 53

3.6.1 Percobaan 1 : Register DDRx, PORT x, dan Internal pull-up ............ 53
3.6.1.1 Flowchart Percobaan 1............................................... ................... 53
3.6.1.2 Penjelasan Listing Program Utama...............................................

54

3.6.1.3 Pengaruh Register terhadap kondisi LED...................................... 54

3.6.2 Percobaan 2 : Port/Pin sebagai Input dan Output ................................ 56
3.6.2.1 Flowchart Percobaan 2.................................................................. 56
3.6.2.2 Penjelasan Listing Program........................................................... 57
3.6.2.3 Hubungan Toogle Button LED...................................................... 58
3.6.2.4 Konfigurasi LED dan Pengaruhnya............................................... 59
3.6.3 Percobaan 3 : Operasi Bit ..................................................................... 60
3.6.3.1 Flowchart Percobaan 3.................................................................. 60

vi

3.6.3.2 Penjelasan Listing Program........................................................... 62

3.6.3.3 Analisa Tiap Fungsi terhadap Keluaran........................................

63

3.6.4 Percobaan 4 : Operasi Byte............................................................... ... 65

3.6.4.1 Flowchart Percobaan 4 Program Utama....................................... . 65
3.6.4.2 Penjelasan Listing Program........................................................... 69
3.6.4.3 Analisa dan Pembahasan............................................................... 71
3.7

Kesimpulan ................................................................................................ 74

BAB IV DISPLAY KARAKTER LCD HD44780 dan SEVEN SEGMENT

4.1 Tujuan Percobaan .......................................................................................... 75
4.2 Dasar Teori .................................................................................................... 76
4.2.1 Seven Segment..................................................................................... 76
4.2.2 LCD..................................................................................................... . 78
4.3

Data Percobaan .......................................................................................... 79

4.3.1 Percobaan 1 : Library lcd.h dan karakter LCD 16x2....................... . 79
4.3.2 Percobaan 2 : Kata, Huruf, dan Simbol........................................... . 82
4.3.3 Percobaan 3 : Tampilan Angka pada Seven Segment...................... 83
4.3.4 Percobaan 4 : Tampilan Huruf pada Seven Segment...................... . 84
4.3.5 Percobaan 5 : Scanning Seven Segment........................................... 84

4.4 Analisa dan Pembahasan ............................................................................... 86

4.4.1 Percobaan 1.......................................................................................... 86
4.4.1.1 Listing Program Percobaan 1........................................................

86

4.4.1.2 Flowchart Percobaan 1................................................................. . 88

4.4.1.3 Analisa Listing Program................................................................ 89
4.4.2 Percobaan 2 : Kata, Huruf, dan Simbol................................................ 91
4.4.2.1 Listing Program Percobaan 2........................................................

91

4.4.2.2 Flowchart Percobaan 2................................................................. . 93

4.4.2.3 Analisa Output pada LCD........................................................... .. 94
4.4.3 Percobaan 3 : Tampilan Angka pada Seven Segment......................... 96
4.4.3.1 Listing Program Percobaan 3........................................................

96

4.4.3.2 Flowchart Percobaan 3................................................................. . 97

4.4.3.3 Analisa Output pada Seven Segment........................................... .. 98

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4.4.4 Percobaan 4 : Tampilan Huruf pada Seven Segment...................... ..... 100

4.4.4.1 Penjelasan Listing Program........................................................ ... 100
4.4.4.2 Flowchart Percobaan 4................................................................. . 102
4.4.4.3 Analisa Output pada Seven Segment........................................... .. 102
4.4.5 Percobaan 5 : Scanning Seven Segment........................................... ... 105
4.4.5.1 Penjelasan Listing Program........................................................ ... 105
4.4.5.2 Flowchart Percobaan 5................................................................. . 107
4.4.5.3 Analisa Output pada Seven Segment........................................... .. 108
4.5 Kesimpulan ................................................................................................... 109

BAB V

KEYPAD MATRIKS 4X4 dan INPUT ADC

5.1 Tujuan ........................................................................................................... 111

5.2 Dasar Teori .................................................................................................... 111
5.3

Alat dan Bahan .......................................................................................... 119

5.4 Langkah Percobaan ....................................................................................... 119

5.4.1 Percobaan 1 : Scanning Keypad Matriks 4X4..................................... 119
5.4.2 Percobaan 2 : Scanning Keypad Matriks 4X4 Bit Ways.................... . 119
5.4.3 Percobaan 3 : ADC Single Conversion..................................... ........... 119
5.5 Data Percobaan.............................................................................................. 120
5.5.1 Percobaan 1 : Scanning Keypad Matriks 4X4..................................... 120
5.5.2 Percobaan 2 : Scanning Keypad Matriks 4X4 Bit Ways.................... . 120
5.4.3 Percobaan 3 : ADC Single Conversion..................................... ........... 120
5.6

Analisa dan Pembahasan ........................................................................... 122

5.6.1 Percobaan 1 : Scanning Keypad Matriks 4X4..................................... 122
5.6.1.1 Listing Program Scanning Keypad 4X4....................................... . 122
5.6.1.2 Data Hasil Percobaan.................................................................... . 123
5.6.1.3 Flowchart Percobaan 1................................................................. . 124
5.6.1.4 Penjelasan Listing Program........................................................... 124
5.5.1.5 Analisa Listing Program ............................................................... 125
5.6.2 Percobaan 2 : Scanning Keypad Matriks 4X4 Bit Ways.................... . 129
5.6.2.1 Listing Program Scanning Keypad 4X4 Bit Ways....................... . 129
5.6.2.2 Data Hasil Percobaan 2................................................................. . 132

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5.6.2.3 Flowchart Percobaan 2................................................................. . 133

5.6.2.4 Penjelasan Listing Program........................................................... 133
5.5.2.5 Analisa Listing Program ............................................................... 137
5.6.3 Percobaan 3 : ADC Single Conversion..................................... ........... 141
5.6.3.1 Listing Program ADC Single Conversion....................... .............. 141
5.6.3.2 Data Hasil Percobaan 3.................................................................. 142
5.6.3.3 Flowchart Percobaan 3................................................................. . 143
5.6.3.4 Penjelasan Listing Program........................................................... 143
5.5.3.5 Analisa Listing Program ............................................................... 145
5.7

Kesimpulan ................................................................................................ 147

BAB VI

AVR MOTOR DC, STEPPER dan SERVO

6.1 Tujuan Percobaan .......................................................................................... 148

6.2 Dasar Teori .................................................................................................... 148
6.2.1 Timer.................................................................................................... 148
6.2.1.1 Normal Overflow.......................................................................... . 148
6.2.1.2 CTC............................................................................................... 149
6.2.2 PWM.................................................................................................... 149
6.2.2.1 Fast PWM.......................................................................... ............ 152
6.2.2.2 Phase Correct PWM..................................................................... . 148
6.2.3 Motor DC............................................................................................. 156
6.2.4 Motor Stepper..................................................................................... . 157
6.2.5 Motor Servo........................................................................................ . 160
6.3

Alat dan Bahan .......................................................................................... 163

6.4 Cara Kerja ..................................................................................................... 163

6.4.1 Motor DC............................................................................................. 163
6.4.2 Motor Stepper..................................................................................... . 163
6.4.3 Motor Servo........................................................................................ . 164
6.5 Data Percobaan.............................................................................................. 164
6.5.1 Motor DC............................................................................................. 164
6.5.2 Motor Stepper..................................................................................... . 164
6.5.3 Motor Servo........................................................................................ . 164

ix

6.6

Pembahasan ............................................................................................... 165

6.6.1 Motor DC............................................................................................. 165
6.6.1.1 Listing Program............................................................................. 165
6.6.1.2 Flowchart............................................................................. .......... 165
6.6.1.3 Analisa dan Penyelesaian Listing Program.................................. . 165
6.6.1.4 Aplikasi............................................................................. ............. 167
6.6.2 Motor Stepper ...................................................................................... 169
6.6.2.1 Listing Program............................................................................. 169
6.6.2.2 Flowchart............................................................................. .......... 170
6.6.2.3 Analisa dan Penyelesaian Listing Program.................................. . 171
6.6.2.4 Aplikasi............................................................................. ............. 171
6.6.3 Motor Servo ......................................................................................... 172
6.6.3.1 Listing Program............................................................................. 172
6.6.3.2 Flowchart............................................................................. .......... 173
6.6.3.3 Analisa dan Penyelesaian Listing Program.................................. . 174
6.6.3.4 Aplikasi............................................................................. ............. 174

6.7

Kesimpulan ................................................................................................ 176

BAB VII

BAHASA ASSEMBLY : INTRUKSI SET MCS51

7.1 Tujuan ........................................................................................................... 177

7.2 Dasar Teori .................................................................................................... 177
7.2.1 Bahasa Assembler................................................................................ 177
7.2.2 Mikrokontroller MCS-51.................................................................... . 178
7.2.3 Mikrokontroller AT89S51.................................................................. . 179
7.2.4 Perintah Dasar MCS51......................................................................... 181
7.2.5 Compiler ASM51................................................................................ . 185
7.2.6 Programmer................................................................................ .......... 185
7.3 Alat dan Bahan .............................................................................................. 187
7.4 Data Percobaan.............................................................................................. 187
7.4.1 Percobaan 1 : Input-Output................................................................. . 187
7.4.1.1 Listing Program............................................................................. 187

7.4.1.2 Screenshot Program...................................................................... . 188

7.4.2 Percobaan 2 : Data Transfer................................................................. 188
7.4.2.1 Listing Program............................................................................. 188
7.4.2.2 Screenshot Program....................................................................... 189
7.4.3 Percobaan 3 : Langkah Operation....................................................... . 190
7.4.3.1 Listing Program............................................................................. 190
7.4.3.2 Screenshot Program...................................................................... . 191
7.4.4 Percobaan 4 : Arithmatic Operation................................................... .. 191
7.4.4.1 Listing Program............................................................................. 191
7.4.4.2 Screenshot Program...................................................................... . 192
7.4.5 Percobaan 5 : Manipulasi Booelan................................................... .... 192
7.4.5.1 Listing Program............................................................................. 192
7.4.5.2 Screenshot Program...................................................................... . 193
7.4.6 Percobaan 6 : Percabangan................................................................... 193
7.4.6.1 Listing Program............................................................................. 193
7.4.6.2 Screenshot Program...................................................................... . 194
7.5 Analisa dan Pembahasan ............................................................................... 195
7.5.1 Percobaan 1 : Input-Output ................................................................. 195
7.5.1.1 Listing Program dan Penjelasan................................................... . 195
7.5.1.2 Flowchart Program dan Penjelasan............................................. .. 196
7.5.1.3 Analisa Screenshot Program............................................. ............. 198
7.5.2 Percobaan 2 : Data Transfer ................................................................ 199
7.5.2.1 Listing Program dan Penjelasan................................................... . 199
7.5.2.2 Flowchart Program dan Penjelasan............................................. .. 200
7.5.2.3 Analisa Screenshot Program............................................. ............. 201
7.5.3 Percobaan 3 : Logical Operation ......................................................... 202
7.5.3.1 Listing Program dan Penjelasan................................................... . 202
7.5.3.2 Flowchart Program dan Penjelasan............................................. .. 203
7.5.3.3 Analisa Screenshot Program............................................. ............. 204
7.5.4 Percobaan 4 : Arithmatic Operation .................................................... 205
7.5.4.1 Listing Program dan Penjelasan................................................... . 205
7.5.4.2 Flowchart Program dan Penjelasan............................................. .. 206

xi

7.5.4.3 Analisa Screenshot Program............................................. ............. 207

7.5.5 Percobaan 5 : Manipulasi Boolean ..................................................... 208
7.5.5.1 Listing Program dan Penjelasan................................................... . 208
7.5.5.2 Flowchart Program dan Penjelasan............................................. .. 209
7.5.5.3 Analisa Screenshot Program............................................. ............. 211
7.5.6 Percobaan 6 : Percabangan ................................................................ 212
7.5.6.1 Listing Program dan Penjelasan................................................... . 212
7.5.6.2 Flowchart Program dan Penjelasan............................................. .. 213
7.5.6.3 Analisa Screenshot Program............................................. ............. 215
7.7

Kesimpulan ................................................................................................ 216

BAB VIII PENUTUP

8.1 Kesimpulan ................................................................................. 217
8.2 Saran ............................................................................................ 218

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

LAMPIRAN

xii

DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar 2.1

Pembuatan Project Baru ................................................................ 15

Gambar 2.2

Tampilan Chip Code Wizard AVR ............................................... 15

Gambar 2.3

Tampilan Tab USART dan Tampilan Generate, Save and Exit ... 16

Gambar 2.4

Source Code Program 1 ................................................................ 17

Gambar 2.5

Tampilan Program 1 ...................................................................... 17

Gambar 2.6

Source Code Program 2 ................................................................ 18

Gambar 2.7

Tampilan Program 2 ...................................................................... 18

Gambar 2.8

Source Code Program 3 ................................................................ 19

Gambar 2.9

Tampilan Program 3 ...................................................................... 19

Gambar 2.10 Tab Chip CvAVR.......................................................................... 20

Gambar 2.11 Tab Port CvAVR ........................................................................... 20
Gambar 2.12 Tab USART .................................................................................. 21
Gambar 2.13 Hasil Inisialisasi ............................................................................ 22
Gambar 2.14 Flowchart Logika While ............................................................... 28
Gambar 2.15 Penjelasan Isi Tiap Bit pada UCSRA............................................ 31
Gambar 3.1

Denah memory bit ......................................................................... 38

Gambar 3.2

Pembuatan Proyek pada cvavr ...................................................... 41

Gambar 3.3

Pemilihan Tipe Mikrokontroler .................................................... 41

Gambar 3.4

Pemilihan chip mikrokontroler dan clock pada mikrokontroler ... 41

Gambar 3.5

Penggunaan USART0 ................................................................... 42

Gambar 3.6

Pembuatan Proyek pada CVAVR ................................................. 43

Gambar 3.7

Pemilihan Tipe Mikrokontroller ................................................... 43

Gambar 3.8

Pemilihan Chip Mikrokontrollerdan Clock pada

Mikrokontroller ............................................................................. 44

Gambar 3.9

Penggunaan USART0 ................................................................... 44

Gambar 3.10 Pembuatan Proyek pada CVAVR ................................................. 45

Gambar 3.11 Pemilihan Tipe Mikrokontroller ................................................... 45
Gambar 3.12 Pemilihan Chip Mikrokontrollerdan Clock pada
Mikrokontroller ............................................................................. 46
Gambar 3.13 Penggunaan USART0 ................................................................... 46

xiii

Gambar 3.14 PembuatanProyekpada CVAVR ................................................... 47

Gambar 3.15 Pemilihan Tipe Mikrokontroller ................................................... 48
Gambar 3.16 Pemilihan Chip Mikrokontrollerdan Clock pada
Mikrokontroller ............................................................................. 48
Gambar 3.17 Penggunaan USART0 ................................................................... 49
Gambar 3.17

Penggunaan USART0 ............................................................... 49

Gambar 3.18

Flowchart Percobaan 1 .............................................................. 53

Gambar 3.19

Flowchart Percobaan 2 .............................................................. 56

Gambar 3.20

(a) Konfigurasi LED Common Cathoda (CC) .......................... 59

(b) Konfigurasi LED Common Anoda (CA) ............................ 59

Gambar 3.21

Flowchart Percobaan 3 : Operasi Bit ........................................ 60

Gambar 3.22

Flowchart Fungsi Nilai_Bit () ................................................... 61

Gambar 3.23

Flowchart Fungsi Geser_Kiri () ................................................ 61

Gambar 3.24

Flowchart Fungsi Geser_Kanan () ............................................ 62

Gambar 3.25

Flowchart Fungsi Operasi Byte ................................................ 65

Gambar 3.26

Flowchart Fungsi Nilai_Byte () ................................................ 66

Gambar 3.27

Flowchart Fungsi GERBANG_NOT_Byte () ........................... 66

Gambar 3.28

Flowchart Fungsi GERBANG_OR_Byte () ............................. 67

Gambar 3.29

Flowchart Fungsi GERBANG_AND_Byte () .......................... 67

Gambar 3.30

Flowchart Fungsi GERBANG_XOR_Byte () ........................... 68

Gambar 4.1

Bentuk Susunan Karakter Display 7 Segment .............................. 76

Gambar 4.2

Rangkaian Internal display 7 segment common anoda ................. 77

Gambar 4.3

Rangkaian Internal display 7 segment common katoda ................ 77

Gambar 4.4

KarakterAngkapda 7 Segment ...................................................... 77

Gambar 4.5

Contoh bentuk Fisik Display 7 Segment ....................................... 78

Gambar 4.6

LCD Aplhanumeric 16x2 .............................................................. 78

Gambar 4.7

Data Percobaan1 : Library lcd.hdankarakter LCD 16x2 ............... 82

Gambar 4.8

Data Percobaan2 : Kata, Huruf, dan Simbol ................................. 83

Gambar 4.9

Data Percobaan3 :Tampilan Angka pada Seven Segment ............ 83

Gambar 4.10 Data Percobaan4 :Tampilan huruf pada Seven Segment .............. 84
Gambar 4.11 DtaPercobaan5 : Scanning Seven Segment .................................. 85
Gambar 4.12 Flowchart Percobaan1 : Library lcd.hdankarakter LCD 16x2 ...... 88

xiv

Gambar 4.13 Flowchart Percobaan2 : Kata, Huruf, dan Simbol ........................ 93

Gambar 4.14 Flowchart Percobaan3 :Tampilan angka pada Seven Segment..... 97
Gambar 4.15 Flowchart Percobaan4 :Tampilan Huruf pada Seven Segment... 102
Gambar 4.16 Seven Segment ............................................................................ 103
Gambar 4.17 Flowchart Percobaan5 : Scanning Seven Segment ..................... 107
Gambar 4.18 Delapan 7 Seven Segment........................................................... 108
Gambar 5.1

Keypad Matrix 4x3 dan 4x4........................................................ 112

Gambar 5.2

Keypad Matrix 4x4 Basic............................................................ 114

Gambar 5.3

Keypad Matrix 4x4 advance ...................................................... 114

Gambar 5.4

Flowchart Proses scanning keypad matriks 4x4 ........................ 115

Gambar 5.5

Blok diagram AVR ..................................................................... 116

Gambar 5.6

ATMega 32L ............................................................................... 116

Gambar 5.7

Pin Pin ATMega8535 Kemasan 40-pin ...................................... 117

Gambar 5.8

Scanning Keypad Matriks 4x4 .................................................... 120

Gambar 5.9

Scanning Keypad Matriks 4x4 Bit Ways .................................... 120

Gambar 5.10 ADC Single Conversion Potensio ............................................... 120

Gambar 5.11 ADC Single Conversion LDR ..................................................... 121
Gambar 5.12 ADC Single Conversion LM35 ................................................... 121
Gambar 5.13 Scanning Keypad Matriks 4x4 .................................................... 123
Gambar 5.14 Flowchart Percobaan Scanning Keypad Matriks 4x4 ................. 124
Gambar 5.15 Scanning Keypad 4x4 Bit Ways ................................................. 132
Gambar 5.16 Flowchart Percobaan 2 ................................................................ 133
Gambar 5.17 ADC Single Conversion Potensio ............................................... 142
Gambar 5.18 ADC Single Conversion LDR ..................................................... 142
Gambar 5.19 ADC Single Conversion LM35 ................................................... 142
Gambar 5.20 Flowchart Percobaan 3 ................................................................ 143
Gambar 6.1

Sinyal PMW danRumus Perhitungannya .................................... 149

Gambar 6.2

Pulsa PWM ................................................................................. 150

Gambar 6.3

Pengontrolan tegangan Pulsa PWM ............................................ 151

Gambar 6.4

PWM Mode Fast ........................................................................ 152

Gambar 6.5

(a) Proses Pembandingan antara Sinyal pembawa dengan Sinyal

Referensi ..................................................................................... 154

xv

(b) Sinyal Penggerak VAN.................................................. 154

(c) Sinyal Penggerak VBN.................................................. 154
(d) Sinyal SPWM.............................................................. 154
Gambar 6.6

PWM Mode Phase Correct.......................................................... 155

Gambar 6.7

Motor DC .................................................................................... 156

Gambar 6.8

Penampang Melintang dari Motor Stepper Tipe variabel

reluctance (VR) .......................................................................... 158

Gambar 6.9

Ilustrasi Sederhana dari motor stepper tipe permanent magnet (PM)

..................................................................................................... 159

Gambar 6.10 Penampang Melintang dari Motor Stepper Tipe Hibrid ............. 159
Gambar 6.11 Bentuk Motor servo pada umumnya ........................................... 161
Gambar 6.12 Pulsa Servo sebagai Input ........................................................... 162
Gambar 6.13 Flowchart Percobaan 1 ................................................................ 166
Gambar 6.14 Aplikasi Motor DC...................................................................... 168
Gambar 6.15 Flowchart Percobaan 2 ................................................................ 170
Gambar 6.16 Aplikasi Motor Stepper ............................................................... 172
Gambar 6.17 Flowchart Percobaan 3 ................................................................ 173
Gambar 6.18 Arm Servo Robot ........................................................................ 174
Gambar 7.1

IC AT89S51 ................................................................................ 179

Gambar 7.2

Machine Code to Chip ................................................................ 186

Gambar 7.3

Rangkaian Praktikum 6 ............................................................... 187

Gambar 7.4

Screenshot Program Input-Output .............................................. 188

Gambar 7.5

Screenshot Program Data Transfer ............................................. 189

Gambar 7.6

Screenshot Program Logical Operation ...................................... 191

Gambar 7.7

Screenshot Program Arithmatic Operation ................................. 192

Gambar 7.8

Screenshot Program Manipulasi Boolean ................................... 193

Gambar 7.9

Screenshot Program Percabangan ............................................... 194

Gambar 7.10 Flowchart Percobaan Input- Output ............................................ 196

Gambar 7.11 Flowchart Perintah Delay pada Percobaan Input- Output .......... 197
Gambar 7.12 Hasil Screenshoot running Program............................................ 198
Gambar 7.13 Flowchart Percobaan Data Transfer ............................................ 200
Gambar 7.14 Screenshot Program Data Transfer ............................................. 201

xvi

Gambar 7.15 Gambar Flowchart ....................................................................... 203

Gambar 7.16 Screenshot Program Logical Operation ...................................... 204
Gambar 7.17 Flowchart Percobaan ke 4 ........................................................... 206
Gambar 7.18 Screenshot Program Arithmatic Operation ................................. 207
Gambar 7.19 Flowchart PercobaanManipulasi Boolean................................... 209
Gambar 7.20 Flowchart Perintah Delay pada Percobaan Manipulasi Boolean 210
Gambar 7.21 Flowchart Percobaan Manipulasi Boolean.................................. 211
Gambar 7.22 Flowchart Percobaan Percabangan ............................................. 213
Gambar 7.23 Flowchart perintah Delay pada PercobaanPercabangan ............. 214
Gambar 7.24 Screenshot Percobaan Percabangan ............................................ 215

xvii

DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 2.1

Data Dasar Bahasa C pada CVAVR ............................................... 4

Tabel 2.2

Operator- Operator Hubungan dalam Bahasa C ............................. 6

Tabel 2.3

Operator Unary................................................................................ 7

Tabel 3.1

Tabel Sensitivitas pada Port eksternal Interrupt 0......................... 37

Tabel 3.2

Hasil Percobaan Register DDRx, PORTx, dan Internal pull-up ... 50

Table 3.3

Hasil Percobaan Port/Pin sebagai Input dan Output ..................... 50

Tabel 3.4

Hasil Percobaan untuk nilai Bit..................................................... 51

Tabel 3.5

Hasil Percobaan untuk nilai Bit geser kiri dan geser kanan .......... 51

Tabel 3.6

Hasil Percobaan 4 Gerbang Logika............................................... 51

Tabel 3.7

Hasil Percobaan Nilai Byte ........................................................... 52

Tabel 3.8

Pengaruh MCUCR = 0b00000000 ................................................ 54

Tabel 3.9

Pengaruh MCUCR = 0b00010000 ................................................ 55

Tabel3.10

Output Fungsi Nilai_byte () .......................................................... 71

Table 3.11

Fungsi Gerbang_NOT_byte () ...................................................... 71

Tabel 3.12

Fungsi Gerbang_OR_byte () ......................................................... 72

Tabel 3.13

Fungsi Grbang_AND_byte () ........................................................ 72

Tabel 3.14

Fungsi Gerbang_XOR_byte () ...................................................... 73

Tabel 4.1

Pin Symbol and Function LCD 16x2 ............................................ 78

Table 4.2

Karakter ASCII yang digunakan dalam percobaan ....................... 94

Tabel 4.3

Fungsi Perintah yang digunakan pada Percobaan LCD ................ 95

Tabel 4.4

Konversi Biner ke Hexa ................................................................ 99

Table 4.5

Konversi Biner ke Hexa .............................................................. 103

Tabel 5.1

Pembacaan Konversi ADC Potensio........................................... 120

Tabel 5.2

Pembacaan Konversi ADC LDR ................................................ 121

Tabel 5.3

Pembacaan Konversi ADC LM35 .............................................. 121

Tabel 6.1

Data Percobaan Motor DC .......................................................... 164

Tabel 6.2

Data Percobaan Motor Stepper ................................................... 164

Tabel 6.3

Data Percobaan Motor Servo ...................................................... 164

Table 6.4

Hasil Data Percobaan motor DC ................................................. 166

Tabel 6.5

Data Hasil Percobaan Motor Stepper .......................................... 171

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Tabel 6.6

Data Hasil percobaan Motor Servo ............................................. 274

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