ခ်စ္စိန္လြင္ - ေဆာင္ၾကာၿမိဳင္ PDF

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1
Ganan & Yamarmoto
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2
Ganan & Yamarmoto
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3
Ganan & Yamarmoto
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4
Ganan & Yamarmoto
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5
Ganan & Yamarmoto
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OD;a&TarmifBuD;vnf; rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;udk eHeufnDvmcH tNyD;rS a&TrsufESmawmfudk
BunfhwifavQmufvQifwifavQmufrnf[k &nfpl;xm;ygavonf/ eHeufnDvmcHudk
rSefeef;aqmifwGif usif;yavh&dSygonf/ aeYcif;ydkif;nDvmcHudkawmh rSefeef;pHaqmifwGif
NyKvkyfygonf/ EdkifiHawmf\ tNrifhqHk; w&m;kH;awmfBuD;Nzpfaom a&TvTwfawmfBuD;udk
aNrpdkufeef;wGif owfrSwfNyKvkyfygonf/ 4if; a&TvTwfawmfBuD;wGif NynfrSKNynfa&;? BuD;av;aom
w&m;rsm;udk rif;w&m;BuD;udk,fwdkif xGufawmfrl w&m;pD&ifawmfrlayonf/ a&TvTwfawmfBuD;udk
taBumif;axGtxl; r&dScJhygvQif tzdwfaeYrsm;rSom usif;yNyKvkyfavh&dSygonf/
xdkaeY eHeufnDvmcH pwifonfhtcsdefrSp nDvmcHpJcsdefwdkifatmif rnfonfhudprsm;udk
rnfolupwifwifoGif; avQmufxm; rnfuJhodkY qHk;Nzwfawmfrlavonf? rnfonfh 0efBuD;u
rnfuJhodkY trdefYawmfcsrSwfawmfrlonfwdkYudk OD;a&TarmifBuD; vHk;0rBum;rdyg/ nDvmcHcsdefwGif
b0&Sifrif;w&m;BuD;tm; rnfuJhodkY pwifavQmufxm;&rnf qdkonfudk pOf;pm;awG;awmcg
u&a0;om;Nzifh xkvkyf&onfh ydwkef;kyfcH &wemrsm;pDcs,fxm;onfh br,moe yvifawmfay:
xdkifawmfrl&if; 0efBuD;0efuav;rsm;wdkY avQmufwifcsufrsm;udk tqHk;tNzwfay;awmfrlaeaom
b0&Sifrif;wkef;rif;w&m;BuD;\ rsufESm&dyf? rsufESmuJudkom zl;arQmfapmifhpm;
iHhvifhaerdygawmhonf/
nDvmcHpJ vlpkcGJcgeD; wcP0,f awmifaqmifawmf t*ra[oD pBuma'0D rdzk&m;BuD;
pdefwkef;rdzk&m; tygt0if tv,feef;rawmf qifNzLr&Sif rdzk&m;ESifh avmif;&Snfrdzk&m; (oDaygrif;
r,fawmf)? o&pdef;rdzk&m;? oufyef rdzk&m;paom rdzk&m;BuD; 6 yg;wkdY xHk;wrf;pOfvmtwdkif;
tcpm; 0ifa&mufvmBuygavonf/
xdkrdzk&m;BuD;rsm;wdkY tcpm; 0ifa&mufcsdefwdkif;wdkYwGif rif;cpm;a,musmf;? rSL;rwf aoemywd?
twGif;0efBuD; 0efuav;rsm;ygrusef wOD;wa,mufrS r&dSap&yg/ om;a&;? orD;a&;ESifh
udk,fawmf\ twGif;a&;awmfrsm;udk avQmufxm;&onfNzp rnfolrQ xdknDvmcHwGif
aecGifhr&dSygay/ yifwvJ0ef OD;a&TarmifBuD;rSm vufoHk;awmfBuD; tdrfawmfyg
i,fuRef&if;wa,mufNzp wHcg;r&dS aqmifawmftwGif; tcsdefra&G; 0ifxGufap trdefYawmf
&olNzpfoNzifhom rxGufrlbJ cpm;vsufESifh &dSaeygonf/
rdzk&m;BuD;rsm; cpm; avQmufxm;ta&;qdkorQtBum;rS b0&Sifrif;w&m;BuD;onf
wa,mufxnf;xnf; cpm;awmfrlaeaom tdrfawmfygvufpGJawmfBuD; OD;a&TarmifBuD;tm;
6
Ganan & Yamarmoto
awGU&dSowdcsyfrdawmfrloNzifh ....] tvkd .. yifwvJpm; vufpGJawmfBuD; ia&TarmifBuD;ygvm;?

0daooxl;[ef&Sdonfy tcpm;awmfxl;onf htaBumif;t&mudk wifavQmufcGifh &Sdaparmifrif;}
b0&Sifrif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;\ rdefYawmfrloH Bum;Bu&aom taqmif&? eef;& rdzk&m;BuD;csKyfwdkYrSm
wdkifyifxm;bdouJhodkY yifwvJpm;BuD; OD;a&TarmifBuD;&dS&modkY wNydKifwnf;
acgif;iJhBunfhBuygavonf/ tcsdKUaom rdzk&m;BuD;rsm;\ rsufrmefawmf t0ifhcHhaumif;cHh&rnfudk
OD;a&TarmifBuD; odvifhupm;....
] rSefvSyg b0&Sif rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;? ESpfudk,fawmf wdkifBum;avQmufwifawmfrl&ef
taBumif;&dSygoNzifh uRefawmfrsdK; iHhvifhvsuf &SdaeaBumif;ygbk&m;/ }
] tdrf; ... xl;onf qdkonfy? ightm; wifavQmufrnfh ta&;tcif;twGuf yef;cHkawmfrS apmifhap
iarmifBuD;/ }
] Asm'dwfawmfNrwftwdkif;yg bk&m; } [k OD;a&TarmifBuD;vnf; NyefvnfavQmufxm;&if;
yef;cHkawmfaqmifodkY OD;wnfxGufvSrf; oGm;ygavonf/ (yef;cHkawmf taqmuftOD;rSm
tkwfNzifhaqmufvkyfxm;NyD; rif;wkef;rif;w&m;BuD; tem;,lcsifonfhtcgESifh txl;wvnf
udprsm;wdkifyifvkd&mrsm;&SdvQif 4if;yef;cHkawmf tkwfwdkuftwGif; wdkifyifavh&dSygonf/) yef;cHkawmf
cef;raqmif&dS ovGefawmfeHab;&Sd xdkifem;&mrS apmifhqdkif; rBumrD umvtwGif; b0&Sif
rif;wkef;rif;w&m;BuD; udk,fawmfxD;xD; BuGcsDawmfrlvm ovGefanmifapmif;ay: xkdifawmfrl&if;
] vufoHk;awmf iarmifBuD;? wifvdkorQ wifbkdY ig cGifhNyKoAs }
] rSefvSyg/ bkef;awmfBuD;NrwfawmfrlvSaom rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;\ opfpdrfh
rdzk&m;taqmifawmfwGif ,refaeY nydkif;? aygifay:wGif xdk;uGif;rSifaBumifyg&dSaom
eef;wGif;tysdKawmftoGif 0wfqifxm;olwOD; usL;ausmfawmfrlaBumif;yg bk&m; }
OD;a&TarmifBuD; wifavQmufoH Bum;em&NyD; rsufESmawmf romr,m NzpfoGm;vsuf tcdkuftwefY
qdyfNidrfoGm;&mrS ....
] b,fyHkenf; od&onfy? bmNyKrJh wygwnf; aESmifBudK;wJNyD; a&SYawmfroGif;cJhoenf;
iarmifBuD;&JY }
] rSefvSyg? tdyfzefawmfrSL; izdk;nGefY\ tdyfzefawmfom; iatmifcifqdkool tdyfzefawmfwm0ef
xrf;aqmifqJ nOfhoef;acgifrwdkifrSD wA[dkvftvkd xdktysdKawmftoGif 0wfqifxm;onfholrSm
taqmifawmf0if usnf;&SifwHcg;tausmf waygifay: xdk;uGif;rSifaoh? NrifawGY&aBumif;
wifavQmufay;yg&ef tdyfzefawmfrSL;u eHeufnDvmcHrprD tvmawmf&dSaBumif;yg bk&m;/ }
] onfvkdNzifh igudk,fawmfNrwf trdefYawmfeJY onfrdzk&m;ay;&NyD;om; taqmifteef;wdkYudk
odrf;kwf tdrfedrfhpHxm;ap? ppfar;NyD; usL;ausmfooludk zrf;qD;? tm;ay;ool? tultnDyHhol?
tquftEG,f0ifool tm;vHk; uGyfrsufap/ }
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;vnf; trdefYawmfrSw xdktrSKudk yifwvJpm;BuD; OD;a&TarmifBuD;tm;
tmPmukef ESif;tyfvsuf rsufESmawmfvTJoGm;ygawmhonf/ odkYNzp OD;a&TarmifBuD;rSm trdefYawmfudk
oHk;vsuf NrdKUawmf0efudk NAJwdkufawmfodkY aqmvsifpGm vma&muf&ef qifhac:vkdufygonf/
OD;a&TarmifBuD;vnf; NAJwdkufawmfodkY oGm;a&mufNyD;aemuf tdyfzefawmfrSL;ESifhtwl tdyfzefawmfom;
iatmifcifudkyg vma&muf&ef aNcNrefawmf vTwfNyefygonf/ rBumrDtwGif; a&SUqifhaemufqifh
qdkovkd tdyfzefawmfrSL;? NrdKU0efrif;ESifh tdyfzefawmfom; iatmifcifwdkYyg qdkufa&mufvmBuygonf/
7
Ganan & Yamarmoto
OD;a&TarmifBuD;udk bk&ifrif;Nrwfu opfqdrfh rdzk&m;udpESifh ywfowforQudk tmPmukeftyfESif;

rsufESmawmf vTJoGm;awmfrlaomaBumifh rnfuJhodkY NyKvkyfaqmif&Guf&rnfwdkYudk NrdKUawmf0efrif;tm;
tBuHOmPfawmif;vkd trdefYawmfudkoHk; qifhac:&Ncif;NzpfaBumif; OD;a&TarmifBuD;u
&Sif;vif;Nyavonf/
] yifwvJpm;BuD;&JU? onftwdkif; qdk&ifNzifh usKyfwdkYtaeeJY opfqdrfhrdzk&m;BuD;xH
t&ifoGm;Bu&r,f/ onfudpudk tdyfzefawmfrSL;u udk,fwdkifudk,fus Nrifool iatmifcifom
usKyfwdkYESifhtwl yg;vkduf&if Nzpfonfy }
] tdrf; ..... aumif;oAsm;/ omrSvJ usKyfwdkY rdzk&m;BuD;xHrS ay;&NyD;om;? taqmifteef;wdkYudk
kyfodrf;rdefYvnf; aqmif&GufNyD; Nzpfraygh/ b,fol b,f0g&,fvdkYvJ ppfar;awmfrlBuomy/ }
] onfvkdNzifh&if usKyfvufkH; aoG;aomuf armufaygufudk wyfpdwfwckeJY usL;ausmfooludk
t&trd zrf;qD;NyD; tEG,ftcifawGudkvJ csKyfaESmifzdkY pDpOfyr,f/ yifwvJpm;BuD;om
opfqdrfhrdzk&m;BuD; taqmif oGm;ESifhonfy } [k aNymqdkrSmxm;NyD; NrdKU0efrif;vnf; NAJwdkufawmfrS
Nrif;udk taomhESif;um ol\vufkH; aoG;aomufBuD; armifaygufudk trSKudp pD&if&efapcdkif;zdkY
tdrfawmfodkY ta&mufNyefygavawmhonf/
OD;a&TarmifBuD;ESifh iatmifcifyg wyfom;tcsdKU ac:,lvsuf taemufawmfBuD;rS
opfqdrfhrdzk&m;taqmifawmfodkY oGm;Buygonf/ OD;a&TarmifBuD;wkdY vlodkufa&mufonfqdkvQifyif
cpm;vsuf&dSaom rdzk&m;BuD;\ tysdKawmfwodkufrSm vSKyfvSKyf&Sm;&Sm; NzpfoGm;ygavonf/
opfqdrfhrdzk&m;rSmvnf; rsufESmawmfysufysufESifh .....
] yif;wvJ NrdKUpmBuD;&Jh b,fvkd taBumif;ta&;twGufESifh onfudkvm&onfvJ }
] rSefvSyg ..... b0&Sif rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;\ trdefYawmfudk OD;xdyf&Guf yefvsuf t&Sif opfqdrfh
rdzk&m;BuD;udk tyfESif;csD;NrSifhawmfrlaom taqmifteef;wdkYudk kyfodrf;&ygrnf bk&m;/ }
opfqdrfhrdzk&m;ESifhwuG taqmifawmftwGif; &SdaeBuukefaom txdef;awmf tacsmhawmf
tysdKawmfrsm; tHhBoxdwfvefY ukefayonf/
] rSefvSyg ..... aNcuusL;vQif 'l;Nzwf&ef trdefYawmfrSwfxm;onfh taqmifwGif;odkY
xdk;uGif;rSifaBumif yg&dSol tysdKawmfwkESifh BunfNzLawmfrlaBumif; b0&Sif rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;
Bum;odawmfrl trsufawmf &SygoNzifh ay;&NyD;om; taqmifteef;wdkYudk kyfodrf;
tdrfedrfhpHtNzpf xm;&dS&ygrnf[k trdefYawmfrSwfygonf/ usL;ausmfooludkvnf;
ay;tyf&rnfyg/ ... }
yif;wvJNrdKUpm;BuD;\ trdefYpum; Bum;Bu&aom oltaygif;wdkYrSm vSKyfvSKyf&G&GESifh
wa,mufrsufESm wa,mufBunfhNyD; wdwfqdwfaeBuygonf/
xdktcdkuf0,f NrdKUawmf0efBuD;ESifh ol\vufkH;aoG;aomufBuD;wdkY taqmifawmftwGif;
0ifa&mufvmBuNyD;aemuf .....
] yif;wvJNrdKUpm;BuD;Asm;? b0&Sif rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;\ trdefUawmfudk rdzk&m;BuD;tm;
yefBum;NyD;awmfrlygp .... }
] [kwfoy .... onfES,faBumifh usKyfwdkYvm&Ncif;ayy ... }
8
Ganan & Yamarmoto
] rSefvSyg .... onfvdk ta&;tcif;twGuf uRefawmfrsdK;BuD;vufodkY usL;ausmfoludk

ay;tyfawmfrlyg? &Sifrdzk&m;BuD;bk&m; .... }
twefBum wdwfqdwfaeBuNyefygonf/ tysdKawmf wcsdKU\ SKdufoH oJhoJhom cef;raqmiftwGif;rS
vSKyf&Sm;oHtNzpf xGufay:vmaeygonf/ jrdKU0efrif;uyif qufvufNyD; ] toQifrdzk&m;BuD;?
uRefawmfrsdK;wdkY vuf0,fodkY usL;ausmfol ray;rtyf&SdaBumif; b0&Sifrif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;
a&Tem;awmf aygufBum;awmfrlygvQif? rdzk&m;BuD; toufawmfyif pdk;&drf&aBumif;ygbk&m; ..... / }
] iarmifBuD; vuf0,fodkY toQifrdzk&m;BuD; taeNzifh usL;ausmfol ray;rtyfcJhygvQif
trdefYawmfNrwftwdkif; taqmifawmftwGif; aeYnr[l cpm;ool txdrf;t&mESifh
tacsmhawmfysdKrsm;tm;vHk; aordefYao'PfrSwf uGyfrsufcsif;cH&rnf NzpfaBumif;yg ..... / }
OD;a&TarmifBuD;\ pum;tqHk;wGif opfqdrfhrdzk&m;BuD;rSm raeomawmhbJ
] txdrf; rrrsm;ESifh tacsmhawmfysdKrsm;ESifh rywfowfapcsifyg/ usL;ausmfoolrSm NrdKUaNrmufNyif
a*goDwm&mr ausmif;wdkufrS q&mawmfBuD;\ wynfhom; armifNrwfpH Nzpfoy
NrdKUpm;rif;BuD;wdkY ... / }
] rdzk&m;BuD; rdefYqdkcsuf tBum;twdkif;qdkvQif ausmif;xdkifq&mawmf bk&m;BuD;
wynfhom;NzpfaeonfaBumifh b,fodkYNyK&tHh yif;wvJpm;BuD;zsm; }
] usKyfwdkY 0efrif;wdkYonf b0&Sifrif;w&m;BuD;\ trdefYawmfudk OD;xdyf&Gufyef rvGefqef0hHBuyg/
rnfolyifNzpfygap tEG,ftpifwdkYudk ukefpifatmif ppfar; &Sif;vif;ay;&rnfy/ }
rdzk&m;BuD;ESifh tysdKawmf? tacsmhawmfwdkY\ SKdufidkoHwdkhrSm wNznf;Nznf; wdk;&mrS us,f? us,f&mrS
qlnHoHxGufvmygawmhonf/ odkYESifh 0efrif;vnf; vufkH;aoG;aomufBuD;bufodkY vSnfh .....
] aoG;aomufBuD; tr&|meD&yf&Sdaom a*goDwm&mrwdkufodkY oGm; oDwif;oHk;aeaom &[ef;?
omraP? uyD, ausmif;om;ygrusefap&/ usL;ausmfol iNrwfpHESifh tquftoG,f
&if;oolrsm;&Sdu &[ef;&Sifvlra&G; tNrefqHk; zrf;qD;axmifoGif; tusOf;tcsKyfxm;ygav .... / }
[k NrdKU0efrif;u trdefYay;NyD;aemuf aoG;aomufBuD;vnf; taqmifawmftwGif;rS
xGufcGmoGm;ygawmhonf/
rdzk&m;BuD;vnf; pHae&movGefxufrSyif txdrf;awmfBuD;tm; ...
] rrcifzGm;Nrpf? taqmifawmfwGif;rS b0&Sifrif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;\ csD;NrSifhay;oem;xm;aom
rdzk&m;wdkYESifh tyfpyfydkifqdkifaom ypnf;rsm;udk yifwvJpm;BuD; vuf0,fodkY pm&if;ESifhwuG
vufa&muftyfESH qufoy .... }
] txdef;awmfBuD; cifzGm;Nrpfuyif .... ] rSefvSyg? ocifrzk&m;/ taqmif&eef;&wdkY
ydkifqdkiftyfaom ypnf;rsm;udkom qdkvkd&if; NzpfygvQif? toQifrzk&m; ydkifqdkifaom ypnf;trsm;
usef&Sdygvdrfhrnf/ b0&Sifrif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; qkawmfcsxm; ay;oem;? &xm;awmfrlaom a&T? aiG?
&wem? b@mypnf;rsm;udk rnfuJhodkY NyKNyifpD&if&rnfudk rdefYawmfrlyg toQifrzk&m; ...... }
] rrcifzGm;Nrpf&,f .... rzk&m;rSm trsufawmf&SvkdY rsufESmawmfrvS NzpfaeorQ a&T? aiG? &wem?
Opmypnf;rsm;onf yodkYrQ awmif;wrufarmzG,f r&dSyg/ rif;BuD;vuf0,fom tyfESHy... }
rdzk&m;BuD; trdefYawmfpum;tqHk; yifwvJNrdKUpm;BuD;onf *kPm oufoGm;rdygavonf/
9
Ganan & Yamarmoto
10
rdzk&m;BuD;[kom ynwfowfrSwfxm;aomfvnf; olYorD;&G,f vHkrav;omkHrQ &Sdao;aom

Eke,fysdK&G,folwdkY arSmufrSm;wwfaom oabmudk &dyfpm;rdonfaBumifh roufqdkifaom ypnf;onf
b0&Sifrif;w&m;BuD;twGuf r[kwfaBumif;udk ... ] txdrf;awmfBuD; avQmufwifcsufonf
oifhNrwfvSygayonf/ usKyfudk vuf0,fodkY tyfESH&ef trdefYawmfyg&Sdonfhtwdkif; taqmif&
eef;&pOfu yg0ifaom ypnf;rsm;om oufqdkifrnfy/ a&ToifNzL;? aiGoifNzL;? a&TuGrf;tkyf?
a&Ta&waumif;? a&Tu&m;? a&Tzvm;? a&Tuvyf? a&TaxG;cH paom rif;rdzk&m;wdkY
udkif&aqmif&onfwdkYom Nzpfygrnf..../ }
NrdKU0efrif;uvnf; ... ] OD;a&TarmifBuD; aNymBum;csuf oifhNrwfrSefuefvSonfy/ usKyftaeNzifh
usL;ausmfESifh tnDtulNyKool trSef&&Sdap&ef wm0efusef&Sdao;ordkY axmufvSrf;
c&D;quf&ygOD;rnfy ...../ }
] [kwfayoAsdKU/ cifAsm;aNymonfhtwdkif;om aNyacsmatmif pD&ifvdkufyg? nnDvm trDS
b0&Sifrif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;udk a&Tem;awmf avQmufEdkifzdkYudkom NynfhpHkapbdkY vHk;vpdkufayawmh
0efrif;a&U .... }
rEav;NrdKUawmf0efBuD;vnf; aNrmufNyif tr&|mPD teD;&yfrS a*goDwm&mrwdkufqDodkY
vkdufygoGm;ygavonf/ nnDvmcHwGif wifavQmuf&ef &&Sdaom tcsufuvufrsm;udk a&TvTwfawmf
taqmuftOD;tNzpf owfrSwfxm;aom aNreef;awmfwGif nDvmcHrprSD wA[dk&ftvkd awGYqHkBu&ef
tcsdef;tcsuf NyKoGm;cJhygao;onf/ NrdKUawmf0efvnf; a*goDwm&mrwdkuf a&muf&dSoGm;csdefwGif
usL;ausmfol iNrwfpHESifh eD;pyfool &[ef;&Sifvl ESpfq,fausmfwdkY zrf;qD;NyD;om;awGY&Sd&ygonf/
aoG;aomufBuD;ESihf trSKawmfxrf; tcsdKUrSm eef;a&SU&Sd ta&SU ouFef;wdkuf[k ac : onfh
r[m0dok'gkH yxrwdkufodkY iNrwfpH\ tppfcHcsuft& oHCmtcsdKUESifh olYtaygif;toif;rsm;udk
zrf;qD;&ef xGufcGmoGm; rawGY&awmhyg/
a*goDwmkH ausmif;wdkuf q&mawmfbk&m;rSm oufawmfig;q,fausmf[efr&Sd ao;aomfvnf;
odumawmf &Sdygonf/ yxrausmf atmifNrifNyD;ol pmwwfyk*dKvf oDvorm"d&Sdaom
q&mawmfwyg;tNzpf ausmfBum;ygonf/ b0&Sif rif;wkef;rif;w&m;BuD;\ vufxufawmftcgu
omoemudk csD;jrSifharSmufpm;onfhtwGuf pmwwfusrf;wwf y*dKvfwdkhrSm txl;tcGifhta&;
&&Sdygonf/ tausmfatmifvQif q,fhESpfrSKyifwdkif uif;vGwf tcdkif;a&twGuf ckESpftdrfaxmif
&&Sdygavonf/
,ckzrf;qD;xm;aom q&mawmfrSm eef;wGif;ol eef;wGif;om;rsm; udk;uG,fqnf;uyfaom
q&mawmfNzpfvnf; NrdKU0efrif;rSm aZmacR;rsm; Nyefvmatmif tcuftcJ awGUygavonf/
NrdKU0efrif;vnf; q&mawmfxHyg;odkY oGm;OD;csNyD;
] cGifhvTwfawmfrlyg toQif olNrwfbk&m; ....
bk&m; wynfhawmfwdkYrSm rif;ca,musfm;Nzpf trdefYawmfudk vGefqef&ef r0HhaBumif;
wifavQmufygonf .... / b0&Sif rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; taBumif;pHk Bum;odawmfrlygvQif
tNypfawmfrS csrf;om&m &Edkifaumif;ygonfbk&m; ..... / }
] &Sdyap .... wumawmfNrdKU0efrif;.../ bkef;BuD; uHukodkvftwdkif; Nzpf&ygrnf..../
0#fruif;om ,ckuJhodkY uif;atmifaeaomfvnf; r&Sif;&Ncif;Nzpfygonf ... / igonf bk&m;
om;awmfppfppfNzpf &wemoHk;yg;udkom OD;xdyfxm; w&m;oabmudk ESvHk;oGif;ygonf ... /
wumawmfudk tNypfr,lyg ... / cH&olrSm ta[mif;Nzpf NyKolrSm topfNzpfrnfudk pdk;&drfrd
arwmydkYoygonf .... / NrdKU0efrif; 0w&m;twdkif;om aqmif&Gufyg ... / onfudponf
&[ef;wdkYudp r[kwfaomfvnf; ighwynfhNzpf igrod&qdkaomfvnf; wm0efruif;
r,HkBunfrnfudk igod&Sd qdwfqdwfaeayonf wumawmf ..... / }
NrdKU0efrif;vnf; w&m;oabmNynfh0onfh olawmfpif q&mawmf bkef;BuD; pum;udk
Bum;emawmfrl&oNzifh pdwf0rf; rcsrf;aNrUvSpGmNzifh aNcawmfOD;cdkuf&if; ....
10
Ganan & Yamarmoto
11
] t&Sifbk&m;onf olawmfpif olNrwfaumif; NzpfaBumif;udk bk&m;wynfhawmfwGif ,HkrSm;oHo,

r&SdaBumif;yg toQifbk&m; .... / bkef;awmfBuD; rdefYawmfrlpum;t& 0#fruif; NzpfNcif;udk
bk&m;wynfhawmf qifNcifrdygonf bk&m; .... / } [kavQmufxm;ygonf/ 4if;aemuf pdwfESvHk;
NidKNiifcsif;BuD;pGmNzifh NrdKU0efrif;vnf; bDkdvSnf;ay: odkY wufa&muf&if; Nyefvnf
xGufcGmoGm;ygavonf/
(3)
vufkH;awmf aoG;aomufBuD; NyefvnftpD&ifcHcsufay:wGif rlwnf nnDvmcHwGif
wifavQmufESdif&ef tpDtpOffNyKESdif&ef olYtdrfawmfodkY OD;wnfcJhygonf/ NrdKU0efrif; rsufpd? rsufESm
tysufysufESifh bDkdvSnf;ay:rS qif;vmonfudk NrdKU0efuawmfNrifvQif pdwfrcsrf;aNrhpGmNzifh .....
] vHkrav;wdkY bbbk&m; pdwf0rf;awmf rom rsufESmrvSonfh 0daooxl;aBumifh
usef;cefY&Sdawmfrlygp .... / }
] rdrdi,f pdk;&drfvifhovdk usKyfwGifrNzpfkd;yg.../ 'g ayonfh usKyfxrf;&Guf&onfh
trSKawmfwoufwmtwGif; 'Davmuf pdwf0rf;awmfrndKU tNzpfqdk;vSonfh trSKrsdK; rBuHKawGYbl;
rsufESmrvSNcif;yg rdrdi,f ..... }
] vHkrav;wdkY bbbk&m;/ pdwfawmfndK tvdkawmfrus&onfhudprSm NynfwGif;a&;&m
ykef;pm;Ncm;em;ool &SdavawmfrlaomaBumifhayvm;/ ovdkr[kwfyJ vHkrav;wdkYbbtay: b0&Sif
rif;Bwm;BuD;bk&m; pdwf0rf;awmf rus? tvdkawmf rusayvm; rdefYqdkayrS od&rnfy .... }
NrdKUawmf0efvnf; vSKyfvSKyf&Sm;&Sm; trlt&mNzifh .....
] onfvkd r[kwfbl;y rdrdi,f ..... aNym&rSm roifhavsmf vQyfay : onfh ta&;twGuf
opfqdrfhrdzk&m; t&SKyfZmwfaBumifh ax&f&0g& q&mawmf tausmf NrdKUaNrmufNyif a*goDwm&mr
ausmif;xdkifq&mawmf tygt0if &[ef;&SifvlwdkYudk uGyfrsuf&rnfhta&;aBumifh awG;rd
pdwf0rf;awmf rat;Nzpf&onfaBumifhyg rdrdi,f ..... }
0efuawmfBuD;vnf; NrdKU0efrif; qdkcsufpum;aBumifh &ifbwfudk vufNzifh zduyf&if;.....
] NrwfpGmbk&m; u,fawmfrlyg..... a*goDwm&mr q&mawmfBuD;rSm t*ra[oD awmifeef;pH
pBuma'0D rdzk&m;acgifBuD;rStp usrf;wwftausmf oDvodumawmf wdkYNzifh NynfhpHkonfrdkY
eef;wGif;ol? eef;wGif;om;wdkY udk;uG,f qnf;uyfrpJ woJoJ&SdaeonfrSm NrdKUod&yfod NzpfonfudkrS
BuHKygav vHkrav;wdkY bb&,f ..... }
] o[maBumifh usKyfb0 wm0efxrf;&GufpOf c&D;rSm rawGUrBuHKbl;onfrdkY rsufESmawmfrvS
pdwf0rf;awmfrus&Ncif;yg rdrdi,f .... ? nnDvmcHtrDS vufoHk;awmfBuD; yifwvJpm;
OD;a&TarmifBuD;rSwqifh wifBum;&vsuf tNypfawmfom ayghavsmhvmwefaumif;y rdrdi,f&,f ... }
] NrdKUawmf0efrif;vnf; oufNyif;oH &Snf&Snfcs&if; txufyg pum;udkqdkvsuf qif0ifay:wGif
acsypfvufypf xkdifygawmhonf../ 0efuawmfvnf; eHeufpm tcsdefvGefaeNyD Nzpfaomfvnf;
eHeufpmyGJawmfpm ESifhtwl tcsdK,rum tNzmNzmaom pm;awmftkyfudk ,lapcJhygonf/ tyg;awmfNrJ
tapcHr,faxG;ESifh uRef,Hkawmf zdk;oefYwkdYudk NrdKU0efrif; xdkifae&mta&muf o,f,lrcsD
11
Ganan & Yamarmoto
12
auR;arG;NyKpkaomfvnf; NrdKU0efrif;rSm roHk;aqmifESdifawmhyg.../ onfvdkESifh ESpfywfomom

q,fADZem pGef;avmufwGif vufkH;awmfBuD; armifayguf acR;oH w&TJ&TJNzifh
0ifa&mufvmygonf .../
] NrdKUawmf0efrif; trdefYawmfNzifh uRefawmfrsdK;BuD; opfqdrfhrdzk&m;udpESifh oufqdkifol tm;vHk;
brf;qD;axmifoGif; tusOf;csxm;NyD; NzpfygaBumif; ... }
NrdKU0efrif;vnf; rsufcHk;yifhcsDvsuf aoG;aomufBuD;tm; .....
] onfudp[mNzifh bkef;awmfBuD;bk&m; trdefYawmfaBumifh aqmif&Guf&ayrifh ..
aoG;aomufBuD;&m ..... usKyftaeNzifh tawmf pdwfrcsrf;aNrh &onfy? 0w&m;aqmif&Guf&mrSm
wynfh wm0efausygrS q&m pdwf0rf;omayr,f r[kwfvm; ..../ omaBumifhy rif;w&m;BuD;
pdwfwdkif;us NzpfapbdkY armifwdkY usKyfwdkY BudK;pm;ae&onfy .... / }
] rSefvSyg .... uRefawmfrsKd;vnf; trdefYawmfudk OD;xdyf yef&Guf&onfh twGuf vkyfaqmif&ayrifh
a*goDwm&mr q&mawmfbk&m;rSm tausmfa',sESifh NzpfonfhNyif? udk;uG,fqnf;uyfolrsm;rSmvnf;
NrdKUawmfBuD;twGif;ESifh eef;wGif;ol? eef;wGif;om;vlBuD; vlaumif;rsm;om rsm;Buoy ..... / }
] ck ta&;tcif;aBumifh aoG;aomufBuD; zrf;qD;csKyfaESmif ppfar;&ef &[ef;oHCmawmf
b,fESyg;? vlb,fESa,muf &Sdoenf;/ iNrwfpHudk b,fvkd taBumif;eJY eef;wGif;
a&mufvm&onfudkvnf; rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; odvkdawmfrlayr,f aoG;aomufBuD;&Jh ..... / }
] uRefawmfrsdK;BuD;wdkY trdefYawmfNzifh zrf;qD;puyif iNrwfpH aNzmifhqdk tppfaq;cHNyD;
Nzpfygonf .... / tvTmxufwGif a&;qufNyD; NrdKU0efrif;xH wif&eftoifhyg .... / iNrwfpHrSm
vlvHk;vl&yfcyfNywfNywf&Sdayrifh kyfa& acsmarm vSyolNzpfaBumif;yg NrdKU0efrif; ..... / }
] usKyfudk,fwdkif ppfar;&ayOD;r,fAsm .. / b0&Sifrif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; ta&;ESifh
ywfowfaeolNzpfordkY i,fvlrsm;ESifh vTJtyfxm;vQif trSKawmfxrf; ayghavQmhayw,fvdkY
a&Teef;awmfBuD;u xifrSwfp&m &dSayr,f r[kwfvm; .... / }
] rSefvSyg... udk,fwkdif udk,fus ppfaq;&ef oifhvSonfy? tzrf;tqD;cH &[ef; oHCmomraP
oHk;usdyfESpfyg;&Sd vl0wfaBumif 6 a,mufwGif eef;wGif;ol ESpfa,muf yg0ifcg ... aygif; 38
usdyf &Spfyg;&Sdygonf... NrdKU0efrif; ..... / }
] usKyfudk,fwdkif iNrwfpHudk ppfrnfy ...? useftEG,ftcifrsm;udkawmh aoG;aomufBuD; udk,fwdkif
rnfuJhodkY ulyHhonf tm;ay;tm;,lNyKonfudk ususpdyfpdyf ppfaq;ygbd ... ? rqdkifool
tNypfr,lapygESifh aoG;aomufBuD; ... / }
] iNrwfpHudk axmifoGif; tusOf;csxm;&Sdonf Nzpf NrdKU0efrif; ppfaq;vdkygu rnfonfhae&m
ac:aqmifvmcJh&rnfudk rdefYawmfrly ... / nnDvmcH trDSwif&rnfqdkygu tcsdefawmf
enf;vSayuNyD NrdKU0efrif; ..... / }
] tdrf; .... [kwfayoAsdKU ..../ usKyfwdkYrvJ onfta&;udp awG;ae&ordkY aeawmif
tawmfusvmyNyD ... / aoG;aomufBuD;vnf; trSKawmf vHk;yrf;ae&ordkY ,aeYwm tzdkYem;aey ...
/ usKyf[m usKyfbJ pD;awmfNrif;eJY axmifcsKyfudk oGm;ppfaq;rAs .... / }
aoG;aomufBuD;vnf; NrdKUNyifwGif aexdkifol NzpfoNzifh av;csufwD;trSD NyefxGuf&ayrnf/ (nae
ae0ifcsdef ta&SUbuf&dS em&DpifrS BuD;rm;aom armif;BuD;udk wD; tcsufay;onf/ 4
csufwD;aomtcg eef;awmf wHcg;rsm;tm;vHk; ydwfawmhonf/ pma&;ol) NrdKU0efrif;tm; ESKwfqwf
12
Ganan & Yamarmoto
13
aoG;aomufBuD; NyefaomtcgNrdKU0efrif;vnf; aZmif;wGif;rS pD;awmfNrif;udk uRef,Hkawmf zdk;oefYudk

ukef;ESD;wifcdkif;vdkuf&if; twGif;awmfodkY acw0ifa&muf oGm;ygonf/
] tvdk ...... tysdKawmf cifxm;eJY cifzkef;wdkYygvm; ..... b,fvkd 0daooxl;eJY vmBuovJ
trdwdkY&,f ..... / }
] rSefvSyg ....? NrdKU0efrif;udk oufyefrdzk&m;BuD;eJY uRefawmfrsdK;r&JY xdyfpkzk&m; (o&pdef;
rdzk&m;BuD
wkdYu tac:awmf&SdvkdufaBumif;yg .... / eifwdkYudk,fwdkif oGm;NyD; wifyacs
&r,fqdkordkY vmcJh&onfy NrdKU0efuawmfrrBuD; bk&m; .... / }
] &Sdy .../ &Sdy .../ vHkrav;wdkYb tckwif pD;awmfNrif; toifhukef;wifcdkif;&if; twGif;aqmifbuf
0ifoGm;ygw,f ... / }
rBumrD xGufvmaom NrdKU0efrif;onf eef;wGif; wefcdk;xufaom
rdzk&m;BuD;rsm;\ tysdKawmfBuD;rsm;udk awGY& ] b,fvkd taBumif;y trdwdkYa& ....
a&Teef;awmfBuD;u rvmpbl; tvmxl; onfrdkY opfqdrfhrdzk&m;BuD; taBumif;
penf;emvmBuavovm;...../ }
o&pdef; rdzk&m;BuD;\ tysdKawmf cifzkef;uyif .....
] rSefvSyg .... NrdKUawmf0efrif;udk uRefawmfrsdK;r&JU t&Sifocif rdzk&m;ESifh oufyefrdzk&m;BuD; wdkYu
udk,fwdkifudk,fus oGm;NyD; zdwfac:acsBu bdqdkrdefYwJh twGufyg ... }
] trdwdkY ocifrzk&m;rsm;udkom avQmufwifvdkufyg .... ckrBumrwifyJ usKyf0ifa&muf
cpm;yr,fqdkwmudk opfqdrfhrdzk&m;ESifh ywfowfonfh ta&;tcif; Nzpfae&ifawmh bkef;awmfBuD;
bk&m;udkawmfwdkif yif;wvJ NrdKUpm;BuD; OD;a&TarmifBuD;udk ta&;ukef vTJtyfxm;aBumif; trdwdkY
ocifbk&m;rrsm;udk wifBudKavQmufxm;ESifhBuaya&mh uG,fwdkY .... / }
NrdKU0efrif;vnf; tysdKawmfBuD;rsm;udk NyefBum;aNymqdkNyD; usL;ausmfol armifNrwfpH &Sd&m
axmifcsKyfodkY oGm;a&mufygavonf/ axmifrSL;BuD;ESifh awGYqHkNyD; udk,fwdkifudk,fus ppfaq;&ef
iNrwfpHudk txkwfcdkif;vkdufygawmhonf/
rsm;rBumrDS twGif;aqmiftBuyfESpfa,muf NcH&Hvsuf vkdufygvmol iNrwfpHudk Nrif&onfh
wcP0,f NrdKU0efrif;pdwfwdkYyif twefi,f wkefvSKyf oGm;ygavonf/ usD;wdkYtv,f wifhw,fpGm
pHy,faeaom [oFmrif;udk NrifawGU&bdonfhtvm; vdifwla,musfm;csif;Nzpfol NrdKU0efrif;
udk,fwdkifyif *kPmpdwf ,dkzdwfvmygonf/ usufoa& r*Fvmtaygif;wdkYESifh NynfhpHkolyif
NzpfNim;aomfvnf; uHraumif; taBumif;rvS umarokrdpm pm& uHudk
BuL;vGefolNzpf&ayonf[k NrdKU0efrif;uyif xifa,mifxifrSm; BuL;vGefoltwGuf apm'uwufpdwf
NzpfoGm;&ygavonf /
] uJ..... armif&if/ b,fuaeNyD; b,fvkd opfqdrfhrdzk&m;ESifh arSmufrSm;Bu&onfudk wdkwdkESifh
vkd&if;udk vif;prf;y .... / }
] rSefvSyg..../ NrdKU0efrif;bk&m; ../ uRefawmfrsdK;onf a*goDwm&mr ausmif;wdkuftkyf
q&mawmfbk&m;ESifh w&Gmwnf;ae wa&wnf;aomufool tkwfzdk&Gmom; Nzpfygonf.../
q&mawmfbk&m; ausmif;awmfwGif pm0gwufaeol Nzpfygonf .../ aoQmifwvHk; tqHk;rcHvkdao;
yxri,f NyefqdkNyD;rS omoemhabmifodkY ul;0ifawmhrnf[k &nfrSef;csuf&dSygonf .... / }
13
Ganan & Yamarmoto
14
em;axmifae&mrS pum;rqHk;rD NrdKU0efrif;u Bum;Nzwf .....

] taqmifawmfxJ 0ifa&mufyHkeJY opfqdrfhrdzk&m;eJY b,fvdk ,Ofyg;BuyHkom aNymygbd .../
usL;ausmfol twGufuawmh aordefYyJ udk,fhvl& .... / }
] uRefawmfrsdK;udk aoG;aomufBuD; ppfaq;ar;Nref;onfhtwdkif; xGufqdk&rnf xifrSwyg
bk&m; ..../ ausmif;wkdufodkY opfqdrfhrdzk&m; vNynfh vuG,faeYwdkif; qGrf;tkyfudk,fwdkifydkuf
qGrf;0wfNyKtvmwGif uRefawmfrsdK;BuD;tm; awGYNrifawmfrlygoNzifh ... q&mawmfbk&m;tm;
onfoli,f kyf&nf lyumonf ausmif;awmfESifhrwef? xD;[ef? eef;qefonfrdkY wynfhawmfrxH
ay;tyfygvQif eef;wGif;oHk; rif;cpm; a,musfm; Nzpfap&ygrnf[k avQmufxm;
awmif;qdkawmfrlcsufudk q&mawmfbk&m;u ighwynfhom;aNr; Nzpfaomfvnf; oltvdk&Sd
vkdufvkdygonfqdkygrS Nzpfayrnf.... / olYoabm apmaBumbd 'umrBuD;[k bkef;bk&m;
rdefYBum;awmfrlcJhygonf ... / }
iNrwfpHvnf; tenf;i,frQ tmaNcmuf[efESifh wHawG;rsdK&if; acwpum;aNym &yfqdkif;NyD;rS
qufvuf .....
] NrdKU0efrif; odawmfrlonfhtwdkif; uRefawmfrsdK;udk xD;oHk;trSKawmf txrf; t&mawmf
Nzpfaprnf[k rzk&m; trdefYxm;&SdonfaBumifh vkdufvdkygonf[k taNzay;awmfrlcJhygonf ..../
onfhaemufydkif; cif0dkif;pdk;ESifh cifydkwdkYu bk&m;wynfhawmfudk tysdKawmfwa,mufvkd 0wfqifapNyD;?
tvdkawmf &Sdawmfrlonfh tcgawmfwdkif; oef;acgifrwdkifrDS Bumcsnf&Hudk ta&mufvSrf;
aNzazsmfcJh&mrS wpfESpfausmftBumwGif tdyfzefawmfom; NrifawGY ,aeYuJhodkY &mZ0wfawmfoifh
taESmiftzGJY &&SdNcif;yg NrdKUawmf0efrif;bk&m; ..... / }
] aumif;uNyD armif&if ... / armif&ifonf pwifol r[kwfaomfvnf; usL;ausmfol trSefyif
NzpfonfhtwGuf tuGyfrsufcH&rnfy ... / b0ul;aNymif; aumif;ap&ef ruGyfrsufcif
bk&m;w&m;om tmkHNyKNyD; aumif;&m aumif;rSKom NyKayawmh udk,fhvl& ...../ }
NrdKU0efrif;vnf; armifNrwfpHtm; pum;NyefBum;&if;? axmifrSL; tBuyf tmPmyg;uGufom;ygrusef
tm;vHk;odkY opfqdrfhtrSKESifh ywfowfool tm;vHk; &[ef;&Sifvlrsm;rSm uGyfrsufcH&rnfh olrsm;Nzpf
ppfaq;ar;Nref;rSKrNyD;rDS rvpfvyf a&mhyg;ap&? ESdyfpufnSif;yef;rSKvnf; r&Sdap&?
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;udk,fawmfESifh oufqdkifaom trSKNzpf tusOf;tcsKyfcsxm;olrsm;
raysmufr&Sap&efudkvnf; txl;*kNyK&rnf ponfwdkYudk oGefoifqHk;rNyD; a&Teef;awmfBuD;qDodkY
xGufcGmcJhygawmhonf/
yif;wvJpm; OD;a&TarmifBuD;ESifh awGYqHkbdkY&ef csdef;qdkxm;csdefxuf tenf;i,f apmao;oNzifh
oufyefrdzk&m;BuD;ESifh o&pdef; rdzk&m;rsm;xH tcpm; 0ifa&mufygonf/ xkdrdzk&m;BuD;
ESpfyg;pvHk;uvnf; NrdKU0efrif;tm; opfqdrfhrdzk&m;trSKESifh ywfowfar;Nref; pHkprf;BuNcif;
Nzpfygonf/
r[m0dok'gkHausmif;wdkufrS oHCmtcsdKUESifh a*goDwm&mrwdkuf q&mawmfbk&m; tygt0if
&[ef;oHCmrsm;udkawmh oufoufnSmnSm ppfaq;tNypfay;&efwdkYudk rdefYBum;Buygonf/ NrdKU0efrif;
taeNzifhvnf; vufpGJawmfBuD; yif;wvJpm; OD;a&TarmifBuD;udkom tmPmukef
vTJtyfNcif;cH&olNzp olomwwfESdifrnfhtaBumif;wdkYudk avQmufxm;cJhygonf/
NrdKU0efrif;vnf; A[dk&f (7) csuf wD;oH Bum;&NyD; yif;wvJpm; OD;a&TarmifBuD;ESifh
wifBudKcsdef;qdkxm;&m aNrpdkufeef;rBuD;odkY xGufcGmoGm;ygonf/ OD;a&TarmifBuD;vnf;
a&TvTwfawmftaqmuftOD;tNzpf toHk;NyKxm;aom aNrpdkufeef;rBuD;rS NrdKU0efrif;tvmudk
BudKqdkaeESifhygonf/
14
Ganan & Yamarmoto
15
NrdKU0efrif;vnf; ] yif;wvJpm;BuD; a&mufonfrSm BumyNyDvm; .... / usKyfvnf;

o&pdef;rdzk&m;BuD;ESifh oufyefrdzk&m;BuD;rsm; tac:awmf&Sd tcpm;0ifae&ordkY
tcsdefawmfaESmif;ovkd Nzpf&yavw,f .... /
] aemufrBum wcPuyJ usKyfvJa&mufonfy ... / rdzk&m;BuD;u NrdKU0efrif;udk
opfqdrfhrdzk&m;taBumif; apmaBumonf r[kwfayvm; .... / }
] rSefavoAsm; .... / usKyfuvJ yif;wvJpm; OD;a&TarmifBuD;om tnDtyHh NyKEdkifayr,f .... /
bkef;awmfBuD;bk&m; udk,fawmfwkdif ta&;ukef tyfESif;awmfrlaBumif; wifvkdufoAs .... / }
] bmNyKrJh aNym&onfwkef; ... NrdKU0efrif;&JU.... / ol&dkUvif ol&kdU wifvkd&m wif&ifyD;oy.../
usKyfwdkYu cdkif;onfhuRef xGefonfhEGm;ayuyJ .... / }
NrdKU0efrif;vnf; oabmawGU &,foGrf;aoG;&if;rS ...... ] yif;wvJpm;BuD;u tdrfawmfyg
vufpGJawmfBuD;rdkY rdzk&m;awGudk aNymcsif qdkcsifonfhta&;qdk rdefY0hHayrJh? usKyfwdkYomqdk&if
acgif;aysmufvdrfhrAsm; .. }
yif;wvJpm;BuD;ESifh NrdKU0efrif;wdkYvnf; pHkprf;od&Sd&csufrsm;udk twefBumaqG;aEG; wdkifyifBuygonf/
rnfuJhodkY wifavQmufBu&rnfudkvnf; nSdESKdif;wdkifyifBuygonf/
yif;wvJpm;BuD; taeNzifh r[m0dok'gkHausmif;wdkufrS (ta&SYtuFef; ) wdyd#u"&
t*r[my@dw? &mZm 0d&mZ*k&k bGJhwHqdyf emrawmf&
pHuif;q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\ wynfh&[ef;tcsdKUwdkY trSKwGifyg0ifaeonfudk Bum;od&
pdwfraumif; Nzpfrdayonf/ a*goDwm&mr q&mawmfrSmvnf; tusifhodumawmfESifh NynfhpHkol
yk*dkvftausmf NzpfaBumif; Bum;od& pdwfraumif;Nzpfrdygavonf/
nnDvmcHobif pwifcsdef apha&mufonfNzpf NrdKU0efBuD;ESpfyg;vnf; a&SUawmfarSmuf
tcpm;a&mufvmBuygavonf/ nnDvmcHudkvnf; rSefeef;awmf br,moeaqmifeef;wGif
NyKvkyfNrJNzpfygonf/ rSL;BuD;rwf&m aoemywd pHknDcsdefwGif b0&Sif rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;
<ua&mufawmfrlvmayonf/
nDvmcH pwifonfESifh wNydKifeuf b0&Sifrif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;onf yif;wvJpm; OD;a&TarmifBuD;tm;
tar;awmf&Sdygavonf/
rif;BuD;- ] [Jh ... iarmifBuD;&JY? opfqdrfhrdzk&m; ta&;tcif;twGuf axmufvSrf;&orQ
em;awmfqufprf; .... }
iarmifBuD; - ] rSefvSyg .. bkef;awmfaBumifh tEG,ftcifrsm; wOD;wa,mufrQ rusef&atmif
zrf;qD; csKyfaESmifNyD;aBumif;yg bk&m; .../ }
rif;BuD;- ] trSef ulyhHoolwdkYudk ppfaq;a&G;cs,f uGyfrsuf&rnfvkdY rdefYawmfrlNyD;uNyDbJ ....
rqdkifoolrSeforQ tNypfr&Sd uif;vGwfBuapyAsm; .../}
iarmifBuD;- ]tEG,ftcifwdkYudk zrf;qD;csKyfaESmif&mwGif usL;ausmfolrSm a*goDwm&mrwdkuf
q&mawmfbk&m;BuD; om;wynfh NzpfaeygoNzifh q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;tm;vnf; csKyfaESmifNyD;
&Sdygonf ..../ usL;ausmfol\ tEG,ftcifrsm; tNzpfESifhvnf; r[m0dok'gkHausmif;wdkuf
pHuif;q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\ wynfhom;tcsdKUwdkY yg&SdaeygoNzifh rnfuJhodkY ta&;,l
tNypfay;&rnfudk trdefYawmfrSwfawmfrlyg rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; .... / }
rif;BuD;- ] wynfhraumif; q&mhacgif;? om;orD; raumif; rdbacgif; qdkbdodkY? wynfhwm0ef
15
Ganan & Yamarmoto
16
q&mwGif &SdordkY ighq&myifNzpfvifhupm; tNypf&Sdooludk tNypf,laprSom w&m;rif;ppf

{uefNzpfrnfy .../ uGyfrsufrSKom NyKyap iarmifBuD; .... }
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;\ pum;tqHk;wGif OD;a&TarmifBuD;rSm apm'u rwufomawmhoNzifh ....
] Asm'dwfawmfNrwf twdkif;ygbk&m; ...../ } [k wifavQmufvdkuf&ygonf/ opfqdrfhta&;udp
NyD;NywfNyD;aemuf nDvmcHwGif NynfwGif;Nynfy ta&;wdkYudk oufqdkif&m Xme 0efBuD;? 0efuav;?
twGif;0ef ponfwdkYESifh wdkifyifaqG;aEG;NyD; tcgawmfaphrS nnDvmcH obifudk
&kyfodrf;vdkufygawmhonf/
NrdKU0efrif;ESpfyg;vnf; nDvmcHtpJwGifrS yif;wvJpm;BuD;u ]usKyfpdwftxifu
r[m0dok'gkHausmif;wdkuf pHuif;q&mawmfbk&m;BuD; om;wynfhrsm; yg0ifonf[k
Bum;&uwnf;u onftrSKawmh ayghavsmhwef&JhvkdY ,HkrSwfrdorQ tNrifeJY uGJvGJoGm;oAsm; ... / }
] [kwfoAs .... yif;wvJpm;BuD;rSwfovkd a*goDwm&mr q&mawmf qdkwmvnf; usKyfwdkY
rdzk&m;BuD;rsm;&JU q&mwum NzpfaeNyefawmh ayghavsmhwefaumif;&JYvkdY xifrdoAs .... / }
yif;wvJpm; - ] tdrf; ..... usKyfwdkYuawmh rif;ca,musfm;qdkawmh rif;BudKufvkdufNyD;
vkyfaqmifBu&avraygh .../ NrdKU0efrif; qufvufppfaq;rSK NyKomNyKoy .. / tm;vHk;NynfhpHkwJhaeY
trdefYawmftwdkif; vTwfoifhoolvTwf uGyfrsufoifhool uGyfrsufvkdufkHbJ ... / }
NrdKU0efrif;ESifh yif;wvJpm;BuD;wdkYvnf; bDkdvSnf; udk,fpDNzifh udk,foufqdkif&modkY udk,fpD
xGufcGmoGm;Buavonf/
opfqdrfhrdzk&m; trSKESifhywfowf zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifxm;Ncif; cHxm;&aom &[ef;&Sifvlrsm;aBumifh
tkwfatmfaomif;eif;Nzpfcg xifaBu;trsdK;rsdK; ay;aeBuygonf/ ae&mwumwdkif;wdkYwGifvnf;
udk,fvdk&m udk,fqGJ,lNyD; wD;wdk;aNymqdkaeBuygonf/ omoemh'g,umbGJY cH,l omoemNyKrnfh
rif;w&m;BuD;u uJhodkY &[ef;awmfrsm;udk ruGyfrsufwefaumif; aemufaemifwGif ,ckuJhodkY
tvm;tvmrsm; yaysmufapbkdYom tNypf&Sdolrsm;udk zrf;qD;tusOf;cs tNypfay;Ncif;
NzpfaBumif;wdkYudkom vufwdkYaNymaeBuonf/
pdwf0rf;awmfaNy taeawmfusvmygu usL;ausmfolrSwyg; tm;vHk;udkyif
NyefvTwfvdrfhrnfNzpfaBumif; xifaBu;ay;olrsm;vnf; &SdBuygonf/
xdkaumv[mv owif;trsdK;rsKd;udk acszsufonfhowif;wck rBumrDS a&Teef;awmfBuD;qDrS NyifyodkY
aygufBum;vmygawmhonf/ taqmif&? eef;& rdzk&m;BuD;wdkY? tBuD;tuJ rdzk&m;BuD;wpkwdkY
rif;wkef;rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;tm; avQmufxm;Buonf[k Bum;&ayonf/ usL;ausmfolESifh
udk,fxdvufa&muf tm;ay;tm;aNrSmufNyKol opfqdrfhrdzk&m;ESifh tysKdawmfESpfa,mufudkom
xdkufoifhaom tNypfay; qHk;rNcif;NyKvkyfNyD; usef &[ef;&Sifvlrsm;tm; tNypfawmfrS
csrf;omcGifhay;yg&ef Nzpfayonf/ b0&Sif rif;w&m;BuD; bk&m;uvnf; r,frif;wdkYyg aemufwBudrf
onftrSKrsKd; rusL;vGef0hHap&ef Nyif;Nyif;xefxef ta&;,l erlemNyoonfh oabmNzpf
trdefYawmfNrwftwdkif; uGyfrsuf&rnf[k aNymBum;awmfrl aemufwBudrfrQyif
rwifavQmuf0hHawmhaBumif;yif Nzpfygownf;/
&mZ*k&k bGJYwHqdyfawmf& q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;rsm;Nzpfonfh o*FZmq&mawmf bk&m;BuD;yif
oGm;a&mufarwm&yfcHcJhonfudk rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;u qdwfqdwfaecJhonfhtwGuf
vufavQmhNyefcJh&ayonf/
16
Ganan & Yamarmoto
17
xkdowif;rsm;aBumifh eef;awmftwGif; BoZmanmif;onfqdkaom Aef;armfq&mawmf? &Srf;uav;uRef;

q&mawmfBuD;rsm;yif rodusdK;uRefNyK aeBuavonf/ i,f&G,fol ausmif;om;&SifomraPrsm;udkom
uif;vGwfapNyD; &[ef;awmfESpfusdyf? omraP av;0wfaBumifaNcmufaygif; oHk;usdyfwdwd wdkYudk
uGyfrsufokwfoif&ef &ufowfrSwfvkdufygawmhonf/
(4)
awmifpG,faeuG,fvQif owfNzwf&rnfhaeY? eHeuftm&kPfwufcsdefwGif ta&SYwHcg;rS
awmifa0S;wacsmif;axmuf q&mawmfBuD;wyg; wHcg;udkvma&mufNyD; awmifa0S;Nzifh
acgufygavonf/ wHcg;rSL; tar;tavQmuf&Sd yxr a&Tusifq&mawmfbk&m; NzpfaBumif;
aNymNycsuft& raeom0ifhaom taBumif;aBumifh wHcg;rSL;u zGifhay;vdkuf&ygawmhonf/
eef;awmft0if opfwyfNrdKU&kd; wHcg;eDawmf a&mufNyefaomf a&S;enf;twdkif; twGif;awmfodkY
0ifcGifhNyKvkduf&ygonf/ b0&Sif rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; pufawmfac:&m rSefeef;aqmifodkY
tdyfzefawmfom;rsm; tultnDNzifh a&muf&SdoGm;ygavonf/ b0&Sif rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;
pufawmfac:&m ovGefanmifapmif;udk awmifa0S;Nzifh acguf ESKd;awmfrl&m
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;vnf; pufawmfac:&mrS rsufpdzGifh tBunfhwGif
yxra&Tusifq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;udk Nrifawmfrl pufawmfac:&mrS csufNcif;wNzKwfxum
a&Tusifq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;udk ae&mxdkifcif;ay;vsuf OD;csNyD; ....
] toQifbk&m;? rnfodkYaom ta&;tcif;awmftwGuf ,ckuJhodkY tm&kPfwuf <uvm&ygoenf; ...
bk&m; ... / }
] wumawmf rif;w&m;BuD;twGuf vmcJh&ygonf ... / wumawmfonf rif;om;b0
igESifhtwl&SdpOfu ightm; omoemh0efxrf;aqmif omoemudk apmifha&Smufawmfrlyg ... bk&m;
wynfhawmfvnf; omoemudk NyKpkESdifaom rif;tNzpf&atmif BudK;yrf;ygrnf[k .. ightm;
avQmufwifxm;cJhonfudk rSwfrdygao;\avm .... / }
] rSefvSyg ... bk&m;wynfhawmf avQmufxm;csuftwdkif; omoemudk NyKpkESdifaom rif;tNzpf
&&SdNyD;onhfaemuf toQifbk&m;ESifhtwl omoemudk NyKpkvsuf&SdaBumif;yg bk&m;..... / }
] tdrf; ..... omoemudk NyKpkonfh rif;tNzpf cH,lolu omoemtusdK; o,fydk;rnfh &[ef;awmf?
oHCmawmfrsm;udk uGyfrsuf&ygoavm....? olYtNypfudk udk,fhtNypf abmufrJhNyK&rnfenf;
wumawmf .... / }
rif;wkef;rif; w&m;BuD;bk&m;vnf; twefi,f pOf;pm;awmfrlNyD;aemuf avQmufwifvdkufonf/
] toQif bk&m; .... bmudk tvdk&Sdygoenf; bk&m; .... / }
] ig tvkd&SdonfrSm omoem wdk;wufxGef;um;zdkYyif Nzpfayonf wumawmf ... / odkYtwGuf
omoem NyKpkrnfh &[ef;&Sifvl tm;vHk;udk vGwfapvkdonf wumawmf ... / }
] vGwfap&ygrnf ... bk&m; / }
] vGwfap&&HkNzifh rNyD;aNyESdifao; wumawmf ... / olawmfaumif;wdkYudk NypfrSm;rdaomtNypf
wumawmfwGif &Sdaeayonf/ odkYtwGuf tusOf;cscHae&aom &[ef;awmftm;vHk;
tNypfrSausacsmatmif wdap0&dwf ouFef;rsm;Nzifh igha&SUwGif ,ckyif uefawmhygav
wumawmf ... / }
17
Ganan & Yamarmoto
18
] rSefvSyg .. bk&m;/ ,ckyif vGwfap qGrf;awmfrsm; auR;arG;qufuyf wdap0&dwf

ouFef;awmfrsm; vSL'gef;ygrnf bk&m; .... } [k uwday;&ygavonf/ ( yxr
a&Tusifq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;rSm omoemydkifNzp tvdkawmf rusvQif rif;w&m;BuD;udkyif
awmifa0S;awmfNzifh xdk;wwfonf[k owif;BuD;aeaom q&mawmfNzpfygonf/ )
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;vnf; a&Tusifq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;tm; pG,fawmfaqmifwGif yifhzdwf
tm&kHqGrf;uyfvSLygonf/ qGrf;bkef;ay;aeocdkuf tcsKyftusOf;cscH &[ef;awmfrsm;tm;vHk;ESifh
vl0wfaBumifrsm;onf trdefYawmfNzifh rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;ESifh q&mawmfbk&m;BuD; &Sd&modkY
a&muf&Sdvmygavonf/ xkdyk*KvfwdkYudk NrdKU0efBuD; ESpfyg; bD&kdvSnf;Nzifh yifhaqmifac:vmNcif;
Nzpfavonf/
b0&Sifrif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;vnf; yxra&Tusif omoemydkif q&mawmfbk&m;BuD; tvdkawmftwdkif;
qGrf;rsm; vkyfauR;qufuyfNyD;aemuf wdap0&dwf ouFef;rsm;vSL'gef; tNypfrSausacsmatmif
awmif;yef&ygonf/ xkdonfhaemuf oDwif;oHk;&m ausmif;wdkuftoD;oD;odkY vkdufvH
ydkYaqmifay;vkdufygawmhonf/
xdkaeYrSp b0&Sifrif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;onf ] avSBuD;ay: avSi,fwif/ yJhNyifuvSKyf?
vSKdif;uykwf } vm&aom ta&;tcif;twGuf rarhravsmhEdSifbJ Nzpfay:vm&onfh
taBumif;tNcif;t&mwdkYudk aBunufpGm tNyefNyef tvSefvSef oHk;oyfygonf/ NzpfcJhorQaom
tNzpfwdkY\ ZpfNrpftaBumif;udk csifhwGufawmfrlonf/ rdzk&m;wyg; &&SdcHpm;tyfaom tcGifhta&;ESifh
tmPmpnf;pdrf csrf;om? rif;csrf;om wdkYum; avmuwGif ESKdif;,SOfwky r&ESdifavaom avmuD
pnf;pdrf csrf;omwdkYyif r[kwfygvm;/ odkYayrifh xdkt&mwdkYxuf cHkrifwG,fwm rufarmpGmNzifh
toufudk pGefY0efYavmufatmif Nzpfay:vm&aom tNzpfwdkY\ taNzum; tb,fenf;/ xdktaNzudk
rif;w&m;BuD; awGY&SdayNyD/ ] igonf a&aNrhoeif; Nynfh&Sifrif; Nzpfacs ightvdkawmf&Sdawmfrlwdkif;
NynfhpHk&onfcsnf;yif/ igonf Eke,fysdKNrpfqJ tcsdeft&G,fyif &SdaeqJyif/ ig\ pGrf;yum;Nzifh
oif;wdkY cHpm;vdkaom avmuDpnf;pdrf umr*kPf&rufudk mPfawmfzuf
ig\ rdzk&m;taygif;wkdYtm; tvkdawmf Nynfh0apthH } [k BuHK;0g;awmfrlvsuf i,fuRef
vufpGJawmfBuD; OD;a&TarmifBuD;tm;
] igh rdzk&m;rsm; taqmifeef;odkY igudk,fawmful;onfh tcsdefem&D aeY&ufwdkYudk pm&if;zGifh
rSwfwrf;xm;&Sdap/ rdzk&m;wdkYtm; wnvQif wyg;us tvSnfhawmfay;&rnf/ rnfonfh
rdzk&m;taqmifawmfrS pwif rnfonfhaeY&uf rnfonfhtaqmifawmful;&rnfqdkaom tpDtpOf
pm&if;Z,m; ESifhwuG ig\ tvdkawmfudk od&SdNyD;aom i,fuRef iarmifBuD;u aeYpOf ightm;
nnDvmcH rwdkifrSD wifqufap/ } [k trdefYawmfNrwf rSwfvdkufygavonf/
Nrefrmrif;qufaygif; (186) quf? ESpfaygif; (3000) eD;yg;rQ? NrefrmESdifiHawmfudk waumif;NrdKUrS
pwifwnfaxmif tkyfpdk;cJhaom Nrefrmrif;taygif;wdkY udk,fa&;rSwf&mrsm;udk &SmazGpl;prf;
avhvmcJhaomvnf; rif;wkef;rif;w&m;BuD; rSwyg; rdzk&m; taqmifawmful; rSwfwrf;
xm;&SdcJhonf[k rBum;zl;? rawGYzl;rdyg/ xl;Ncm;pGm aqmifawmful;rSwfwrf; zGifhvSpfxm;&SdcJhaom
wyg;wnf;aom rif;Nzpfonf/ b0&Sif rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; pdwfawmfBunfomaom aeYwaeYwGif
i,fuRefawmf vufpGJawmfBuD; OD;a&TarmifBuD;rSm pum;pyfrdonfh tNzpfaBumifh ...
] uRefawmfrsdK;BuD; apmifha&Smufxdrf;odrf;&awmfrlaom aqmifawmful;rSwfwrf;udk
emrawmftopfaNymif; om;pyfrSwfwrf;[k aNymif;vGJ ac:a0:awmfrlcGifh NyKawmfrlygbk&m; .... }
[k em;awmftavQmufwGif aomufawmfa& a&Tzvm;Nzifh OD;a&TarmifBuD; ezl;udk b0&Sif
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; xkawmfrlvdkuf OD;a&TarmifBuD; ezl;awmf ]zk} oGm;ygavonf/
OD;a&TarmifBuD;\ ezl;awmfBuD;rSm 1 &ufrS 10 &ufrQESifhvnf; raNyaysmufonfukd NrifBu&aom
0efBuD;rsm;? 0efav;rsm; awGU&Sd ar;awmfrlBuaomtcg OD;a&TarmifBuD;u ]
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;\ aqmifBumNrdKif rSwfwrf; ta&;tom; csdKU,Gif; cRwfacsmfrdonfudk
18
Ganan & Yamarmoto
19
tNypfawmf,lum a&Tzvm;awmfNzifh xkawmfrlaomaBumifh ezl;awmf ]zk} &Ncif; NzpfaBumif;

ar;Nref;pHkprf;olrsm;tm; NyefvnfaNymNy waomaom &,fBuaom[l\/
xkdaeY xkd&uf xkdtcsdeftcgrSp wnvQif waqmifus ul;awmfrlaom b0&Sif
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;tm; 63 yg;rQ &Sdaom rdzk&m;rsm;u taqmifawmful; &ufa0;
tvSnfhay;enf;onfudk OD;a&TarmifBuD;tm; qENy ta&;qdkBuygonf/ xkdNyem
pwifay:aygufvmNyD;onfhaemuf csD;usL;tHhBozG,f r,HkBunfESdifzG,faumif;aom Armh aq;ynm
tpGrf;Nzihf rif;wkef;rif;w&m;BuD; bk&m;\ rdzk&m;BuD; taygif;wkdYtm; ESdifeif;pGm xdef;csKyf
uGyfuJawmfrlcJhyHkwdkYonf pHwif&avmufayonf/
rif;wkef;rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; ewf&Gmvm;awmfrlcsdefwGif rdzk&m;aygif; 80 &Spfusdyfwdwd
usef&SdcJhaBumif; tcsdKUaom &mZ0if okawoDrsm;yif rod&Sdvkdufyg/
&ifoyftHhBo csD;rGef;zG,faumif;aom Nrefrmh aq;ynm pGrf;yum;udk tacscHxm;
Nzpfay:vm&aom rif;wkef;rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;\ aqmifBumNrdKif yHkNyifaygif;rSmvnf; t&mru
taxmifrQavmufyif rSwfwrf; rwif&ao;bJ vlxkxJwGif w0Jv,fv,fNzifh a&S;pum;tNzpf
usef&Sdae&pfao;onfudk tcGifh&vQif pmzwfolrsm;odkY pkaqmif;wifNyay;ESdif&ef
BudK;pm;ygrnfhtaBumif; owif;aumif;yg;&if; ] yJhNyifuvSKyf? vSKdif;uykwf } om;pyfrSwfwrf;udk
ed*kH;csKyfvkdufygonf/
cspfpdefvGif
]] bk&m;um;atmuf? arsmufum;xufqdk?
onfyHkvdkyif? rif;vdkudk a&Smifaybl;/
atmifEdkifvnf; acgifxufu?
Nrif;ZufcGouJh?
aNccGum;,m; .... }}
a&Twdkufpdk;OD;wdk;
]]ukef;abmifacwf aqmifBumNrdKifrSwfwrf;}} tydkif; (2)
]NcdK;NcHawmfrlygbk&m;/}
wHylNzifh oGm;wdkYudk apmvQifpGm wdkufpm;&if;yif rsufESmudk tNrefopfvdkuf&ygavonf/
om,maom OBooHonf cgwdkif; aEGOD;&ufvkd ysHUvGifhvmcg vlom;wdkYudk canmif;&if;
&moDaNymif;aBumif; tpD&ifcHaeovdkyif Nzpfawmhonf/ olYoHom tpDt&ifcHcsufudk
emcHvkd&ufESifhyif a0vDa0vif; ac:awmfa&mufvmonfhtwGuf a&Teef;awmfBuD;qDudk
ta&mufESif;&ayOD;awmhrnf/ xkdonfwdkYaBumifh cspfpzG,f om,maom OBooHav;udkyif
&wufrat;aomaBumifh em;rqifEkdif Nzpf&ayonf/
ausmif;usdK; aumif;qdk;rod& rat;Ekdifao;aom tawG;pdwfwdkYNzifh Nrif;ukef;ESD;wifaeonfudk
19
Ganan & Yamarmoto
20
apmifhpm;&if; ta&SUbufqDodkY vSrf;arQmftBunfhvkdufwGif zefae0if;onf

BuufaoG;t&ifha&mifNzmvsuf avmu"gwftm; tvif;a&mifay;aqmifa&;wm0efudk xrf;&Guf&ef
tvdkYiSm ay:xGufvmygavonf/
xdka&mifeDESifh xdkOBooHaumif;rSKwdkYaBumifh pum;yifonf t&kd;NydKif;NydKif;usatmif &Gufa[mif;awG
vGifhaBuGavNyDudkvJ owdNyKrdvmygonf/ wzef OBooHu qufumqufum wGefBuL;oH
vmawmhrnfqdkygvQif pdrf;cdkcdk pum;&Guf EkEkxGwfxGwfwdkYtBum;0,f qGwfqGwfNzLaom
pum;yGifhawG a0vmBuOD;rnf/
tuRefonf csdKomaom OBooHudk em;axmif&if; ESpfopfudk arQmfrSef;Bunfhrdygonf/
ydawmufyifonfvnf; wmtul;wGif a&T&nfvl;aom tzl;tyGifhwdkYNzifh a0qmpGm
wifhw,fayOD;awmhrnfudk tm;,larQmfrSef; Bunfhrdayonf/
tawG;wdkYtBum;0,f ai;arsmf,rf;a,mfaeqJwGif i,fuRefvufpGJawmfu owday;vkdufoNzifh
vGifhysHUaeaom pdwftm&kHwdkYudk pkpD;um Nrif;ay:odkY vTm;ueJwufNyD; a&Teef;awmfBuD;qDodkY Nrif;udk
tNyif;ESifcJhygavonf/ twGif;opfwyf wHcg;eDawmfta&muf tapmifhwHcg;rSL;u .....
] a[h .... &yf/ tolenf;...} [k tar;awmf&SdNye.....
] wHcg;rSL; usKyf yif;wvJpm; a&TarmifBuD yav ... } [k NyefaNymvkduf&onf/
tuRef\ wHkYNyefoHudk NyefvnfaNzBum;Ncif; r&Sdaomfvnf; wHcg;rSm yGifhvmygonf/
xdkyGifh[vmonfh tcsufuyif tuRefYtm; oGm;cGifhNyKonfudk em;vnfvdku Nrif;udk BudrfNzifh
wcsuf qwf&kdufvdkufygawmhonf/ ocifh tvdkudkodaom odaEmrsdK; pyftkef;cGefacsm
pD;awmfNrif;onf tuRefYtm; w[kefxkd; eef;awmfOD;qDta&muf o,faqmifoGm;ygavonf/
vsifNrefvSaom t[kefaBumifh vufypfwwGwftwGif; ta&SUprkwfawmfBuD; avScg;a&SUta&mufwGif
Nrif;ay:rS qif;vdkufygonf/ atmufa&mufonf qdkvQifyif tdyfzefawmfom;rsm;udk awGY&ygonf/
tuRefu rnfolrnf0g[k rodaomfvnf; tuRefYudk odaom xkdtdyfzefawmfom;vufodkY
Nrif;Zufudk ay;tyfvkdufNyD; prkwfawmfBuD; vuf0JavScg;rS eef;awmfBuD;ay:odkY cyfaomhaomh
wufoGm;rdygonf/ ( ta&SUprkwfawmfBuD;[kac:aom eef;awmfta&SUbufydkif;wGif
avScg;oHk;oG,fwdkYonf uyfvsuf,SOfwGJ &dSygonf/ tv,favScg;rSm rif;wufavScg;Nzp
&Sifbk&ifrSwyg; rnfolrQ rwuf&yg/ 0Jbuf? ,mbuf avScg;wdkYrSom eef;wGif;ol?
eef;wGif;om;rsm;ESifh tNcm;olrsm; wufa&mufBu&ygonf.... pma&;ol)
ta&SUprkwfawmfBuD;rS ywf aNreef;awmf oD[moeyvif awmifbufab;uyfvsuf auGUywfNyD;
rSefeef; pEkaqmifodkY ul;0ifcsdefwGif tdyfzefawmfrSL; uzdk;nGefYESifh awGYygonf/
] r*Fvmyg 0efrif;/ eHeufapmapm uaomuarmeJY b,fvkdta&;tcif;rsm;eJY b,fudk
<urvkdYygvJ...../
] rSefayoAQ .../ b0&Sif rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;u tac:awmf&Sdaew,f .../ csufcsif;
vmcJh&r,fqdkwJh trdefYawmfNrwfaBumifh uaomuaNrm Nzpf&oAQ .../} [k pum;udk
w0ufwysufaNym&if; qufraNymEkdifawmhyJ rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; pufawmfrl&m rSefeef;awmf
tdyfzefawmfaqmifodkYom taomhul;0ifvkdufygawmhonf/
b0&Sif rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;ESifh tuRefwdkY wpfBudrf awGYqHk&Ncif;rSm rarSmfvifhaom
awGYqHkrSKyifNzpfygonf/ tuReftaeNzifh &ifwGif; b0&Sifrif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;\ &kyfvuPmudk
vHk;0arhavsmhoGm;NyD[k rqdkomaomfvnf; yif;wvJNrdKU&dSaecsdef oHk;vaom umvtwGif;
20
Ganan & Yamarmoto
21
b0&Sifrif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; taBumif;udkrl woo owd&vsuf &SdaeaBumif;udkawmh

0efcH&rnfomNzpfygonf/ tuRefESifh cGJcGm&cgeD; rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;\ a&T&kyfoGifESifh ,ck
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;udk zl;awGYae&aom a&T&kyfoGifwdkY Ncm;em;yHkwdkYrSm aAvk0 ewfapmif;udk
wD;cwftHhaomiSm ewforD; ig;&mNcH&Hvsuf wifhw,fpGmNzifh apmif;BudK;udk nSdaeaom
yoDuewfom;ESihf acG;0Jpm; tv,f Asufapmif;BudK;udk wD;cwfaeonfh zkef;awmif;pm; uJhodkYyif
ESdKif;,SOfavmufatmif uGmNcm;ygbdwum;/
[dkpOftcgu rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;\ 0if;0gpdkaNyaom tom;awmfonf
tavmif;rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;\ tEG,fawmfyDyD EkysdKpdkaNyvsuf? awmifhwif;oefrm Nrifhrm;aom
udk,f[efaexm;&dSayonf/ a,musmf;yDoaom armif;om;tzHkzHkwdkYudk xkxkNyD; c&mcsif? wmcsifaom
rdzk&m;taygif;wdkYudk apGYcsDaNrSmufudkifum vJ0g*Grf;qdkifudk qkwfudkifonfhtvm; tm;tifawmfrsm;
&SdcJhonfudkvnf; tuRefodygonf/
usufoa&&SdvS BuD;rm;us,fNyefYonfh r[mezl;awmfatmuf&Sd aNzmifhpif;aom ESmwef?
aomuf&SL;Bu,ftvm; 0if;vJhawmufaNymifonfh rsufvHk;awmfwdkYrSm ,cktcg ndK;avsmf
arS;rSdefaeacsNyD/ NyHK;rvkd? &,fra,mifESifh raphwaph&Sdaom ESKwfcrf;awmfwdkYrSmvnf; yGifhtH[NyJ
aeygavNyD/ &mrrif;\ av;awmfvkd rauG;wauG;av;&Sdaeaom rsufcHk;awmfrSmvnf;
NyL;aBumifNyJvefvmaom rsufvHk;awmfwdkYaBumifh aNzmifhawmifhawmifhyif NzpfaeacsygNyD/
tuRefYtm; Nrifwdkif;? awGUwdkif; tmZ0ef; &Tif&TifESifh rif;w&m;BuD; bk&m;u ar;avhaNymavh
&Sdygonf/ tuRefY oHawmfOD; twifrSD ESKwfcGef;rqufrDS ESpfvkdzG,faom tNyHK;Nzifh ] iarmifBuD;?
cJha&TBuD;? iwmwl;BuD; } [k tuRef\ i,femrnfrsm;Nzifh rif;w&m;BuD; ac:csifovkdac:um
pum;qdkavh &Sdygonf/ ,cktcsdefwGif rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;rSm tyg;awmfwGif ac:awmfrl
a&muf&Sdcpm;aeonfrSm uGrf;w&mnufru Bum&Snf&Sdonfwdkifatmif rnfodkYrQ rdefYqdkNcif; rNyKyJ
awGa0ai;idkifaeonfudk awGUNrif&aom tuRefYrSm 0rf;enf;ovkd
Nzpfvm&ygawmhonf/ ,lBuHK;r&vnf; Nzpfvmygonf/
ocifbkef;BuD;vQif uRef"g;yD;onf qdkonfhtwdkif; tuReftm; aNrSmufpm;csD;NrSifhcJhaom
t&SifocifwGif rnfuJhokdYaom tNzpftysuf taNymif;tvJrsdK; awGYBuHKNzpfysuf ae&onfwdkYudkyif
rod&Edkifavatmif taysmfusL;rdaom tuRefYudk tuRefom tNypfwifcsifovkd
Nzpfvm&ygawmhonf/
odkYNyD;wum; tuRefvnf; rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; tac:awmf&Sd&onfh taBumif;t&if;udk
od&SdEkdif&ef ....
] rSefvSyg ... / b0&Sifrif;w&m;BuD;xHyg; i,fuRefvufpGJ iarmifBuD;
cpm;vsuf&SdaBumif;ygbk&m; .../ } [k wifavQmufvkdufavawmhrS rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;rSmvnf;
wdk;nifomaom avoHNzifh .....
] iarmifBuD; ... ? eifpm;&aom e,fy,f at;csrf;om,myg\avm? a&mif;0,f azmufum;
pyg;qefa& aygrsm;yg\avm ... } [k tar;awmf&Sdavonf/
] bkef;awmfaBumifh &yf&Gmvnf; at;csrf;om,m pyg;qefa&vnf; aygBuG,f0
pdk;&drfawmfrrlygESifhbk&m; ... / t&Sifrif;BuD;bk&m;wGifom rnfuJhodkYaom a0'emawmf
uyfa&mufaeyg rQndK;i,fae&ygovJ bk&m; ... / }
] iarmifBuD; ...? ighwGif b,fodkYaom a&m*gxl;axG uyfa&mufavonfudk bZmhaBumifh
ar;bdoenf; iarmifBuD; ... / }
21
Ganan & Yamarmoto
22
] rSefvSyg ... b0&Sif rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;/ uRefawmfrsdK;BuD; tydkifpm;&aom e,fy,fa'oodkY

uRefawmfrsdK;BuD; roGm;a&muf&rSDumv t&Sifh tyg;awmfwGif z0g;? aNcxyf cpm;vsuf&SdpOf
udk,fawmf\ tom;ta&wdkYonf pdkaNy NynfhNzdK;ygonf/ ,ck b0&Sif rif;w&m;BuD; xHawmftyg;
uRefawmfrsdK; Nyefvnfa&muf&Sd cpm;csdefwGif udk,fawmfbk&m;\ t&nftaoG;awmfwdkYrSm
ndK;avQmfvsuf &Sdonfudk Nrif&rdaBumif;ygbk&m; ... / }
] tdrf; .... [kwfayoAs/ vGefcJhwJh wvavmufupNyD; igudk,fawmfNrwfrSm ESvHk;wkef
&ifckefawmfrlonfhtwGuf orm;awmfBuD;rsm;eJY wdkifyifum aq;awmfrsm;pm;oHk;cJhayr,fh
roufombl; iarmifBuD;&Jh ... / }
] rSefvSyg ... rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;\ 0efrif;BuD;rsm;NzpfBuaom uif;0efrif;BuD;? cefywfrif;BuD;?
a&TNynf0efBuD;? wdkif;wm;rif;BuD;rsm;wdkYu tBuHmPfawmfrsm; ray;qufBuaybl;vm; bk&m; ...
/ }
] orm;[l;&m;rsm; ay;qufawmfrlaom aq;awmfrsm; aomufaomfvnf; raysmufuif;awmfrl
olwdkYvJ avmuD aA'ifudef;cef;t& ZD0dw'ge? ,Bwm? "gwf&kduf "gwfqif paom bk&m;uk
orm;awmfrsm;udkvnf; taqmif&? eef;& rdzk&m;BuD;rsm;ESifh armif;rrdwfoHrsm; wdkifyifNyD;
igudk,fawmft&SifNrwftwGuf NyKvkyf aqmuf&GufBuayrJh rxl;Ncm;vSbl; iarmifBuD;&Jh ... /
odkYrkdYaBumifh igudk,fawmfNrwf eiftcpm; 0ifa&mufcsdefxd rapmifhbJ tac:awmf&Sdvkduf&Ncif;y ...
/ }
] b0&Sif rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; aq;awmfqufonfh txJwGif? bk&m;uRefawmfrsdK;BuD;wdkYESifh t&Sifh
ta&;awmf ay:cdkufwkef;u wkdufazmf? ckdufzufNzpfaom Nrif;pD;&JbufAdkvfa[mif; orm;awmfBuD;
icJ aq;awmfrsm; yg0ifawmfrlyg&Jhvm; bk&m; .... / }
] orm;awmf icJ[m i,f&G,fol NzpfaeordkYaBumifh orm;awmfBuD;rsm; qufoaom
aq;awmfrsm;om pm;oHk;&ayao;w,f iarmifBuD;&Jh ... / icJ[m orm;awmf tNzpfeJY
trSKxrf;aqmifaeayrifh .. olYaq;awmfrsm;udk igudk,fawmfwdkif rpm;oHk;bl;ao;ordkY icJ
taBumif;awmh aumif;aumif; rod&ao;bl;y ... / }
] rSefvSyg bk&m; ... t&Sifbk&m; pGJuyfaom a0'emtwGuf icJESifh wdkifyif aqmif&GufcGifh
ay;awmfrlyg/ ukvm;NzLvlrsdK; aq;0g;rsm;ESifh ukvm;rJvlrsdK; aq;0g;awmfrsm;vnf; atmufNynf
'*kefwGif aygrsm;vSaBumif; Bum;rdbl; pdk;&drfaESmif;vkdY aBumifhBuawmfrl&ef r&SdaBumif;yg
bk&m; .... / }
] aumif;ayoAsm ... aumif;ayAs/ omayrifh igudk,fawmfNrwf taeNzifh ukvm;NzLa&m? ukvm;rJ
vlrsdK;rsm;&Jh aq;0g;awmfawGudk rrSD0Jvdkbl; iarmifBuD;&Jh ... / }
] b0&Sif rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; tvkdawmfus Nzpfap&ygrnf bk&m; ... / ukvm; tNzL? trJwkdY
aq;rrDS0JvkdvQif pdefYwkdif;NynfrS orm;awmfBuD;rsm;vnf; &Sdygao;onf ... / wkdif;&if;om; vlrsdK;
tEG,f0if &Srf;aq;,Gef; aq;awmfrsm;vnf; trsm;tNym; &Sdao;aBumif;ygbk&m; .. /
uRefawmfrsdK;BuD; udk,fwdkif aq;ynm&yfrsm;udk uRrf;usifol icJESifh wdkifyif aq;awmfrsm;
pD&ifEkdifatmif BudK;pm;ygrnf b0&Sif rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; .... / }
] tdrf; .... aq;awmftwGuf tvdk&Sd&mrsm;udk 0,f,l&ef? pkaqmif;&ef iarmifBuD; tvkd&Sd&mudk
a&Twdkufawmf0efxHrS trdefYawmfNrwfcH,lNyD; tvkd&SdorQ a&T? aiG b@mwkdYudk xkwf,loHk;pGJcGifh
&SdapAsm; ... }
22
Ganan & Yamarmoto
23
tuRefvnf; aNcawmfOD;cdkuf&if; rif;w&m;BuD; xHyg;rS xGufcGmvmcJhygonf/ rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;

a&Tpdwfawmf rBunfom usef;*efawmfrrlaBumif; awGUNrif&onfh taBumif;csif;&wdkYaBumifh
tuRef\ pdwf0,f av;vHxkdif;rSKdif; ae&ygavonf/
tuRefU wudk,fvHk;vnf; acR;ap;rsm;Nzifh epfvsuf&Sdavonf/ tuRefYudk,fay:rS acR;&nfwdkYonf
tuRef0wfqifvmcJhaom awmif&Snf BudK;ykqdk;ESifh w&kwfydk; tay:0wf odk&if;tuFsD wckvHk;
a&zsef;qGwfxm;ouJhodkY &TJ&TJpdkvsuf &Sdygavonf/
pGwfpdkaeaom t0wfNzifh Nrif;udk taomhESifcJh wkd;a0SYvmaom avt&SdefwdkYonfvnf; tuRefY
&ifxJ? 0rf;xJwGif b0&Sifrif;w&m;BuD; bk&m;twGuf ylyifNcif;? Nyif;Nyaeaom pdwfESvHk;udk
at;csrf;atmif rNyKEkdifcJhay/ xdkodkY ylyefpdwfaZmaqmifaeaomaBumifh a&mif;&if;
taygif;toif;Nzpfaeaom icJ xHodkY tultyHh&,l&ef Nrif;udkESifvmcJhNcif; Nzpfavonf/
icJrSm bk&ifh orm;awmftNzpf trSKawmf xrf;&Guf&aomfvnf; eef;awmftwGif; tcsdefNynfh
wm0efxrf;&Guf&ol r[kwfrl NrdKUawmftNyif taemufawmfydkif; rvGefrif;om; tydkifpm;&m
rvGef&yfuGufwGif aexdkifygonf/ a&Teef;awmfBuD;ESifh c&D;wpfwkdifomom ta0;av;yif
&Sd&kd;rSefaomfvnf; a&mufcJvSonf[k xifrSwfaeygonf/ r*FvmwHcg;rS xGufcJhNyD;aemuf
wHwm;ausmfcg uHsK;tNyif a&muf&SdonfESifh wNydKifwnf; Nrif;udkBudrfwdkY cyfokwfokwfyif
tNyif;pD;rdygonf/
Nrif;pD;&if;ESifh b0&Sif rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; ta&;awmf ay:cJhpOftwGif;u icJ? ipHBuD;?
ia&Tab;wkdYESifhtwl trSKawmfxrf;&GufyHkwdkYudk Nyefvnf trSwf&vmygonf/
rif;wkef;rif;om; a&TbdkNrdKUvkyfBuH&ef ipDqdkolESifh Buufwuf&Gmom; ibdk;wkdYtm; a&TbkdNrdKUtwGif;
&kyfzsuf0ifa&mufapum tcsufay; rD;tNycdkif;ygonf/ Nruef&GmolBuD; ia&ToD;udkvnf; rkeftm
wHwm;Nyifu rD;Nyapygonf/ csdef;csufqdkonfhtwdkif; rD;NyonfESifh wNydKifwnf; NrdKUNyif&Sd &Jbuf
Nrif;wyfAdkvfa[mif; icJ ( yk*Hrif; trSKawmfxrf;pOfu icJudk t*Fvdyf? Nrefrm ppfyGJtwGuf
&Jbuf Nrif;wyfAdkvf cefYtyf atmufNynf&Gm&Sd ppfaNrodkY ydkYcgeD;tcdkuftwefYwGif rif;wkef;rif;
ta&;awmf ay:vmonf yk*Hrif;xH raeawmhbJ rif;wkef;rif;om; aemufawmf ygvmcJh
trSKawmfudk xrf;olNzpfonf /) ia&Tab;? ipHBuD;? ia&TokdufESifh tuRefwdkYudk,fwdkif
BuyfBuyfrwfrwf uGyfuJxm;aom rif;wkef;rif;om;BuD;\ wyfrsm;onf NrdKUxdyfuae
NrdKU0effi0dkif;wyfrsm;udk yrmPrNyKbJ 0ifa&mufwdkufcdkufBuyHkawGudkvnf; owd&vmygonf/
NrdKUaygufaomaBumifh NrdKU0effi0dkif;vnf; olUwyfudk olrpnf;Buyf? ruGyfuJEkdifawmhbJ
udk,fvGwf&kef; xGufaNy;oGm;&ygavonf/
i0dkif; xGufaNy;oGm;NyD;aemuf NrdKUudk trdt& odrf;rdNyDNzpf rif;wkef;rif;om;BuD; a&TbdkNrdKUudk
tNrefvma&muf odrf;ydkufawmfrlyg[k icJwdkYu Nrif;vsifapvTwf avQmufxm;onfwdkYaBumifh
1214 ckESpf? Nymodkvqef; 12 &ufaeYwGif rif;wkef;rif;om;BuD; &wemoD*F D? a&TbdkNrdKUodkY
a&muf&Sdvmum NrdKU0efi0dkif;tdrfwGif pHaeawmfrlonf/ &ufrsm;rBumrDS aemufrScsDvmaom
uaemifrif;om;wyf a&TbdkodkY qkdufa&mufvmaBumif;awGudkyg wa&;a&;ESifh Nrifa,mifvmygonf/
tr&yl&udk vkyfBuH&mwGifvnf; ppfudkif; ppfaBumif;udk vSawmfBuD;&Gmom; Nrif;wyfAdkvf ia&TNyifudk
AdkvfcsKyftNzpf cefYtyfOD;pD; wkdufcdkufapcJhygonf/ yk*Hrif;wyfrsm;udk vSKdifrif;om; OD;pD;
prGef;BuD;&GmrS apmifhBudK&if; wdkufcdkufonfaBumifh wdkufyGJBuD; NzpfyGm;cJhayonf/ xkdwdkufyGJwGif icJ
tpGrf;NycJhyHkwdkYrSm vlwdkif; yg;pyfzsm;wGif a&yef;pm;aeaom yHkyrmuJhodkYyif NzpfcJhygavonf/
"g;xufaom uaemifrif;om; tdrfa&SUpH udk,fawmfBuD;rSm icJ\ vkyf&nfBuH&yfudk od&Sdawmfrl
23
Ganan & Yamarmoto
24
tNrifhodkYa&muf&SdcsdefwGif icJudk ppfwyftwGif; AdkvfrSL;tNzpf wm0efxrf;aqmif&ef tcGifhta&;

ay;oem;cJhonf/ icJrSm wm0ef0w&m;t&om wkduf&cdkuf&aomfvnf; pdwfarGYavsmf
aysmfydkufNcif;r&SdaBumif;? uaemifrif;om;BuD;tm; avQmufwif Niif;y,fonfaBumifh olwwfodaom
aq;ynmNzihf orm;awmft&may; aNrSmufpm;Ncif; cHcJh&ayonf/
icJrSm bk&ifhorm;awmf 10 yg;wGif wyg;tygt0if Nzpfaomfvnf; &Sifbk&ifudk,fwdkif
toHk;rNyKbl;aBumif; ,ckrSyif od&Sd&ygavonf/ xkdonfaBumifh icJrSm eef;NrdKUNyifwGif
aexdkifyHk&avonf/ olUudk csD;NrSifhaNrSmufpm;aom uaemifudk,fawmfBuD;\om;awmf
rvGefrif;om;ESifh twl aexkdif[ef&Sdayonf/
rvGef&yf&Sd rvGefaps;rSm NrdKUNyif&Sd aps;rsm;tm;vHk;wkdYwGif tBuD;qHk;Nzpf taumufcGefudk
rvGefrif;om;yif &,lydkifcGifhudk bBuD;awmfol b0&Sifrif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;u tydkifpm;
ay;xm;cJhNcif;Nzpfayonf/
rvGef&yf&Sd icJtdrfodkY tuRefa&muf&SdcsdefwGif tNcm; wpdrf;w&H {nfhonfESpfa,mufESifh
pum;aNymaeonfudk awGU&ygavonf/ tuReftm; icJu .....
] [,f .... yif;wvJpm; iarmifBuD;ygvm; ... / b,fokdYaom tcsif;&yfNzifh ightxH
vmbdoenf; .../ tdrfoloufxm; emrusrf;avm ... / }
] r[kwfaybl;y icJ&? rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;twGuf eifESifh igwdkifyif tusdK;o,fydk;&ef
vmcJhNcif;ayyJ ... }
] todkY qdkavoenf;/ b0&Sif rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;wGif Nynfh&Sifrif; tNzpfudk &,latmif
BuHaqmif&NyD;onfhaemuf rnfodkYaom ta&;tcif;onf eifESifhigwdkYtwGuf tcsuf
&Sdavygoenf; ... / vGefcJhaom q,fESpfausmftwGif; wkdYrsm;twl toufESifhvJ xrf;&Guf0efwm
NyD;qHk;avrS igwdkY eifwdkY tultnDonf xl;Ncm;tHhavm ... / }
] awmfprf;y icJ&m ...../ eifonfom orm;[l;&m; tNzpfcH,lxm;oolrdkY awGYNrifoolrsm;tay:
rapmaBum rar;rprf;yJ aomuf&rf; q&mrvkyfygavESifh/ igvmonfhta&;rSm
b0&Sifrif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; rusef;cefYawmfrlonfh ta&;omy .... / }
] tvdk ..... usef;cefYawmf rrlbl; [kwfp ... / igvGefcJhonhf oDwif;ywf cpm;0ifpOfu
rmcsmao;o[ ... / udk,fawmf tenf;i,f BuHKvDSoGm;onfrSty wNcm; bmrQ igrNrif ... /
olYwGif orm;[l;&m;tdkwdkY NcH&Haeo[maBumifh igtodkY NyK&tHhenf; ... / }
] eifhpum; ighem;todyg? icJ&m ... / eifhaq;0g;udk rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; rrDS0JonfhtwGuf
eifrauseyfawmfrlw,f r[kwfvm; ... / tJho[m rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; tvdkawmf r[kwfbl;As ...
/ }
] rif;w&m;BuD; bk&m; Bum;odawmfrl&if eifhpum;aBumifh ig'Pfoifhaeyr,f iarmifBuD;&m/ olwdkY
tbd ( pBuma'0D awmifeef;pHESifh qifNzLr&Sif rdzk&m;wdkYudk qdkvdkNcif;Nzpfonf /) cHkawmfysdKrS
orm;tdkrS qdko[maBumifh igvJ ta0;uaeNyD; arwmawmf ydkYqufvsufyg... / iarmifBuD;&m
ight&Sif ocift&if;ayyJ ... / }
] at;y[,f ... o[maBumifh rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; usef;cefYbdkYta&; igawG;rdvkdY
eifhqDvmoaygh ... / }
] onfvdkqdk&if rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;udk em;awmfqufcJhNyDaygh [kwfvm; ... / igu
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;twGuf b,fvdkaqmif&Gufay;&r,fqdkwm odprf;y&apvuGm ... / tem&Sd&if
24
Ganan & Yamarmoto
25
aq;&Sdonfy iarmifBuD;& ... / }

] vm&if; tvdkuawmh rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;[m ttdyftae enf;yg;&NyD;? ESvHk;wkef
&ifckefawmfrlw,fvkdY rdefYqdko[ ... / udk,fawmfvJ tawmfcsHK;NyD; rsufvHk;awmfawGyif
ndK;avsmfaewm zl;awGY&ayw,f .... / }
] tdrf; ... udk,fawmfBuD; bk&m;u igqufrJh aq;awmfudk aomufoHk;awmfrlvdkw,f qdk&ifNzifh
igvdkufBunfh &ayr,f ... / omrSvJ temrod aq;r&Sd qdkovdk rNzpf&raygh ... / } [kaNym&if;
icJonf olY{nfhonfrsm;bufodkY vSnfh ,ckay;vkdufaom aq;rsm;udk,l tnTef;twkdif;
wkdufauW;NyD; reufNzef reuf taBumif;NyefaNym&ef rSmBum;vkdufonf/
temrNrif? aq;rwifESifh? temrod aq;r&Sd? temrydkif aq;rudkifESifh qkdonfh aqmifyk'ftwkdif;
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;\ a0'emawmfudk ukpm;&rnfh ta&;tcif;twGuf vlem\ taNctaeudk
ukd,fwdkifudk,fus vkdufvHppfaq;rnf NzpfaomaBumifh eHeufpm xrif;pm;aomuf&ef'kwd,
ZeD;onf r,ftkef;cdkifudk vSrf;apckdif;vdkufygonf/ icJwGif twlaeZeD; r,fNidrf;? r,ftkef;cdkif?
r,fwkwf? r,fNrdKif av;a,muf&SdaBumif;udkawmh wyftyfodNyD; Nzpfygonf/ usefudk,fvkyfawmf
taNrSmifr,m;vnf; trsm;tNym;&SdaBumif; Bum;&bl;aomfvnf;? a&S;u
r,HkrBunf&Sdaomfvnf; ,ckawmh icJvuf0,f wckaumif;&Sd&rnf [laom tawG;wkdYu
tuRefYtm; tvkyfay;aeygawmhonf/
icJESifh tuRefrSm i,faygif;BuD;azmfrsm; r[kwfBuaomfvnf; rif;w&m;BuD; ta&;awmfrSp
aotwl? &SifruGm trSKawmfxrf;zufrsm; NzpfBuygavonf/ rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;
tNrifhodkYa&muf&Sd oifhavQmfovkd aNrSmufpm;cH&onfh uRef&if;rSwfwrf;wGif tuRefwdkY
ESpfa,mufvnf; yg0ifcJhayonf/ a&mif;&if;rsm;tNzpf r&Sdtwl? &Sdtwl? wpfa,muftdrf
wpfa,muf0ifxGuf pm;aomufcJhBuonftxd &if;ESD;cJhBuygavonf/
icJ\ oufxm;tdrfol r,ftkef;ckdif ,lvmcJhaom a'gif;vef;BuD;rS xrif;udk tuRefyg
vufaq;&if; twlwuG pm;aomufBuygonf/ i&Hhuifudk ESrf;qD&TJ&TJqrf;? yJeDNyKwfESifh bl;csOf&nf
[if;wdkYtNyif rdk;arQmf i&kwfoD;axmif;uav;Nzifh pm;aomufBuygonf/ vufa&wNyifpD;
a'gif;vef;BuD;Nzifh t&om&SdpGm pm;oHk;BuNyD;aemuf icJvnf; tuRefESifh twlyif
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;xHawmfodkY Nrif;udk,fpD pD;&if; vdkufygvmcJhygonf/ pum;waNymaNymESifh Nrif;udk
tom;us pD;ESif;cJh&m wcPtwGif; a&Teef;awmfBuD;qDodkY qdkufa&mufygawmhonf/
b0&Sif rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; nDvmcHobif r0ifawmhonfrSm ,aeY (4) &uf aNrmuf&SdNyD
Nzpfygonf/ rSefeef;aqmifawmfwGif rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;tem; cpm;vsuf&Sdaom qifNzLr&Sif
rdzk&m;BuD;ESifh aNcG&H oif;yif;rsm;om &Sdaecsddef Nzpfygonf/
tuRefwdkYvnf; rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; aNcawmf&if;wGif 0yfpif;cpm;&if; ] rSefvSyg ... i,fuRef&if;
icJa&muf&Sd cpm;vsuf&SdaBumif;yg rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; } [k icJu wifavQmufvkdufonf/
] tdrf; ... aumif;oAsm;/ iarmifBuD;eJY twlygvmw,f r[kwfvm; .... }
] bk&m; uRefawmfrsdK;BuD;udk b0&Sifrif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; tvkdawmf&Sdw,f[k yif;wvJpm;
iarmifBuD; qifhac:csuft& aNcz0g;awmfatmuf tcpm; a&muf&ygonf ... / toQif
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; tvdkawmfus vkyfaqmifay;&ef toifh&SdawmfrlaBumif; avQmufxm;0Hhygonf
bk&m; ... / }
] [kwfayoAsm; .... igudk,fawm usef;cefYawmfrrlvkdY eef;wGif; orm;[l;&m;rsm;
aq;awmfqufBuvdkY oHk;pGJawmfrlwmvJ rxl;Ncm;vSbl; i,fuRefBuD; ... / bvJb&Gmpm;eJYvJ
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Ganan & Yamarmoto
26
tESdyfawmf rNywfqufawmfrlwmvJ rNcm;em;onfudk iarmifBuD; wifavQmufcsufaBumifh

icJaq;awmfeJY prf;oyfvdkufawmfrloAs ... }
] trdefYawmfNrwf twdkif;ygbk&m; ... / temESifh aq; oifhatmifay;?
aysmufa&;rcufvSygbk&m; ... / temrod? aq;r&Sdovkd Nzpfww rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;
a0'emawmf cHpm;&yHkawGudk rdefYawmfrlygbk&m; ... / }
] onfvkd icJ&/ igudk,fawmfNrwfBuD;rSm vGefcJhaom wvavmufupNyD; ESvHk;wkef
&ifckefawmfrlw,f .. } pum;rqHk;rSD armyef;[efESifh acwpum; tNzwfvkdufwGif orm;awmfBuD;
icJu bk&ifrif;NrwfrdefYawmfrlrnfh pum;rsm;udk BudKavQmufxm;avonf/
] rSefvSyg ... / tarm&ifwkef tm;ukef tm;ysufwJhtcg tpm;taomufavsmfyg; tdyfpufNcif;vJ
uif;wwfygonf bk&m; ... / tdyfpufavsmhyg; wHawG;rsm; &if0rf;wGif; rtDrom rowD&mrS
ysdKUtefvdkpdwfrsm;vnf; rBumrBum awGU&wwfygonfbk&m; .... / }
] [kwfayoAsm; ... [kwfayoAsm; .. / icJ avQmufwifcsuf twdkif;ayyJ .. }
] xdkrSwzef a&SUqufNyefaomf aoG;avacsmufNcm;? aBumuftm;awmfydk tvdkvdk pdwf0rf;awmfrus
&SdwwfvS idkcsif&,fcsifovdk Nzpf&ygrnf ... / idk&? &,f& xdkrSp cHwGif;raumif;
udk,fawmfanmif;vsuf umrtm;cef;aNcmuf udk,fhi,fawmfyg nDnDrSm EGrf;acG yef;ao
yef;nSKd; ... } pum;rqHk;rD rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;u vuf[efNy wm;NrpfawmfrlNyD; ...
] [,f .. icJ? eifyif ihgudk,fwGif; yl;0ifuyfcg BunfhbdodkY &SdvS\/ eifhynmudk
ig,Hkpm;awmfrluNyDrdkY igudk,fawmf cHpm;&rSK a0'em tpkpkwdkYudk ukoEkdifvQif ukoygawmh
i,fuRefBuD; ..... } [k trdefYawmfNrwf csvdkufonf/
] rSefvSyg .... b0&Sifrif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; a&m*ga0'emawmfudk tNrefqHk; BudK;yrf;ukpm;ay;ygrnf
bk&m; .. / aq;awmfqufa&;twGuf aq;NyKpkrSKwckom usef&Sdaeao;aBumif;yg bk&m; ... / }
wGif tem;rS cpm;vsuf&Sdaom qifNzLr&Sif tv,feef;raqmifawmf rdzk&m;BuD;rSm
orm;awmfBuD; icJESifh b0&Sifrif;w&m;BuD;wdkY aNymqdkBuyHk tptqHk;
Bum;odNyD; ,HkBunftm;xm;vmpdwfNzpf ... .
] orm;awmfBuD; OD;cJ&Jh aq;0g;awmf ukorSK cH,l&ygvQif rkcs a&m*gawmf aysmufuif;rnf
NzpfaBumif; pkpk ,HkBunfawmfrlygonfbk&m; ... } [k axmufcHavQmufwifvdkufavonf/
] armifbk&m; tvdkawmfvJ usw,f pkBuD;&Jh .. ./ pkBuD; wdkYuvJ ,HkBunfawmfrlw,fqdk&if
aumif;oAsm; ..... / }
rdzk&m;BuD;bufvSnfh&if; aNym&mrS wqufwnf; icJudkyif ....
] ckeu armifrif; wifavQmufcsufxJrSm aq;NyK&rSK wpfckom usefaeao;aBumif;
ygw,frSwfw,f .... / b,fodkYaom taBumif;Ncif;vJ icJ&Jh .. .? a&T? aiG vkdorQ
b@mawmfwdkufrS vdkoavmuf xkwf,loHk;pGJapbdkY iarmifBuD;udk trdefYawmfNrwf rSwfNyD;uNyDyJ ....
/ }
] rSefvSyg ... aq;awmfqufbdkY b@maiGaBu;twGuf r[kwfaBumif;yg bk&m; ... /
uRefawmfrsdK;BuD;\ aq;0g;az : pyfrSKudk NyKEdkif&ef rw&me,f vrdkif;awm twGif; aq;yif?
aq;Nrpf? aq;O pkaqmif;&SmazGbdkY tcsdefawmf oHk;&ufavmufomvdkaBumif; tcGifhawmif;
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Ganan & Yamarmoto
27
avQmufxm;ygonf bk&m; ... / }

] &SdapAsm; .... / tcsdefawmf tvdk&Sdoavmuf,l aq;awmfqufapAsm; ... /
aq;0g;ukoEkdifa&;twGuf aq;awmf pkaqmif;&ef icJtvdk&SdorQ iarmifBuD;u trdefYawmfoHk;
tultyHh ay;apAsm; ... / }
trdefYawmfNrwfrSwfonfudk tuRefwdkY ESpfa,mufpvHk; wNydKifwnf; ....
] Asm'dwfawmfNrwf twdkif;ygbk&m; .. / } [k oHawmfOD;wif twlwuG a&SUawmfrS
xGufcGmvmcJhBuygonf/
tNyefwGif icJudk tuReftdrfodkY zdwfac: twlvdkufygvmavonf/ icJtm; a&rdk;csdK;NyD;rS
Nyef&efwm;Nrpfaomfvnf; aq;awmfpkaqmif;a&;twGuf vrdkif;awmodkY wufa&muf&rnfh
tpDtpOfrsm; NyKvkyf&efvnf; &Sdao;? olYaq;0g;rsm; pm;oHk;aeBuaom vlemrsm;udk aq;ywfukef
olc&D;xGufaepOf vma&mufaq;0g;awmif;ygu rnfodkY NyKvkyfaqmif&Guf&rnfwdkYudk
rSmBum;p&mawG rsm;Nym;vSonfaBumifh NyefoGm;ygavonf/ icJrNyefrDS rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;
a&m*gawmftaBumif;ESifh ywfowf ar;Nref;pHkprf;onfwGif icJu NyHK;aphaphNzifh tuRefYem;odkY
wD;wdk;aNymBum; cJhygavonf/
olaq;pkoGm;ocdkuf rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; nDvmcHr0ifEkdifbJ &uftawmfBum Nzpfae&onfh
a&m*gawmf taBumif; tNyiftyodkY w&ufr[kwf ESpf&uf trSeftwdkif; aygufBum;&ayvdrfhrnf/
xkdodkY aygufBum;oGm;ygvQif rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;twGuf a&m*gawmfaBumifh
t&Sufawmf&Edkifaumif;p&m taBumif;&Sd wckckudk &kd;r,fzGJUapvsuf NyKvkyfxm;oifhaBumif; icJ
tBuHOmPfay;cJhygavonf/
xdkonfwdkYaBumifh tuRefvnf; icJESifh aq;awmf twGuf b,aq;Nzpfaom opfO? opfzk?
opf&Guf? opfNrpfwdkY pkaqmif;&modkY vkdufygvkdvsufESifhyif b0&Sifrif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;tay:
&[ef;&Sifvltaygif;wdkY txifao;ap t&Sufawmf&rnfh udprS vGJa&Smifay;Edkifap&ef NyKvkyf&rnfh
wm0eftwGuf ae&pfcJh&ygonf/
tuReftaeNzifh pOf;pm;&onfrSmvnf; tarmwaumyif Nzpfygavonf/ icJuvnf; twdtus
aNymqdk tBuHay;cJhonfr[kwf aNyvnfNyD;NywfapbdkYrSm tuRefYwm0efvHk;vHk; &SdaeonfhtwGuf
tdyfraysmfEdkifatmifyif Nzpf&ygonf/
tuRefonf b0&Sif rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;ESifh q,fhig;ESpfausmfausmf twlwuG
aexdkifBuD;Nyif;vmcJh&ol tdrfawmfygwpfa,mufNzpfygonf/ rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; pdwfoabmawmfudk
odwefo od&SdNyD; Nzpfygavonf/ rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;onf &wemoHk;yg;udk wu,f,HkBunfol?
udk;uG,f qnf;uyfvdkol wOD;NzpfaBumif; tuRefYwGif oHo,vHk;0 r&SdcJhyg/
rnfonfhtcgumv rnfonfh a'oae&mrsdK;rsm;wGifvnf; &wemoHk;yg;wnf;[laom bk&m;?
w&m;? oHCm xdkoHk;yg;wdkYudk arhavsmhvdrfhrnf r[kwfaBumif; tuRefodygonf/ xdkod&Sdcsufrsm;udk
rlwnf rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;twGuf wynfhvdrm q&mtmywfvGwfapaom udprsdK;udk
NyKvkyfay;&ef tuRef oHEdXmef csvdkufrdygawmhonf/
aemufwaeY eHeufapmapmwGif tuRefY vl,Hkawmfrsm;Nzifh NrdKUawmfaNrmufbuf&Sd a&TzsOf;nDaemif
ewfuGef;udk rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; trdefYawmf&Sdav[efNzifh zsufqD;ypfvkdufygonf/
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; tvdkawmft& ukvm;nDaemif ewfuGef;rSm ewfowfa<uNyD;Nzpf
ewfuGef;&Sdae&ef rvdkvm;tyfawmhaBumif; Oauma',sNzpfatmif aumv[mv owif;tNzpfvnf;
wD;wdk;vTifhvkduf&ygonf/ wD;wdk;owif;onf armif;aBu;eif; cwfwD;ausnm&aom owif;xuf
27
Ganan & Yamarmoto
28
ydkrdkysHUESHY vG,fonf[k tuRefarQmfvifhxm;ouJhodkYyif vsifNrefvSygavonf/

eHeufpm pm;tNyD; qGrf;cHNyefcsdefavmufwGif tuRef a&Teef;awmfBuD;xHodkY tcpm;
0ifa&mufcsdefavmufwGif xkdowif;pum;udk vlwdkif;vlwdkif; Bum;odNyD; NzpfaeBuygonf/
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; tyg;awmfodkY tuRefcpm;0ifaom umvwGif taqmif& eef;&
rdzk&m;BuD;wdkY\ rdzk&m;tBuD;csKyf (6) yg; cpm;vsuf&Sdaeygonf/ rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;onf
orm;awmficJ wifBudKaNymBum;cJhonfhtwdkif; a0'emawmfaBumifh ua,mifuwrf; Nrnfwrf;pyif
NyKaeygacsonf/ xkdrdzk&m;rsm;xJwGif yg0ifol tv,feef;rawmf qifNzLr&Sif rdzk&m;wyg;om
tenf;i,f ylyefrSKeJ[ef &Sdygonf/ t*ra[oD r*Fvma'0D rdzk&m;BuD;onf orm;awmfrsm;tm;vHk;
qifhac: aq;awmfqufa&;twGuf wdkifyif&ef pDpOfaeonfudk tuRef NrifawGY&ygoNzifh
raeomawmhyJ qifNzLr&Sif rdzk&m;BuD;tm; t&dyftNcnfNy&if; oHawmfOD;wif&ef&SdaBumif;
em;awmfaygufap&ef taqmifawmfrS taNcGt&Hrsm;ESifh xGufcGmawmfrl&if; yef;cHkawmfbufodkY
ul;0ifoGm;awmfrlygavonf/
tuRefvnf; watmifhwem;avmuf apmifhqdkif;NyD;rS qifNzLr&Sif rdzk&m;BuD;&Sd&m yef;cHkawmfaqmifodkY
ul;0ifa&muf zl;arQmfygonf/ tuRefa&muf&SdoGm;avrS txdef;t&rsm;udk ta0;rScpm;&ef
trdefYawmf rSwfvdkufonfhtwGuf tuRefvnf; rdzk&m;BuD;tm; .....
] toQif rdzk&m;BuD; od&Sdawmfrlonfhtwdkif; orm;awmfBuD; icJ aq;awmfquf&ef
aq;0g;pkaqmif;zdkY c&D;xGufoGm;aBumif;yg bk&m; ... / orm;awmfBuD; icJ wifBudKaNymqdkcsuft&
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; pdwfawmfacsmufNcm; aeawmfrlvQif pdwfawmfyl&ef r&SdaBumif;yg bk&m; ....
/ }
] rzk&m; taeNzifh orm;awmf OD;cJwifavQmuf aNymBum;csufudk Bum;od&onfhtwGuf OD;cJ
aq;awmfqufvQif armifarmifbk&m; a0'emawmf aysmufuif;rnfvdkY ,HkBunfygonf/ 'gayrifh
awmifeef;pH rdzk&m;BuD;trdefYNzifh wNcm; orm;awmfBuD;rsm; aq;awmfqufvQif aq;csufrSm;NyD;
armifbk&m;twGufrsm; qdk;0g;aeavrvm;vdkY pdwfawmfrlrdw,f yif;wvJpm;BuD;&JU ... / }
] rSefvSyg ... ylyif&ef r&Sdao;aBumif;yg/ orm;awmfBuD;icJ aq;awmfqufEdkifrnfh &ufavmufom
cefYrSef;wGufqNyD; aemifoHk;&ufaNrmufaomaeYwGif rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; a0'emawmf
roufrom&SdvmcJhaomf t&SifqifNzLr&Sif rdzk&m;oabmawmfESifh wNcm; wyg;aom
orm;[l;&m;rsm;Nzifh ukocGifh &&Sd&efom t*ra[oD awmifeef;pH r*Fvma'0D rdzk&m; (wcsdKU
&mZ0ifq&mrsm;u pBuFma'0D [kvnf; qdkBuygonf/ ) BuD;ESifh tpDtpOfom NyKawmfrlxm;ESifhyg
bk&m; .... / }
] onfwm0efudk rzk&m; wm0efomxm;vdkufyg.... / NrdKUpm;BuD;wdkY taeeJY orm;awmf OD;cJ
aq;awmf tcsdefrDS qufoEdkifzdkY BudK;pm;Buyg ... / }
] rSefvSyg ... BudK;yrf;vsuf &SdaBumif;yg ... / } [k Nyefvnf wifavQmufcJhNyD;aemuf
tuRefvnf; icJ b,aq;tpkoGm;onfudk apmifhBudKiHhvifh&if; aq;awmfudk pdwfapmvsuf
&Sdaeygonf/
OBoysdK oHcsdKaESmcJhNyD NzpfonfhtwGuf refusnf;&GufEkxGuf&ef yk&pfzl; udk,fpDNzihf t&kd;NydKif;NydKif;
xaeaom tudkif;tcufwdkYudk wefqmqifvmayNyD/ awmifO,smOfawmftwGif;rl oaNyikwfwdkYonf
oaNyndKwuf wvlvlESifh tnTefYtwufwdkY xGufvmonfudkvnf; awGU&ayNyD/ OBooH
ulaESmcsufudk tuRefvnf; emcH&if; rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;udk aq;awmfqufcJhonfrSm
ig;&ufyif&SdvmaBumif; trSwf&rdygawmhonf/ aq;awmfqufNyD; ig;&uftwGif;
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;\ a&m*gawmfrSm a&awGYaom BumuJhodkY Nyefvnfvef;qef; pdkaNypNyKvmayNyD/
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Ganan & Yamarmoto
29
b0&Sifrif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; ESpfNcdKufpGm pufawmfac:ae&mrS pD;csufrSefrSef xGufay:vmaom

a[mufoHudk emcH&if; tuRefYtawG;wdkYrSm ysHUvGifhaeygavonf/
onfuaeY icJqufornfh aq;awmftopfrSm uaemif tdrfa&SUpHudk,fawmftm;
rNywfqufoae&onfh aq;awmfNzpfaBumif; od&Sd&ayonf/ ,cktBudrf aq;awmftpkoGm;&mwGif
icJwdkYtodkuf oufpGefYqHzsm; pGefYpm;rSKudk trSwfrxif awGUBuHK&yHkudk icJNyefvnf aNymNyoNzifh
em;axmif&aom tuRefyif BuufoD;xrdygonf/
icJESifh wynfhaygif; 15 a,mufwdkYrSm vrdkif;awmtwGif;rS tvdk&Sdaom b,aq;rsm;udk &SmazG
pkaqmif;BuNyD;onfhaemuf aq;awmfwGif yg0ifonfh ausmufaoG;&,lEdkif&ef vrdkif;awmrS
ta&SYpl;pl;odkY c&D;qufBuygonf/ awmifay:twuf NyifOD;vGif ra&mufrDS oHk;wkdifavmuftvkdwGif
ausmufcsyf ausmufvTmwdkY tBum;rS ,dkpD;Buvmaom ausmufaoG; (ausmufqD? ausmufESpfudk
ac:ygonf/ ) rsm; awGY&Sd 0g;usnfawmufrsm; NyKvkyfxnfhodkaeqJ icJ\ wynfh zdk;rSif
atmfoHBum;Bu&onfhtwGuf teD;qHk;vlrsm; NzpfBuaom icJESifh iaygufwdkY zdk;rSif&Sd&modkY
ta&mufaNy;Buygonf/
icJwdkY a&muf&SdcsdefwGif zdk;rSifESifh 0uf0HBuD; waumifwdkY olwNyef? igwNyef owfykwfaeonfudk
awGYBu&ygonf/ icJvnf; iSufBuD;awmif"g;Nzifh 0uf0Hudk ckwfydkif;&ef
"g;rdk;toifhNyifxm;aomfvnf; zdk;rSifrSm Avaumif;olNzp 0HwNyef? zkd;rSif
wNyefNzpfaeonfhtwGuf "g;Nzifh ckwfydkif;&ef tcGifhromEkdifcJhyg/ twefBumrS zdk;rSifatmufta&muf
icJ\ "g;csufNzifh vusFmeHawmif;rS vuf0JeHawmif;udk xkd;azmufEkdifcJhonf[k aNymygonf/
0Hukwfonfh 'PfcsufNzifh zdk;rSif rsufvHk;wzuf xGufoGm;ygonf/ &Sm;yg; &cJvSaom
0efonf;acsESifh zdk;rSif rsufpdwzuf vJvS,f,l&ovkd NzpfaeaomaBumifh rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;
usef;cefYawmfrlvmygvQif *&kPmawmfouf qkawmf? vmbfawmf &&Sdavatmif aqmif&Gufay;zdkY
icJu tuRefYtm; rSmxm;cJhygonf/ t&SifwdkY tusdK;udk oufpGefYBudK;yrf; xrf;&Gufolrsm;udk
aNrSmufpm;avh&Sdaom rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; taBumif;udk aumif;pGmod&Sdaom tuRefrSm zdk;rSiftwGuf
aqmif&Gufay;&ef oabmwlvkdufygonf/
icJqufornfh aq;awmfonf cufcufcJcJ pkaqmif;&oavmuf wefckd;tmedoif
xufrsufvSygonf/ 4if;aq;awmf taBumif;udk aemifwGif vSKdifxdyfacgifwif tdrfa&SYpHrdzk&m;
od&SdoGm;NyD;aemuf orm;awmf icJudk ac:,lBudrf;armif;&if;
orm;awmfBuD;aq;awmftpGrf;aBumifh ]]pdefNcL;Bumanmif}} abmv,f Nzpfvm&aBumif;
nnf;awmfrloNzifh olYaq;awmfudk ]]pdefNcL;Bumanmif aq;awmf}} [k trnfrSnfhxm;aBumif;
wdwfwcdk; icJu aNymcJhonfhtwGuf tuRefwdkYESpfa,muf waomaom &,f&ygao;onf/
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; ,ckcHpm;ae&aom a0'emESifh ywfowf tuRefYtm; icJu tNyif;txef
Budrf;armif;Ncif;udk cHcJh&ayonf/ olYudkom wifBudKwiful; today;cJhvQif a&Teef;&Sifvnf; pdwfysdK?
udk,fEkap&rnfhtNyif rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;\ rdzk&m;rsm;tm;vHk;vnf; aysmf&Tifcsrf;aNrh
tvdkawmfusap&rnf[k yifqdkcJhygao;onf/ opfqdrfhrdzk&m; trSKudprsdK;yif ray:aygufEkdifaBumif;
icJu &J&JBuD;yif tmrcHcJhygonf/ ol\ aq;pGrf; rnfrQxufrsufonfudk tuRefYudk,fawGY
r&Sd&ao;aomfvnf; uaemiftdrfa&SYpHudk,fawmfBuD; oefpGrf;aBumif;awmh NynfBuD; aysmfbG,ft&yfrS
a*gif;r rdpyfaNymbl; odcJh&ayonf/ uaemifrif;om;BuD;tm; ]]tm*a,musFm;ygvm;}} [k
rSwfxifcJhaomfvnf; ,ckrSyif icJaq;pGrf;aBumifhudk;[k em;vnfvmygawmhonf/
wwdkYwqdyfudk wtdwfvkyfaNymBuonfrSm vlwdkY\ obm0yif Nzpfcsdrfhrnfxifygonf/
wdkif;wm;rif;BuD; OD;zdk;onf ,refaeYuyif tuRefYtm; rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;onf
NrdKUawmfaNrmufyg;u zsOf;nDaemif ewfuGef;udk zsufqD;ypfvkdufonfhtwGuf zsOf;nDaemif
pdwfawmfck zrf;pm;aomaBumifh pdwfawmf ua,mifacsmufNcm;
NzpfoGm;&aBumif;? ,ckawmifeef;a'0D trdefYawmfNzifh oludk,fwdkif OD;pD;BuD;Buyf uefydkif&GmwGif
BuD;rm;cefYnm;aom ewfuGef;topf aqmufvkyfay;vkdufoNzifh udk,fawmfBuD; a&m*grSm
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Ganan & Yamarmoto
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ydef;Bumzufay: a&rwifavQmusbdouJhodkY &SdvmaBumif; tuRefYtm; tNrSyfxGuf rwwf

vmaNymygavonf/ tuRefvnf; r&,frdap&ef renf;atmifhtD; oD;cHemaxmif&if; tuRefuyif
o[maBumihf vGefcJhaom &uf? oDwif;wywfavmufu usm;[def;oH Bum;ae&onf xifrdaBumif;
cyfazsmazsm aNymvdkuf&m ...? ] [kwfyAsm.... ? [kwfayrAs ... } [k acgif;wndrfhndrfh?
vnfwcgcgESifh tuRefYtyg;rS xGufoGm;ygonf/ tuRefvnf; &,fcsifaom xkdpdwfudk rsdKodyf&if;
a&TNynfrif;BuD; OD;zdk;vdSKifudk wdk;wdk;wGwfwGwfESifh aumv[mv owif;awGudk t&if;twdkif;
NzefYcsDawmfrlaeaom wdkif;wm;rif;BuD;udk Bunfh&if; aemifa&;udk awG;awmrdygonf/
tuRefwdkY vkyfBuHcJhaom xdk;Zwfudk aemifaomtcgumvwGif vltrsm;wdkY\ yg;pyfzsm;0,f ]
ewfuGef;udk ewfowfaBuGNyD } [k trdefYawmfrSwf zsufqD;cJhNcif;aBumifh a&Tzsif;nDaemifu
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;udk pdwfawmfuGuf zrf;pm;onf/ a&Tzsif;nDaemif zrf;pm;onfhtwGuf
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; pdwfawmfacsmufNcm;&onf/ pD;awmfusm;Nzifhvnf; NrdKUNyiftyrS
vma&mufawmif;qdkaomaBumifh ewfuGef;topfaqmufay;awmfrlvkdufrS pD;awmfusm;toHvnf;
aysmuf? udk,fawmfBuD;bk&m;rSmvnf; usef;rm yuwd csrf;ompGm &SdoGm;aBumif; ...
a&S;a[mif;'@m&D yHkNyifozG,f aNymqdkBurnfudk tuRefawG;rd &,foGrf;tBudrfBudrf
aoG;&ygonf/
eef;wGif;odkY icJa&muf&Sdvmcsdef rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; Edk;awmfrlvmygavonf/ aq;awmfrqufrDSu
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;onf aexef;wzsm; tcsdefa&mufatmif wBudrfwcgrS pufawmfac:zl;onf[k
r&SdcJhyg/ rsufESmopfawmf a&csawmfrlNyD;onfhaemuf rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;tm; qufo&rnfh
aq;awmfopfudk icJu tuRefYvuf0,fodkY ay;tyfygavonf/ aq;oHk;&ef tnTef;udkvnf;
aNymygonf/ yxroHk;&uftwGif; aq;udk ZD;uif;cefY eHeuf aeY- nwkdYwGif wBudrfuspD
a&at;ESifh aomufawmfrlap&rnf/ 'kwd, oHk;&ufwGif eHeuf - nwdkYwGif wBudrfus tdyf&m0if
tdyf&mx ay;qufawmfrl&rnf/'kwd,oHk;&uf vGefaNrmufNyD;aemuf aemufydkif;&ufrsm;wGif
waeYvQif wBudrfus aeYcif;ydkif; okdYr[kwf nOD;ydkif;wGif aomufoHk;awmfrlEdkif;aBumif;
&Sif;vif;aNymNyaeygonf/ aeYpOfrSefrSef wBudrfus rDS0JoHk;aqmifaeorQ umvywfvHk;
pdwfysdKudk,fEk avmupnf;pdrfudk NiD;aiGYonfhwdkifatmif cHpm;EdkifaBumif; tuRefYtm; tus,fw0ifh
&Sif;vif;Nyygonf/
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; eHeufpm pm;tNyD; tcsdKyGJ wnfawmfrlaepOf rvSrf;rurf;rS cpm;aeaom
tuRefwdkY ESpfa,mufudk NrifawGY tem;wdk; cpm;&ef tcsufNyvkdufonf/ tuRefvnf;
a&SUodkYwdk;uyfcg icJ ay;tyfxm;aom tpfudkNyo&if; avQmufwifygonf/
] rSefvSyg ... orm;awmfBuD; icJu ,aeYaq;awmftopf qufoawmfrlaBumif;yg b0&Sif
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; .... / }
] [Jh ... icJ&JY .../ eifqufoonfh aq;awmfeJY igudk,fawmfNrwf usef;cefYawmf rlvmwmudk
bodkYaBumifh aq;awmftopf qufo&onfvJ .../ igudk,fawmfNrwf pm;vdkYvJ NrdefawmfrloAs .../
tdyfpufvkdYvJ aysmfawmfrloAs ... / }
] rSefvSyg ... / ,ck qufoaom aq;awmftopfrSm usef;cefYawmfrloolrsm;om
oHk;aqmifrDS0J&onfNzp b0&Sif rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;twGuf aq;awmfopftNzpf vJvS,f
ay;quf&Ncif;yg bk&m; ... / }
] todkYaom tmedoif &SdayovJ ... orm;awmf icJ&JY .. / }
] aq;awmfonf NrwfpGmbk&m;ocif vufxufawmf tcguwnf;u &SdaecJhNyD; orm;awmfBuD;
ZD0u uazmfpyfawmfrlcJhNcif; Nzpfygonf bk&m;.... / rZdra'o tm,k' aq;usrf;rS
qif;oufvm[efwl r[momuD0if rif;rsdK;tEG,fwdkY vufpGJausmf aq;awmfwvufvnf;
30
Ganan & Yamarmoto
31
NzpfcJhygonf bk&m;... / rZdrwdkif;udk tkyfcsKyfrif;vkyfcJhaom orwrif;rS tpOftquf

qif;oufvmcJhaom rif;taygif;wdkY vufrvGwfapbJ oHk;pGJvmcJhBuonfh a&Teef;qufaq;awmf
Nzpfygonf rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; .... / }
] tvkd ... icJ&Jh aq;awmf[m onfavmuf BuD;us,faeyg&ufeJU igudk,fawmfNrwfudk tp ueOD;
uwnf;u bZmaBumifh rqufo&oenf; ... / }
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;u &TifNyHK;aom rsufESmawmfESifh &,foGrf;aoG;ovkd rdefYawmfrlonfaBumifh
tuRefuyif icJudk,fpm; wifavQmufvdkufygonf/
] rSefvSyg ... rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;ESifh rdzk&m;acgifBuD;rsm;uyg ] cHkawmfysdKrS? orm;tdkrS } [k
pGJrSwf,HkBunfaeawmfrlBuygoNzifh onfaq;awmfudk rqufo0Hhawmhyg bk&m; ... / nDawmf
uaemif tdrfa&SUpHudk,fawmfBuD;udkom qufocJh&onf[k uRefawmfrsdK;BuD;tm; orm;awmf icJ
aNymcJhzl;aBumif;yg bk&m;... / }
] [kwfayoAs ... / igudk,fawmfwdkifuyif orm;awmf icJtm; txifao;rdoAs ... /
eifhaq;awmf xufNruf&dk;rSef&efawmh eifhudk csD;NrSifhaNrSmufpm;awmf rlrAsm; ... / nDnDuvJ
onfaq;awmfaumif;aBumif; ighudk aNymoifhayoAs ... /
] uRefawmfrsdK;BuD; toufay; avQmufwif0Hhygonf bk&m; ... / aq;awmfonf pHepfwus
toHk;NyKcJhygvQif oHk;olrSm tusdK;xl; cHpm;&rnfrSm aNrBuD;vufcwfrvGJ Ekdifovdk
rSefuefvSaBumif;ygbk&m; .... / aq;awmfudk ydkrdkroHk;pGJrdap&ef owdawmf quf&ygrnf bk&m; ....
/ }
] tdrf; .... ydkrdk oHk;pGJrdaomf todkYaom tNypfudk NzpfawmfrlwwfayovJ icJ&Jh ... / }
] wefaq; ? vGefab; } qdkonfhtwdkif; ab;awGUwwfygonf bk&m; ... /
rnfonfhab;&efrsdK;awGYEdkifaBumif;udkawmh twdtus wifavQmuf&ef cufvSaBumif;yg
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;...... / }
orm;awmfBuD; icJ\ aq;awmf qufoBuNyD;onfhaemuf b0&Sif rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;tm; aNcawmf
OD;cdkufNyD;aemuf rSefeef;aqmifawmfrS tuRefwdkY ESpfa,muf NyefxGufvmcJhBuygavonf/
tuRefuyif pwif ] udk&if icJ ... / onfaq;awmfudk toHk;rsm;&if b,fvkd a0'emrsdK;
cHpm;&wwfonfvJAs ... / }
] usKyfudk,fwdkifvnf; aq;rSD0Jol NzpfaeayrJh ab;Nzpfwwfo,f qkdonfaBumifh usKyfwcgrS
ydkrpm;cJhzl;vkdY rodbl;y ..... / uaemif tdrfa&SUpH udk,fawmfBuD;uawmh aq;ydkpm;rdwmaBumifh
olvJ tdyfr&bl; ... olYrdzk&m;av;vJ idk,dkawmfrl&wJhtNyif oHk;&ufavmuf vrf;ravQmufEdkifatmif
Nzpf&o,fvkdY aNymawmfrlzl;wmbJ iarmifBuD;& ... / }
] onfavmufaumif;onfh aq;pGrf; vufudkifNyKNyD; udk&if icJu rdef;rawG
aomuf&rf; ,lomxify ... / usKyfwdkYudk onfaq;ray;yJ usdwfpm;wJh icJudkawmh
usKyfaxmif;csifvSAs .... / }
] usKyfudk txifrvGJygeJY iarmifBuD;&m ... / pum;rpyf rdEdkifBuo[maBumifhyg ... udk,fhvl
vdkcsifoyqkd&if tcsdefra&G; &Edkifygo,f ... / } [k &,farmaNymqdk&if; ESKwfquf
a&Teef;awmfBuD;rS xGufcGmoGm;ygonf/ icJ Nrif;cGmoH pJavawmhrS tuRefvnf;
a&Teef;awmfBuD;twGif; Nyef0ifcJhygavonf/
31
Ganan & Yamarmoto
32
ydawmufawG a&T&nfvl; twmvnf; ul;cJhayNyD/ &GufEk&GufopfwkdYNzifh pdrf;vef; pdkaNyvmaom

Boumoavmu\ BunfEl;zG,faom taNymif;tvGJav; wkdYonf a&Teef;awmfBuD;qDodkY
pdk;rkd;vmygavawmhonf/ rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;vnf; usef;rmawmfrl&kHrQruawmhyJ icJqufaom
aq;awmfaBumifh pdwfoGm;wdkif;udk,fyg vdk&ma&mufaeoNzifh armfwNyHK;NyHK; aysmfrqHk;atmif
&Sdaeygavonf/ tuRef [kdpOfu xdef;odrf;ay;&onfh aqmifawmful;rSwfwrf;wGif wnvQif
wpfaqmifus ul;aNymif;&rnfhtpm;? wnudk ESpfaqmifus ul;aNymif;&ef trdefYawmf topfaBumifh
pm&if;xyfrH topfNyKvkyfay;& ygavonf/ tuRef yif;wvJNyefpOf tcdkuftwefYtwGif;
taqmifawmful;&ef tvSnfhus apmifh&onfudk tvSrf;a0;vScsnfh&Jh[k nnf;nLawmfrlBuaom
rdzk&m;rsm; taqmifawmfudk tvSnfhydk taeNzifh rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;rSm &ufwywf woDwif;rQ
taqmifawmfrsm; qufvuful;&aomaBumifh udk,fawmfwGif umrtiftm;
nSKd;EGrf;yifyef;awmfrlonfh a&m*gawmf pGJuyfvmygonf/
orm;awmf icJ\ aq;awmfonf rSwfausmuftwifcHEdkifavmufatmif xufNrwfrSef;
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; udk,fawmfwdkif prf;oyfawGU&Sd& ,HkBunfpdwfrsm; wdk;wufvmygonf/
odkYNzpf aqmifawmful;rSwfwrf;udk wnvQif waqmifrS wnvQif ESpfaqmifus ul;oef;&ef
Nyifqifa&;qGJ ay;quf&Ncif; Nzpfygonf/
orm;awmf icJtm;vnf; aq;0g;xufNrwfonfh tusdK;tm;aBumifh ynmod'dbGJY
(xkdbGJYonf ,ckacwf odk;aqmif;aq;ynm M.R.C.P bGJYrsdK;Nzpfygonf/ ) udk rBumrSDuyif
a&TvTwfawmfBuD;twGif; tcrf;tem;Nzifh tyfESif;Ncif;cHcJh&ayonf/ icJaBumifh touft&G,f
BuD;&ifhBuaom orm;awmfBuD;rsm; Nzpfaom OD;bJ? OD;pH0if;? OD;&Sif? OD;pm? OD;euf? OD;rSKdif;? OD;rdwf?
OD;wl wdkY &SpfOD;pvHk;wdkYrSm rsufpd? rsufESm rvSBuygay/ OD;ayg wpfa,mufyif icJESifh
rwdrf;r,drf;t&G,f vli,fydkif;wGif &SdolrdkY rauseyf[ef rNyaBumif; od&ygonf/
olwdkYtm;vHk;aygif; icJyg 10 OD;pvHk;rSm rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; cefYtyfxm;aom bdou&mZbGJU&
bk&ifhorm;awmfBuD;rsm; NzpfBuygonf/ xdkolrsm;txJrS icJrSm aq;awmfaumif; qufoEdkifolNzp
aboZyg&*l xl;cRefoltNzpf ynmod'dbGJU csD;NrSifhNcif;cH&ayonf/ xdkbGJYxl;tNyif
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; trdefYawmfNzifh taqmifeef;wdkYtwGif; wHcg;r&Sd "g;r&Sd 0ifxGufcGifhvnf;
&&SdoGm;ayonf/
tuRefY taeNzifh b0&Sifrif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; usef;cefYawmfrrlonfhaeYrSp tdrfodkYyif rNyefawmhbJ
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; tem;rSae aeYnra&G; trSKawmfxrf;ay;aeygonf/ ,aeYtzdkY
udk,fawmfvnf; &Tif&Tifvef;vef; &SdaeawmfrloNzifh tdrfodkYNyefcGifhawmif;rdygonf/
tdrfNyefcGifhNyKonf icJqufoaom aq;tpfawmfudk rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; vufa&muftyfESif;NyD;
NyefvmcJhygonf/ tuRefYtaeNzifh om;? orD;rsm;ESifh aysmf&Tifcsrf;aNrhpGm 10 &ufrQavmuf
aexdkif&if; tcsdefrsm;udk ukefvGefapcJhygonf/
xkdrQ vGefaNrmufonfh aemufydkif;&ufusrS rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;xHawmftyg;odkY Nyefvnfcpm;ygonf/
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;rSm cgwdkif;aeYrsm;xufyif ydkrdkEkysdK &Tifvef;aeonf[kyif xifrSwfrdygonf/
tuRef\ pdwfwGif;rS raeEdkif rxdkifEkdifavmufatmifNzpfvmcg rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;
aNymif;vGJvmyHkudk Bunfhaeawmfrl&if;uyif .... ] rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;udk zl;awGU&onfrSm
a&TpdwfawmfBunfEl; &TifNrL;yHk &vSonf[k bk&m;uRefawmfrsdK;BuD; xifrdaBumif;ygbk&m; .... } [k
avQmufwifvdkufonf/
] [kwfayrAs ... / igudk,fawmfNrwfvnf; oGwfvwfayghyg; &SdawmfrlvSw,f/ icJqufoonfh
aq;awmfonf igudk,fawmfNrwftwGuf r[mBoo" ewfaq;awmfBuD;wrQ xl;Ncm;aom tusdK;udk
ay;pGrf;w,frSwfw,f iarmifBuD;&JY .... / }
] 0rf;aNrmufvSaBumif;ygbk&m; ... / wefcdk;tmedoif xufNrufaom aq;awmfrsm;udk
32
Ganan & Yamarmoto
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pm;oHk;oifhonfxuf ydkrdkpm;oHk;rdygvQif orm;awmficJ avQmufxm;ouJhodkY wefaq;? vGefab;

Nzpfrnfpdk;vSygonf bk&m; ... / }
] tdrf; ... igudk,fawmf owdawmf qufvsufyg ../ wcgw&H eifqufoonfxuf
ydkrdkpm;oHk;awmfrlBunfh&m tusdK;xl;cHpm;&wmudk awGYoAs ... / }
] rSefvSyg .... / twdkif;twmxuf rvGefuJrdap&ef owdawmf csyfoifhygonfbk&m; .... / }
] owdawmfxm;&awmf rlayrnfy .... / pm;vdkY t&omxl;ovkd tmedoifuvJ tHhrcef;
xufNrufayw,f ... / o[mrsm;aBumifh icJ[m ighudk rqufoyJ ESpftawmfBum odkodyfxm;wm
igawG;Bunfhrd&if icJtay: pdwfuGufawmfrlw,f iarmifBuD;&Jh .... / }
] rSefvSygbk&m; ... / icJudk tNypfawmfwifvQif ravsmfuefaBumif;ygbk&m; ... /
orm;aumif;wkdYrnfonfrSm a&m*gawGYrS aq;ay;&ygonf bk&m; ... / a&m*grod
temr&Sdoolrsm;tm; aq;pm;&ef vkdufvHay;aeygu udk,fhudkudk,fazmf rolawmfrsdK;xJ
ygoGm;wwfonfrdkY qifNcifaeNcif; Nzpfygvdrfhrnf bk&m; .... / }
] iarmifBuD; wifavQmufcsufonf avQmfuefoifhNrwf vSayw,fAs .... / icJ[mvJ
igudk,fawmfNrwfudk apwemxm;ol rSefayvdrfhr,f ... / }
onfwdkYaBumifh rif;cpm; a,musFm;? urf;em;opfyif [kqkdcJhNcif; Nzpfayrnf/ aq;awmfaumif;
qufoNyefygaomfvnf; tqufo aemufusavNcif;[k tNypfwif&Sdovdkvdk Nzpfaeaom b0&Sif
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;tm; tuReftavQmufaumif;om icJ taxmif;vGwfayawmhonf/
tuRef a&Teef;awmfBuD;xJ vma&muf tdyfpuf&onf qdkuwnf;u ta&SUawmfBuD;&Sd
rSefeef;pEkaqmif nDvmcHcef;r taemufbufwGif wif;wdrfum&H tcef;zGJYay;xm;ygavonf/
wckaom ncsrf;tcsdef tuRef ESpfESpfNcdKufNcdKuf tdyfarmusaepOf pl;pl;0g;0g; aBumufvefYwBum;
rdef;ratmfoH woH Bum;vkduf&onfrSm ......
] b0&Sif rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; bmNzpfrSef; rod&onfaBumifh u,fawmfrlBuyg ... / } [l
oOmvDanmifapmif; xufrS Bum;vdkuf&ygonf/ onftoHaBumifh tuRef\ aqmif"g;udkqGJNyD;
toHxGufay:vm&m taemufawmfBuD;odkY ta&mufaNy;oGm;rdygonf/ tuRefa&muf&Sdcsdef
taemufawmfBuD; taemufbufqHk; aqmiful;Bum; vrf;ray:wGif rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;
yufvufvefvJaeonfudk Nrifrd xdwfueJ NzpfoGm;rdygonf/ vufeufawmf wpfckck xdyg;
aoG;tdkifxJ vJaeavoavm[k xifrd a&maomyg; aNy;oGm;ygonf/ toufyif
&J&Jr&SL0hHavmufatmif wkefvSKyfaNcmufNcm;vSNyD; &ifwzdkzdkNzifh tem;a&mufatmif wdk;oGm;NyD;rS
r&Jw&J iHkYBunfhrdygawmhonf/ aoG;wpufwav rNrif&awmhrSom &J&Jwif;wif;
Bunfh&Jvmygonf/ rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; NzpfyHkawGU&awmhrS pdwfcsoGm;um tNrSKyfwpDpDNzifh
wufaeonfaBumifh tESdyfawmfquf&ef'l;axmufxkdifvdkufonfwGif taemufeef;rawmfBuD;ESifh
tNcm;aumif;pGm rrSwfrdaom rdzk&m;i,f ESpfyg;udk vnf; awGU&Sd&ygonf/
xdkrdzk&m;rsm;udk NrifawGUrdawmhrS ywf0ef;usifudk tuJcwfvdkufygawmhonf/ wm0efus
tdyfzefawmfom; tawmfrsm;rsm;vnf; rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; vJus&m ywf0ef;usif w0dkufwGif pkNyHK
0dkif;tkH 0ef;&HaerSKaBumifh avxGuf? av0ifvrf;rsm; ydwfqdkYum avSmiftdkufvsuf
tdkufpyfylavmifaeonfudk owdNyKrdygonf/ odkYNzpfonfaBumifh tuRefvnf; tESdyfawmf
rqufao;yJ tBuHxkwf rnfuJhodkY aqmif&GufoifhaBumif; awG;,laeocdkuf
taemufeef;rawmfBuD;uyif ] [Jh .... tdyfzefawmfom;awG orm;awmfBuD;awG yifhacsyg .... /
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; a&wdrfepf&acs&Jh .... / eD;&m orm;awmfBuD;udk tNrefyifhacsBuyg ... / }
33
Ganan & Yamarmoto
34
[laom toHudk Bum;&onfrS orm;awmfBuD;rsm; yifh ukoaponfrSm toifhavsmfqHk;

Nzpfrnfudk tuRefvnf; oabmaygufoGm;ygonf/
] orm;awmfBuD; OD;pH0if;eJY orm;awmf OD;euf&JY tdrf[m a&Teef;awmfBuD;eJU teD;qHk;rdkY
olwdkYESpfOD;xJu wOD;udkawmh tNrefaNy;yifhacsyg .... } tuRefapvTwfvdkufcsdef tqHk;wGif
tuRefYaemufem;rS rdzk&m;i,f wOD;toH ay : xGufvmNyD;/
] eef;rawmfBuD;bk&m; rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; a0'emawmf[m b,form;awmf b,ftESdyfawmfESifhrS
uko &Ekdifrnf r[kwfaBumif;ygbk&m; .... / bk&m; uRefr udkom ukocGifh NyKawmfrlyg ... / }
] [,f ... rduGef;/ eifwu,faNymonfvm; ... / }
] rSefvSyg ... / tcsdefawmfvGefoGm;&if cufyvdrfhr,f bk&m;.... / bk&m; uRefrudkom ukocGifh
ay;awmfrlNyD; bk&m;uRefr tvdk&SdwJh rpnf; NrefNref&Smay;awmfrlyg .... / }
rdzk&m;i,fu rif;w&m;BuD; bk&m; udk,fawmfay:rS wae&mudk vufndSK;xdk;Nyo&if;
eef;rawmfBuD;tm; wifavQmufaeonfudk Bum;Nrif&aom tuRefrSm em;rvnf
oabmraygufaomfvnf; a&m*gaysmufuif;aprSKtwGuf tmrcH&Jaom xdkrdzk&m; awmif;qdk
tvdk&Sdaom ypnf;rsm; &SmazGay; rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;\ a&m*gawmfudkom tNrefukpm;awmf
rlapvdkygonf/ odkYaomf rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;\ toufpnf;pdrfwdkYudk tuRefxuf
ydkrdkcs,fvS,fEdkifcGifh&Sdaom rdzk&m;wdkYtv,frSm tuRefonf rsufpdoli,fESifh Nzpfae&ocdkuf
awmifeef;rawmf r*Fvma'0D t*r[ma'0D rdzk&m;acgifBuD;u .....
] [Jh ... aNymprf;yg NrefNref ... eifbmtvkd&SdovJ .... a&Teef;&Sif armifarmifbk&m;
usef;*efawmfrlzdkYom ta&;BuD; o[Jh ... / }
] rSefvSyg ... &kdifvdyfwvdyfom NrefNref ay;oem;awmfrlyg rrzk&m; ... / } [k
rdzk&m;av;\ avQmufwifoHtqHk; tuRefuyif
] &ygapr,f t&Sifrdzk&m; ... / } [k avQmufxm; vdkuf&onf/ xdkrSwqufwnf; ] a[h ....
tdyfzefawmfrSL; &dkifvdyfwvdyfudk cktNref ,lqufprf; ... tcsdefaESmif;vkdY rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;twGuf
aBumifhusawmfrlBu&if eifhtouf uGyfrsufr[Jh ... }
tuRefvnf; [dkvlvdkvd'Dvlvdkvdk apmif;arsmif;Budrf;armif;&if; &dkifvdyf t,lcdkif;vkdufygonf/
&dkifvdyf oGm;,lcsdefwGif vltkyfrSm tawmfyif BuD;rm;aeacsNyD/ vl&Spfq,fausmf w&meD;ygrQavmuf
0ef;&Hxm;onfaBumifh tawmf avSmiftdkufaeyHk &ygonf/ awmifeef;a'0D t*ra[oD
rdzk&m;BuD;tm; vltkyfz,f&Sif;ay;ygrS av0ifrnf/ avat;? avaumif; 0ifvmvQif
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;twGuf aumif;rnfxifaBumif; wifavQmufrS rdzk&m;acgifBuD; trdefYNzifh
vltkyfudk q,fvHtuGmrS cpm;aeapygonf/ &dkifvdyft,loGm;ool tdyfzefawmfom;vnf;
q,fADZem (q,fckESpf rdepfomom ) twGif; a&muf&Sdvmygavonf/ &dkif&vQif
tuRefuyif .... ] &dkifvdyf a&muf&dSvmaBumif;ygbk&m; ... / } [k wifavQmufvkdufonfaBumifh
xdkrdzk&m;uyif tuRefYtm; ....
] rif;w&m;BuD; bk&m;udk &dkifywfvkdufprf;yg ... / NrefNref ywfvkdufy ... / } [k
trdefYay;ygavonf/ tuRefvnf; rqdkif;rwGyif ywfay;vkdufygonf/ ( &dkif qdkonfrSm tNrifh
wawmifhxGm? tvsm; tawmifESpfq,f &dSygonf/ 0g;udk ESD;pdyf zsmuJhodkY ,ufvkyfxm;ygonf/
vSnf;ay:wGif ypnf;rsm; o,f,l&mwGif ydkrdko,f,lEdkif&ef &dkifudk um&efwifaqmifBuayonf/
&dkifudk &Snfvsm;aomaBumifh vdyf odrf;qnf;Bu&dk; xHk;pH&Sdayonf/ )
rnfonfh a,musFm;rQ tem;wGif r&Sdap&[k rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;\ a0'emawmf ukpm;rnfh
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Ganan & Yamarmoto
35
rdzk&m;u qdkrdefYoNzifh tuRefvnf; rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; tem;rS rcGmcsifbJvsufESifh

cGmxGufcJh&ygonf/ eef;rawmfBuD;rsm;ESifh armif;rrdoH taNcGt&H? oif;yif;
rdef;rrsm;tm;vHk;udkvnf; &dkifvdyfESifh av;ig;vSrf; tuGma0;rS ausmay;&yfaeapygavonf/
tuRefvnf; xl;Ncm;vSaom trdefYawmfoHudk emcH&avonfaBumifh rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;twGuf
pdk;&drfaBumifhus Asmyg&pdwf 0ifa&mufvmum ta&;tcif; wpHkwck ay:aygufvmygu
tNref0ifa&muf u,fwifEdkif&ef rvSrf;rurf;rSae toifhcpm;rnf[k ydkif;Nzwfvkdufygonf/
tuRefvnf; teD;qHk; tumtuG,fNzpfaeaom aNrmufaqmifawmf usnf;&SifwHcg;aygufudk Nrifrd
usnf;&SifwHcg;tuG,fwGif 0ifa&muf ykef;atmif;aevkdufygonf/
xdkrdzk&m; &dkifywftwGif; 0ifoGm;onfudk wHcg;Bum;rS Nrifae&ygonf/ vta&mif tm;raumif;
0kd;w0g;Nzifh xdkrdzk&m;onf udk,fawmfh tay:wGif cGpD;vsuf vSKyf&Sm;ae[efNrifae&ygonf/
ref;rSKwfaeovdkESifh wlonf[kvnf; xifrdonf/ tuRefESifh oHk;av;vHrQom a0;uGmaomfvnf;
Bu,fa&mifomomxGef;vif;aeaom vqkwftm;Nzifh &dkiftuG,ftum uif;vGwfonfh
ykckef;txufydkif;udkom rxifr&Sm; awGU&ayonf/ aqmifhvsuf zdowfaeoa,mifvnf;
xifrSwf&ygonf/
Bunfh&if;Bunfh&if;ESifhyif rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; vnfrsdKawmfudk nSpfaeonfh yHkpHrsdK;Nzifh
ukef;uGukef;uG trlt&mrsdK;udk uGJuGJNym;Nym; Nrif& aqmif"g;Nzifh wtm;0ifydkif;& aumif;rvm;[k
pdwful;aygufvmygonf/ a'goxGuf tuRefYwudk,fvHk;vnf; wqwfqwfwkefvmonfudk
owdNyKrdygonf/ aqmif"g;udkyif vufNzifhprf; a,mif,rf;qGJrdygao;onf/
rdzk&m;BuD;rsm;tv,fwGif rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;udk vkyfBuH owfNzwf0Hhrnf r[kwfaBumif;
aemufrSawG;rd pdwfat;ovdk &SdoGm;ygonf/
xdkonfaBumifh wHcg;Bum;rS *&kwpdkufacsmif;BunfhNyefygonf/ &dkifay:wGif vTm;wifxm;aom
t&mwckonf va&mif? Bu,fa&mif rvif;wvif; atmufwGif wvufvufawmufyaeonfudk
Nrifrdygonf/ xdkt&mum; tb,fenf; .... / rnfodkYaom ypnf; NzpfEdkifygoenf; [k
taNy;tvTm; awG;awmBunfhvkdufaomtcg rdzk&m;rsm;0wfqifonfh abmfpD a&Tcsnfxdk;xrD
NzpfEdkifaBumif; pOf;pm;rdygonf/ rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;wGif tyrDSonfhtwGuf xrDtkyfNyD;
ref;rSKwfukpm;ae&oavm/ ukpm;ref;rSKwfEdkifaom emem&kyf avmuDynmudk wwfaNrmufaom
rdzk&m;&dSonf[kvnf; wcgrQ rBum;rd? rod&ygay/ xdkrdzk&m;vuf0,fwGifvnf; xrDtydk
rygcJhonfudk tuRefaumif;pGm rSwfrdygonf/ &dkifywfay;&if; rnfonfh rdzk&m;enf;[k aphaphpyfpyf
rSwfrdatmif BunfhcJhrd rdzk&m;av;wGif xrDtydk rygaBumif;udk taotcsm owd&vmygonf/
tuRefawG;rdNyefygonf/ xrDonf rnfolY xrDNzpf&tHhenf;/ tb,fodkYaom taBumif;aBumifh
rdzk&m;onf rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; udk,fawmftay: &m&moowuf vSKdif;pD;ouJhodkY
edrfhcsnfNrifhcsnf vSKyf&Sm;ae&ayoenf;/ tuRefrodaom a&m*g? tuRef rcefYrSef;Edkifaom
rif;w&m;BuD; a0'emudk BudK;pm;? yrf;pm; ukpm;ay;aeaom rdzk&m;av;tay:
*&kPmpdwfwdkYyif ,dkzdwfvmygoNzifh apmapmu NypfrSm;rdaom tuRefYudk,f tuRef
tNypfwifcsifovkd Nzpfvmygao;onf/
Bunfh&if; Bunfh&if;ESifhyif vSKyf&Sm;rSKrSm ydkrdkoGufvufvmygonf/ rdzk&m;udk,fawmfwdkifvnf;
armyef;vm[ef &Sdvmayonf/ ] a[m ...... a[m } [koufNyif;&SnfqGJcsvkdufoHrSm
b0&Sifrif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; toHxify/ tdk; .... rdzk&m;av;u xrDudk vSrf;,lvdkufayNyD ... / ]
[if; .... rduGef;ay;wJh touf&Sdawmhyguvm; .... / } [laom
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;\ toHawmfudk &Sif;vif;Nywfom;pGm Bum;vkduf&ayNyD/
b0&Sifrif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; owdvnfvmawmfrlacsyudk;/ tvdk rdzk&m;av;bk&m; &dkifay:u
ausmfvGm; xGufNyD; cyfokwfokwf aNy;oGm;ygayghvm;/ wtHhwBo Bunfh&if;ESifhyif
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; xvmawmfrlonfudk Nrifrd tuRefvnf; wHcg;uG,frS xGufvdkufNyD;
35
Ganan & Yamarmoto
36
rif;w&m;BuD;xHyg; oGm;a&mufcpm;ygonf/ rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;tem; tuRefa&muf&SdcsdefwGif

awmifeef;ra[oD taemufeef;rdzk&m;BuD;rStp wGJulaeol? aNcawmfudkif&rvkd? vufawmfudkif&rvdk
Nzpfaeool rdzk&m;rsm;tm;vHk; Nymavmifcwfaeaomfvnf; rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;u
wnfNidrfat;aq;aomavoHNzifh ....
] pdk;&drfawmfrrlBuygeJY trdwdkY .... armifarmifbk&m; usef;cefYawmfrluNyDyJ ... pdwfcsvufcs
udk,fhtaqmif? udk,fhpHeef;om Nref;Buaya&mh ... }
rdzk&m;BuD;? i,f armif;rrdoHrsm;vnf; rif;w&m;BuD; bk&m;tm; aNcawmfOD;ckdufBuNyD;
xGufcGmoGm;Buygonf/ rdzk&m;BuD;rsm; xGufcGmaysmufuG,f oGm;avBuukefawmhrS tuRefwdkYbufodkY
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; vSnfhawmfrl&if; .... ] iarmifBuD;om igudk,fawmfNrwfeJY &dSyapuG,f&dkU ... /
tdyfzefawmfom;rsm;vnf; udk,fhwm0efudk,fom rvpf[if;apatmif oGm;a&muf xrf;&GufBuaya&mh
armifrif;rsm;Asm; .... / }
trdefYawmfNrwftwdkif; tdyfzefawmfom; tm;vHk; rif;w&m;BuD; bk&m;tyg;rS
xGufcGmoGm;Buygonf/ tuRefrSwyg; wOD;wa,mufrQ rif;w&m;BuD; tyg; r&SdawmhcsdefBurS ......
] rSefvSyg ... b0&Sif rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; rnfonfha0'emawmfaBumifh onfodkY
Nzpfawmfrl&ygoenf; bk&m; .... / }
] tdrf; ..... b,fodkYaom a0'emawmfqdkonfudk orm;awmficJvmrS ar;prf;&rnfy?
igudk,fawmfNrwf icJqufoonfh aq;awmfudk pGrf;tif twdtus od&Sd&ef ,aeY tcgwdkif;xuf
ESpfqydkpm;rdo[ .... / }
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; NyefBum;csufaBumifh tuRefYrSm &ifbufudk vufESpfzufNzifh
udk,fhudkudk,fzd&if;u ] NrwfpGmbk&m;taygif; waomif; u,fawmfrlBuyg bk&m;?
u,fq,fawmfrlBuyg .. } tuRefY trlt&mudk rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;Bunfh NyHK;awmfrl&if;uyif
qufvuf
] oHk;q,ftaqmifuae aBu;rQify ... / aBu;rQifrdzk&m; taqmifutxGuf
eifNrifonfhtwdkif;ayy ... / eifodBum;&yHkudkvJ em;awmfavQmufprf;bd iarmifBuD; ... / }
] bk&m;? odBum;eJY orma'0ewfaumif; ewfNrwfawGom vspfvsL&SKaeBuawmhr,fqdk&if
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; aq;awmfprf;wmeJY &SdorQ rdzk&m;awG tedpoabmeJY udpacsmukefawmhrSm
aocsmo bk&mh ... / NcdK;NcHawmfrlrS oifhavQmfrnf NzpfaBumif;ygbk&m; ... / }
] o,f ... iarmifBuD; aomufpum;awG rsm;vSouG,f ... / eifBum;od&yHkudk
em;awmfavQmufprf;yghqdk .. ./ }
] uRefawmfrsdK;BuD; tdyfaysmfae&mrS rnfonfh rdzk&m; toHrSef;rodaom rdef;rtoHwoHNzifh
aBumufvefY wBum; ] b0&Sif rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; bmNzpfawmfrlrSef; rodaomaBumifh
u,fawmfrlBuyg ... } atmfoHtBum; uRefawmfrsdK;BuD;vnf; aqmif"g;qGJNyD; taNy;tvTm;
vmcJhygoonf bk&m; ... uRefawmfrsdK;BuD; rif;w&m;xHawmftyg; a&muf&Sdcsdef udk,fawmfbk&m;
yufvuf tNrSKyfxGuf wufaeonfudk NrifrdaBumif;ygbk&m; ... / }
] [kwfayrAs .... aBu;rQif rdzk&m;[m igudk,fawmfNrwfudk xHk;wrf;pOfvmtwdkif;
taqmifawmf0txd vdkufydkYawmfrlo[mudkawmh owdawmf &Sdygav&JY ... / usdKif;wHk
taqmifawmfvSrf;zdkY BuGNref;&if;yJ w&dyf&dyfeJY wufvmwJh aoG;om;awmfawG[m 0rf;awmfuae
&ifawmf? &ifawmfuae OD;acgif;awmfta&muf rl;oGm;[ef &Sdo[Jh ... iarmifBuD;&Jh ... / }
] tJo[maBumifh orm;awmficJu wefvQifaq;? vGefvQifab;vdkY wifavQmufxm;cJhNcif;
36
Ganan & Yamarmoto
37
Nzpf&rnfxifaBumif;ygbk&m; ... / }
] [kwfayraygh .... uJ iarmifBuD;? "g;xrf;&if; taqmifawmf tNyifuae apmifhtHk;/ igusdKif;wHk
rdzk&m;xH 0ifvkdufOD;rAs ... / }
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; taqmifawmftwGif; 0ifa&mufaysmufuG,foGm;awmhrS tuRefvnf;
oufNyif;csrdygonf/ ,ck tcsdefwGifrl icJaq;awmfaBumifh vSdKifxdyfxm;u ] pdefNcL;Bumanmif }
csDabmv,fa&;zGJUawmfrlcJh&onf qdkaom pum;udk tuRefoHo, rNzpfawmhyg .... / }
,ckyif taqmifESpfaqmif rdzk&m;oHk;yg;wdkYxHrS BunfEl;rSK &,lcJhNyD;avrS usdKif;wHk taqmifawmfodkY
0ifawmfrlacsNyefonf/
w&GmvHk;ESifh &efNyKaom ,pform; irl;twGuf tqHk;tNzwfay;&ef cufcJouJhodkY w&GmvHk;uyif
qdk;&Gm;oavm ... wa,mufwnf;aom ,pform; irl;uyif qdk;avoavm qdkonfh yHkyrmES,f
rnfolYudk tqdk;NyK&rnffrSef; rodawmhyg/ onfwcg rif;w&m;BuD; bk&m; wNcm;wyg;aom
taqmifawmfodkY ul;0ifawmfrlOD;rnf qdkcJhygvQif rdk;pifpifvif;ayawmhrnf/
wHk;BuD; acgufoHyif Bum;ae&acsNyD/ aemufwA[dk&f&Sdaomf tm&kPfwufayawmhrnf/
r[m0dok'g&kHausmif;wdkufrS tm&kPfqGrf;csuf&efESifh ausmif;wGif;? Z&yfwGif; oefY&Sif;a&; NyKvkyf&ef
ESdK;aqmfonfh wHk;BuD;acgufoHonf tm&kPfrwufrDS wA[dk&f tvdkwGif aeYpOfrSefrSef
acgufavh&Sdygonf/ tuRefvnf; vdkonfxuf ydkrdktoHk;NyKvQif xufNrufaom pGrf;tifNzifh
wefcdk;Nywufaom icJaq;awmf vuf0,fa&muf&Sdaeonfh rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;twGuf
waNrSmfwac:BuD; pOf;pm;rdygonf/
vdkonfxuf aq;awmfudk ydkrdk toHk;NyKvQif pyful;rwful;Bum; umvtwGif; Nzpfayrifh
t&Sdeft[kef Nyif;pGmNzifh wefcdk;awmfNywwfaom aq;awmfonf rdzk&m;rsm;vSaom
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;ESifhrS wdkufwdkufqdkifqdkif awGUBuHK&onfhtwGuf aemifaomumvwGif
raNrSmfrSef;Edkifavmufatmif wdk;yGm;vmOD;rnfh aoG;awmf? om;awmfrsm;twGuf NrdKUopfwpfckrsm;
xyfrHwnfay;&ayOD;rnfvm; rqdkwwf/ tu,f NrdKUawmftopf wnfaqmufay;zdkY tuRefUtm;
wm0efay;cJhygvQif .......
uJhodkYqdkaomf eef;wGif; t&SKyft&Sif;rsm; uif;&Sif;aom pDrHudef;udk rnfuJhodkY
NyKvkyfaqmif&Guf&rnfudk tuReff rBuHpnfwwf pdwfarmaeocdkuf aqmif"g;xrf;&if;
pOf;pm;aeaom tuRefUykcHk;tm; rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;u aemufuykwfvdkufavonf/
] rSefvSygbk&m; ... vif;BuufwGefBuL;oH Bum;ae&ygoNzifh rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; auseyfawmf
rlavmufNyD xifaBumif;ygbk&m; .... / }
] tdrf; ... igudk,fawmf pOf;pm;awmfrlaeo[ ... / NcdK;NcHawmfrlvkduf&&if armifrif;wdkYwawG
'kuayGaeOD;rvm;vdkY .... iarmifBuD;&Jh .... / }
] onf;cH NcdK;NcHawmfrlyg rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; ... ? NcdK;NcH&wJhtwGuf'Dvdk'kursdK;awG
xyfawGUvm&r,fqkd&if iarmifBuD; &ifpD;NyD; cHyghr,f bk&m; ... / }
] igudk,fawmfNrwfBuD;&Jh'kuudk iarmifBuD; u,fEdkifwm rSwfaeovm; armifrif;&Jh ... / }
] bk&m; uRefawmfrsdK;BuD; odyghbk&m; ... / rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; NcdK;NcHawmfrlvdkufr,fqdkvQif
t&Sifhtyg;rSm uRefawmfrsdK;BuD;a&m? &dkifvdyfa&m? rdzk&m; r,fuGefYa&m eHeufvif;vQif vif;csif;
tqifoifh cpm;vsuf &dSaeygaphr,f bk&m; .... / }
37
Ganan & Yamarmoto
38
tuRef\ wifavQmufcsuftqHk;wGif rif;w&m;BuD; bk&m;vnf; &,farm&if; ...

] aumif;oAs ../ aumif;oAs ..../ eifaNymonfh wm0ef vpf[if;vQif eifhacgif;udk
igudk,fawmfwdkif NzwfNyD; owf&r,fAs ... / } [k aNymBum;vsuf rif;w&m;BuD; bk&m;
vuf,mvufNzifh tuRefYa&mifudkqGJum pufawmfac:&ef rSefeef;aqmifqDodkY
BuGNref;awmfrlygavonf/
] rif;w&m;BuD; bk&m;\ a&TpdwfawmfNrL;BuG tuRefYudk Bunfp,fvdkaom oabmESifh
a&mifaypl;udk qGJ&mwGif vSKyfcg &rf;cgESifh emusifatmif tuReftm; NyKNim;aomfvnf; tuRefrSm
emcsdefr&/ atmf&ef *&krxm;rd/ tuRef pdk;&drfrdonfum; wpfckom&dS\/ rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;
pm;awmfrlaom ]]pdefNcL;Bumanmif }} aq;awmfudk rNcdK;NcHbJ ydkrdk aeYpOfpm;oHk;aernf qdkygvQif
aeNynfawmf &wemyHkwGif rdef;r &Sm;yg;oGm;rnfudkom pdk;&drfBuD; pdk;&drfaerdygonf/
wGif NyD;qHk;ygNyD.... /
38
Ganan & Yamarmoto
39
]rmefpG,f usdK;ygaygh}
]] udavom wrefESifh? vuf&pfoHprf;vdkufvdkY? aoG;Nzef;Nzef;xaphr,f ... }}
OD;ykn
] [Jh ... iarmifBuD; ...? igudk,fawmfNrwf a&Teef;awmftwGif; vSnfhvnf pHNref;ae&wm

NiD;aiGUawmfrlovkd &SdawmfrlwmaBumifh waNymif;wvGJav; Nzpfap&atmif tBuHawmfopf
qufprf;ygh .... / }
] rSefvSyg b0&Sifrif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;? &kyfoGifawmf aNymif;vTJcg eef;NrdKUawmf
tNyif&yfuGufrsm;twGif; usif;yNyKvkyfaeaom uxdefyGJcif;rsm;wGif yGJawmfBunfhvdkvQif
aygrsm;vSaBumif;yg bk&m; .... / }
] rdkufvdkufygbd iarmifBuD;&,f ..../ igha&Teef;awmfBuD;rSm q,fhESpfv q,fhESpf&moDyGJawmftrsdK;rsdK;
usif;yNyKvkyfaerSef; eiftodom;eJY .../'DaeYuvGefaNrmuf aemufESpf&ufa&muf&if euwfobifyGJrSm
igudk,fawmfNrwf tuefawmhcH&rSef; rodbJ aeava&mhovm; ... / }
i,fuRefawmf tdrfawmfyg vufpGJawmfBuD;yDyD abmif;awmfndrfh&kHrQNzifh pdwfawmfodNyD;Nzpfol
OD;a&TarmifBuD;rSm rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; bmudk tvdkawmf&SdaerSef; odvsufESifh rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;
a&TESKwfawmfrS tvdkawmf qEudk xkwfazmfrdefUawmfrl vmapaom oabmpdwfxm;&Sdygonf/
odkYrdkYaBumifh rodusdK;uRefNyKcg aNcawmfOD;cdkuf&if; .....
] rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; tvkdawmfudk bk&m;uRefawmfrsdK;BuD; r&dyfpm;rdonfudk
wifavQmuf&Ncif;twGuf tNypfrS cGifhvTwfawmfrlygbk&m; ... / oDwif;uRwfv rD;xGef;yGJawmfudk
bk&m; uRefawmfrsdK;BuD;ESifhtwl b0&Sifrif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; NrdKUawmf&wemyHktwGif; &kyfzsuf&if;
vnfywf&onfrSm pdwfawmftxl;BunfEl;&onf[k rdefUawmfrlbl;onfaBumifh
wifavQmuf&Ncif;ygbk&m; .../ }
] onfvdk &kyfzsuf penf;emenf;rsdK;udkawmh igudk,fawmfNrwf rNyKvkyfvdkawmhbl;
iarmifBuD;&Jh ...../ acG;aygrsm;vSwJh &wemyHkNrdKUawmftwGif; vSnfhvnfoGm;vmaeBuwJh uif;awGudk
vGwfatmif a&SmifuGif;&wm rvG,fulrSef; igudk,fawmfNrwf odawmfrluNyDyJ .../ }
] rSefvSyg ... rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;? tJonfwkef;u acG;av? acG;vGifhab;rS vGwfuif;atmif
taNy;awmfNrefvSonfudk uRefawmfrsdK;BuD; tHhcsD; rqHk;atmif &dSoygonf bk&m; ... / }
] iarmifBuD;wdkYrsm; ta&;&,f taBumif;&,fqdk&if tm;udk;&ayrvm; atmifharhawmfrlrdwm
igudk,fawmfNrwfBuD; trSm;y ... / taNy;om raumif;cJhvQif rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; acG;pm;vkdY
ewf&Gmvm;&SmNyDvdkY eifodkYwawG aNym&pfBurnfy .../ } [k rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;vnf; aNym&if;
39
Ganan & Yamarmoto
40
[ufwarm &,favonfaomaBumifh OD;a&TarmifBuD;vnf; a&ma&mif&,farm&if;

avQmufwifNyefonf/
] uRefawmfrsdK;vnf; wr[kwfcsif; acG;avacG;vGifhawG pkNyKHvdkufawmfrlonfaBumifh
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;ESifh twl,SOfaNy;&if; ref;usnf;udkif; cyfedrfhedrfhudk NrifonfhtwGuf aoG;vefYNyD;
vSrf;qGJrdygonfbk&m; .../ udkif;qGJ&if; opfyifay:a&muf&Sd acG;rsm;&efu vGwfuif;awmhrS
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;udk owd&awmfrlvdkY Nyefqif;cg acG;tkyfaemufvdkufNyD; cJESifhxk ESdrfeif;&ef
tarSmifxJ cJukef;taumufvkduf rpifyHk ESKdufrdygobk&m; ..../ }
] o[mNzifh igudk,fawmfNrwfBuD; uHaumif;onf qdk&rnfy ... / aNy;&if;vGm;&if;
a&wGif;wef;BuD; ckefzrf;NyD; wdkifudk aNceJYvSrf;tcsdwfvdkufrSm ighaemufawmfudk taNy;aumif;eJY
vkdufvmwJh acG;ESpfaumif oHk;aumif a&wGif;xJ tm;vGefusukefwmaBumifh usef&Sd&pfonfh acG;awG
vSnfhaNy;ukefBuvdkYaygh iarmifBuD;& .... / }
]uRefawmfrsdK;BuD;rSmvnf; vufESpfzufpvHk;wGif ayusHaeaom rpifeHYrsm;rSm uRefawmfrsdK;BuD;tm;
rcHr&yfEdkifatmif eHapmfysdKUtefYawmfrlvmonfhtwGuf vufudka&aq;&ef a&t&SmrSm
uif;orm;rsm;ESifhawGU tcsKyftaESmif cH&ygonfbk&m; ... / }
] iarmifBuD;vJ tcsKyfcH&? igudk,fawmfNrwfBuD;vJ csrf;Nrom{t&yfu qifNzLuef oif;csdKif;Z&yfrSm
tem;,l&if; pufawmfac:rdwmaBumifh okb&mZmawGu olaoxifrSwfNyD; t0wfawG vmcRwfvkdY
olwdkYwawGeJY vHk;axG;owfykwfvkduf&wm raNymygeJYawmh iarmifBuD;&m ... / }
] rSefvSyg ... uRefawmfrsdK;BuD;vJ rif;w&m;bk&m; &Sdrnfxif&m rSef;qvkdufyg &SmazGaomfvnf;
rawGU&awmhyJ? pBumEG,fpift&yfrS &yfuGufvlBuD; ipHNrifh xdwfwkef;wGif wnvHk; tdyfcJh&ygonf
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; ... / }
odkYavQmufwif&if; xdkpOfu t&dkufcHcJh&onfudk trSwf&rd a&mif,rf;NyD; ausmrS
'Pf&ma[mif;rsm;udkyif prf;oyfrdygavonf/ rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;vnf; &,fNyD;&if; &,f&if;
BunfEl;pdwfNzifh qufvufrdefYawmfrlavonf/
] onftcg wdwfwcdk;xGufawmfrlzdkYudkawmh iarmifBuD;pDpOf&rnfrSm acG;oHvJrBumif; vloleJYvJ
ra0;uGmapyJ nDnDwnfaxmifzGifhvSpfxm;wJh NynfBuD;aysmfbG,f&yfu rdef;rwef;oGm;NyD;
igudk,fawmfNrwf tuJcyfvdkawmf rlvSoAsm ... / }
] trdefYawmfNrwftwdkif; tpDtpOf NyKvkyfawmfrlygrnf/ b,faeY? b,f&uf xGufawmfrlygrnfvJ
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; ... / }
] tdrf; .... onfuaeYqdkvQif oifhNrwfvSrnfayy ... / ,cif wBudrfuvdk rD;pnf;? rD;wkdifawGvJ
arhraeyapeJY? nDtpfudk rodwod tcsdefxGufawmfrlrAsm; .... / }
] tvdkawmftwdkif; Nynfh0apzdkYESifh rarhravsmhapzdkY&ef uRefawmfrsdK;BuD; tpDtpOf NyKvkyfygrnf
yif;wvJpm; OD;a&TarmifBuD;vnf; tvdkawmftwdkif; aqmif&Guf&ef rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;tm;
OD;cdkufNyD;aemuf yef;cHkawmf tkwfwkdufrS xGufcGmoGm;ygonf/
( yef;ckHawmfwdkufonf b0&Sifrif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; tem;,l&mwGif toHk;NyKonfhtwGuf
oD;oefYaqmifawmfvdk Nzpfaeygonf/ tvkdawmfr&SdyJ rif;rdzk&m;rsm; tcpm;r&Sdap&[k
a&TwdkufawmfrSwfwrf;t& od&Sd&ygonf/ pma&;ol )
40
Ganan & Yamarmoto
41
yD;cJhaom oDwif;uRwfvqef; (14) &ufaeYnydkif;wGif rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; i,fuRef&if;

vufqGJawmfBuD; OD;a&TarmifBuD;wdkY qif;&Jom;toGif aNymif;vJ0wfqifBuNyD; a&TNrdKUawmftwGif;
vSnfhvnfBunfh&SK penf;emxGufBuygavonf/
&wemyHkaeNynfawmfwGif rDSwif;aexdkifBuaom &[ef;&Sifvltrsm; aysmf&Tifcsrf;aNrh &dSyg\avm?
NrdKUta&; &yfta&; om,m0aNym qefa&pyg; aygrsm;yg\avm[k nDvmcHobifwGif
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;onf ar;Nref;pHkprf;avh&Sdygonf/ ar;awmfrlavwdkif; 0efBuD;? 0efav;?
twGif;0efrsm;wdkY\ taNzrSm tpOftNrJ tpOftNrJvdk wnDwnGwfwnf; &yf&Gm
om,mat;csrf;vSygonfbk&m;/ pyg;qefa& aygrsm;vSygonfbk&m;/ a&mif;yef;? 0,fyef;
yGifhvef;BuoNzifh &wemyHk aeNynfawmfESifhwuG rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyf
rif;vkyfawmfrlaom NrdKUe,fc&kdifrsm;tm;vHk; wdk;wufpDyif0aNym om,mygavonf/ pD;yGm;a&;
aumif;rGefonfaBumifh omoemawmfvnf; xGef;um;wdk;wufvsuf&SdaBumif; oHawmfOD;
wifBuonfhtwGuf rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;taeNzifh ,HkBunfawmf rrlovkd &Sdvmygonf/
ol\ eef;pHouf q,fESpfausmf&Sdvmonfhwdkif a&S;xHk;pOfvm &Sdonfhtwdkif; rif;aumif;?
rif;NrwfwdkY NyKrlaqmif&GufBuouJhodkY &kyfzsuf penf;em wBudrfwcgrQ rxGufawmfrlao;onfudk
owd&awmfrlygavonf/ xkdodkY owd&awmfrlonfhtwGuf udk,fawmfwdkif &kyftoGif aNymif;vTJ
&wemyHk aeNynfawmfxJwGif penf;temxGuf&ef qHk;Nzwfawmfrlygavonf/ i,fuRefawmf
vufpGJawmf OD;a&TarmifBuD;ESifh wdkifyif qHk;Nzwfawmfrlonfhtwdkif; rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;onf
&wemyHk aeNynfawmf twGif; vSnfhvnfcJhygavonf/
b0&Sif rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;onf tNrifhodkY a&muf&SdawmfrlNyD;onfhaemuf q,fhESpfESpfausmf?
q,fhoHk;ESpfeD;yg;cefYrQ eef;"avhxHk;wrf;t& rif;{u&mZfwdkY NyKrlaexdkif usifhBuHovkd
aexdkifusifhBuHcJh&onfh [efaqmifrSKavmu tcsKyftcs,frsm;vSaomb0rS
i,fuRefvufpGJawmfBuD;udk tazmfNyK tcdkuftwefUtm;Nzifh tvGwf&kef;xGufawmfrlygonf/
wkdif;olNynfom;rsm;tBum; vGwfvyfpGmNzifh &kyfzsufoGm;vm&onf pdwfESvHk;awmf
tBunfqdkufcJh&ayonf/ &wemyHkaeNynfawmftwGif; rDSwif;aexdkifBuonfh Nynfol? Nynfom;?
&[ef;&Sifvltrsm;onf wm0wdefomyGJawmf usif;yNyKvkyfaeonfESifh BuHKBudKuf&aom
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;onf olwdkY\ awmufyaNymifvufaom qif,ifxHk;zGJUrSKrsm;udk
NrifawGU&awmfrl auseyfNcif;vnf; Nzpf&ygonf/ 0wfaumif;pm;vSrsm;udk 0wfqifum
om;wGJavmif;? orD;wGJavmif;Nzifh oufBuD;? 0gBuD;rsm;udk ylaZmfuefawmh&ef oGm;Buonfudk
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; awGYBuHKawmfrl&vnf; pdwfESvHk;awmf csrf;aNrhNcif;vJ Nzpf&ayonf/
qDrD;a&mif&Sdef xdefxdefvif;atmif xGef;nSd wm0wdefomewfNynfrS r,fawmf ewfom;tm;
w&m;a&at; wdkufauR;NyD;onfESifh vlYNynfodkY Nyefvnf BuGa&mufvmaom Ak'&Sifawmftm;
ylaZmfonfh wm0wdefomyGJawmfrSm BuufysHrus pnfum;vSygayonf/ Ak'bmom0ifwdkY
tavhtxtwdkif; usif;yNyKvkyfNrJNzpfaom rD;xGef;yGJawmfudk &yfuGuftvdkuf tNydKiftqkdif
xGef;nSdxm;onfhyGJawmfudk q&mwynfhESpfOD;wdkY &TifNrL;aompdwfNzifh vSnfhvnfBunfh&SKBuygonf/
ausmfrdk;wHcg;rS wdwfwqdwf &kyfzsufxGufcJh&if; vltkyftBum;odkY oGm;vm vSKyf&Sm;&onfrdkY
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; a&Tpdwfawmf BunfEl;rdayonf/
pdw&r[Dt&yfrS wNznf;Nznf; vSnfhvnfBunfh&SK&if; NrdKUtpGeftzsm; vlae&yfuGufNzpfonfh
r[mEG,fpOft&yfodkYwdkif ( ,ck rEav; wuodkvfausmif;ae&m ) rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;ESifh
OD;a&TarmifBuD;wkdY a&muf&SdoGm;Buygonf/ xdktcsdefwGif rD;xGef;yGJ NyD;pD; vlaetdrfaNcrsm;
ydwfcgwdwfqdyfoGm;ygawmhonf/ onfawmhrSyif olwdkYwGif rD;tdrf? rD;tkyfaqmif;
ryg&SdcJhonfhtNzpfudk owd&ygavawmhonf/ aeNynfawmf\vrf;rsm;wGif rD;wdkifrsm; r&SdonfNzpf
rvTJruif;omaom udpNzifh ntcgoGm;vmBu&olrsm;rSm rD;tdrf? rD;tkyfrsm; yg&Sd&ygonf/ xdkodkY
41
Ganan & Yamarmoto
42
ryg&Sd uif;orm;rsm; ouFm&eHY ruif;ygvQif zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifEdkifcGifh trdefYrsm;

xkwfNyefxm;ygonf/
rD;xGef;yGJ NyD;pD;onfhaemuf xkdntzdkY tcsdefNzKef;Edkif&ef OD;a&TarmifBuD;ESifh rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;wdkY
wkdifyifnDnGwfpGm qHk;NzwfBuNyD; rdk;tvif; uNyaomyGJrsm;&Sdonfh NrdKUtaemufNyifodkY oGm;&ef
xGufcGmcJhBuygonf/ vrf;wGif awGU&Sd&aom enf;yg;vSonfh c&D;oGm;rsm;wGif rD;tdrf? rD;wdkif
udk,fpD ygonfcsnf; awGU&ayonf/ pBumEG,fpift&yfrS Nzwfoef;NyD; atmifeef;&dyfomt&yf&Sd
avmurm&Zdef ousoD[ bk&m;yGJawmfodkYoGm;&ef c&D;OD;wnfaeygonf/ xdkbk&m;yGJawmfonf
ta&mif;t0,f tcsuftcsmusonfh &yfuGuf&Sd wefcdk;BuD;bk&m;NzpfaomaBumifh
pnfum;rnfudkodaom OD;a&TarmifBuD;rSm vltkyfBuD;Bum;xJwdk;vdkonfqdkaom rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;
tvdkNynfh0ap&ef ac:aqmifcJhNcif; Nzpfygonf/
xkdtcdkuf0,f pBumEG,fpift&yfzuftul; aeNynfawmf NrdKU0efrif;\ uif;orm;rsm; ta0;rS
vSrf;Nrif&ygonf/ rD;rygonfhtwGuf ar;vm;Nref;vm; vkyfaeygvQif &Snfvsm;aernf pdk;&drfrd
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;udk vufwdkYvsuf vta&mif uif;vGwfonfh tarSmif&dyfrsm;
odyfonf;xlxyfonfh opfyiftkyfwckatmufodkY wdk;0ifBuygavonf/
uif;orm;rsm;rSm acG;wpDpD a[mifaeonfhBum;rS atmfBu,f[pfBu,fESifh pum;wazmifazmif
aNymqdkoGm;Buonfudk rif;w&m;BuD;wdkY twdkif;om; Bum;ae&ygonf/ tarSmif&dyftwGif;
NidrfoufpGm ykef;cdkaeBuqJ rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;wdkY aemufyg;rS rnfonfhtcsdefu
a&mufvmrSef;rod&aom acG;wtkyfvHk;u 0dkif;0ef; a[mifygavawmhonf/
OD;a&TarmifBuD;vnf; acG;rsm; ta[mif&yfoGm;ap&ef teD;&Sd opfudkif;udkcsdK; &dkufarmif;? ykwfarmif;
vkyfygonf/ xkdodkY acG;rsm;udk &dkufykwfrdavawmhrS acG;rsm;onf qdwfndrfoGm;Bu&rnfhtpm; ydk
a[mifvmygonf/ rvSrf;rurf; wJwvHk;qDrS acG;armif;oHBum;&vsuf a&eHqDrD;cGufta&mifwck
xGufay:vmygonf/ rD;a&mifaBumifh ae&mwGif qufvufykef;atmif;ae&ef
rNzpfEdkifawmhonfhtwGuf tarSmif&dyfxJrS acG;rsm;udk aNcmufvSefY&if; vrf;ray : odkY
wufcJhBuygonf/
xl;Ncm;pGm qlnHaeaom acG;oHrsm;aBumifh aemufaBumif;NyefvSnfhvmaom uif;orm;rsm;ESifh
OD;a&TarmifBuD;wdkYrSm vta&mifNzifh wOD;ESifh wOD; aumif;pGm NrifaeBu&ygonf/
OD;a&TarmifBuD;wdkYum; uif;orm;rsm;uvSrf; t&yfcdkif;aeonfudk Bum;oNzifh ]
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; uRefawmfrsdK;BuD;wdkY todkY NyK&ygrnfenf; .... trdefYawmfrSwfawmfrlyg } [k
wD;wdk;avQmufwifon ] o,f .... iarmifBuD; owdayghvScsnfvm; ... / ightrnf
udk&ifaumif;Nrwfac:zdkY eifarhacsy .... ckta&;u aNy;rS at;rnfrdkY aNy;omaNy;[ .... }
[kaNym&if; rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;vnf; taemufzufodkY taNy;okwfoGm;ygonf/ OD;a&TarmifBuD;vnf;
aemufrS wyg;wnf; taNy;vkdufygonf/ olwdkYaNy;avrS uif;orm;rsm;vnf; nmoHay;
taNy;vdkufBuygonf/ acG;wtkyfvnf; rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;wdkYaemuf tl&if;? a[mif&if;
vdkufBuonfhtwGuf aomaomnHaeygavonf/
aNy;&if;? vGm;&if;ESifh OD;a&TarmifBuD;vnf; tudkif;tcufrsm; aNrBuD;ESifh xdvkcref;
udkif;nGwfaeonfh refusnf;yifudk awGU&SdonfESifh udkif;ay: vSrf;qGJwufa&muf
ykef;cdkaevdkufygonf/ acG;oH? vloHrsm; tawmfa0;a0; a&mufoGm;onfudk Bum;&awmhrS
tarmaNz&if; rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; aNy;awmfrloGm;onfudk trSwf&rdygawmhonf/ odkYNzpf
opfyifay:rS qif;um em;pGifhrdygonf/ rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;ESifh rsufaNcNywfoGm;onfhtwGuf
aNrBuD;udk em;Nzifhuyf toHvm&mt&yfudk rSef;qBunfhygonf/ taemufaxmifh ,Gef;,Gef;qDrS
acG;oHrsm; Bum;ae&ygonf/ acG;rsm;udk NypfcwfESdrfeif;&ef cJrsm;&Smrdygonf/ vta&mifatmufwGif
rNrifrprf;ESifh &SmazG&m cyfrJrJtyHkwpfckudk awGUoNzifh cJxifrSwfum ukef;taumufvdkufwGif
aNymhcRJcRJt&mrsm;udk tm;yg;w& udkifqkwfrdygavonf/
42
Ganan & Yamarmoto
43
rnfonhft&mrSef; rodoNzifh xdkaNymhcRJcRJt&mrsm;udk od&Sd&ef erf;BunfhrdygrS ykwfa[mifaeaom

rpifykwfeHYudk &ygavawmhonf/ tapmydkif;u aNy;cJh& armaeaom t&SdefaBumifhwaBumif;
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; rnfodkY&Sdae&Smrnfudk rcefYrSef;Edkifao;oNzifh ESvHk;wkef? &ifckefae&m
rpifeHYaBumifh ysdKUtefcsifvmygonf/
rpifeHYonf rcHr&yfEdkifavmufatmif eHapmfonf[k xifrdaom OD;a&TarmifBuD;crsm teHYrS
oufompGm &ap&ef ykqdk;Nzifh ESm0odkYydwfzdkY pdwful;rdygonf/ rpifrvl;ao;onfh vuf0JvufNzifh
ESm0odkYydwf&ef ykqdk;ptqGJ? a&mh&J&JNzpfaeaom ykqdk;rSm uRwfxGufoGm;ygonf/
uRwfaeaomykqdk;udk vuf0JvufNzifh pkqGJ&if; ESm0udkydwfum vufa&aq;&ef a&&SmzdkY
tm&Hkpdkufygawmhonf/ a&&a&;omawG;aeaom OD;a&TarmifBuD;rSm tcdkuftwefYtm;Nzifh
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;udkyif arhaysmufoGm;ygonf/ OD;a&TarmifBuD;vnf; a&&&SdEdkifrnfh
ae&udkrSef;q&if; vlaetdrfrsm;&Sd&m opfyiftkyf? t&dyfaumif;aumif;rsm;wGif vdkufvH a&tdk;pifudk
Bunfh&SK&SmazGygonf/
a&tdk;pifawGU&SdNyD; a&&&SdrSom rpifayusHaeaomvufudk aq;ausmokwfoifNyD;
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;udk vkdufvH&SmazG&ayrnf/ tvdk&SdvmygrS a&rSm awmfawmfESifh rawGYyg/
a&rawGUEdkifav OD;a&TarmifBuD;tzkdY pdwfwdkav? a&awGUatmif r&SmazGEdkifav Nzpfaeygonf/
a'gopdwf txGwftxdyfa&muf&Sdaecsdef uif;vSnfhaeBuaom uif;orm;wodkufESifh
awGUygavonf/ OD;a&TarmifBuD;udkBunfh&if; uif;orm;rsm;u ar;Nref;ygavonf/
olYNyefBum;csufxuf olYtrlt&m udk,f0wfykqdk;uRwf zGm;zufawmf ay : aeaom [efyefudk
NrifBu&aom uif;orm;rsm;rSm 0dkif;tkH[m;wdkuf &,farmBuygonf/ avSmifaNymifNcif;cH&aom
OD;a&TarmifBuD;rSm vwfwavm &ifqdkifae&onfhb0udk arhavsmhoGm;NyD; uif;orm;rsm;udk qJqdk&mrS
uif;orm;rsm;ESifh pum;rsm;Bu&ygonf/ tqJoefaom OD;a&TarmifBuD;tm; pBumEG,fpift&yfrS
yoDukvm;vlrsdK; olBuD;xH uif;orm;rsm;u ac:aqmifoGm;&mwGif ukvm;olBuD; OD;pHNrifh
trdefYNzifh wnwm xdyfwHk;cwf zrf;qD;Ncif; cH&ygavawmhonf/
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;vnf; aNcOD;wnfh&m aNy;vTm;&if; aemufuvdkufvmBuaom uif;orm;rsm;ESifh
acG;wtkyfudk rsufaNcNywfap&ef vSnfhywf aNy;ygavonf/ uif;orm;rsm;udk rsufaNcNywfatmif
NyKvkyfEdkifcJhaomfvnf; aemufrS xyfcsyfvdkufygvmaom acG;rsm; rsufaNcNywfatmif rwwfEdkifyg/
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;rSm tawmfyif arm[kdufyifyef;vmygawmhonf/ a&SUudk qufvuf
a0;a0;aNy;Edkifawmhrnf r[kwfawmhaBumif;udk tvdkvdkem;vnfvmygawmhonf/
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;taeNzifh olYaemufrS vkdufvmaom acG;wtkyfudk rnfuJhodkY armif;ESif&rnfudk
pOf;pm;&if; aNy;awmfrlygonf/ aNy;&if; ESKwfoD;edrfhvSaom a&wGif;wwGif;udk ta0;rS
vSrf;Nrifrdygonf/ 4if;a&wGif;wrf;ay: qGJwufvdkufvQif acG;rsm; tE&m,frS vGwfuif;rnfudk
pdwful;vkdufrdygonf/ odkYNzpf &SdorQ tiftm;rsm;udk zspfnpf a&wGif;qDta&muf
aNcukefaNy;ygawmhonf/
a&wGif;em; a&mufvkeD;eD;BucgrS acG;wpfaumifrDSvm vSrf;[yfumtqGJwGif rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;
wifyg;udk Ncpfrd&kHrQNzifh vGwfxGufoGm;ygonf/ aemufwcsDxyf tqGJvkdufwGif
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;vnf; a&iifpufoD; wyfqifonfhwef;udk ckefzrf;vdkufcsdefNzpfoNzifh
acG;udkufcH&rnfhab;rS oDoDuav; vGwfaNrmufoGm;ygonf/ xdkacG;vnf; t&SdefvGefum
a&wGif;xJodkY aZmufxkd;rdk;arQmfusoGm;onfudk rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; vta&mifNzifh
aumif;pGmNrifvkduf&ygonf/ aemufrS pm;&0g;&awmhthH[k pkNyHKvkdufvmaom acG;rsm;vnf;
waumifNyD;waumif qdkovdk a&wGif;xJ t&SdefvGef usukefBuygonf/
43
Ganan & Yamarmoto
44
a&wGif;rSm tawmifESpfq,f? ESpfq,fhig;awmifxuf renf;aomaBumifh acG;rsm;w0kef;0kef;

usoGm;oHrSm qlnHaeygonf/ a&wGif;xJ usa&mufoGm;aom acG;rsm;vnf; waumifxufwaumif
tvkt,ufwdk;a0SY tay : odkYwufa&muf&ef BudK;pm;aeoHrsm;udk rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;
tarmaNz&if; Bum;ae&ygonf/ a&wGif;abmifay : xkdif tarmaNz&if; Bum;ae&aom
acG;oHrsm;aBumifh *&kPmpdwfrsm;yif ,dkzdwfvmygonf/ *&kPmw&m; BuD;rm;vSaom
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;rSm a&wGif;xJrS acG;rsm;udk rnfuJhodkY q,f,l&rnfudkyif pOf;pm;
pdwful;vkdufygao;onf/
BudK;&Snf&Snfwacsmif;ESifh Ncif;BuD;wvHk;om r&Sdygu rnfodkYrQ q,f,la&;twGuf
tusdK;roufa&mufEdkifaBumif;? ,ckavmavmq,f aNctaet& BudK;ESifh Ncif; &&dSzdkYuvnf;
rvG,fulygaBumif; rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; oabmaygufawmfrlbdonf/
xdkYaBumifh rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;onf u,fq,fa&;vkyfief;udk vufavQmhvdkufNyD;? eHeufvif;
a&Teef;awmfwGif; Nyefvnfa&muf&Sdu rif;csif;wdkYudk q,f,l&ef apvTwfrnf[k
qHk;Nzwfvkdufygonf/ ,ckrSyif rdrdudk,fudkrdrd rnfuJhodkY NyKvkyfaqmif&Guf&rnfudk awG;awmzdkY
owd&vmawmfrlygonf/
i,fuRef&if; vufqGJawmf ia&TarmifBuD; wa,muf rnfonfhae&wGif a&muf&Sdaernfudkvnf;
rawG;wwfEkdifatmif Nzpf&ayrnf/ rdrdudk,fwdkifvnf; ,ckvkd uif;orm;rsm; aygrsm;vSNyD;
acG;avacG;vGifh rsm;Nym;onfh &wemyHk aeNynfawmftwGif; olwdkYwawGudk vGwfuif;atmif
auGUywfa&SmifvTJoGm;&ef rvG,fulrSef; odvmygonf/
,cktcsdefonf oef;acgif,H tcsdefomom om&dSygao;onf/ eHeufvif;onfhwdkifatmif
usef&Sdaeao;aom tcsdefrsm;udk rnfuJhodkY ukefvGefapatmif NyKvkyf&rnfenf;/ pOf;pm;&if;
NrdKUt0if? txGuf rsm;wGif &Sdwwfaom Z&yfwaqmifaqmifay: oGm;a&muftdyfpuf&if;
tcsdefukefvGefapNcif;onfom ab;tuif;qHk;Nzpfrnfudk wGufqrdygonf/ wGufqcsufudk tNyD;wdkif
qHk;NzwfawmfrlNyD; a&wGif;abmifay:rSxvsuf awmifbufpl;pl;odkY xGufcGmoGm;awmf rlygavonf/
pdwfat;vufat; vrf;avQmufawmfrlavrS ca&mif;awmtwGif; Nzwfeif;oGm;&onfh
aNcz0g;awmfwdkYrSm em&usif&rSef; odvmygonf/ zdeyfawmfrSm aNy;&if;vTm;&if; rnfonhfae&mwGif
uRwfusef&pfrSef; rodEdkifawmhyg/
onfvdkavQmuf&if; rBumrSD NrdKUawmfNyif csrf;Nrompnft&yf&Sd qifNzLuef oif;csdKif;odkY
a&muf&dSvmygonf/ va&mifatmufwGif NrifawGUae&aom tkwf*lazG;azG;ESifh aNryHkrsm;u
oif;csdKif;NzpfaBumif;udk oufaocHaeygonf/
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;vnf; onfawmhrS oufNyif;&J&J cs0efUygawmhonf/ Z&yftrsm;tNym;
&SdonfhteufrS acsmifusaom Z&yfBuD; wckay:wuf tdyf&efae&m a&G;cs,fygonf/
vta&mifuif;aom tarSmif&dyfwae&mrS a'gifhwckudk tdyfpuf&ef ae&owfrSwf ykqdk;pwzufNzifh
zHkrsm;udk okwfoif&Sif;vif;NyD; pufawmfrlygawmhonf/ yifyef;awmfrlvmonfh t&SdefNzifh
ESpfESpfNcKdufNcdKuf pufawmfac: aysmfawmfrlygonf/
pufawmfac:aeonfh rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; 0wfqifxm;onfh udk,fawmfay:rS zsifodk&if;tuFsDudk
vma&mufcRwfaeonfhtwGuf rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;rSm pufawmfac:&mrS Edk;awmfrlvmygonf/
Edk;vQifEdk;Ncif; Buufoa&r*Fvmuif;rJhaom qGJqGJiifiif tlaeaom acG;tloH &SnfBuD;udk
Bum;&ygonf/ rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;onf tdyfrHSKpHkrGm;Nzifh rJrJt&dyfo@efESpfckonf
ol0wfqifxm;aom zsifodk&if;tuFsDudk cRwfcGmaeaBumif; odrd ] [Jh b,folawGenf;? bmNyKrJh
ightuFsDudk cRwf&onfvJ } [k ar;vdkufonf/
44
Ganan & Yamarmoto
45
rJrJo@efwcku eifhtar ... b,fu taoaumif [kwfonfvJ iuRJ&? eifrl;rl;&l;&l;ESifh

tdyfaysmfaeooludk taoxifaeonfy ... } [k aNymvkdufygonf/
] igudk,fwdkif yg;pyfNzJBunfhonfy zkwfaumif0ifvmonfxifw,f udk&if ... / zkwf0ifvdkYom ckrS
pum;pvmonfudkrsm; udk&ifu taBumuf0ifaeNyefyvm; ... / } [k tNcm;
rJrJo@efwckuvnf; NyefaNymvkdufonf/
olwdkYcsif; pum;aNymoHBum;avawmhrS rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;vnf; tNzpfrSefudk &dyfpm;rdygawmhonf/
olpufawmfac:aeonfudk okb&mZmrsm;u olaoxifrSwf t0wfrsm;vmcRwfNcif; Nzpfayrnf/
( xdkacwf xdktcgu ul;pufwwfaom a&m*g ausmufa&m*g? umvom;a&m*grsdK;rsm;ESifh
tcsdefrJhaoaomolrsm;udk &yf&GmtwGif;rxm;yJ oif;csdKif;odkY ydkYxm;Buonf/ eHeuf tcsdefusa&mufrS
o&P*Hkwif oif;csdKif;wGifyif NrKyfESH oN*FdK[fBuygonf/ ) rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;vnf;
raeomawmhyJ pufawmfac:&mrS xawmfrl&if; ....
] irdkufom;awG b,fu taoaumif [kwf&onfvJ? eifwdkY tdyfaerSef;rod aoaerSef;rodyJ ...
/ } [k aNymvkdufonf/
rif;w&m;BuD; pum;tqHk;wGif wckaom rJrJo@efu .... ] udk&if zkwf0ifonfom trSefy .../
NrefNref&dkuf rvSJ&if igwdkY'kuawGUrnf rvTJrdkY NrefNref&dkufyg[k ZGwfyifwdkufwGef;aeNyefonf/
onftwdkif; NidrfaevQif rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;tm; &efrlvmzdkYom &Sdawmhrnfudk odawmfrloNzifh
irdkufom;ESpfa,muftm; &efrNyKrDS t&ifOD;pGm qHk;rrS oifhawmhayrnf[k xkdif&mrS vQifNrefpGm
xawmfrlNyD; okb&mZm ESpfa,mufudk qHk;rawmfrlzdkYtwGuf cawmif;BudKuf&ef ykqdk;pudk
vdkufqGJavrS udk,fawmfay:wGif ykqdk;r&Sd rdarG;wdkif;? zarG;wdkif; NzpfaeaBumif; od&ygawmhonf/
ESpfNcdKufpGm pufawmfac:awmfrlcJhrdonhftwGuf cg;0wfykqdk;rsm; tdyfonfhae&mwGif
uRwfaeavovm;[k tdyfpuf&mae&m vSrf;Bunfhrdaomfvnf; Avmewd vHk;0r&Sd/ onfawmhrS
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;vnf; w&m;cHtppftrSefudk &dyfrdod&Sdygawmhonf/ okb&mZmESpfa,mufyif
udk,fawmhykqdk; cRwf,lolrsm;yif Nzpfayrnf/
] a[h ... irdkufom;aumifawG ... ighudk,f0wfykqdk; Nyefay;ygbd ... ig[maoolr[kwf rlrSef
oduNyDyJ .... eifwdkY,lonfh ykqdk;Nyefay;yg ... / }
] at;[Jh ... aoolr[kwfrSef;awmh oduNyD .. / eifhudk,f0wf Nyefvdkoyqdk&if igwdkYtdyfysufNyD;
bmypnf;rS r&avordkY igeJY vufyef;owfvdkY eifEdkif&if eifhudk,f0wfykqdk;
Nyefay;&raygh ... .eif&SKH;&ifawmh ig eifhykqdk;udk ,lyr,f ... ESpfNcdKuf&JYvm; ... / }
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;vnf; onfvrf;rSvGJ wNcm;enf;Nzifh Nyefvnf&,l&ef vrf;prNrifawmhoNzifh
olwdkYtvdkudk vufcHvkduf&onf/
] at; .... eifhqdkpum; twdkif; NrJyap ... eifhpum; rwnfrBunfcJh&if NrdKU0efudk wdkifBum;NyD;
tNypfawmf&ap&rnfy .... / }
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;onf tavmif;rif;w&m;BuD; tEG,fawmfyDyD &J&ifhol Nzpfayonf/ rif;om;wdkY
oifBum;wwfaNrmuftyfaom t|m&otwwf wq,fh&Spf&yfudkvnf; wwfaNrmufol Nzpfygonf/
xkdYNyif &Srf;? ,Gef;? Aef&Snfq&m? Aefwdkq&m rsm;xHrSvnf; Aefwdk? Aef&Snfrsm;udk pepfwus
oifBum;xm;olNzpf udk,fcHynmaumif;ygonf/ odkYyifNzpfvifhupm; ,ck vufyef;owf&rnf
qdkNyefawmh udk,fruRrf;usifaom ynmNzpfoNzifh *&kNyK owfykwf&rnf[k qHk;Nzwfawmfrlygonf/
45
Ganan & Yamarmoto
46
wzufrS rJrJo@efolonf Avaumif;[ef wlayonf/ rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;vnf;

xdkol\ vSKyf&Sm;rSKudk Bunfhrd&m uawmif;aNrSmifaeatmifBudKuf vufyef;ayguf
waNzmif;aNzmif;cwfvsuf vufyrf;owf&ef [efa&;Nyaeygonf/ rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;vnf;
olvdk[efa&;Ny NyefvnfNcdrf;aNcmuf&ef pdwful;ygonf/
uawmif;BudKuf&ef ykqdk;udk NyefNyifygonf/ arhavsmhaerdaom pdwfawmftwGuf
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;vnf; NyHK;rdygonf/ uawmif;BudKufp&m rvdkawmhonfESifh
vufyef;aygufcwfygonf/
vufyef;aygufcwfoHrSmvnf; rJrJvlvdk waNzmif;aNzmif;xGufrvmyJ waNzmif;aNzmif;rnf&rnfhtpm;
wzswfzswfrnfoHom rxGufcsif? xGufcsifESifh xGufay:vmygonf/ vufyrf;ayguf cwfoHtxGuf
wzuf&efolrSm rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;tay: txifao;oGm;ygonf/
] udk,fhvl vufyrf;cwfoHBum;&wm rD;aeonf nnf;oHeJY wloAs ..../ usKyfudk
EdkifatmifowfEdkifoyqdk&if udk&ifhykqdk; Nyefay;&kHruyJ tvkd&Sd&m t&yfa&mufatmif ukef;ydk;NyD;
Nyef&aprAs ... / }
] eifvJ ighudk tEdkifowfEdkifoyqdk&if eifhtwGuf ighudk,f0wfykqdk;tNyif aiGawmfig;&mvJ
ay;rnfy .... / }
] tvdk ... onfvl BuG,f0[ef &dSo[ iuRJ& ... ? oif;udk igtEdkif owfrAsm ..../ omrS ighrSm
oufawmifhoufom aeEdkifayr,f ... [D; .. [D; ... } [kaNym&if; oabmusaBueyf[efESifh
vSKdufvSdKufvSJvSJ [D;xdk;aeygonf/
] udk&if aNymonfuawmh tm;usp&mayyJ .../ oif;udk EdkifygNyDwJh .../ oif;[m
b,ft&yfuvmvdkY b,ft&yfudk oGm;rnfholrSef; udk&ifvJrod? igvJrod&yJESifh oif;aiGawmf
ig;&may;EdkifoolrSef; b,fvdk,Hk&y ... / }
olwdkYcsif; aNymqdkoHaBumifh rif;w&m;BuD;onf pOf;pm;&if; taNctaetwdkif; qdkygvQif
rnfolrQ ,HkBunfEkdifzG,fr&dSonfudk em;vnf&ygonf/ odkYaBumifh ] eifwdkY ighudkom
tEdkifowfprf;yg ... / eifwdkY Edkifoyqdk&if aiGawmfig;&m eifwdkYqDta&muf
igudk,fwdkifvmydkYrAs ... / pdwf0rf;cscsom aeygbd ../ ighudk r,HkrBunfaomf bk&m;
opmqdkrnfy .../ }
xdkodkY rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;ESifh okb&mZmwdkY tacstwif aNymqdkaeBucsdef ta&SUavmu"gwfqDrS
Bu,feDyifxGufay:vmacsNyD/ vufyrf;owfyGJum; pwifavNyD wum; ....
b0&Sifrif;w&m;BuD; bk&m;ESifh okb&mZmwdkY wa,muftvpf wa,mufacsmif;aNrmif;&if;
oif;csdKif;Z&yfay:wGif vufyrf;pwifowfaeBuygonf/ wydkif;wpaom vta&mifrSm Z&yfwGif;odkY
0ifa&mufaeNyD NzpfoNzifh wa,muftuJ wa,mufaumif;pGm tuJcwfEdkifygonf/
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;ESifh ,SOfNydKif&rnfh okb&mZmonf tawmfyif awmifhwif;oefrmyHk&avonf/
vSKyf&Sm;rSKwdkYudk BunfhNrif&onfrSmvnf; NzwfvwfyHk&ygavonf/ rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;vnf;
tvpfray;pwrf; &efolvSKyf&Sm;wdkif; rsufESmrlvsuf wdkufcdkuf&ef apmifhpm;aeygonf/
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; tvpfray;pwrf; apmifhpm;aeqJ okb&mZmonf rif;w&m;BuD;xH vQifNrefpGm
ab;wdkuf0ifa&mufyl;uyfvdkufygonf/ cg;udk vufESpfzufNzifh qGJvsuf aNcaxmufNcif;
csdwfvSJvdkuf rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; vJusoGm;ygonf/ okb&mZmonf vJusoGm;aom
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; udk,fay: cGpD;vsuf ausmNyifESifh Burf;xdap&ef usdK;pm;ygawmhonf/
46
Ganan & Yamarmoto
47
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;vnf; udk,fawmfay:rS cGpD;xm;ol okb&mZm\ nmbufvufESifh

nmbufykcHk;pGef;udk wGef; udk,fudkvdrfapmif;oGm;atmif NyKvkyfvdkufygonf/ udk,fvdrfapmif;
oGm;onfaBumifh okb&mZm\ zdtm; ysufNy,foGm;onfESifh Aefwdkenf;Nzifh okb&mZmvuftm;
b,fvufNzifh cdkifrmpGm csKyfaESmifNyD; Burf;Nyifay:odkY usapatmif usifvnfpGm
NyKvkdufygawmhonf/
okb&mZmvnf; rarQmfvifhrdaom wHkYNyefrSKESifh vQifNrefNzwfvwfpGm wkdufcdkufvmrSKaBumifh rckcHEdkifrD
Burf;Nyifay:odkY tNyD;wdkif vSJcsNcif;cHvdkuf&ygawmhonf/
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;\ ynmom;ygyg olYtm; xdef;csKyf rvSKyfr&Sm;Edkifatmif tEdkif,loGm;onfudk
rrSKawmhyJ ....
] udk,fhvl& usKyf&HSK;&wm 0rf;renf;aybl; ..../ udk,fhvlrSm vufyrf;ynm wzufurf;cwf
wwfaNrmufool NzpfordkY usKyfauseyfonfy .../ }
] tdrf; .... eif[m okb&mZm NzpfayrJh &J&ifh Nywfom;vSayoAs .... eifhemrnf tolenf; ....
/ }
] usKyfemru irSwfy .../ olYudkawmh iuRJac:qdkonfudk vlwdkif;odBuonfy .../ qifNzLuef
irSwfqdkvQif vufyrf;om;wdkif; odavoAs .../ &wemyHk aeNynfawmfxJwGif irSwftrnf[m
tausmfa',s odolr&Sm;yg ..../ }
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;vnf; irSwfay;onfh ykqdk;udk 0wf&if; ....
] usKyfudk usHK;awmifbufem; pdw&r[D&yf a&mufatmif ydkYay;aya&mh udkYvla& ... ckyJ oGm;BurS
awmfa&mhr,f ..../ }
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;vnf; irSwfausmxufrS pD;&if; pdw&r[D&yfodkY ta&mufvmcJhygonf/
irSwfESifh tazmf iuRJwkdYrSmvnf; vrf;wGif a&mufwuf&m&mrsm;udk aNymqdkvmBuygonf/
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;\ trnf? tvkyftudkifwdkYudk ar;Nref;&m a&Tbdke,frS opf0g;ukefonf
udk&ifaumif;Nrwf NzpfaBumif; .../ raeYu Nrifhrdk&fyGJBunfh&if; tvnfvGefoGm;&mrS uif;orm;rsm;udk
a&SmifuGif;&if; ocFsKdif;Z&yfay:txd aNymNyygonf/ pGefYpm;cef;rsm;udk rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;rSm
owd&vmaomaBumifh yDwdawG Nzm&ygao;onf/
a&mifeDay:vmcsdef rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;wdkYrSm pdw&r[D&yfuGufwGif;odkY a&muf&SdvmBuygonf/
okb&mZmrsm;udk Nyefapygonf/ olYwynfhwa,mufudk naeydkif;wGif irSwfESifh iuRJtwGuf
aiGom;ig;&musyf tvdk&Sd&m toHk;NyKEdkif&ef ay;ydkYay;vkdufrnfhtaBumif; trdefY&Sdvkdufygonf/
okb&mZm ESpfa,mufvnf; xdkpum;Bum;od&oNzifh 0rf;aNrmufBunfEl;pdwfwdkYNzifh
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;tm; OD;nGwf t&kdtaoay;vsuf vmvrf;twdkif; &TifNrL;pGm
NyefoGm;Buygavonf/
xkd okb&mZmrsm; aysmufuG,foGm;avawmhrS rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;vnf; rnfolrQ r&dyfrdapyJ
a&Teef;awmftwGif;odkY 0ifa&mufoGm;ygavawmhonf/ rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;onf i,fuRefvufpGJawmf
iarmifBuD;tm; olUudkNypfxm;cJh udk,fvGwf&kef;oGm;onf[k xifrSwfrSm; oHk;&ufwdwd
pum;rqdkyJ aeygonf/
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
47
Ganan & Yamarmoto
48
eHeufvif;vQif OD;a&TarmifBuD;vnf; olBuD; OD;pHNrifhtm; NrdKU0ef OD;ombdkudk tac:ckdif;ygavonf/

olBuD;vnf; qif;&Jom;wOD;u NrdKU0efrif;udk ac:cdkif;onfhtwGuf ysuf&,fNyKcg b0ifudkifaeaom
t&l;wa,muf[k txifa&mufoGm;ygonf/
] udk,fhvlu &m&moo NrdKU0efrif;OD;ombdkudk awGUcsif&atmif NrdKU0efrif;udk oifhtarhvif
rSwfaebdonfvm; ..../ onftcsdefwGif NrdKU0efrif;bk&m;onf olUr,m;av;rsm;ESifhzuf
pufawmfac:vdkY aysmfawmfrlqJ &SdayOD;rnfy ighvl& ..../ }
OD;a&TarmifBuD;vnf; rcHcsifpdwfrsm; Nzpfay:vmNyD; olBuD;rsufESmudk wHawG;Nzifh vSrf;axG;&if; ]
acG;om; ... igh rsufESmudk aphaphBunfhprf; ../ eif a&Teef;awmfBuD;xJ ra&mufbl;avonfrdkY igh
rodrNrifbl;avonfy .../ vufqGJawmf a&TarmifBuD;qdkwm igbJ[ .../ } [k
Budrf;armif;vkdufonf/
OD;a&TarmifBuD; Budrf;armif;oHBum;&awmhrS olBuD;rSm aBumuf&rnfhtpm; olxifrSwfaeovdk
b0ifNrifhaom t&l;wpfa,muf[k twnfNyK olYwynfhtm; ] Budrfaumif;wvHk;ay;prf;yg ../
iNrdKifonf t&l;udk Budrfaq; wdkufauR;ay;&ayvdrfhrAsm; ..../ } [kaNymvkdufonf/
olBuD;\wynfhvnf; q&mtrdefYtwdkif; BudrfvHk;udk ,lvsuf olBuD;vuf0,fodkY
ay;tyfvdkufygonf/ OD;a&TarmifBuD;vnf; olBuD;tm; atmf[pfqJqdk Budrf;0g;ygonf/ olBuD;vnf;
tqJcH&oNzifh a'goydkxGufcg OD;a&TarmifBuD;udk BudrfNzifh wtm;qGJ&dkufygawmhonf/ &dkufav?
qJav ... qJav? &dkufav NzpfaeoNzifh qlnHoHaBumifh &yfuGuftwGif;rS vltrsm; vma&muf
Bunfh&SKBuygonf/ OD;a&TarmifBuD; udk,fay:wGifvnf; BudrfvHk;&m tvQdK; tpif;rsm;Nzifh
NynfhESufaeygavonf/ vmBunfhBuolrsm;Nzifh NynfhESufaeygavonf/ vmBunfhBuolrsm;xJwGif
tdyfzefawmfom;wa,muf yg&SdvmonfaBumifh xdktdyfzefawmfom;uyif ... ] olBuD;rif;
vlrSm;aeygaygh .../ 'g yif;wvJpm; vufpGJawmfBuD; OD;a&TarmifBuD;y ... olBuD; ausacsmatmif
NyKayrS oufom&m &awmhr,fAs ... / } [k uHtm;avsmfpGm a&muf&dSvmaom tdyfzefawmfom;
aNymBum;csufaBumifh olBuD;rSm rsufvHk;NyL;oGm;&ygonf/ OD;a&TarmifBuD;tm; xdyfwkef;rS
NzKwftdrfay:odkY ayGUcsDrwifcg 'Pf&mrsm;udk eEGif;ESifh aq;rsm; vdrf;usH tEl;tnGwf
awmif;yefygavonf/
OD;a&TarmifBuD;vnf; olBuD;wpfa,muftaeNzifh i,fom;rsm; aNymorQ ,HkBunfolNzpfonf/ trSKudk
trSeftuef rppfausmyJ xdyfwkef;t&ifcwfwwfonfh trltusifhaBumifh olBuD;tNzpfESifh rwef&m?
odkYtwGuf &mxl;rS xkwfy,f ausmw&m? &ifw&m yg;uGufom;rsm;udk &dkufygap[k
NrdKU0efrif;tm; arwm&yfcH a&Teef;awmftwGif;odkY NyefoGm;ygavawmhonf/
aeNynfawmftwGif; tcsdefrJh oGm;vm&mwGif rD;pD;? rD;wdkif? rD;tkyfaqmif; ryg? r&SdyJ
roGm;vm&[laom trdefYawmf&Sdygavonf/ rD;tkyfaqmif; r,loGm;rdonfaBumifh awGUBuHK&aom
'ku okursm;twGuf olYudk,fol ayghavsmh&avrnfvm;[k tNypfwifrdygonf/
ol\ ayghavsmhrSKaBumifhvnf; rif;w&m;BuD; bk&m;yg BuD;pGmaom tE&m,fESifh &ifqdkifcJh&onfudk
Bum;od&onfhtwGufvnf; pdwfraumif;Ncif; Nzpfrdayawmhonf/
NrdKUwHcg;rsm; rydwfrDS xGufcGmBu&ef csdef;qdkxm;onfhtwdkif; OD;a&TarmifBuD;vnf;
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; &SdaernfNzpfaom yef;ckeftkwfwdkufodkY oGm;ygonf/ toifhapmifharQmfaeaom
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;ESifh awGUqHkNyD;vQif ol,laqmifvmcJhaom t0wftpm;xkwfudk rif;BuD;bk&m;tm;
qufoawmfrlygonf/ rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;udk t0wftpm; vJvS,fapygonf/
] [Jh ... iarmifBuD; onft0wftpm;awGu aumif;vScsnfvm;uG,f&dkU? cgomydwf odk&if; tuFsD?
ydk;csdef;ykqdk; yguvm; .... 'golBuG,fawGom 0wfwJht0wfayyJ .... }
48
Ganan & Yamarmoto
49
] rSefvSyg ... ,aeY rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; oGm;a&mufvkdaom ae&monf aiGpayrsm;ool ...?

NzKef;Ekdif oHk;pGJEdkifaom vl&nfwwfrsm; vSnfhywfusufpm;&m t&yfNzpfygoNzifh ,ckuJhodkY pDpOf&Ncif;
NzpfaBumif;ygbk&m; .... / }
OD;a&TarmifBuD;vnf; rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;tm; &Sif;vif;wifavQmuf&if; uwDyg aiGptdyf&SHKav;udk
udkifaNrSmufum vSKyf&rf;Nyoygonf/ a&Tp? aiGpoHrsm;yif vSKyf&rf;onfh t&SdefaBumifh
xGufay:vmygonf/
] onfvkdNzifh &Sdyap ... iarmifBuD; .../ vlBum;? olBum;xJ a&mufvQifawmh ighudk
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;awG vkyfae&if onfwcg eifhacgif;udk vif;wpm auR;rAsm; ...... / }
] owdawmf rNywfrvwf&Sd&ygaphrnfbk&m; .../ uRefawmfrsdK;BuD;vnf; rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;
tyg;awmfrSm woufvHk; cpm;vmool NzpfaeygoNzifh ESKwfusdK; aerdNcif;udk qifNcif
trSm;t,Gif;udk cGifhvTwfawmfrlygbk&m;.... }
] tdrf; .... [kwfayoAs .../ [kwfayoAs .../'dkYrsm; bmeJY oGm;BurnfvJ .../
olBuG,f[dwfvkyf&rnfqdkvQif bD&dkvSnf;rsm; pD;ae&rnfvm; .... / }
] trdefUawmf rSwfxm;awmfrlonfhtwdkif; acG;oHvnf; rBum;? vlolESifhvnf; ra0;uGm&[k
rdefUqdkawmfrlonfhtwdkif; pDpOfxm;aBumif;yg rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; ..../ }
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;vnf; t0wftpm;rsm; vJvS,fawmfrlNyD;onfhaemuf rSefBuKwfawmfudk &SKpm;&if;
NyHK;awmfrlygavonf/ rif;w&m;BuD; udk,fwdkifrSm oefrmzswfvwfvsuf&SdqJ[laom ,HkBunfcsufudk
cdkifrmap&ef ekysdKvsuf &dSqJyifNzpfonf/
] uRefawmfrsdK;BuD;rsm;onf vrf;uxGufcGmawmfrl&ygrnf Nzpfygonfbk&m; ... } [k
wifavQmuf&if; yef;cHkawmftkwfwdkif ta&SYbufNyLwif;rS qifNzLeef;awmf ( qifwif;ukwf )
&Sd&modkY vufnSdK;nTefNy&if; wifavQmufonfudk rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;vnf; rsufcHk;ESpfzuf
&SHKawmfrl&if; ] b,fodkY qdkbdoenf; .... iarmifBuD; .... igudk,fawmf em;awmfr&Sif;vSaybl; ...
/ armifrif; em;awmfaygufatmif xyfrH avQmufwifprf;y ... / }
] bk&m; uRefawmfrsdK;BuD; qifNzLeef;awmf ( qifwif;ukwf ) a&SYwGif Nrif;ESpfaumif tqifoifh
csnfaESmifxm;cJhaBumif;ygbk&m; .... rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; qifNzLawmf &SKpm;&if;
Nywif;aygufawmfa&SU&Sd tkwfvuf&rf;rS ausmfvTm; atmufodkYqif;&ygrnfbk&m; .... / }
] [Jh ... iarmifBuD; ..... tkwfvuf&rf; rygyJ aNrNyifta&muf tNrifhckESpfawmifESifh
wrdkuf&Sdonfudk eifarhaeava&mhovm; ... / onfavmuf tNrifhu ckefcs&vdkY igudk,fawmfNrwf
usdK;awmfrlyrnf ... / }
tkwfvuf&rf;onf ckESpfawmifhwxGm tNrifh &SdaBumif; uRefawmfrsdK;BuD; odygonfbk&m; ... /
tkwfvuf&rf;ay:rS ckefcs&efr[kwfygbk&m; ... uRefawmfrsdK;BuD;a&SUu t&ifqif;Nyygrnfbk&m; ..../
uRefawmfrsdK;BuD;qif;onfh twdkif; ckefqif;vQif vG,fulacsmarmpGmESifh atmufodkY aBumifus
usEdkifygonfbk&m; ... / }
] onfvdkqdkvQifvJ eift&ifqif;onfudk igudk,fawmfNrwf &SKpm;awmfrlNyD;rS eifhudk
wkyqif;&rnfy .... / }
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; rdefYawmfrlonfESifh OD;a&TarmifBuD;vnf; tkwfvuf&rf;ay: ausmfwuf&if;
vuf&rf;taNcay: ausmfcGvsuf &yfygonf/ tkwfvuf&rf; ta&SYbufrS&yf&if; ] uRefawmfrsdK;BuD;
49
Ganan & Yamarmoto
50
NyKtyfonfudk aphaph&SKpm;awmfrlyg ... trSm; wuGuf&Sdygu tusoufomrnf r[kwfaBumif;yg

rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; ..... } [k avQmufwifvdkufonf/ xkdodkY avQmufwifawmfrlNyD;
olrsufESmrlae&mrS rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;tm; ausmay;vsuf vufaemufNyef tkwfvuf&rf;udk
udkifumzifxkdifygonf/ odkY zifxdkifNyD;rS xkdifae&mab;udk vufESpfzufESifh udk,fvdrfapmif;axmufcg
atmufodkYavQmcsvdkufygonf/ vufESpfzufrS wGJavmif;qGJ&if; rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;tm; ]
onfae&mrS vufudk aNzrcsrDS tkwfckefudk aNcESifhuef udk,fudkuGmapNyD; vufNzKwfcsvdkufvQif
aBumifus usEkdifonfudk &SKpm;awmfrlygbk&m; ... / } [k aNymqdkavQmufxm;&if; atmufodkY
ckefcsvdkufygonf/
] onfvkdqdkvQif tvG,fom;ygvm; iarmifBuD;&JU ... }
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;vnf; OD;a&TarmifBuD; NyKvkyfonfhtwdkif; Nznf;nif;pGm ckefcsvdkufygonf/
vufNzKwf ckefrcsrDS tcsdefav;wGifyif OD;a&TarmifBuD;u ] rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; tkwfckefudk
aNcawmfESifh uefap udk,fawmfuGmaprS ckefcs .... } [k pum;rqHk;rDS vufNzKwftcsvdkufwGif
aNrBuD;ESifh tkwfckefuif;pae&monf tkwfrsm;udk qifacsavsmoabmrsdK; tqkwftwufrsm;
NyKvkyfxm;ygonf/ nDnGwfrSKr&Sdaom tkwfckef tqkwftwufay:wGif eif;rdawmfrl
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;rSm udk,f&SdefrowfEdkifyJ zifxkdif&uf vJusygonf/
aNcaxmufESpfacsmif;rSm rdk;odkY axmifoGm;onf/ rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; 0wfqifxm;aom ykqdk;rSm
rsufESmawmfay:odkYwdkifatmif zHk;vGrf;oGm;oNzifh atmufydkif;rSm Avmusif;vsuf i,fawmfygrSm
twdkif;om; ay:xGufaeygonf/ yHkyrf;udk Nrif&olwdkif; r&,fyJ raeEdkifatmif
Nzpf&rnfrSefaomfvnf; rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; &Sufawmfrlrnfpdk; OD;a&TarmifBuD;rSm r&,f0efYyg/
pyfNzJNzJNzpfaeaom rsufESmudk tydk;oyfvsuf rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;tm; xlray;&ef
tem;wdk;oGm;onfwGif vJus&mrS x&yf&if; ykqdk;udk Nyif0wfygavonf/ onfawmhrS
OD;a&TarmifBuD;vnf; rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;wGif ayusHaeaom zkwfrsm;udk cgay;awmfrlvdkufonf/
] udk,fawmf b,fae&mrsm; txdemoGm;ygao;onfvJ rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; .../ }
] remusifayrJh t&Sdefowfr&wmaBumifh aemufvefvJ&onf ..../ eifh wkyayrJh r&yguvm;
iarmifBuD;& ..../ }
] rSefvSyg .../ rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;udk uRefawmfrsdK;BuD; tkwfcHkudk uef udk,fawmfuGmaprS
ckefcsawmfrl&ef owdawmfqufqJ t&Sifbk&m; ckefcsawmfrlonfhtwGuf rnDnGwfaom
qifaNcavQmay: usoGm;onfhtwGuf t&Sdefrxdef;EdkifyJ vJusoGm;&Ncif; NzpfaBumif;yg
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; ..... / }
] at; ... [kwfayom;bJ iarmifBuD;&JU .../ ighcsdKU,Gif;csufayuyJ ... / }
] uRefawmfrsdK;BuD;rsm;onfu NrefNrefcGmBurS oifhawmfrnf xifaBumif;yg .../ ADZem
tenf;i,ftwGif; NrdKUwHcg;BuD;rsm; ydwfawmhrnf NzpfaBumif;ygbk&m; ..../ }
] oGm;Buonfy .... igha&SUu eifbJ vrf;Nyayawmh iarmifBuD;& ..../ }
Nrif;ay:odkY udk,fpDwufBuNyD;aemuf qifNzLeef;awmfa&SUrSxGufvsuf ta&SUbufodkYauGUNyD;
aNrpdkufeef;awmf ( a&TvTwfawmfBuD; ) a&SUrSNzwfvsuf aNrmufbufodkY pD;eif;oGm;Buygonf/
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;vnf; OD;a&TarmifBuD;aemufrS pdkufpdkufruGm vkdufygpD;eif;&if; pdwfawmfwGif;0,f
pOf;pm;Bunfhrdygonf/ ,ckoGm;&rnfht&yfonf a&Teef;awmfBuD;\ taemufawmifaxmifh
( paeaxmifh ) t&yfwGif &Sdaeygonf/ rnfodkYaom taBumif;Nzifh aNrmuft&yfodkY
50
Ganan & Yamarmoto
51
pdkif;aeBuonfudk awG;awmaerdygonf/ onfvdkESifh aNrmufbuf eef;NrdKUtxGuf a&awmfwHcg;odkY

a&muf&Sdvmygonf/ NrdKUNyifodkY qufvufpD;eif;xGufcGmvmBu&if; rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;vnf;
pOf;pm;&if; qdwfqdwfvkdufygvmcJhygavonf/
a&Teef;NrdKUawmf aNrmufbufyg;&Sd tr&|mPD t&yfrS Nzwfoef; aNrmufpl;pl;odkY
qufvufpD;eif;aeNyefawmhoNzifh rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;vnf; raeEdkifawmhoNzifh
OD;a&TarmifBuD;\Nrif;udk trDSvdkuf&if; .... ] [Jh ... iarmifBuD; eifb,fudkoGm;rnfaBumifh
aNrmufpl;pl;odkY Nrif;ESifae&oenf; .../ } [k tar;awmf&Sdvdkufonf/
] rSefvSyg ..../ NynfBuD;aysmfzG,f t&yfudk rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; oGm;vdkonf[k
rdefUawmfrlcsufaBumifh NynfBuD;aysmfbG,ft&yfpDudk oGm;&efvmcJhNcif;NzpfaBumif;ygbk&m; .... / }
] [Jh iarmifBuD; eif&l;aeonfvm; .../ NynfBuD;aysmfbG,ft&yfonf
a&Teef;awmfBuD;\ taemufawmifa'gifh t&yfwnfhwnfhwGif &dSonfudk eifrodoavm .../
tb,ftaBumif;ESifh qefUusif&ma'oodkY a&SU&SKavbdoenf; ...... / }
] odygonf bk&m; .... / uRefawmfrsdK;BuD;onfvnf; NynfBuD;aysmfbG,f t&yfodkY rBumrBum
a&mufbl;ygonfbk&m; ... ,ck oGm;aeBuonfrSmvnf; NynfBuD;aysmfbG,ft&yfodkY OD;wnfvsuf
oGm;aeBuNcif;yg bk&m; .... / }
] NrwfpGmbk&m; ... / taemufawmift&yfodkY c&D;xGufBuNcif;udk aNrmuft&yfrS vSnfhcJhonftwGuf
igtodkY em;vnf&awmhtHhenf; iarmifBuD;&JU ... / }
] rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; trdefUawmfNrwf rSwfawmfrlonfhtwdkif; acG;oHvnf; rBum;& .../
vloHvnf; ruif;uGm&aom vrf;rS oGm;Bu&ef pDpOf&onfrdkY rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; pdwf0rf;awmfcscs
uRefawmfrsdK;BuD; aemufawmfrS vkdufawmfrlygbk&m; .... / rif;w&m;BuD;trdefUawmftwdkif;
uRefawmfrsdK;BuD;rsm;wdkU NynfBuD;aysmfbG,ft&yfodkY ta&mufESif;Burnfudk xyfrH
avQmufxm;&ygonfbk&m; .... / }
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;vnf; wdwfqdwfpGmNzifh Nrif;udkESif&if; OD;a&TarmifBuD;aemufrS
waumufaumufESifh vkdufygavawmhonf/ onfvdkESifh OD;a&TarmifBuD;wdkU uRef? t&Sif
ESpfyg;wdkUonf rEav;awmif taemufbufab;rSuyf aNrmufpl;pl;odkY pD;eif;aeBuygonf/
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; a&TpdwfawmfwGif odcsif ar;prf;csifpdwfrsm; wvdyfvdyf wufvmcJhaomfvnf;
OD;a&TarmifBuD;\ tpDtpOfudk tptqHk; odvdkawmfrl cyfrqdwf vdkufygawmfrlcJhygonf/
onfwBudrf iarmifBuD;onf rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; tvkdawmfESifh qefUusifcJhygvQif
acgif;Nzwfowf&ef tmPmyg;uGufom;wdkUvufodkY tyf&thH[k pdwfwGif;rS BuHK;0g;awmfrlygavonf/
iarmifBuD;taeNzifh rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;tay: cspfcif&dkaoav;pm;cJhol Nzpfygonf/
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; tvdkawmfudkvnf; aqmif&Gufay;cJhonfom NzpfcJhygavonf/
oGm;a&mufvdk&mt&yfodkY ydkUaqmifay;rnfudk oHo,r&Sdaomfvnf; ,ckoGm;aeBuonfrSm
qefUusifbuft&yfodkY Nzpfaeyg rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; taeNzifh
tawmftpOf;pm;&Buyfaeygavonf/
rBumygacs .... OD;a&TarmifBuD;ESifh rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;wdkUvnf; tdk;bdkavSqdyfodkY
a&muf&Sdvmygonf/ onfawmhrS rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;vnf; OD;a&TarmifBuD;\ tpDtpOf
wpdwfwa'oudk &dyfpm;rdawmfrl yDwdpdwfNzifh .....
] iarmifBuD; ... eifh tpDtpOfonf olrwlatmif aumif;rGefvSyguvm; [&dkU ... } [k
trdefUawmf&Sdvdkufonf/
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Ganan & Yamarmoto
52
] rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; tvdkawmfus aqmif&GufNcif;om Nzpfygonf/ bkef;awmfBuD;aom

rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; pdwfawmf&TifNrL; BunfEl;aprSKudk NyKpkEdkif&ef orma'0 ewfaumif; ewfNrwfrsm;
tBuHawmf qufoonfaBumifh ,ckuJhodkY pdwful;aygufvm&aBumif;yg bk&m; .... / }
] iarmifBuD; igudk,fawmfNrwfBuD;udk taNrSmuftyifhuav;eJU wifavQmufyHkudk axmuf&vQif
bmudkrsm; tvdkawmf&SdaeonfvJ rodayubJ ... / }
] rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; aus;Zl;awmfaBumifh uRefawmfrsdK;BuD;wGif NynfhpHk ukefvHkaeygonf/
uRefawmfrsdK;BuD;rmcsm&efom qkawmif;ae&ygonf/ usef;rmrSom rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;
apcdkif;awmfrlaom wm0efudk ausyGefatmif xrf;aqmifEdkifrnf NzpfaBumif; avQmufxm;0Hhygonf
bk&m; ... / }
OD;a&TarmifBuD; wifavQmufcsufqHk;avvQif a&qdyfab;rS wJi,fwckodkY
qdkufa&mufoGm;Buygavonf/ wJtwGif;rS vlwa,mufxGufvmonfhtwGuf pum;pNywfoGm;
OD;a&TarmifBuD; Nrif;Zwfudk vmqGJonfhtwGuf OD;a&TarmifBuD;u ...
] ighrdwfaqGBuD;Nrif;udkom ,lvdkufyg ... / } [kaNymonfaBumifh vl&G,fvnf;
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;\ Nrif;udk oGm;,lygavonf/
OD;a&TarmifBuD;vnf; vl&G,ftm; ....
] wdkYrsm;twGuf tqifoifh NzpfNyDvm;uG,f&dkU ..../ arSmifpvJysdK;aeNyDrdkY rNynfhpHkao;vQifvJ
NynfhpHkatmif tNrefNyKygh udk&ifarmifa&U .../ }
] ykZGefqdyfckefuav;wckwifbJ vdkygawmhonf NrdKUpm;rif;BuD;cifAsm; ... tpm;tpmESifh rD;wdkif?
rD;tkyfaqmif;rsm;vnf; avSay:wGif tqifoifh a&muf&SdNyD;ygh ... / }
xdkvlYpum; Bum;od& rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;vnf; yGJawmfnpmpm;zdkY owd&vmygonf/
npmyGJawmfpmudk OD;a&TarmifBuD; toifh pDpOfxm;onfhtwGuf pdwfxJrS Budwfauseyfaeygonf/
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; oGm;vdk&m c&D;udk trdefYawmfNrwftwdkif; a&vrf;rS avSNzifh a&Twacsmif;rS
pkefqif;oGm;ygu NynfBuD;aysmfbG,f t&yfudk tvG,fwulESifh a&muf&SdEdkifavonf/ ,ck rdrdwdkY
a&muf&Sdaeaom ae&monf uefydkif&Gmvnf; r[kwfoNzifh rnfonfha&qdyf Nzpfaernfudk
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; odvdkawmfrloNzifh OD;a&TarmifBuD;em;odkY wdk;wdk;uyfar;&mrS ] tdk;bdk }
qdyfurf;rSef;od&ygonf/ tdk;bdkrS a&Twacsmif;twdkif; pkefqif;oGm;ygvQif NynfBuD;aysmfbG,f
t&yfodkY wA[dk&fcGJomom ( pufwem&DcefY ) avmufNzifh a&muf&Sdayrnf/
( ,ck rEav;NrdKU tv,frS Nzwfoef;pD;eif;aeonfh a&odk;? a&ykwf xkwfonfh a&Twacsmif;onf
Nrefrmrif;rsm; vufxufawmftcgu ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;twGuf toHk;0ifaom acsmif;wacsmif;
NzpfcJhygonf/ txuftnmESifh rw&mNrdKU taNct&yfESifh atmufNynfa'owdkYrS
avSBuD;avSi,fwdkYNzifh wifaqmifvmaom ukefpnfrsm;udk NrdKUwGif;txd 0ifa&muf azmufum;
a&mif;0,fBuygonf/ ,ck yJcl;NrdKUv,frS Nzwfoef;pD;qif;aeaom yJcl;acsmif;uJhodkY
toHk;0ifvSayonf/ xdka&Twacsmif;udk t*Fvdyfrsm; NrefrmEdkifiHudk odrf;ydkufNyD; 15 ESpfausmfBum
a&BunfwHcg;rS o*FZmacsmif;txd zdkYypfNyD; a&odk;aNrmif;tNzpf aNymif;vGJvkdufygonf/ )
ADZemtenf;i,ftwGif; okwfokwfNymNymESifh vlwpfa,muf NrLtdk;wtdk;ESifh a&waumif;wckudk
qGJvsuf a&muf&Sdvmonf armifatmifqdkolu avSay:odkY twifcdkif;vdkufygonf/
udk&ifatmifu ..... ] NrdKUpm;BuD;cifAsm; ... tm;vHk;tqifoifh &SdaeNyDrdkY oGm;vdku oGm;EdkifBuygNyD
cifAsm; ... / } [k &dkaopGm udk,fudk udkif;nGwf aNymonfwGif OD;a&TarmifBuD;vnf;
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;buf vSnfhvsuf ... ] uJ ... tqifoifh &SdayNyDrdkY udk&ifaumif;Nrwfa& usKyfwdkY
c&D;qufBurnfy ... / } [k aNymvkdufonf/
52
Ganan & Yamarmoto
53
] tdrf; ... aumif;NyD ... OD;a&TarmifBuD; oGm;Buonfy ... } [k NyefaNymvkdufonf/

avSay:wufa&mufBu avS0rf;twGif; rsufESmcsif;qdkif xdkifBuygonf/ udk&ifatmifqdkolrSm
yJhydkif;rSmxdkifvsuf avSmfwufudk udkifcg avSmfcwfygonf/ avSxGufvQif pm;awmftkyfudk
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; a&SUawmfcsvsuf EDS;cGufwGif;odkY a&waumif;twGif;rS xef;a&rsm; iSJYcg
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;tm; urf;vkdufygonf/ rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;vnf; vSrf; ,lvdkufygonf/
] onf[m b,fawmu ,lvmonfh xef;&nfvJ OD;a&TarmifBuD;&JU ... / }
] uaemifudk,fawmfBuD;awmuyg ... ,OfysH&GmwGif ,cktcsdefavmufqdkvQif uaemiftdrfa&SUpHESifh
tabmfwoif;wdkY aysmfyGJcif;aecsdefy udk&ifaumif;Nrwf&JU ... / }
yGJawmftkyftwGif;rS pm;p&mrsm;rSm pHkvifvSygonf/ rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; BudKufwwfaom
y'yfom;uifvnf; yg0ifayonf/ aomuf&if;? pm;&if;ESifh ,pfa&T&nf wHcdk;Nzifh
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;ESifh OD;a&TarmifBuD;wdkYvnf; quf&ufrif;pnf;pdrf cHpm;ae&ayNyD/ a&Bunfawmf
yefqufwHcg;avSqdyfwGif tcsdefNzKef;&if; &yfem; xrif;pm;aomufNyD;rS
qufvufpkefqif;Buygonf/ rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;vnf; toH0gBuD;Nzifh oDcsif;oDqdkygavonf/
olwdkYoDqdkatmf[pfoHaBumifh wcsdKUavSrsm;rS aygif;rdk;tNyifodkY acgif;rsm; NyLxGuf Bunfhol .../
urf;ay:rS vufckwfwD;? vufacgufrSKwf BobmoHrsm;Nzifh NrdKifqkdifvSayonf/ avSorm;ESifh
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;wdkYu oHNydKifoDqdkBu OD;a&TarmifBuD;u auG;aeatmif uckef&if; avSudk
pkefqif;Buygonf/ oDqkdonf.oDcsif;rSmvnf; &wemykHacwfqDu tifrwef a&yef;pm;onf.
Zkd;ac : MuL;ausmf ref;awmif &kd;ay : ykqkd;aygif xrDaygif uwf&kduf&atmif (MuHwmukd
xef;&nfaomuf bdef;&I&atmif ) qkdonf. oDcsif;yifjzpfygonf/
onfvdkESifh aqmifeef;&dyfomavSqdyfta&muf OD;a&TarmifBuD;u avSudk &yfwefYapNyD; ...
] onfae&mu qif;BupdkY? udk&ifaumif;Nrwfa& ... usKyfwdkY rdwfaqGtdrfu onftem;wGif
&Sdonfy .../ }
] aumif;Asm .. OD;a&TarmifBuD; oabmtwdkif;omy .../ usKyfuvJ onft&yftaeawG
ruRrf;usifaybl; rSKwfvm; ... / } [k aNym&if; rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;vnf; avSay:rS
qif;ygavawmhonf/ OD;a&TarmifBuD;vnf; rD;tkyfaqmif;udk xGef;ndSNyD; avSay:rS qif;vmygonf/
qdyfurf;ay: wufa&mufNyD;rS rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;vnf; OD;a&TarmifBuD;em;odkY &yf
wD;wdk;avoHNzifh
] iarmifBuD;&JU onfuaeNyD; bmNyKrJh qif;&onfvJ oD&daysmfbG,f qdyfurf;taemuf abmufrJh
rpHk&onfvnf; .../ }
] rSefvSyg ... avSorm;rSm avSoif;0efrif;\ aoG;aomufBuD; Nzpfygonf/ uRefawmfrsdK;BuD;wdkY
oGm;vrf;? vmvrf;udk rodapcsif ,ckuJhodkY atmifeef;&dyfom avSqdyfrS qif;&Ncif;yg .../
NynfBuD;aysmfbG,f qdyfurf;rSvnf; wac:avmufom a0;ygawmhonf rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; ..../ }
] &Sdygapawmh ... /'dkYrsm;tck b,fodkY OD;wnfNyD; oGm;rnf[k iarmifBuD; pdwful;&SdonfvJ ... / }
] rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; awGYvdkawmfrlonfqdkonfh uaemiftdrfa&SUpH vufoyfarG; a*gif;r rdpyfxH
t&ifoGm;Burnf[k tBuHawmf qufygonfbk&m; ..../ }
53
Ganan & Yamarmoto
54
] at;[Jh .. eifwdkYwawG aNymBuonfaBumifh rdpyfudk igudk,fawmf NrifawGYvkdawmfrlonf

iarmifBuD;&JU ol\ t&nftaoG;u todkY &Sdbdoenf; ... / }
] rSefvSyg ... &kyfa&&lyumedum,fuawmhNzifh &GufBurf;a&BudK vlom;wdkif; &dSoifh &dStyfaom
&kyftqif;rQom Nzpfygonfbk&m; .../ Nrefrm ESifhr*dk ukvm;aoG; pyfaeonfaBumifh t&G,fawmfrSm
usm;udk;pD; pm;rukefEdkifatmif awmifhwif;pdkaNyygonfbk&m; .../ tawGYrSm yOygyD&SHK; udk,fawmf
nSdK;csHK;atmif qGJEdkifaom owdxl;&SdaBumif; bk&m;uRefawmfrsdK; tBudrfBudrfawGYbl;
odaBumif;ygbk&m; ... / }
] w,f ... taNymuawmh BuG,fvSygvm;u&dkU ... igudk,fawmfNrwfeJY awGUcsifprf;ygbd ... /
nDnD&JU aemifawmfrSef; rdpyfawmh rodap&atmif owdawmh &Sd&ayrAs ... / }
] uaemiftdrfa&SYpH vufpGJawmfrSefygaomfvnf; uaemifudk,fawmfbk&m;udkawmh rdpyfu
vufaNrSmuft&SKH;ay;&onfrdkY uaemifrif;om;BuD;&Jh ckdif;onfhuRef xGefonfhEGm;ES,f rdpyfudk,fwdkifu
pGJvrf;wrf;w ae&onfudkawmh rdpyfudk,fwdkif 0efcHcJhaBumif;yg bk&m; ... / }
] onfavmufawmifrSyJ igh nDnDu a,mfusFm;aumif; yDoavovm; iarmifBuD;&Jh ...
igudk,fawmfNrwftaeNzifh rdpyfESifh ,ckyif awGYcsifprf;ygbd ... / }
onfvdkESifh avQmufvm&if; rdacsmif;wHwm; qHk;vQif NynfBuD;aysmfbG,ft&yf [kac:aom
&wemyHkacwf NynfhwHqm&yfuGufodkY qkdufa&mufvmBuygonf/ OD;a&TarmifBuD;vnf; rD;tkyfaqmif;
udkifvsuf OD;aqmifum rdpyfwdkYtdrfodkY a&S;&SK oGm;ygavonf/ rvSrf;rurf;ta&muf
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;u vufndS;xdk;awmfrl&if; ... ] [Jh .. iarmifBuD;&Jh ... [kdvSKyfvSKyf vSKyfvSKyfeJY
oli,fav;awG[m vlysdKawmfom;awGeJY wlavovm; ... / } onfawmhrS
OD;a&TarmifBuD;vnf; ,pfa&T&nft&SdefaBumifh arS;aeaom rsufaphESpfvHk;udk aoaocsmcsm
zGifhBunfhNyD; ] rSefvSyg.... vlysdKawmfom;rsm; NzpfEdkifaBumif;ygbk&m; ... / olwdkY
0wfpm;qif,ifyHkrsm;rSmvnf; eef;wGif; vlysdKawmf t0wftpm;om NzpfaBumif; ygbk&m; ... / }
[k wD;wdk; wifavQmuf&if; qufvuf .... ] uRefawmfrsdK;BuD; oGm;a&muf
pHkprf;Bunfhygrnfbk&m; .. rD;tkyfaqmif;udk ,lawmfrl a[m[dk opfyif&dyfrS apmifhpm;awmfrlyg
bk&m; ... / } [k rD;tkyfudk ay;tyfawmfrlNyD; OD;a&TarmifBuD;vnf; vlysdKawmfom;rsm;&Sd&modkY
OD;wnfoGm;ygavonf/ vlysdKawmfom;rsm;xJrS OD;a&TarmifBuD;udk oduRrf;ol yg&SdaeoNzifh
xdkvlysdKawmfom;av;uyif ... ] tvdk .. yif;wvJpm;BuD;ygvm; ... / tb,fodkYaom
taBumif;aBumifh onfudk vmonfvJ .. / }
] ighwlBuD;rsm;vdky ... / usKyfrdwfaqGwa,muf tnmu a&muf&SdvmordkY olYtm; vdkufvH
ydkYay;&Ncif;ayy ... / twGif;aqmifwGif tolrsm; &Sdbdoenf; .... / }
] rSefvSyg ... ru&mrif;om;BuD; &dSawmfrlaBumif;yg ... / ckeuyif yifv,frif;om;
( oEDrif;om; ) wdkY wawGvnf; vmawmfrlao;onf .... / }
] tdrf; .... aumif;oAsm ... aumif;oAsm ... ighwlBuD;rsm; b,ftcsdefxd aeawmfrlrnfvdkYrsm;
rif;om;BuD; trSmtBum; &SdonfvJ .. / }
] oef;acgif,H tcsdefNyefEdkif&ef aNymBum;oHawmh Bum;rdygonf/ nDawmf rvGefrif;om;
pHtdrfawmfwGif pufawmfrlrnf xif&aBumif;yg yif;wvJpm;BuD;Asm; ... / }
xdktcg OD;a&TarmifBuD;vnf; ... ] wNcm;tdrfawG a&SmufoGm;ayOD;r,fAs ... / ighwlBuD;rsm;u
wdkYrsm;onfudkvmaBumif; rif;om;udk rwifvdkufBuygESifh rif;om;BuD;rSwqifh olwdkY bcrnf;awmf
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; Bum;odawmfrlvQif Budrf;armif; qlyl? a&Tpdwfawmf nLplae&if tcpm;
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Ganan & Yamarmoto
55
cufrAs ... / } [k aNymvkduf&m vlysdKawmfom;rsm;vnf; auseyfESpfodrfhNcif;Nzifh

vufckwfvuf0g;rsm;yif wD;cwf&,farm&if; usef&pfcJhBuygonf/
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; apmifhaeaom opfyif&dyfatmufodkY oGm;a&mufNyD; ESpfa,mufom;
wD;wdk;aNymqdkBuygonf/ om;awmfESpfyg;ESifh taNcGt&Hoif;yif;rsm; rNrifrawGY&avatmif
acwa&Smif&Sm;aeNyD;rS olwdkYNyefcsdefavmufrS wacgufvmBu&ef rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; tvdkawmfus
qHk;NzwfawmfrlNyD; avSxm;&SdcJh&modkY NyefBuygavonf/
] uRefawmfrsdK;BuD;rsm; avSqdkufuyfxm;&m t&yf ta&SUpl;pl; wac:tuGmavmufwGif orm;awmf
icJtdrf&Sdygonfbk&m; ... / icJtdrf pwnf;csNyD; oef;acgifausmfrS onfudk NyefvmvQif
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;twGuf yifyrf;awmfrlrnf r[kwfaBumif;yg bk&m; ... / }
] &Sdyap ... iarmifBuD;&Jh ... wdkYrsm; avSay:wGif pufawmfac:&if; oef;acgifausmfrS
xoGm;Buonfy .../ icJtdrfoGm;aeNyef&ifvJ igudk,fawmfBuD; ,ckuJhodkY xGufvmonfh owif;
tNyifwGif aygufBum;&ayrnf r[kwfygvm; ... iarmifBuD;& ... / }
] rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; tvdkawmftwdkif; Nzpfap&ygrnf bk&m; .. / avSawmfay:wGif
em;aevkdygonfqkdvQif avSawmf&Sd&m oGm;Bu&rnfyg bk&m; ... / }
OD;a&TarmifBuD;wdkY avSay:Nyefa&mufcsdefwGif avSawmfom; udk&ifatmifrSm wacgacgNzifh a[muf
tdyfaysmfaeayNyD .../ OD;a&TarmifBuD;vnf; rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; acwem;aeEdkif&ef avSOD;ydkif;wGif
&Sif;vif;ay;ygonf/ rD;tkyfudk rif;w&m;BuD;udk,fawmfwdkif rSKwfvdkufNyD; ...
] ckESpfpifBu,f tNrD;axmifcsdefa&mufvm&ifawmh oef;acgiftcsdefyJvdkY aNymBuonfudk
ukd,fwdkifudk,fus &SKpm;&onfy iarmifBuD;& .... / }
] rSefvSyg ... ab;avSay:rS vlrsm; Bum;ukefBurnf pdk;vSygonf/ wdk;wdk;rdefUawmfrlyg&ef
owdawmfqufygonf bk&m; ... / }
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;vnf; acgif;ndrfhNyawmfrl&if; wdwfqdwfpGm aeawmfrlygonf/ avSay:wGif
yufvufavsmif;awmfrl&if; om,mBunfvifonfh aumif;uifudk &SKpm;&if; euwfwm,mrsm;udk
&SKpm;ygonf/ waqmifrkef;vNynfh\ Bunfvifaom aumif;uifNyifwGif pHkvifaom euwfrsm;udk
wckpD wckpD pdwf0ifpm;pGm ppfaq;Bunfh&SKaerdygonf/ aumif;uifN*dKvfae euwfrsm;udk Nrif
pef;,SOfeuwft& vlwdkY\ pdwfaeoabmxm;udk cefYrSef;Edkifaom twwfynmrsm;
taBumif;udkvnf; pOf;pm;rdvmygonf/ xdkrSwyg; &uf? v? ywf? *#D? 0d*#D ponfwdkYESifhwuG
euwaA'qkdif&m N*dKvfwm,mwdkY\ toGm;tvmwdkYtay: trSDNyK Nyu'def
wGufcsuf&onfudkvnf; qifNcifrdygonf/
Nyu'def NyKvkyfNcif;onf ou&mZf pwifay:aygufvmyHk\ Nrpfzsm;cH&m t&yfNzpfaBumif;
taBumif;wdkYudkvnf; awG;ac:rdygavonf/ NrefrmEdkifiH oa&acw&mNynf okrkErif;vufxuf
a'ga'g&o udef;NzdKawmfESpfonf tdEd,Nynf ] ourif; } eef;wufaomESpfNzp xdk ]
ourif; } udk tpGJNyK ou&efa&;xHk;NyKcJhaBumif; ] oH'dX#Dum } usrf;wGif
awGU&SdcJhonfudkvnf; owd&vmayonf/ u0gvrdkif;ac:Buaom [dEL r[mydef;eJ taBumif;wGif
vlYNynfuae v udk taBumif;NyK &uf? v rsm; wGufqonf/ aeYESifh n udk Nzpfcsdef
odBum;rif;u vlYNynfodkY qif;oufvm ck? ESpf? &uf rsm;udk pDrHay;cJhonf[k
a&S;vla[mif;wdkY ,HkBunfcJhyHkrsm;udk trSwf&apNyefygonf/
i,fpOfu oifBum;cJhzl;aom wm&mudk;vHk; oNzefav;udk owd&vmoNzifh
wD;wdk;qdkNiD;rdygawmhonf/
55
Ganan & Yamarmoto
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] tmumrSm a&mif0gNiD;vdkY? a&TusD;wJh [oFm? ykZGefcsdef qHusifESifh? wHigqif odE0? AsdKif;vS

wm&m? oQw&m? usrf;vmpum;? u0dcHvdku/ wdrfndKrSm wm&mudk;udk usdK;vdkY rSwfom; ... / }
xdkrSwqufwnf; euwf ( 27 ) vHk;\ yHko@efrsm;udkyg oifBum;cJh&Nyefonfudk
owd&rdygavonf/
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( caemufvdk ) uswdum Bu,fckESpfoG,f Buufi,fpkovdk q,fvHk;wnD a&m[PDwlNyD;
ig;Buif;vdk rd*oDrSm oHk;vHk;om a0g[mvdyfacgif;vdk? vdyfvufac:Bu tE{u wvHk;qdk
ykPzkoQL; ig;vHk;NyL; ESKdif;wkoabFmvdk? iSufacscHoGif;? q,fvHk;Nrif; ac:oGif;zkoQqdk? tvdo
av;vHk;& wkrQcuf&if;vdk }
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wdkufrwdkuf ppfaq;&if; tumoeuwfobifwGif tawG;epfNrKyfaeqJ OD;a&TarmifBuD;vnf;
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;tm; rvSrf;rurf;rSxdkif aNymif;zl;zuf aq;vdyfBuD; wzGm;zGm;aomuf&if;
apmifha&Smufaeygonf/ aq;vdyft&omcHaomufaepOf pum;qlnHpGm aNymqdkvmBuaom
vli,fwodkufudk Nrifrd vSrf;Bunfhrdygonf/ ru&mrif;om;ESifh taygif;yg vlysdKawmfom;wodkuf
NzpfBu[efwlygonf/ oef;acgiftcsdefwdkifatmifaernf[k aNymcJhBuaom olwdkYrSm tb,fhaBumifh
tapmBuD; Nyefvmbdoenf; .../ ,cktwdkif;qdkygvQif oef;acgiftcsdefwdkif&ef
wA[dk&fawmhvdkayOD;rnf/ odkYNzpf olwdkY rnfonfhae&moGm;onfudk od&Sd&ef tuJcwfrS
oifhawmfayrnf[k atmufarhum rvSrf;rurf;rS vkdufvH Bunfh&SK&ef xkdif&mrS xygavonf/
OD;a&TarmifMuD;wkd.&yfem;xm;aom avSawmfajrmufbuf0g;okH;av;&kduftuGm&Sd wHwm;av;ay:
jzwfavsSmufta&S.bufurf;ul;oGm;Muonfukd jrif&ojzif. rvGefrif;om; pHtdrfawmfqDokd.
OD;vSnf.rnfrSmaocsmoavmufjzpfae tomt,m jyefvSnf.cg rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;tyg;okd.
wkd;uyfoGm;&if; avoHjzif. ]rif;w&m;MuD; bk&m; om;awmfMuD; ru&mrif;om;ESif. taygif;tyg
rsm; rdpyfxHrS jyefvmMujyDjzpf usGefawmfrsKd;MuD;rsm;oGm;&ef tcgawmf&ygjyDbk&m;}
]aocsm&J.vm; iarmifMuD;&J. pdwf0rf;awmfcscs oGm;EkdifcgrS oGm;Mu&if raumif;aybl;vm;}
]rSefvSyg rif;w&m;MuD; bk&m; aumif;uifarm. euwfwm,mrsm;ukd pdwf0ifpm;pGm
Munf.&SkawmfrlaeqJ ru&rif;om;MuD;wkd. todkufrSm onfurf; eHab;rS jzwfoef;oGm;onfukd
jrifrdygonfbk&m;}
]onfvkdqkd&ifvJ oGm;Muonfy iarmifMuD;&}
rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;vnf; jyefvnfajzMum;&if; avSawmfay:rS qif;cg OD;a&TarmifMuD; tem;okd.
a&Smufvmygonf/ OD;a&TarmifMuD;vnf; rD;tkyfukdxGef;nSdjyD;aemuf rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; a&S.awmfrS
vrf;jy&if; rdpyf tdrfodk. vrf;jyac:aqmifoGm;ygonf/
rdpyftdrfa&S. a&mufonfwGif rD;nSdrf; wHcg;ydwfxm;onfukdawG& OD;a&TarmifMuD;onf wHcg;ukd
vufjzif.ykwf Ekd;ygonf/ wHcg;ykwfEkd;oHaMumif. twGif;rS t&ufoHygonf.
a,musfm;wa,muf\ tmav;&Smav;oHjzif. ]b,folawGwkef;Asm - usKyfwkd.onfae. tbkd.
tem;,ltdyfpufMuygyD}
]yif;wvJpm; a&TarmifMuD;av? wHcg;zGif.prf;yg. ukd&if usKyfrdwfaqG{nf.aumif;ygonf
aMumif.vmjcif;y} xkdjyefMum;csufaMumif. rD;cGufxGef; wHcg;zGif.oHMum;&jyD; &kdaopGmjzif.56
Ganan & Yamarmoto
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]txJudkMuGMuygOD;Asmwkd.&m &SifrdpyfMuD;awm. ,ae.tbkd.yifyrf;aeorkd. wjcm;wyg;wkd.jzif.

&Sdygav&J.}
]o[mayrif. rdpyfeJ.awm.usKyfwkd. awG.jcifao;oy? ac:ay;prf;ygbdukd&if}
xkdolvnf; twGif;okd.0ifoGm;jyD; cPtMum axmifaxmifarmif;armif;tom;jzLjzL
rdef;rwa,mufxGufvmyD;] 'Dae.awm.usGefawmfrsKd;r ukd,fwkdif{nf.0wfrjyKEkdifonf.twGuf oD;cHyg jrdK.pm;MuD;&Sif.?
pdwfwkdif;Mujzpfap &atmifusGefawmfr\ wynf.rav;rsm;jzif.{nf.cHygrnf}
OD;a&TarmifMuD;vnf; cg;Mum;rS uwDygaiGtdyfuav;udk xkwf,ljyD; rdpyfa&S.okd. jypfay;vkdufcg?
]usKyfESrMuD; yrf;vSayr,fqkdwm usKyfodygoAs omayrif. usKyfrdwfaqGolMuG,fMuD;uawm.
r,frif;&J. arT;&eH MuG,faewJ. *kPfowif;aMumif. MuD;pGmaom csifcsif;jzpfay:&onfrkd.
usKyfukdwdkif r,frif;xHta&muf vkdufvH ykd.aqmifay;&onf. twGuf oD;cH jyKpkapcsifouG,f}
OD;a&TarmifMuD; pum;tqkH;wGif &Sifrdpyfvnf; uwDygtdyf&SkHav;udk vSrf;,ljyD;zGif.cg vuf0g;ay:
oGefMunf.vkduf&m a&Tp-aiGp tawmfrsm;rsm;awG.&onf.twGuf aMueyfESpfoufoGm;ykH&ygonf/
]uJ-armifMuD;rsm;wkd.u usGefawmfrsKd;r ukdonfavmuftvkdawmf&Sdaeonfy qkd&ifvJ {nf.0wfjyK&
rnfy? MuGawmfrlyg} [krif;w&m;MuD; bk&m;xHokd. csrf;uyfwGJbufvsuf twGif;aqmifokd.
ac:aqmif oGm;ygawm.onf/
OD;a&TarmifMuD;ukd {nf.0wfjyK&ef trsKd;orD; okH;av;a,muf vma&mufac:iifaomfvnf;
q&maumif;wynf.yDyD ol.wm0efrvpf[if;ap&ef acgif;wGifwGifcgnif; vmorsSukd
ESifvTwf&Smygonf/ xkdonf.aMumif. vbufa&Murf;u&m;ESif. xef;vsufcJ - yJMuD;avSmf
trJacsmufzkwfwkd.jzif. ausG;arG;ygonf/ taiG. waxmif;axmif;xaeaom ajru&m;wGif;rS
pOf.ykuefwGif;okd. a&aEG;rsm;avmif;iJ.ay;um {nf.0wfjyKaeaom uav;rav;ukd
OD;a&TarmifMuD;onf Munf.&if; ar;cGef;rsm; wckjyD;wck ar;jref;pyfpkaeygonf? touft&G,f
trnfemr arG;zGm;&ma'o rnfuJ.okd. ,cktvkyftukdifrsKd;vkyf&aMumif; a&mufwwf&m&m rsm;ukd
ar;jref;aeygonf? tenf;i,fat;pjyKvmaom nOf.eufcdsefwGif a&aEG;aomuf
tjrD;pm;&onf.t&omrSm xl;jcm;vSayonf[k OD;a&TarmifMuD; ,ckowdjyKrdaeygonf?
pum;wajymajymESif. a&aEG;aomufaeaom OD;a&TarmifMuD;rSm rnfrsSMumoGm;onfukdyif owdrxm;
aomufaumif;qJ rif;MuD;bk&m;ESif. rdpyfwkd. tcef;wGif;rS xGufvmMuaomtcg
OD;a&TarmifMuD;xkdifaeaom 0g;uGyfjypfuav;ay: vmxdkifMuyg? xkd.rkd.aMumif.
OD;a&TarmifMuD;vnf;ae&m z,fay;ygonf? a&aEG;u&m;rS a&aEG;ylylav;ukd iJ.
rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;tm; ay;quf&if;}
]b,fES,f.ukd&if aumif;jrwfaMueyf ESpfodrf.jcif;&Sdatmif usKyfESrMuD;u jyKpk&J.vm;}
][kwfonfy OD;a&TarmifMuD;& emrnfMuD; oavmuf twwfynmpkHvifvSygay oAsm;vlaumifMuD;oavmufvnf; ayg.yg;vSayw,f}
jrdK.pm;MuD;&J.taqGawmfu uaemifarmifarmiftaMumif; wwGwfwGwfeJ. war;xJ ar;jref;vS
csnf.vm; jrdK.pm;MuD;&J.}
rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;vnf; &Sifrdpyf pum;aMumif. &Sufovkd t&dyfta&mifrsm; rsufESmawmfay:wGif
ay:aygufvmjyD;aemuf57
Ganan & Yamarmoto
58
]usKyfwkd. uaemiftdrf.a&S.pHukd,fawmfMuD;taMumif; ESrMuD;xHrS wqif.Mum;odxm;&wJ.

jrdK.pm;MuD;u ajymbl;onf.aMumif. MuHKMudKufocdkuf okw pkaqmif;onf. usKyf0goemaMumif.
ar;jref;&jcif;y ESrMuD;&}
]aemufukd &wemykH aejynfawmf a&mufonf.tcg jrdKpm;MuD;rygvnf; rdpyfxHukd
armifMuD;tcsdefra&G;tv,fvmEkdifygw,f? rdpyfvJ armifMuD;ukd tenf;i,fawm. auseyfonfy/
uaemif armifawmfESif.awm. ,SOfwkvkd.r&Ekifonfrkd. uaemifarmifawmfbk&m;vkdawm.
rESpfoufaybl;armifMuD;&J.}
]rdpyfajymaom pum;tqkH;wGif rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; rsufESmawmf ysufoGm;onfudk
OD;a&TarmifMuD;uGufueJ jrifvkuf&ygonf/ rdpyfvnf; ol.pum;ukdol oabmus[efESif.
&,farmonfaMumif. rif;w&m;MuD; bk&m;a&m? OD;a&TarmifMuD;wkd.yg twl0ifa&muf
&,farmMuygonf/ &,farm&if;rS rif;w&m;MuD; bk&m;onf rsufarSmifcsDvsuf]onfESrMuD;u armifMuD;ukd uaemifukd,fawmfeJ. wkyvkd. r&Ekdifonfrkd. uaemif
armifawmfbk&m;vkdawm. rESpfoufaybl;armifMuD;&J.vkd. ajymonf.pum;ukdawm. armifMuD;
em;r&Sif;vSaybl;ESrMuD;&J.}
]oabmu onf.ES,fy armifMuD;&,f? ]cgusifaumifrmefzD; awmifMud;jzdKrJ.MuHcg;uroeff} qkdonf.
pum;ykHvkdy? armifMuD;ESif. aysmfyg;&ayrJ. cgusifaumifESif.wlonf. armifMuD;twGuf rdpufrSm
rajyacsm aybl;}
cgusifaumifESif. tEIdif;cH&aom rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; pdwfwGif;0,f cHjyif;[ef&Sdayrif.
jyefvnfajymMum;oH rMum;&awm.yg/ rdpyf ausG;arG;{nf.cHonf. tpm;taomufrsm;ukd
rif;w&m;MuD; bk&m;vnf; pdwfryg.wygESif. pm;aomufawmfrl&if; pum;ajymqkdaeMuygonf/
wA[kdavmufMumaomtcg em;aeawmfrljyD;rS EIwfqufavS&yfem;&mokd. jyefcJ.Muygonf/
avSqDtoGm;wGif rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;uyif pwifvsuf.....
]iarmifMuD; reufzef eHeufvif;vsifvif;csif; orm;awmf icJukd eifukd,fwdkif ig.xH tcpm;0ifbkd.
wygwnf; qif.ac:cJ.&rnf}
]trdef.awmftwkdif; usGefawmfrsKd;MuD; aqmif&Gufygrnf/ todk.aom taMumif;jzif. csufcsif;
qif.ac:awmfrl&ygoenf; rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;}
]icJvmvQif od&rnfy iarmifMuD;&J.? eifvJ rdpyfESif. ajymMum;onf.pum;rsm; Mum;odaeom;ESif.
ar.aeonfxify}
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jzpf&aMumif;ygbk&m;? rif;w&m;MuD; bk&m; rrdef.awmfrlyJESif. rodEkdifonf. twGuf
usGefawmfrsKd;MuD; pdwfqif;&JvSygonf rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;}
]wu,fem;rayguf&kd;rSef&ifawm. ajym&rnfy? rdpyf ajymonf.pum;ukd eifwu,f
rod&Sdbl;qkd&rnfuvJ eif.a&S.wGif igukd,fawmfjrwfMuD;tm; cgusifaumifESif.
wkEIdif;onf.pum;aMumif. eifwkd.yif &,farm cJ.Muao;onf r[kwfayvm;}
]odawmfrlygjyDbk&m; .... rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;ukd cgusifESif.yrmjyK ol.udk,fol awmifMuD;vkd.wifpm;
cJ.ygonfbk&m;}
58
Ganan & Yamarmoto
59
][kwfonfy iarmifMuD;&m nDnD[m ig.xuf b,fodk.aomf taMumif;ESif. tpGrf;aumif; &rnfvJ

ig[mrif;{u&mZf ppfppfjzpf onf.twGuf pGrf;pGrf;csif;pGrf;vQif igom nDnDuaemifxuf
pGrf;oif.onf r[kwfaybl;vm; iarmifMuD;&J.}
rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;pum; Mum;&aom OD;a&TarmifMuD;rSm tcdkuftwef. rnfokd. avQmufwif
&rnfukdyifrodEkdifatmif rSifoufoGm;ovkd jzpfvsuf twefMumqdwfjidrfaerdygonf/
tavmif;rif;w&m;MuD;\ tEG,fawmfyDyD pdwf"gwfjyif;xefykH&ygonf/ Akdvfrxm;[laom
jyif;jyonf. ZmwdaoG; Zmwd rmefwkd.onf vkdae&mrsKd;txdyif
vkdufvHwkdif;wmfMunf.&Iaeayonf/
rnfodk.yifjzpfap? onfudp onftaMumif;awGtm;vkH;onf olESif.rnfrQroufqkdif?
olESif.oufqkdifonf.t&mum; q&maumif;wynf.yDyD trIawmf xrf;&mwGif wkef;qkdwkduf
usm;qkdvQifukduf&aytH./
tawG;ukd,fpDESif. qdwfjidrfpGm avQmufvmMuaom q&mwynf.ESpfOD;wkd.rSm
avSqdyfokd.a&muf&Sdvmonf.udk ukd&ifatmiftm;EId;apvsuf vmvrf;twkdif;
jyefvnfxGufcGmvmcJ.Muygonf/
tm&kHwufcsdefyif a&muf&Sdawm.rnfjzpfojzpfygonf/ ol.wkd. ]tkd;bkd} qdyfurf; a&muf&SdcsdefESif.
tvif;a&mif xGufay:csdefukdufnD rSefuefcJ.ygvQif eef;jrdK.awmftwGif;odk.
0ifMu&efomjzpfygawm.onf/
odk.jzpf c&D;rzif.ap&ef a&qefjzpf OD;a&TarmifMuD;vnf; avSmfwufwacsmif;ESif. a&qefukd
avSmfcyfay;ygonf/ xkdtcsdefrif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;vnf; ukd,fawmfvnf;yef; pdwfawmfvnf;
EGrf;[efjzif.avSay:wGif pufawmfac:&if; vkdufygawmfrlcJ.ygonf/ pufawmfac:&mrS pGJvef;aom
Oy'gefaMumif. a,mif&rf;&if; a&TEIwfawmfrS [pfatmfvkdufaom
rif;w&m;MuD;\ pum;rSm ]awmuf] ]cgusifaumifwJ.a[. ...]
cspfpdefvGif
59
Ganan & Yamarmoto
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]]rdef;rc&m? tysKdysHoif;?a&T&ifpdrf;pdrf;ukd?
vufxdusdef;w,fvkd.? rodrf;bJvTwfcJ.onf....}}
OD;wkd;
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vmayjyD eDjref;aom eHeufcif;\ tvif;a&mif Ekwkd.jzif. usGeft&SifESpfyg;wkd.tm;
qD;MudKMunf;aeonf[k xifrSwf&ygonf/ ajrmufavajytaoG;wGif jcHKMudKjcHKMum;rS
o,f,laqmifvmonf.c0Jyef;,eHwkd.u &Sk&Idufolwkd.tm; vef;qef;apcJ.ygonf/
tav.us obm0tavsmufaygufa&mufwwfaom c0J&kdif;yifav;wkd. tcsdefrSef yGif;zl;
oD;uif;wwfykHwkd.udk taMumif;jyK a&S;pmqkdppfvsif axmifrSL;&SifaxG;nkd pyfqkda&;om;cJ.onf.
c0Jyef;ESif. wefaqmifrkef;v bGJ.ukd OD;a&TarmifMuD; rSwfrdoavmuf &Twfqdkrdygonf/
60
Ganan & Yamarmoto
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ESif;yGJysOf;eD? oef;jyDMuGrI.
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toif.&Sdae&pfaom jrif;rsm; ay: okd. ukef;ESD;ukd avSawmfom; ukd&ifatmiftm;
wyfqifckdif;vkdufygonf/ ri;fw&m;MuD;bk&m;vnf; a&Twacsmif;a&jzif. rsufESmopfawmf rljyD;aemuf
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tdyfcsifaom pdwfrsm;udk csKd;ESdrfrsKdodyfvsuf rifw&m;MuD;trdef.awmfjzif. orm;awmfOD;cJtm;
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orm;awmfOD;cJu ar;vkufonf/
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igwkd.MudrfqJvkd. 0efMuD;awGaoayrJ. wdk.rsm;u0efMuD;jzpfrSm r[kwfaybl;? orm;awmfMuD;
q,fa,mufao&ifawm. eif.pnf;pdrfeJ. tkd;tdrfukd iguodrf;ydkuf&r,fAsm;? eifraoorQ
igawm.at;at;ae&r,frxifygbl;? bmbJ tvkd&Sdwonfjzpfap eifeJ.yufoufvm&ifawm.
rif;w&m;MuD; bk&m;u ig.bJ t&ifaxmif;rSm}
]onf[mrskd; xifyg&J.? atmifoG,faumif;vkd.tkwfausmif;aqmuf& qkdwmav? t&yfu cJeJ.
0kdif;xkMuvkd. tkwfwkdufwvkH;pm &oGm;wJ. atmifoG,frsKd;y}
61
Ganan & Yamarmoto
62
OD;a&TarmifMuD;ESif. orm;awmfMuD;OD;cJwkd.rSm oli,fcsif;yDyD &if;&if;ESD;ESD; awmifpOfa&r&

avQmufajymMu&if; eHeufpmukd twlpm;aomufMuygavonf/
pm;aomufjyD;pD;onf.aemuf rif;w&m;MuD; xHawmfyg; orm;awmfOD;cJa&muf&SdavrS wm0ef
aMuyGefrnfjzpfonf. OD;a&TarmifMuD;rSm OD;cJtm; t0wftpm;rsm; tjrefvJvS,fapjyD; olESif.twl
jrif;wpD;jzif. vkdufyg&ef ac:aqmifoGm;ygavonf/
vrf;wGifjrif;pD;&if; ,refae.u nuajzpftysufrsm;ukd OD;cJtm; wvkH;rusef OD;a&TarmifMuD;u
ajymjyavonf/ rdpyfu 'kwd, uaemifarmifawmf[k rif;w&m;MuD;tm; uifyGef;wyfvkdufonfukd
rcHcsifpdwfjzpfay: orm;awmficJESif. wkdifyif&ef tac:awmf&Sdjcif; jzpfaMumif;ukd
&Sif;vif;jyygonf/
OD;a&TarmifMuD;ESif. OD;cJwkd. a&Teef;awmfMuD;xJ a&muf&SdcsdefwGif eHeufnDvmcHpcsdefESif.
wkdufqkdifaeygonf/ OD;a&TarmifMuD;onf orm;awmfOD;cJtm; yef;ckHawmf tkwfwkdufwGif;okd.
ykd.aqmifcJ.jyD;rS eHeufnDvmcHobifqif,ifusifyonf. rSefeef;aqmifwGif;okd.
0ifa&mufzl;arQmfygonf/ rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;vnf; OD;a&TarmifMuD;ukd nDvmcHobifjyKvkyfaeqJjzp
jrifawmfrlaomfvnf; rar;ao;bJ nDvmcHqufvufusif;y jyKvkyfygonf/ oDwif;ywftwGif;
nDvmcHaemufqkH;&ufjzpfonf.twGuf tbdwfae.nDvmcHukd Xmeqkdif&m 0efMuD; 0efav;
twGif;0efponfjzif. pkHnDpGm wufa&mufMu&ayonf/ woDwif;ywftwGif; vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;
wifjy nkdEIdif;csufrsm; awmif;cHjznf.pGufcsufrsm;ukd jyKvkyfMu&ygonf/ eHeufnDvmcHrS
wifjyvmaom tcsuftvufrsm; jyemrsm;ukd ae.nDvmcHwGifqkH;jzwfMu&ayrnf ae.nDvmcHwGif
rjyD;jywfygu nnDvmcHwGif qufvufvkyfaqmif&&kd;xkH;pH&Sdygonf/
rif;wkH;rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;vufxufwGif oDwif;ae.wkdif; nDvmcH&onfrkd.
tbdwfae.nDvmcHrsm;onf rsm;aomtm;jzif. ta&;wMuD; vkyfaqmif&rnf. udprsm;yg0ifav.
&Sdygonf? nDvmcHpJonfESif. rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;vnf; ODD;a&TarmifMuD;ukd ar;jref;&m
yef;ckHawmftkwfwkdufrS orm;awmf OD;cJtm; tapmif.xm;cJ.avaMumif; wifavQmufonf
rif;w&m;MuD;vnf; yef;ckHawmftkwfwkdufokd. MuGjref;awmfrlygavonf/ rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;
MuGjref;&mokd. OD;a&TarmifMuD;vnf; tvkdufodpGmESif. Aemufyg;rS cpm;awmfrrlbJ ae&pfcJ.ayonf/
rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;vnf; yef;ckHawmftkwfwkdufokd. MuGjref;vmcsdef orm;awmfMuD;vnf;
qD;MudKawmfrljyD; ]trdef.awmfjrwfaMumif. tcpm;awmfa&muf&Sdawmf rlaMumif;yg rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;}
]tdrf; ac:awmf&Sdvkduf&jcif;rSmvnf; igukd,fawmfjrwfMuD;ukd,fwkdif i,fusGef&if;orm;awmfMuD;
icJtm; ,kHMunfpdwfxm;ojzif. tm;udk;awmfrl&aomaMumif.aybJ}
]rSefvSyg usGefawmfrsKD;MuD;rSm rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; trIawmfukd op&SdpGmESif. xrf;&GufcJ.oljzpfygonf
bk&m;? usGefawmfrsKd;MuD; toufpnf;pdrfESif. tdk;tdrfwkd.onfyif rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;twGuf
pGef.vTwf&ef toif.&Sdygonfbk&m;}
]onfvkdt&;tcif;aMumif.r[kwfaybl; orm;awmfMuD;icJ&J.? igukd,fawmfjrwfMuD;rSm icJynmpGrf;jzif.
tultnD&,lvkdaom taMumif;csif;&m&Sd qif.ac:jcif; jzpf&ayonf orm;awmfMuD;&J.]
]tvkd&dS&mukd rdef.awmfrlyg rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;? usGefawmfrsKd;taejzif. jyKvkyfjzpfonfudprSeforQ
rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;twGuf xdefcsefxm;csuf &Sdrnfr[kwfaMumif; toufay;wifavQmuf
0ef.aMumif;ygbk&m;}
62
Ganan & Yamarmoto
63
]onfvkd icJ&J. ig.nDawmf uaemif tdrfa&S.pHtaMumif; igaumif;aumif;odonfy? ajccg;u tp

tlrtxdqkdovkd igukd,fawmfjrwfMuD; odawmfrlo,fvkd. xifrSwf,kHMunfaewJ. nDnDtdrfa&S.pH
taMumif;ukd igukd,fawmfjrwfMuD;,refae.nu qef;jym;onf. ajymif;vTJrIrsm;ukd odcJ.&onfy}
]trdef.&Sdawmfrlygbk&m; xkdqef;jym;onf.ajymif;vTJrIrsm;onf tokd.aomtcsif;t&mrsm;
jzpfygonfbk&m;}
]jynfMuD;aysmfbG,ft&yfrS rdpyfMuD; qkdvQif orm;awmfMuD; icJ odrnfxifayoAs? r,frif;qD
a&mufcJ.avawm.rS ajymif;vJrItaMumif; igukd,fawmfjrwfMuD;Mum;&ayawm.onf icJ&J.}
]xkdtajymif;tvTJrsm;ukd rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; tm;Muawmfrlw,fvkd. rdef.qkdawmfrlvkdygonfbk&m;}
]b,fES,f tm;rusbJaeygrnfvJ icJ&,f? onfvkdjzpfap&atmif icJbJaqmif&Guf ay;awmfrlw,f
rSwfo[J. }
]rSefvSyg usGefawmfrsKd;MuD;yif aq;awmf pD&ifay;awmfrl&ygonf bk&m;}
]tdrf; onfvkd aq;awmfrsKd; wvuf igukd,fawmfjrwfMuD;twGuf pD&ifyD;quf&r,fAsm?
jrefjrefpD&ifjyD; qufoayawm.}
]onfaq;awmf qufoa&;twGuf vG,fra&mifESif. cufcJ&wwfygonfbk&m;? tcsdefawmf
tenf;qkH; (6)v Mumygrnf rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; (6)vESif. ratmifjrifygvQif wESpftxd
Mum&Sdwwfygonfbk&m;}
]nDnDtwGuf qufo onf.aq;awmfwkef;u b,favmufMumovJ icJ&J. onfavmufawmif
Mumavonfvm;}
]rSefvSyg uaemif udk,fawmfMuD; twGufaq;awmfpD&ifcsdefrSm tcgawmfoif.vSonfjzp 6v ESif.
atmifjrifygonfbk&m;}
]onfxufjrefatmifMuHpnf rjzpfayblvm; icJ&J. aiGeJ. a&TeJ.pufjyD; tokH;jyKpD&ifvkd.aum
r&aybl;vm; icJ&J.}
]Opmypnf;rsm;ESif. puf tvJtvS,fjyKr&EkdifaMumif;yg rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; tcgawmfoif.ygrSom
6v ESif. &EkdifaMumif;ygbk&m;}
o[mjzif.&Sdapaawm.Asm; aq;awmfpD&ifbkd. b@mwkdufawmfrS tvkd&SdorQorm;awmfMuD;
xkwf,lokH;pGJcGif. &SdapAsm;}
]aq;bkd;0g;c ukefus&efaMumif;r&Sdyg rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;? usGefawmfrsKd;MuD;ukd rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;
tvkdawmfrlaom t&G,fawmfukdom trdef.awmfrlygbk&m;}
]tvkd-w,fyD; xl;jcm;vSyguvm;[&dk.? igukd,fawmfjrwf tvkd&Sd&m t&G,ftpm;jzpfatmif
eifpD&ifay;Ekdifw,f[kwfp}
]rSefvSyg jyKvkyfay;EkdifaMumif;ygbk&m; cEaA'usrf;eJ. aboZ aq;usrf;tvkdt& t&G,fawmufukd
&Sdoif.onfxuf ykdrkdygvQifvnf; ab;ruif;wwfyg? touftE&,fyif pkd;&drf&ygonfbk&m; a&mufoif.onf. ae&mxufvJ ykdra&mufEkdifyg? jrif;Zuf EGm;vuf vlcsuf [k aq;ynm
63
Ganan & Yamarmoto
64
tvkdt& xkdae&mrsm;xufykd ra&muf&SdEkdifyg? vkdonfxuf ykdrkdjyKvkyfygu xkdolukd

aoaq;auGs;onfESif. rjcm;bJ tm&kHaMumrsm;jywf toufaoqkH;&rnftrSefyg
rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;}
]o[mjzif. ig.nDawmfuaemif tdrfa&S.pH b,fvkdjyKrlovJ ol.&J. vkyfenf;vkyf[efod&rS
ykdrkdaumif;rnf xifyg.icJ&}
]aq;awmfpD&if&rnf.ol\ t&yftarmif;ESif.vkdufjyKvkyfvQif toif.avsmfqkH;ygbk&m;? t&yf&Snfol
&Snfoif.ayonf? t&yfykolrSmvnf; ol.txGmESif.olom aumif;ygonfbk&m;? uaemif tdrfa&S.pH
ukd,fawmfMuD;rSm ol.txGmESif. vufESpfopftpGef;xGuf twkdif;twm ay;ygonfbk&m;}
]onfvkdqkdvQifoif.jrwfvSayonf? orm;awmfMuD;a&. igukd,fawmfjrwftwkdif;
twmukdvnf; ,ckyif ay;&rnfvm;}
]oif.jrwfvSygonfbk&m;? onfykykduf ay:a&;om;ay;awmfrlyg? tvsm;ESif. vkH;ygwfukd
rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; tESpfoufqkH;ESif. ab;tuif;qkH; t&G,fawmf jzpfapygvQif
uGsefawmfrsKd;MuD;aqmvsifpGm aq;awmfjyKpkygrnfbk&m;}
rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;vnf; orm;awmfMuD;icJ qufoaom yk&ykdufESif. uef.ulqHukdifum pOf;pm;&if;
a&;vkdufzsufvkdufESif. okH;av;MudrfrQavmuf jyKvkyfjyD;onf. aemufrS yk&ykdufukd
orm;awmfMuD;vufokd. ay;tyfvkduf&if; ...
]onfaq;awmfukd atmifjrif acsmarmpGmESif. qufoEkdifvQif icJtwGuf qkawmf vmbfawmfrsm;
ay;oem;awmfrlrAsm;}
rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;vnf; rdef.awmfrl&if; ae&mrSxawmf rlojzif. orm;awmfMuD;icJvnf;
ajcawmfOD;ckduf&if; .....
]usGefawmfrsKd;MuD; MudK;pm; aq;awmfukd tjrefjyD;ajrmuf atmifjrifap&efpD&if
qufoygrnfrif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;}
yef;ckHawmfrS xGufawmfrlaom rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;tm; wifavQmufvdkufygonf/
(2)
wckaom eHeufcif;ykdif;wGif bD;&kd;vSnf; wpD;onf a&Teef;awmf jrdK.&dk;twGif;&Sd yif;wvJpm;
OD;a&TarmifMuD;tdrfawmf0if;twGif; 0ifa&mufvmavonf/ eHeufpm pm;&efjyKaeaom
yif;wvJpm;MuD;onf rpm;ao;bJ bD&kdvSnf;qDokd. Munf.aerdygonf/ xkdokd.Munf.aeqJ
bD&kdvSnf;twGif;rS pOf.bl;i,fwckukd ykdufvsuf qif;vmaom orm;awmfOD;cJukd jrif&onf.twGuf
0rf;om tJ.vJ c&D;OD;MudKjyKonf. taeESif. OD;cJ&Sd&mokd. qif;oGm; ygavonf/
]apmvScsnfvm; oli,fcsif;&m? b,fukdoGm;rnf.&nf&G,fcsufjzif. vmayoenf; qkdprf;yg.}
]wjcm;oGm;p&m r&dSygbl; iarmif&m? rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;xHoGm;bkd.bJ? o[m.ayrif. jrdK.0ifwHcg;rSm
tdyfzefawmfom; wa,mufESif.awG.& pkHprf;Munf.vkdufawm. eiftdrfjyeftdyfonf[k od&
0ifvmcJ.csif;ayayg. iarmif&m}
64
Ganan & Yamarmoto
65
]onfvkdqkd&ifvJ rif;w&m;MuD;xHyg; tcpm;0if&if usKyfygtwl vkdufapcsifwJ. oabmESif.

tc:vmonfxifyg.}
]twlvkdufvkdvJ twloGm;Mubkd.y? ae&pfcsifao;&ifvJ oli,fcsif;oabmaybJ? ig.taeeJ.uawm.
eHeufpm yGJawmfrwnfrD aq;awmfqufo&rnf iarmifMuD;&}
]tvkd - tb,fokd.aoma&m*gaMumif. aq;awmfquf&rnfvJ icJ&J.? rae.uyif
rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;xH igtdrfjyefcGif. awmif;avawm. rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;uyif ocJaq;awmf
tpm;rsm;oGm;avovm; iarmifMuD;&J.vkd. Munf.pm;awmfrlao;o[}
] 'gvkdr[kwfaybl;? eifwu,frodorkd. ar;onfvm; iarmifMuD;}
]rod&kd;trSefygicJ&m rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;ta&; udpESif. yufoufjyD; b,fwkef;ursm;eif.ukd
igoa&mfajymifbl;onfvJ icJ&J.}
]o[mjzif.eif.ar.vkd.omjzpff&rnfy? ig,ckqufo&rnf. aq;awmfonf xGm;aq;MuD;y}
]ig.tjypfy oli,fcsif;&? igwu,f ar.aerdygo[ icJ&? onftaMumif;ukd rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;
rodygapESif.}
]at;y-iarmifMuD;& onf[mvJ ig.wkd.eifwkd. udk,fa&;rSr[kwfrlbJ trSwf&csif;rS&ayrayg.?
igukd,fwkdifuvJ rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;twGuf wm0efay;tyf cef.xm;onf. wynf.wyef;u
tcsdef.ap. a&mufaMumif;ajymMum;avrS aq;awmfpD&if&onf? iarmifMuD;&? ESpf&Snfvrsm;
Mumawm.vJ wm0efvpf[if;&onf.twGuf r[kwfayrif. udprsm;ajrmifvlwkd.abmiftwGif;
&kef;uefvIyf&Sm;&oolrsm; tzkd. ar.avsm.ayrnfy}
obm0MuvSaom icJpum;aMumif. OD;a&TarmifMuD;crsmvnf;
jyHK;&,fvmEkdifcg ]ig.wkd.rif;wkd.wawG[m rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;\ vufqGJawmf
MuD;rsm;jzpfMuaomfvnf; t&m&mwkdif;rSm rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; twGuf tvkdawmf&SdonfjzpfcsifrS
jzpfayrnf qkdaom todaMumif. xrf;&Gufoif.aom wm0efxuf ykdrkdrxrf;&Gufrdbkd.
owd&Sd&onfrkd. ar;oif.onf. udprsm;ar.&onfy icJ&}
][kwfvkdufav oli,fcsif;&,f 'grSom opm&Sdonf/ i,fusGefawmf yDoayrnfy-o[maMumif.
igvnf;tvkdawmf&SdrSom ay;tyfonf.wm0efukd OD;vnfrokefxrf;&Gufay;onfy- rif;vkdvkduf
rif;MudKufaqmif&Guf oolrsm;onf rif;rIxrf;aumif; rqkdoif.aMumif; ig.trdtbwkd.
oifMum;cH.jcif;vnf; &SdcJ.onf iarmif&J.}
oli,fcsif;eSpfa,mufvnf; pdwf0rf;MunfEl;jcif; tjynf.jzif. wOD;ESif. wOD;buf vSnf.wuifjyKcg
eHeufpm twlwuG xkdifpm;aomufMuygonf/
(xkdrSefuefaom pdwfxm; (az:vHzm;uif;onf) rif;ajrSmifpkd;uyf pdwf"gwfr&Sdonf. twGuf
rif;wkef;rif;w&m;MuD; b0ewfxH jyefvGefawmf rljyD;onf.aemuf OD;a&TarmifMuD;
uGufrsufjcif;cH&onf.wkdifatmif oDabmrif;ESif. pkbk&m;vwfwkd. qufvufajrSmufpm;jcif;ukd
cHcJ.&ayonf/
oli,fcsif; ESpfa,mufvnf; vufa&wjyifpD; pm;aomufMujyD;aemuf rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;xH
cpm;&ef xGufcGmoGm;awmfrlMuygavonf/
65
Ganan & Yamarmoto
66
rif;w&m;MuD;xHawmftyg; cpm;a&muf&SdonfwGif rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; uyif ]iarmifMuD;eJ.

orm;awmfMuD; icJwkd.yguvm; tvkdpOf.bl;MuD;eJ. bmawGrsm;ayvJ}
]rSefvSyg rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; tpD&ifckdif;onf. aq;awmfygbk&m;? atmifjrifjyD;pD;ygojzif.
ay;qufawmfrl&ef vma&mufcJ.&jcif;ygbk&m;}
]igukd,fawmfjrwftwGuf aq;awmf&aMumif;Mum;od&aomaMumif. 0rf;ajrmufawmufrlayoAs}
] aq;awmfpD&if&mwGifvnf; wMudrfwcgwnf;jzif. atmifjrifawmfrl bk&m; usGefawmfrsKd;MuD;vnf;
0rf;ajrmufawmfrlygonf rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;}
]onf aq;awmfukd rnfuJ.okd. rSD0J&rnfukd wifavQmufprf;bd icJ&? b,ftcsdef aomufokH;
&rnfvJ- igukd,fawmfwkdif ajrSmfvif.xm;onfrSm tawmfMumayjyD r[kwfvm;}
]usGefawmfrsKd;MuD; ay;qufawmfrlaom aq;tnGef;twkdif;om okH;aqmifawmfrlyg
rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;}
xkdaq;enf;rSm ,ckwkdifatmif pma&;olvuf0,f&Sdygao;onf? xkwfaz:&ef oif.roif. pOf;pm;
csdefq&ef vkdtyfonf[k xifjrifrdojzif. pm;okH;ykHESif. aq;az:fykHukd tcdkuftwef.tm;jzif.
vsKd.0Sufxm;ygao;onf/
]aq;awmfaomufokH;awmfrljyD;onf.aemuf tusKd;taMumif;b,fawm.rS od&rnfvJ icJ&}
] rSefvSyg/ aq;awmfudk tnTef;twdkif; oHk;pGJawmfrlNyD;onfhaemuf oHk;&ufaNrmufaom
tcsdefumvrS p wefcdk;awmfNyygvdrfhrnf/ aq;awmfonf csdefqNyKNyifpD&ifxm;onfaBumifh
ab;tE&m,f Nzpfp&m taBumif; r&Sdyg rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; ... / }
] eifh aq;awmftwGuf vuf0wfawmf ywNrm;vufpGyfwuGif;? a&Tpifwq,f ( ydm ) ESifh
aiGcsdefw&m ay;oem;awmfrlw,fAsm; .../ igudk,fawmfNrwf pdwfwdkif;us wu,fNzpfvmNyDqdk&if
xyfrH aNrSmufpm;awmfrlrAsm; ... / }
] 0rf;aNrmufvSaBumif;ygbk&m; .../ uRefawmfrsdK;BuD; wwfuRrf;aom ynmNzifh
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;twGuf ylaZmfNcif; NzpfygoNzifh qkawmfvmbfawmfrsm;udk raNrSmfvifhaBumif;yg
b0&Sifrif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;vnf; orm;awmf OD;cJ wifavQmufcsufudk NyHK; em;qifawmfrl&if;
OD;a&TarmifBuD;bufodkYvSnfh trdefYawmf rSwfawmfrlygavonf/
] [Jh ... iarmifBuD; ... igay;oem;awmfrlwJh a&Tawmf aiGawmfrsm;udk b@mwdkufrS xkwf,lNyD;
orm;awmf icJtdrfta&muf ydkYay;awmfrlapAsm; ... }
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; rsufESmawmfvTJawmfrloGm;oNzifh OD;a&TarmifBuD;ESifh orm;awmfBuD; OD;cJwdkYvnf;
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;tm; OD;cdkufvsufxGufcGmawmfrlcJhBuygonf/
(3)
rif;wkef;rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;onf eHeufnDvmcH usif;yNyKvkyf&m nDvmcH cef;raqmifrS ta&SYbuf&Sd
yxr aZw0efaqmifawmfxJwGif rdzk&m;BuD;rsm;? taNcGt&H oif;yif;rsm;ESifh pum;aNymaeocdkuf
OD;a&TarmifBuD; qdkufa&mufoGm;ygonf/ &Srf;apmfbGm;ESifhwlol wOD;ESifh &Srf;ri,f
66
Ganan & Yamarmoto
67
acsmacsmwa,muf? &Srf;trSKxrf; wcsdKU yg&Sdaom {nfhonfawmf tzGJYwzGJYvnf; cpm;vsuf

&SdaeygoNzifh OD;a&TarmifBuD;vnf; rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;udk wdwfqdwfpGmESifh cpm;aeygonf/
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;vnf; {nfhonfawmfrsm;bufvSnfh&if; .....
] odEDapmfbGm;BuD; &yf&Gme,fy,f at;csrf;om,monfrsm;Bum;&onfhtwGuf udk,fawmfNrwfBuD;
pdwf0,fBunfEl;Ncif; NzpfrdayonfAsm; ... / }
] uarmZ &Srf;NynfwvTm;&Sd apmfbGm; tm;vHk;wdkY\ opmawmfcH,lxm;&Sdaom b0&Sif
rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;\ aeNynfawmfonf vufeufvloltiftm; awmifhwif;vSonfhtwGuf e,f&Sif?
y,f&Sifrsm;udkyg vdkvm; av;pm;vm&Ncif; Nzpf&ygonf/ xdkonftwGuf rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;
bkef;&dyf uH&dyf cdkvSHKBu&olrsm; e,fy,frsm; at;csrf;&Ncif; NzpfaBumif;ygbk&m; ... / }
] oifhNrwfvSayw,f .../ apmfbGm;BuD;udkvnf; bGJUwHqdyfawmfrsm; tyfESif;NyD;
qkawmfvmbfawmfrsm; ay;oem;awmfrl&r,fAs ... / }
apmfbGm;BuD;udk rdefYawmfrlNyD;onfESifh wqufwnf; rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;onf OD;a&TarmifBuD;bufodkY
vSnfhvsuf .....
] iarmifBuD; em;awmfcH rif;xifausmfacgifudk qifhqdk aeYnDvmcHobifwGif odEDapmfbGm;BuD;ESifh
orm;awmfBuD; icJudk bGJYwHqdyfemrawmfrsm; cwfESdyf csD;NrSifh olaumif;NyK qkawmfvmbfawmfrsm;
ay;oem;&rnfudk tpDtpOfNyKyg .../ orm;awmf icJxHvnf; iarmifBuD;yif tcsdefrSD
Nrif;vsifvTwf taBumif;Bum;ygbd .... / }
] Asm'dwfawmfNrwf twkdif;yg bk&m; ... } [k OD;a&TarmifBuD;vnf; rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;tm;
OD;cdkufvsuf bGJUtyfESif;a&;udk pDpOfaqmif&GufzdkY a&SUawmfrS xGufvmcJhygonf/
OD;a&TarmifBuD;taeNzifh oli,fcsif; a&mif;&if; icJ bGJUwHqdyfawmf xyfrH csD;NrSifhcH&onfhtwGuf
0rf;aNrmuf0rf;om Nzpfae&ygonf/
orm;awmf OD;cJbGJ.jcD;jrSif.a&;wGif tcuftcJawG.&Sd&aMumif; em;awmfcHrif;xifacgifu

OD;a&Tarmiftm; nnf;nnf;nLnLESif. ajymMum;ygonf/ ] ukd&if a&TarmifMuD;& orm;awmf
OD;cJtwGuf bGJ.wHqdyf *kPfxl;awmf csD;jrSif. ay;oem;awmfrlbkd.u cufaeujyDbJ?
a&Teef;awmftwGif; trIxrf;bkd. bk&iform;awmftjzpf todtrSwf&uwnf;u bdou&mZ&mZ
bGJ.ukd tyfESif;&ayoAs?
aemufwqif.xufwqif. wufjyD; ynmod'dqkdonf. tjrif.qkH;aq;ynmbGJ.xl;ukd csD;jrSif.awmf
rljyD;omubJ}
]usKyfvJ rSwfrdygw,f rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; tvkdawmft& oli,fem txl;uktjzpf todtrSwfjyKjyD;
aboZyg&*l bGJ.jcD;jrSif.awmfrlonfukd odonfy em;awmfcHMuD;&}
][kwfvkdufav ukd&ifa&TarmifMuD;&J. tqif.qif.bGJ.awG wrsKd;yD;wrsKd; &xm;onfuwaMumif;?
tjrif.qkH; aq;ynmbGJ. txG#fxdyfbGJ. xl;rsKd;&&SdjyD; oolukd usKyfwkd.u b,fvkdaemufxyf
bGJ.wHqdyfemrHawmf cwfESdyf&ayr,f qkdu ukd&ifa&TarmifMuD;bJ tMuHay;prf;y}
]onfvkdqkd&ifAsm a&TvTwfawmfrSwfwrf; a&TbkH ed'gef; jAJwkdufawmf rSwfwrf;awGukd Munf.&Ippfaq;
bGJ.ay;jcD;jrif.ykHukd av.vmvkduf&if jyD;pD;Ekdifrnfxif&onfy em;cHawmf rif;xifausmfacgifMuD;&,f}
67
Ganan & Yamarmoto
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]usKyfukd,fwkdif tjyeftvSefppfaq;jyD;ujyDrkd. ukd&if a&TarmifMuD;qD tultyH ,l&onfy

ukef;abmifacwf wcwfvkH;wGifvnf; onfvkd tjrif.qkH; bGJ.xl;ukd ESpfMudrfjcD;jrif.jcif;
r&SdcJ.bl;ao;yg ,kwfpGtqkH; &mZ0ifwGif r&Sdao;orkd. rnfokd.rQ rMuHwwf rpD&ifwwfatmif
jzpf&jcif;aMumif. ukd&ifa&TarmifMuD;xHrS tultyH ,lvkdonfaMumif. tMuHawmfopf
awmifcH&jcif;ayuyJ}
OD;a&TarmifMuDvJ em;awmfcH rif;xifausmfacgifxHrS rnfokd.rS rMuHwwfatmif icJtwGuf
bGJ.wHqdyfawmf csD;jrSif.p&mr&Sdoavmuf jzpfae&onfukd Mum;od&onf.twGuf
*kPf,lcsifpdwfrsm;yif ay:aygufvm&ygonf/ bGJ.wHqdyfawmf jcD;jrif.a&;twGuf
usGrf;usifvdrmvSol rif;xifausmfacgifyif rajz&Sif;Ekdifonf. jyem ukd rif;w&m;MuD; bk&m;xH
wifjyaevQifvnf; rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; ukd,fwkdif rajz&Sif;EkdifbJ jzpfaernfudk
OD;a&TarmifMuD;twwfodygavonf? rdrdESif. em;awmfcH rif;xifausmfacgifwkd.u 0w&m;t&
avQmufwifjyefyguvnf; rdrdwkd.ESpfa,muftm; jyefvnfwm0efay;rnfjzpfygonf/ rif;w&m;MuD;
bk&m;onf rif;usif.w&m;q,fyg;ESif.tnD tkyfcsKyfol jzpfojzif. Xmeqkdif&m; ykdif&mwkd.xHrSom
udpwckukd tjyD;wkdifqkH;jzwfav.&SdaMumif; OD;a&TarmifMuD; od&dSem;vnfjyD; jzpfygonf/
icJtm; bGJ.jcD;jrSif.bkd.ta&;tcif;rSm rjyD;rjywfjzpfaeygu rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; a&TpdwfawmfjiKd
tvkdawmfrusjzpfaernfvnf; pkd;aESmif.&onf.rkd. em;cHawmf rif;xifausmfacgif
tMuHjyKonf.twkdif; ynm od'dbGJ.ESpfxyfuGrf;ay;&ef qkH;jzwfvkdufMuonf/
ae.nDvmcH tcrf;tem;wGifyif b0&Sifrif;w&m;MuD;ukd,fawmfwkdif orm;awmfMuD; icJtm;
xl;axGqef;jym;onf. aboZ twwfwGif wbufurf;cwfwwfajrmufol jzpfonf.twGuf ynm
od'd ausmfacgif (ynm od'dausmufacgif) bGJ.wHqdyfemrHawmfcyfESdyf csD;jrSif.awmf rl&aMumif;
rdef.awmfrl&if; bGJ.csD;awmf rlygavonf/ icJ&&Sd aom tbkd;wefypnf; tajrmuftrsm;ukdvnf;
vSnf;ESpfpD;jzif. wkdufykd.&ayrnf/
ESrawmfESif. vufaqmif yPmrsm; qufoawmfrlaom apmfbGm;tm;vnf; bGJ.wHqdyfawmf ESif.
ywjrm;vuf0wfawmfpaom ydwftkyfESif. uwDygp pdef.wkdif;jynfjzpf zJMuD;vdyf ykd;ptkyf
tjcm;qkawmf vyfawmf trsm;tjym;yg0ifavonf/
odEDapmfbGm;qufoaom ESrawmfrSm &kyf&nfacsmarmvSy &kd;rSefaomfvnf; touft&G,fEki,f
vGef;ykH&ygavonf/ ukrm&D rjzpfrSD a*g&D t&G,f 12 ESpfom &SdayOD;rnf[k OD;a&TarmifMuD;
tygt0if rI;MuD;rwf&m aoemywdMuD;rsm; tm;vkH;vkd uyifrSef;q ygavonf/
nDvmcHobifESif. bGJ.tcrf;tem; jyD;pD;onfESif. icJukd
ypnf;rsm;pkaqmif;ay;tyfonfwGif ]iarmifMuD; onfae.n wdk.rsm; i,faygif;MuD;abmfrsm;awGESif.
&if;ESD;oolawG tm;vkH;pk&kH;jyD; aysmfaysmfyg;yg; aomufpm;Mubkd. igtdrfvmcJ. apcsifouGm}
]rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; xHawmf tcGif.yefjyD; avQmufxm;vkd. vmcGif.ay;cJ.&if vmcJ.rAs}
OD;a&TarmifMuD;vnf; icJbdwfrEu jyKcsufukd jcGif;csufjzif. vufcHvkdufygonf/
rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;tm; tusKD;taMumif; ajymjyavQmufwifonfwGif oGm;cGif.jyKawmfrl
vkdufygonf/ OD;a&TarmifMuD;vnf; eef;jrdK.wHcg;rydwfrSDjrif;pD; orm;awmficJtdrf&Sd&m rvGef&yfokd.
oGm;a&muf ygawm.onf/
OD;a&TarmifMuD;qkdufa&mufcsdefwGif orm;awmfOD;cJtdrfrS xrif;pm;yGJwGif rif;o&dowftawmf
pkHvifaeayjyD? Uaemiftdrfa&S.pH udk,fawmfMuD; om;awmfrsm;jzpfaom xef;wyifrif;om;?
rvGefrif;om;wkd.vnf; yg0ifMuayonf/ jrdK.0if OD;omtkd? avSoif;wGif; 0efrif;? a&Tjynf0efMuD;
OD;zkd;vIdifpaom OD;cJESif. &ifESD;aom taygif;toif;rsm;om jzpfMuygavonf/ t&yfol
t&yfom;rsm; twGufvnf; tjidrf.yGJwckvnf; usif;y ay;ygonf/
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Ganan & Yamarmoto
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tausG;tarG;rsm;vnf; pkHvifvSygavonf/ tom;uif trsKd;rsKd; taMumf-tuif-tavSmf-tjyKwftygif; ponf. csufjyKwfenf; rsKd;pkHESif. tom;pkHwkd.ukd woD;wjcm;pD a'gif;vef;MuD;rsm;jzif.
tjynf.tarmuf xnf.xm;ygonf/ aomufp&m ,rum rsm;wGifvnf; oabFmt&uf?
csuft&uf? xef;&nf? ay&nf? uaZmf ponfwkd.ukd bl;rsm;? ykvif;rsm;? 0g;usnfrsm;jzif.
tvkd&Sdovkd aomufokH;Ekdif&ef jyifqifxm;ygonf/ ESD;zvm;rsm;jzif.cyf tvkd&Sdovkd tqifoif.
aomufokH; Ekdif&ef {nf;cef;a'gif.wkdif;&Sd pifrsm;ay:wGif wifxm;ygonf/
OD;a&TarmifMuD;vnf; qif0ifrS xGufvsuf tjidrf.yGJukd Munf.&if; pdwfvGwfukd,fvGwfESif.
aomufpm;aysmfyg;aeygonf/ a&Tjynf0efMuD;vnf; OD;a&TarmifMuD;ukd Munf.vsuf uaemiftdrf.a&S.pH
ukd,fawmfMuD;tm; eHeufcifykdif;rS ppfbk&ifxkG;yGJ tMumif; avQmufxm; ajymMum;aeygonf/
orm;awmf OD;cJvnf; ab;rS xkdif&if; wdwfqdwfpGm em;axmifaeygonf/
OD;a&TarmifMuD;\ rxdwxdESif. usDp,fcsufukd rcHr&yf Ekdifaom ukdif;wmrif;MuD; OD;zkd ppfwk&if
ckefukd acsaxmufuefausmufypfykH ajymjy&m uaemif tdrfa&S. ukd,fawmfMuD;rSm vufckyfvuf0g;
wD;cwfawmf rl&if; w[m;[m;ESif. &,farmawmfrlavonf/ rif;MuD; OD;aumif;vnf;
OD;a&TarmifMuD; xGufcGm oGm;jyD;aemufrS wkdif;wm rif;ukd qufvuf,kdxkd;ykHawGukdvnf; tao;pdyf
wifavsmufaeygao;onf/
uaemif tdrfa&S.pH ukd,fawmfMuD;onf aysmf&Tif&TwfaemufwwfolyDyD aysmf&Tif&TwfaemufykH
pum;Mum;&vQif tm;&awmfrlav.&Sdygonf/ OD;zdk;ukd omomESif. tEkdifpum; ppfxkd;Ekdifol
OD;a&TarmifMuD;tm; ac:awmfrl ......
]iarmifMuD; aemufwcg wkdif;wmrif;MuD; OD;zkd;ESif. eifwkd. ppfwk&xkd;Mur,fvkd. csdef;qkd&if
igukd,fawmfjrwfMuD;ukdvJ aMumif;Mum; avQmufwifyg.? igukd,fawmfwkdif vma&muf
&Ipm;awmfrlrAsm;}
]rSefvSyg tckduftwef.rSmawm. usGefawmfrsKd;MuD;eJ. ppfwk&ifxkd;bkd. OD;zkd;trSef
jiif;qkdygvdrf.rnfbk&m;? wvukd;oDwif;avmuf&SdygvQif ol pdwfajyacsmwJ.tcgMurS
usGefawmfrsKd;MuD; csdef;qkdvkd. &ygvdrf.rnfbk&m;}
]tdrf; ... oleJ. iarmifMuDlwkd. ppfwk&ifxkd;wm Munf.vkd.aumif;ovkd pum;ppfxkd;wmvJ
em;axmifvkd. aumif;wJ.taMumif; rMum rMum ajymbl;onfy}
]usGefawmfrsKd;MuD;u ol.ukd r&dvQif olu usGefawmfrsKd;MuD;ukd usDp,fav. &Sdygonfbk&m;?
pdwfqkd;atmif usDpm;rdjyef&ifvJ wvukd;oDwif;awm. pdwfaumuf&kd; xkH;pHvkd jzpfaeygonfbk&m;}
]vlMuD;qkdawm. olwkd.u ae&mwum tEkdif,l vdkwJ. oabmy iarmif&m? ,kwfrmwJ.
pdwfxm;awm. &SdykH r&ygbl;}
]uaemifukd,fawmfMuD; rdef.awmfrlonf. twkdif;ygbk&m;? usGefawmfrsKd;MuD;uvJ tjrJwrf;
tEkdif,laeygu aemifupm;bkd. ac:r&rnf pkd; ta&Sm.ay;&onfrsm;udk olrodawmfrlbJ
*kPfa&mufav.&Sdygonfbk&m;}
pum;wajymajymESif. aomufMupm;Mu&m oufMuD;acgif;csdef a&mufonfwGif tdrf&SifOD;cJESif.
a&Tjynf0efMuD;ESpfyg;om t&ufraomuf wwfMu usefvltm;vkH; wkH;vkH; yufvufESif.
vJaeMuygonf/ OD;a&TarmifMuD;ESif. uaemif ukd,fawmfMuD;wkd.rSm wOD;ESif.wOD; zufvsuf
qif0ifxufwGif vJaeMuygavonf/ a&Tjynf0efMuD;u OD;cJtm; uaemifukd,fawmfMuD;ukd
b,fvkdjyefykd.&rnfukd ar;prf;aeygonf/ OD;cJu ta&;rMuD;aMumif;/ ol.tdrfwGif odyfxm;vQif
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Ganan & Yamarmoto
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jzpfEkdifaMumif;/ uaemifukd,fawmfMuD;rSm ol.tdrfwGif rMumrMumvma&muf aomufpm;wwf?

tdyfpufawmf rlwwfaMumif; ajymjyrS a&Tjynf0efMuD;vnf; acgif;wndrf.ndrf.ESif.
auseyfoGm;ygonf/
tjidrf.yGJrSm orm;awmfOD;cJ csD;jrSif.xm;awmfaom qkawmfvmbfawmfrsm;aMumif. tpGrf;ukefujy
tokH;awmfcHaeonf? y&dowfrSmvnf; MobmoHrpJbJ atmf[pftm;ay;aeMuygonf/
eHeufvif;vQif OD;a&TarmifMuD;rSm t&ufESmusaeao;ojzif. acgif;rxlEkdifao;yg xkd.aMumif.
OD;cJ\ bD&kdvSnf;jzif. eef;jrdK.wGif;rS ol.tdrf.okd.jyefygavonf? tdrfa&mufjyD; a&rkd;csKd;um
jyeftdyfygavonf? ESpfESpfjcdKufjcdKuf tdyfaysmfaeaom OD;a&TarmifMuD;tm; ol\trSmpum;t&
i,fusGefvufqGJ iAkdufvma&muf r&J w&J EId;ygonf/
OD;a&TarmifMuD;vnf; iAkdufjyJ EId;vmvQif vmcsif; tdyfcsifaompdwfrsm;ukd rsKdodyfcg 0w&m;rysuf
nDvmcHwuf&ef jyifqif&ayrnf/ OD;a&TarmifMuD;tdyf&mrS xcsdefonf aerGef;wnf.vI.
eD;tcsdefjzpfygonf/ wHyljzif. oGm;rsm;ukd wkduf rsufESmopfjyD; t0wftpm;vJvS,faepOf
xrif;tjyifckdif;um wufokwf&kdufpm;ygawm.onf/
OD;a&TarmifMuD; eef;awmftwGif;a&mu ae.nDvmcHtcsdef tenf;i,fvkdao; rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;
pHaeawmfrl&m abmif;awmfaqmifwGif tcpm;0ifygonf/ rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;vnf;
tcpm;0ifvmaom OD;a&TarmifMuD;tm;/
]iarmifMuD; igukd,fawmfjrwfMuD;tm; odEDapmfbGm;qufoawmfrlonf. ESrawmfav;ukd
a&Teef;awmftwGif;rSm&Sdonf. ajrmufO,smOfawmf Akwfwvkwfa&uef ponfwkd.ukd vkdufvHjyo&rnf
ae.nDvmcHpJcsdefwGif awmifO,smOfawmfa&Munf.eef;aqmifawmfrS igukd,fawmfjrwfMuD;tm;
apmif.pm;zl;ajrSmf ap&rnfukd iarmifMuD; tpDtpOfjyK vkdufvHjyo&rnfAsm;}
]rSefvSyg b0&Sifrif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; usGefawmfrsKd;MuD; toQif.rdzk&m;av;tm; rnfonf.
rdzk&m;MuD;xHrS ac:awmfrl&rnfukd trdef.awmf&Sdawmfrlygrnf.taMumif; wifavQmufygonfbk&m;}
][kwfayoAs tv,feef;rawmf qifjzLr&Sifrdzk&m;MuD; txHawmfwGif a&Teef;awmfMuD; xkH;wrf;
pOfvmwwfodp&mrsm;ukd oifMum;qkH;ray;&ef tyfESHxm;onfy iarmifMuD;tm; igtrdef.awmfrSwf
jyo&rnfukd wifavQmufcg tacsm.awmf tcsDawmf ESpfyg;xnf.ay;&rnfukdvnf; ajymy?
iarmifMuD;uvnf; a&uefawmf O,smOfawmfrsm; taMumif; ESrawmfav;ukd
&Sif;vif;wifavQmufMum;&rnf}
]Asm'dwfawmfjrwf twkdif;ygbk&m;} OD;a&TarmifMuD; rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; trdef.awmftwkdif;
aqmif&Guf&ef qifjzLr&Sif rdzk&m;MuD;bk&m;\ tv,feef;raqmifokd. vSrf;MuGygavonf/
rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; trdef.awmf&Sdvkdufonf.twkdif; tv,feef;rawmf qifjzLr&Sifrdzk&m;MuD;ukd
wifavQmufonfwGif tcsDawmf tacsm.awmf ESpfa,mufESif.twl OD;a&TarmifMuD;aemufokd.
rif;orD;av;ukd xnf.vkdufygavonf/
OD;a&TarmifMuD;vnf; ajrmufO,smOfawmf twGif;okd. vkdufvHjyo&if; om;awmf orD;awmfrsm;
upm;&m*lrsm; vkdPfrsm;ygrusef ydk.aqmifjyoygonf/ wckpDvJ &Sif;vif;avQmufxm;
&Ipm;apygonf/ ajrmufO,smOfawmftwGif pkHap.atmif jyjyD;onf.aemuf awmifO,smOfawmf
twGif;okd. ac:aqmifoGm;ygonf/ ae.nDvmcH pJcsdefwGif rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;tm;
awmifO,smOfawmftwGif; zl;ajrmf&ef trdef.awmf yg&SdvmaMumif; rif;orD;av;tm;
wifavQmufygonf/
awmifO,smOfawmf twGif;rl ausmuf*l vkdPfacgif;rsm; ta&mufwGif rif;orD;av; a&Tpdwfawmf
MunfEl; oDcsif;yif &Srf;oH0J0Jav;jzif. oDqkdygonf/ OD;a&TarmifMuD;vnf; oDcsif;oHMum;&pOf
70
Ganan & Yamarmoto
71
rodrom jyKH;rdygonf/ a*g&D t&G,f a&muf&kHrQjzif. rdzk&m;jzpfvm uav;pdwf

rukefao;aomtjzpfukd OD;a&TarmifMuD; em;vnfoGm;ygonf/ tacsm.awmfESif. txdrf;awmf
rrrsm;ukdyif oDcsif;qkd&ef rdef.awmfrlaeygao;onf/ awmifO,smOftwGif;&Sd
a&Munf.pHeef;awmfay : okd. rif;orD;av;tm; ykd.aqmifay;jyD;aemuf OD;a&TarmifMuD;vnf;
rvSrf;rurf;rS cpm;aeygonf/
rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;vnf; ra&mufawmf rlvmao;onfESif. a&MunfpHeef;awmfav; wbuftpGef;
tDwmvsH ausmufjzLom;wkd.ESif. jyD;pD;onf. ovGefawmfay:wGif rif;orD;av; pHawmfrl&if; a&Tig;
aiGig; av;rsm;ukd &Ipm;awmfrlaeygonf/
y'krm MumzufMuD;rsm;ay : okd. wufcsnfqif;csnfESif. a&xJwGif jrL;xl;aysmufyg;aeonf.
zm;uav;rsm;ukdvnf; awG.jrif& rif;orD;uav;onf &TifjrL;aeygonf/
tcsDawmfMuD;rsm;qufoaom a&Tzvm;MuD;twGif;rS ig;rsm;ukd Ekduf,lypfcwf ausG;arG;um
taysmfMuD;aysmfaeygonf/ aea&mifcsnftiftm;aMumif. yGif.um; a0qmvmaom y'krmMumjzL
yGif.MuD;rsm;rSmvnf; tarT;&eHHukd xkHoif;apygonf/ nif;avoGJ.ojzif. wEGJ.EGJ. w,kdif,kdif tdum
vIyf&Sm;aeaom yGif.Mumcsyf wkd.ukd a&pkd w0ufrqkdESif. jzef;yufaeouJokd. &Sdaeonfukd
jrif&oltm; vIyf&Sm;apygonf? toJ,m;apygonf/
a&Munf.pHeef;awmfwckdwGif tvQKdvQKdESif. Mum0wfrIH t&nftaoG;ukd aomufokH;vkd ysH0Jaeaom
vdyfjympkHwGJ ydwkef;armifESHpkHwkd.onfvnf; zkd - r oHay;aeoa,mif armifESHpkH ,SOfwGJ
aysmfyGJMuD;cHaeonfwkd.ukd jrifae&aom rdzk&m;av;pdwfawmfwGif cHpm;rI&Sdaejyefygonf/ rMum
rwifaom umvwGif olr\ umrykdifvifom;jzpfaom rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; MuGvmawmfrlrnfudk
awG;rdaom rif;orD;av;\pdwfwGif rvIyf&Sm;pbl;aom pdwf vIyf&Sm;jcif;rsKd; rsm;
jzpfay:vm&jyefygonf/
b0&Sifrif;w&m;MuD;ESif. aemufawmfyg vlysKdawmfom; rif;ca,musmf;rsm;yg tcrf;tem;jzif.
MuGcsDawmfrl vmonfukd a&Munf.eef;awmftpGef;rS ig;pmqufoaeaom tcDstacsm.awmfMuD;rsm;
jrifawmf rl rif;orD;av;ukd wifavQmufMu&m rif;orD;uav;rSm &SufpEkd; trlt&mjzif.
xkdif&rvkd x&rvkd &SdaeonfaMumif. a&Munf.pHeef;t0rS MudKqkd&ef tMuHawmf
ay;qufMuonfaMumif. rif;orD;av;onf MudKqkd&ef &Suf&SufESif. eef;0okd.xGufvsufaeygonf
vuftkyfcsD&if; acgif;ikH.pif;&if;jzif. MudKqkdae&Smonfukd jrif&aom txdef;awmf
tacsm.awmfMuD;rsm;yif oem;ovkd &SdaeMuygonf/
]ukdif; armifrif;rsm; igukd,fawmfjrwf rdrdxHyg;a&mufvkd. vmacsjyD? txdef;awmf
tacsm.awmfMuD;rsm; ESif. a&MunfpHeef;awmf t0rSyif MudKqkdaeayjyD? armifrif;wkd.
oif.awmf&mae&mrS cpm;Muaya&m.}
rif;w&m;MuD; bk&m;vnf; aemufawmfygrsm;ukd tem;wGif rcpm;apvkdaom qEjzif.
ESifvTwfaeonfukd OD;a&TarmifMuD;ESif. tysKdawmfMuD;rsm;yg tvkdufodpGm ajcawmfOD;ckduf&if;
a&Smif&Sm;ay;Mu&ef xGufcGmcJ.Muygonf/ rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;vnf; xGufcGmoGm;aom
OD;a&TarmifMuD;ESif. txdef;awmf vSrf;vif. Munf.awmfrl&if; onfvkdrS oif.ayrnf[k
pdwfawmfwGif;rS atmufar.&if;jyHK;aeygonf? a&Munfeef;awmf0ifvQif iHvif.MudKqkdae&Smaom
rif;orD;av; vufawmfqGJ&if; ]armifMuD; bk&m;ukd apmif.ae&onfrSm MumyDvm;rdrdiJ.? &yfawmfrl
anmif;awmfrlvma&m.r,fayg.} [k ac:&if; ausmufom;ovGefay : ajymif;a&G. pHaeawmfrlygonf/
rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;vnf; rif;orD;av; &SufpEkd; jzpfaeonfrSef; &dyfpm;rdonf.twGuf
t&SufawmfrS ajyapvkdaom oabmjzif. twl,SOfwGJpHaeaom rif;orD;av;ukd
a&TvufawmfqGJvsuf rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; &ifcGifwGif0if txdkifckdif;ygavonf/
71
Ganan & Yamarmoto
72
rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;vnf; rif;orD;av; a&Tpdwfawmfajymif;vTJ twif.&Jvmap&ef

&nfoefvsuf? ]aysmfawmfrlyg&J.vm; rdrdiJ. tvkd&Sd&mrSeforQ onfEIwfawmfu jrGuf[vkdufygu
jrefrMum vdkwm&aprnfy} rdef.oHcsKdcsKdjzif. pwifrdef.qkdawmf rlvkdufaomfvnf; wdwfqdwfjrJ
wdwfqdwfvsufyif/
rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; xl;jcm;aomtqif;o@mefMueftifvuPmwkdjzif. jynf.pkHaom rif;orD;av;ukd
&Ipm;&if; MuifemqyGm; oem;cspfcifawmfrlvmrdygonf? Eknuf0if;0gaom rif;orD;av;
vnf*kwfawmfav;rS wGJ& &TJMuvsuf&Sdaom arT;nif; EkEkpdrf;uav;wkd.onf rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;
oufjyif;rIwfxkwfvkdufwkdif; av0,fvGif.yg;vIyf&Sm;aeygonf/
Muufoa&taygif;wkd.\ocif jrwfEkd;csif;wkd.\ taygif;t&Sifjzpfavrnfvm;[kyif
oHo,pdwf"gwf0ifa&mufvmatmifyif rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; a&Tpdwfawmfwkd.ukd vIyf&Sm;vmapygonf?
rif;orD;av;\ rsufESmawmfukd ta0;rSom &Ipm;jrifcJ.bl;vsuf ,ckrSm teD;uyf&Ipm;jrif
awG.rdyg&onfwGif ajcmufq,fausmfaom rdzk&m;MuD;taygif;wkd.ukdyif ar.csifvmygawm.onf/
&Suf&GHawmfrlcsif;twGuf rsufESmawmftikHom;ESif. MuKHMuKHuav;ae&Smaom rif;orD;av;ukd
rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;u
]usef;rmawmfrlygp rdrdiJ. a&TrsufESmawmftkd bmtvkdawmf rusjzpf&onfvJ}
rif;orD;av;onf ezl;awG.'l;awG. rawG.bl;ao;orkd. &Suftm;awmfykdjyD; bmukdb,fuJ.okd.
avQmufwif&rnfukd rodyJ cyfrqwfaeawmfrlygonf? wdwfqdwfndrfoufcsif;wkd.onf
rif;rdzk&m;ESpfyg;wkd.tMum; vTrf;rkd; cs,fvS,faeygavonf/ rif;orD;av;\ pdwfwGif
rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;onf usef;rmawmfrlvkd.om onfO,smOfawmfokd. xGufawmfrlvmEkdifjcif;ukd
odyg&ufu,fESif. tar;awmf&Sdaeygonf/ onftar;ukd rnfokd.ajzqkd&rnfukd ra0cGJwwfatmif
jzpfae&ayonf/
jyifyavmuwGif qdwfndrfcsif;wkd. pkd;rkd;aeonfukd jzpfaomfvnf;
rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;rSm ,k,Muifemaom pdwfxm;jzif. rif;orD;av;udk,fawmfav;ukd
ukdifzspf&if; ............
]armifawmfMuD;[m bDvl;obufyrm aMumufp&maumif;onfvJ r[kwfyguvm; rdrd&m? ckvkd
EIwfqdwfawmfrlavjyefawm. armifawmfMuD; pdwfyifyrf;vSonf rdrd&,f} ajym&if;qkd&if;
rif;orD;av;ukd ayG.zufxm;&mrS udk,fawmfeHab;okd. tomt&mcs&if; rwfwyf&yfygonf/
twGif;pdwfwkd.rSm vIyf&Sm;&aomaMumif. ukd,fawmfrSmvnf; *Pmrjidrfjzpfvm&onfrkd.
vrf;avQmuf&efxjcif;jzpfygonf/ a&Munf.eef;awmftwGif; ta&S.rS taemufodk.
rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; a&Tpdwfawmf a,muf,ufcwfaeonf.twGuf pMuFefavQmufygavonf/
xkdtjyKrlukd jrif&aom rif;orD;av;rSm rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; a&Tpdwfawmf tvkdawmfrus
jzpfonf[k xifrSwfrd&Smygonf/
rdrd\aemifawmf odEDapmfbGm;MuD;u rdrdtm; rif;w&m;bk&m;MuD;xH tvkdMudKuf tvkdufaqmifvQif
rdrdjzpfvkd&m jzpfEdkifrnf/ apwvkH;ukd tykdif&Edkifayonf/ rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; a&TpdwfawmfjidK
tvkdawmf ruscJ.vQif aovrf;okd.yif jref;&ayvdrf.rnf [laom rSmMum;xm;&SdcJ.aom pum;wkd.ukd
owd&vmojzif. rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; a&Tpdwfawmf rjidKap&ef awmif;yefavrS oif.ayrnf[k
awG;rdojzif. rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; pMuFefMuGcsD&mokd. oGm;&ef rif;orD;av;onf ausmufjzLom;
ovGefawmfay : rS qif; &yfvkdufygonf/
rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; pMuFefMuGawmfrl&modk. avQmufoGm;awmrljyD;rS rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;ukdpD;
zufvkdufygonf/ pkd;&drfaMumif.MupdwfaMumif. pGef.pm; vkduf&aomfvnf; rif;orD;uav;rSm
72
Ganan & Yamarmoto
73
&Sufpdwfwkd.udkawm.ry,f&Sm;EDkifao;yg? xkdaMumif. eDjref;aeaom rsufESmawmfuav;ukd rif;w&m;

bk&m;\ &ifcGifawmf twGif;wGif jrKyfoGif;xm;ygavonf/
rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;vnf; a&Smifwcif ajymif;vJvmaom rif;orD;av;\ tjyKtrlaMumif.
0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omjzpfvmygonf/ ]rSmxm;tvm;oif.} qkdonf.twkdif; rnGwfcifu
qGwfcsifvSaom rif;w&m;MuD; bk&m;rSm rif;orD;av;ukd ayG.zufzspfnpf&if; eDjref;aom
yg;tkdpkH\ azgXAgkHukd ykdifykdifMuD; aomufokH;vkdufavonf/
tawG.xl;vSaom rif;orD;av;aMumif. udk,fawmfwGif &mZtdajEyif ysufawmfrlrnfpkd;rd
ukd,fawmfukd aemufokd. tenf;i,f cyf&kd.&kd. qkwfawmfrlygonf/
rif;orD;av;rSmvnf; woufwmwGif rMuKHbl; rawG.bl;ao;onf. t&omxl;aMumif. ruf&
aMumuf&rnfukdyif ar.aysmufovkd jzpfoGm;cg rif;w&m;MuD; bk&m;xHyg; ZGwfwkd;uyftoGm;
rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;uvnf; aemufqkwfawmfrl rsufESmvTJawmfrlonfukd jrif&Smygonf?
rif;orD;uav;pdwfwGif rif;w&m;MuD; bk&m;a&TpdwfawmfjidK; tvkdawmfrusjzpfoGm;jyDvm;[k
pkd;aESmifylyefawmfrl&if; ai;ikdifum Munf.aerdygonf/
rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;wGifxl;aom ztawG."gwf &pfywfaESmifzGJ.jcif;cH&onf.twGuf
Eke,fpOftcgu awG.MuKHcHpm;&blavaom awG.MuKHcHpm;rlrsKd;ukd ,ckwzef
jyefvnfcHpm;ae&ygonf/ a&Tpdwfawmf0,f MunfEl;rlukd t&if;jyK jzpfay : vm&onfrdk.
oJvIduf&ifzkd rIwkd.uyif twdwfqDokd. rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;tm; jyefvnf ac :
aqmifoGm;onf.yrm a&Tpdwfawmfonf avuJ.okd. ayg.yg;vm&ygonf/
Eke,fysKdjrpfolwkd.\ txdtawG.onf b0ukdpkdajyvef;qef;aponf[kyif rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;
rSwfxifawmfrlrdygonf/ xkdokd.rSwfxifrd apwodufuyif rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;tm; twdwfokd.
ac : aqmifoGm;ygonf/ tESpfESpfq,fausmfumv rdzk&m;jzpfrnf. a&T&ifodrf;opf
pvif;rif;orD;av;ESif. cspfMuKdufpOfb0u ......
]wif.vSay[ef? bufr&efwnf.? ajcmufwefewf&Gm? bkHuvmokd.? jymjymvwfvwf?
rGwfrGwfnufnuf? &Gef;&Gef;pufrQ? 0if;0if;vufa&mifa&T? tacgifaywnf. awmifaeewf[ef
jrwfopfMuefESif.}
csDonf. awmifilbk&ifewf&Sifaemif a&;oDpyfqkdawmfrlcJ.onf. &lyuvsmbGJ.jzif. vlysKdvSnf.cJ.onf.
tjzpfukd jrifa,mifapcJ.ygonf/ i,fcspfOD;rkd. &l;cJ.&onfqkdonf. twkdif;
pvif;rif;orD;av;\ ndk."gwf uGef,uftwGif; oufqif;cJ.&onf. cHpm;rIwkd.onf
ukd,fawmf.b0wauG.0,f ar.r&paumif;aom t&mwkd. jzpfayonf/
xdkpOfu rif;wkef;rif;om;av;\ oufawmfrSm q,f.okH;ESpfrQyif &Sdygao;onf/ rif;om;ESif.
oufwl&G,fwl&Sdaom pvif;rif;orD;uav;rSm ewfolZmwrQ vSaoG;wufMuGp a*g&D&G,f
arwmawmf ul;&Suf cJ.onf.wkd.rSm owavmuwGif tvkdvm;tyfqkH;aom
qkxl;ukdqGwfcl;&onf[kyif xifrdcH.&ygavonf/ a&Teef;pnf;pdrfxuf cifrifwG,fwmxkdufaom
avmupnf;pdrf okcwck[kyif rif;om;uav; xifrSwf pGJvrf;cJ.&ayonf/ twdwfwkd.\t&dyf
xkH;aESmifzGJ.rIonf rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;tm; acsmufcsm; apygawm.onf/ acsmufcsm;jcif;rS
jrpfzsm;cHvmaom azgufjym;aom pdwfukd rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; xdef;csKyf wm;qD;awmfrlqJrif;orD;av; ai;ikdifum &yfMunf.aeawmf rl&if;u rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; a&TpdwfawmfjiKd
tvkdawmfrus jzpf&avrnfukd tpkd;&drfMuD; pkd;&drfawmfrl&Smonf.twGuf rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;tm;
cGif.vTwfyg&ef awmif;yefwkd;vQKf;apbkd.twGuf rif;w&m;MuD;xH wkd;uyfcg zufygawm.onf/
73
Ganan & Yamarmoto
74
rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;vnf; jyefvnf ayG.zufawmfrlygavonf/ okd.ayG.zufxm;jcif;cH&onfukdyif

tm;rvkd tm;r&jzp ykdrkdwkd;uyfvkdaom qEESif. rif;orD;av;rSm a&S.okd. wkd;uyfygonf/
onfxufwkd;uyfr&yg? wdk;uyfzufbkd. MudK;pm;avawm.rS rif;orD;av;onf a&S.okd.wkd;
r&awm.bJ wpkHwcku wm;pD;ckcHaeojzif. rdrdtem;odk. wkd;uyfrIukd rvkdvm; ,ckuJ.odk.
jyKrlaeovm;[k pOfpm;rdygonf/
xkdMum;rS wm;qD; ckcHaeawm.onf t&monf tb,fokd. t&monf tb,fokd.aom
taMumif;ESif. olrtm; [ef.wm;xm;&ygoenf;/
]onf'l;awmfukd z,fay;awmfrlygbk&m;} ajym&if; vufjzif. wGef;z,fonfwGif
rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;vnf; ukd,fawmfukd tenf;i,f &dk.vsuf rif;orD;av;em;okd. avoHwkd;wkd;jzif.
ajymvkdufon rif;orD;uav;onf &Srf;pum;jzif. 'l;awmfr[kwfonfwJ. r,fr,fbk&m;a& }
xdwfvef.aom tmardwftoH Mum;vkduf&jyD; rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; ayG.zufxm;aom vuftwGif;
nTwfacGar.arsm aysm.usoGm;ygavonf/
cspfpdefvGif
]]tkdomtkdonf? vlysKdom&uJ?
bkd;tkdrD;vef? oli,fjyefonf?
q,fwefol.xufuJvdrf....}}
refvnfq&mawmf
74
Ganan & Yamarmoto
75
wHvQufukda&xif
wPSmayr ork',wkd.onf rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;tm; avmbESif. a'gowkd.ukd
jzpfyGm;apcJ.ygavonf/
r*Fw&m;ukd tvkd&Sdaom olawmfpifwkd.onf ypKyefwnf.wnf.ukdomIav.&SdrSef;
b0&Sifrif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;odygonf/ okd.odyifodjim;aomfvnf; twdwfukd twdwfwGif
rxm;EkdifcJ.ojzif. xkdtwdwfrS t&dyf\ zrf;pm;rIaMumif. rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; a&TpdwfawmfjidK
tvkdawmfrusjzpfae&ygonf/
abmif;awmfndrf.vQif pdwfawmf odMu &onf. 0efMuD;rsm;? twGif;0efrsm;? vufpGJawmfMuD;rsm;onf
rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;\ tvkd qEawmfwkd.ukd tpGrf; MudK;pm;jznf.pGrf;Mubkd. ol.xufig
tvkt,uf vkH;yrf;aeMuygonf/ xkdtjzpfrsKd;ukd rvkdvm;Muaom uif;0efrif;MuD; OD;aumif;ESif.
a&Tjynf0efMuD; OD;zkd;vIdifwkd.u vufpGJawmfMuD; OD;a&TarmifMuD;tm; rif;w&m;MuD; bk&m;ukd
owdawmf rquf&aumif;vm;[k MuDrf;armif; rmefrJaeMuygonf/ pD;aom a&ukd qnfwef.onf.
uefoif;oabmESif. qlylMudrf;armif;aeMu&ayrif. ynm&SdMuD;rsm;yDyD rif;MuD;OD;aumif;a&m
a&Tjynf0efMuD; OD;zkdvIdif wkd.ygwm;qD; &rnfr[kwfaMumif;ukdawm. odMuygonf/
tEko,ukd udavomu ty,fcHonf. tjzpfum; &ifeif.p&m aumif;vSonf[k ynm&Sd
0efMuD;rsm; od&SdMuaomfvnf; jyif;jypGm awmfavmifjrdKufqJjzpfaom udavom tylrD;ukd
&kwfjcnf;at;jidrf;ap&ef rwwfEdkifMuao;yg/ wjznf;jznf;rS tcgtcGif.ukd Munf. wifavsmuf
Mu&ef wkdifyifxm;Muygavonf/ t&dyfokH;yg;em;rvnfygu r&Pvrf;okd. tcsdefra&G;
jzwfvrf;u jrefEdkifonf. tcgor,yifjzpfygavoonf/
yif;wvJpm; OD;a&TarmifMuD;vnf; uif;0efrif;ESif. a&Tjynf0efMuD;wkd. rMumrMum
rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; twGufESif. yufouf qlylMudrf;armif;jcif;cH&onfu waMumif;
if;ukd,fwkdifapmif;a&Smuf xdef;odrf;ae&onf. aqmifawmful;rSwfwrf;wGif yg0efaeaom rdzk&m;rsm;
taqmifawmful;&ufrsm; ysufuGuf wdrf;acsmufvmcJ.onfrSm 2-vausmf okH;veD;yg;rQ&Sdaeonf[k
waMumif;aMumif. rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;tm; wifavQmuf pl;prf;awmf rl&ef tcgtcGif.ukd
apmif.aeqJwGif ae.nDvmcH tem;,l&m yef;ckHawmf tkwfwkdufokd. rif;w&m;MuD;
0ifa&mufcpm;ygavonf/
rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; tyg;awmf a&muf&SdjyD;aemuf ajcawmfOD;ckdufcg a&Tem;awmfokd.
wifavQmufygonf/
]rSefvSyg rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;\ npOftqmifawmf ul;rSwfwrf;t& rdzk&m;rsm;\ taqmifawmfokd.
r<ucsDrlbJ &SdaecJ.onfrSm &ufvyiftwefi,fMumanmif; ysufuGufjcif;&SdcJ.onfwkd.ukd
uRefawmfrsKd;MuD;tm; tvSnf.us rdzk&m;rsm; tar;awmf&SdaeaMumif;ygbk&m;/
][kwfayoAs? [kwfayoAs igukd,fawmf jrwfMuD;a&TpdwfawmfwGif;0,f xl;jcm;onf.
csOfjcif;tmom"gwfaMumif. rdzk&m;rsm; taqmifawmfESif. vrf;pjywf ae&jcif;ayuyJ iarmifMuD;&J.}
]rdzk&m;MuD;rsm; a&Tem;awmfokd. rnfokd.aomtaMumif; jycsufukd usGefawmfrsKd;MuD; wifMum;
avQmufxm;&ygrnf rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;}
75
Ganan & Yamarmoto
76
]onfvkdy iarmifMuD;& igukd,fawmfjrwf pdwf0rf;awmf0,f odEDrif;orD;av;ukdom

pGJvrf;awmfrlrdonfaMumif. odEDrif;orD;awmfeJ.yJ arG.avsmfaerdw,f? iarmifMuD;&,f.
odEDrif;orD;av;[m toufyif i,faomfvJ igukd,fawmfjrwfMuD; tvkdawmfvkduf
tMudKufaqmifEkdifayo[J.}
]rSefawmfrlygonfbk&m;? pdrf;aygif;rkef.ESif. rkef.u\ysm;ovufwkd.onf qef.rIef.nufcsnf;jzif.
jyKvkyfxm;Muygonfbk&m;? xkd.twl okH;q,fESpf aum|motpkta0; csif;wlonf.
rdef;rom;csif;rsm; jzpfyg odEDrif;orD;av;bk&m;ESif. toQif\ rdzk&m;MuD;rsm;vnf; wlnDaMumif;
a&Tem;awmf qufoygonfbk&m;}
]ajymr,kH MuHKbl;rSodrAs? iarmifMuD;&m eifu igukd,fawmfjrwfMuD;ukd w&m;jyaeonfxify}
]onf;cHawmfrlygbk&m;? usGefawmfrsKd;MuD; b0&Sif rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;ukd ausmif;xkdif
usrf;wwfq&mawmfbk&m;MuD;ukd pmoifjyL ay;aeonf. ausmif;om;oli,foabmrsKd;
r[kwf&aMumif;ygbk&m;? usGefawmfrsKd;MuD; wifavQmuf&jcif;rSmvnf;
rdzk&m;MuD;rsm;\ rsufrdef.awmf&Srnfukd pkd;&drfaESmif;vkd. aMumif.Muawmf rlrdonfaMumif.ygbk&m;}
]o[mvkdjzif. &Sdayapawm.? eifrodao;onf qkdonfvJ ajym&rnfy? vufxufr*FvmyGJ
qifETJumeD; nDawmfrif;eefukd jrwfpGmbkocifukd,fawmfjrwfMuD; *&kPmxm;awmfrl cRwfawmfrl&ef
ac : aqmifoGm;pOf vrf;c&D; arsmufrMuD;ukd jyjyD; owkd.orD; b'uvsmPDrif;orD;av;eJ.
onfarsmufr b,foluvSoenf; nDawmf[k tar;awmf&Sdonf.twGuf nDawmf rif;eefpdwf0,f
bk&m;ociftay : pdwfawmfckoGm;onfbJ iarmifMuD;&J.}
]rSefvSyg vl.avmu0,f tvS<u,fonf[k wifpm;ae&onf. b'uvsmPDrif;orD;av;ESif.
arsmufr EIdif;,SOfjyoonf.twGuf bk&m;ocif ukd,fawmfjrwfMuD;tay : nDawmfrif;eef
pdwfuGuf&jcif; jzpfygonfbk&m;}
]tdrf;-tJonftcdsefu nDawmfrif;eef[m uvsmPDrif;orD;xuf acsmonf? vSonfrsm;ukd
rjrifbl;ao;ubJ iarmifMuD;&J.? o[maMumif. arsmufrESif. EIdif;&ufavjcif;[k
pGJxifawmfrlonfukd od&SdavwJ. jrwfpGmbk&m;ocif[m nDawmf rif;eefukd ewfjynf
ajcmufxyfqGrf;cHac : oGm;awmfrlonf.tcgusrS ewforD;awGukd jrifawG.wJ. nDawmfrif;eef[m
ewforD;awG&J. tvSuGef,ufrSifoufrdjyD; awGa0ai;aewJ.tcg ar;awmfrlwJ.
bk&m;ocifukd,fawmfjrwfMuD;ukd ]b'uvsm[m onfewforD;rsm;ESif. wk,SOfygvQif
arsmufrMuD;vkdomjzpfygonfbk&m;} [k wifavQmufonf. ykHyrmtwkdif; ig.rdzk&m;awGukdvJ
odEDrif;orD;av;ESif. ,SOfEIdif;Munf.rdonf.taMumif;tcsufaMumif. aqmifawmful;&uf
ysufuGuf&onfy iarmifMuD;&}
rif;w&m;bk&m;vnf; OD;a&TarmifMuD;tm; pdwf&Snfvuf&Snf &Sif;vif;rdef.awmfrlygonf/
Mum;&onf.pum;rsm;ukd OD;a&TarmifMuD;vnf; oufjyif;cs&if; jidrfoufpGm em;axmif&efrSwyg;
tjcm;r&Sdyg/ rdausmif;rif; a&uif;jyonf.tvm;? q&m;awmfukd pmcsrdaom ausmif;om;
oli,fuJ.okd. EIwfqdwfae&ygavonf/ rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; jzpfysufaeykH tvkH;pkHukd
&dyfpm;rdMuaom yg;eyfvdrfrmvSMuonf. rdzk&m;jzpfaom pdefwkef;rdzk&m;ESif; qifjzLr&Sif
tv,feef;rawmfMuD;wkd. acgif;csif;&kdufwdkifyifaeonfwkd.ukdvnf; OD;a&TarmifMuD;
pOf;pm;rdvmygawm.onf/
pdefwkef;rdzk&m;MuD;\ tjrifwGif b0&Sif rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;onf &wemykHaejynfawmfESif.
rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; pkd;ykdif tkyfcsKyfaeaom e,fy,fa'orsm;rS vma&mufqufoMuaom
rif;orD;rsm;? ukd,fvkyfawmfarmif;rsm;? jrdK.pm; e,fpm;? olaX;
ol<u,fwkd.\ orD;rsm;tm;vkH;wkd.onf ukrm&Dt&G,f (16)ESpfausmfawG
76
Ganan & Yamarmoto
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csnf.omjzpfaeayonf/ ,ck odEDapmfbGm;MuD;vma&mufqufoonf. rif;orD;av;rSm

wjcm;wyg;aom rdef;rSrsm;ESif. &kyf&nf&Iyum rnfodk.rQ rxl;jcm;? ruGmjcm;aomvnf;
t&G,fawmfrSm uGmjcm;aeayonf/ a*g&Dt&G,fESif. ukrm&Djzpfaeygonf/ ukrm&Drsm;onf
touft&G,f tenf;i,fMuD;vmonf.twGuf pOf;pm;wwfvmayonf/ t&Sufvnf; &Sdrnf?
taMumufvnf;&Sdrnf/ a*g&Dt&G,fonf uav;rQyif jzpf t&Sufr&SdEkdif? rpOf;pm;wwf
pkd;&drfpdwfaMumufvef.pdwfuvnf; uif;ayrnf/ xkdokd.Eki,f oluav;rsm;ukd MuKdufovkd
ykHpHoGif;,lvQif vG,fulayrnf/ onftaMumif;rsm;aMumif. rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; a&TpdwfawmfwGif
xljcm;onf[k xifrSwfawmfrlayonf/ xkdokd. xifrSwfawmfrlaeonf. pdwfxm;ukd
uGJjym;jcm;em;oGm;&ef jyoEkdifbkd. wjcm;enf;vrf;rsm;xuf vG,fulaom enf;vrf;rSm
a*g&Dt&G,fwkdif; a*g&D tawG.txd a*g&DtEl;tnH.rsKd;&Sdonf qkdonfukd xif&Sm;odawmfrlap&ef
a*g&Dt&G,f orD;awmfav;rsm;ukd csnf.qufoavrSom rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; odED rif;orD;av;
tay : pGJvrf;wrf;wpdwfavsm.yg;oGm;ayrnf/ onftaMumif;rsm;aMumif. rdzk&m;MuD;ESpfyg;wkd.onf
eD;pyfaom &if;ESD;onf. aemufawmfyg;rsm; vufpGJawmfMuD;rsm;wkd.ESif. wkdifyif a*g&Dt&G,frsm;
qufoawmfrl&ef MuHpnfaeMujcif;jzpfygavonf/
odEDrif;orD;av;tyg;rSmyif &pfw0J0J tpGJMuD;pGJaeawmfrlaom a&m*gawmfukd ukpm;&eftwGuf
i,f&G,fEke,fonf. orD;unm qufa&; jyem w&yfay : aygufvmygonf/
a&Teef;awmfMuD;ESif. eD;pyfaom MoZmwdur &Sdolwkd.onf topftopfaom
orD;unmqufoEkdifbkd.ta&;onf ,cktcsdefwGif aoa&;&Sifa&;wrQ ta&;MuD;onf.
udpxl;w&yfjzpfaeygawm.onf/
awmusGrf;aom rkqkd;wOD;onf awmjrdKif\ tv,fwGif olvkdcsifaom om;aumiftm; MudKuf&m
vufeufjzif. jzdKcGif;um &,lEkdifovkd a&ajr oeif;jynf.&Sifrif; jzpfaom rif;w&m;MuD;onf
vl.aomu twGif;0,f olvkdcsifaom tcspfom;aumifwkd.\ ESvkH;om;rsm;ukd tmPmvufeufjzif.
ypfcGif;um om;aumif&iffukdcGJ toJ,lEkdifonf[k em;vnfjyD;jzpfMuygavonf/ xkd.aMumif.yif
a&TnmPf&Sif rdzk&m;MuD;rsm;onf rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;tm; y&d,m,fqif vrf;opfukd nTefjy
Mucsif;jzpfygavonf/
(2)
rkd;wzGJzGJ&GmoGef;aeaomae.jzpf\/ wokefokefwkdufcwfvsuf&Sdaom avnSif;nSif;atmufwGif
&wemykHaejynfawmfonf wdwfqdwfjidrf oufvsuf&Sd\/ avaqm.ojzif. eef;jrdK.wGif;rS
tkef;yifysKd.wkd.\ tkef;vufi,fwkd.onf b,f,drf;nm,kdifum avEkvIdif;ESif;twl
vGif;yg;vIyf&Sm;aeygavonf/ rkd;a&pkdpGwfojzif. opfyifwkdif;rS t&Guftzl;tnTef.wkd.onf
vrf;qef;pdrf;pkd om,maeovkdyif &Sdvmygonf/
rkd;wpdrf.pdrf. wzGJzGJ&GmoGef;aecsdefyif jzpfvif.upm; jrif;'kef;pkdif;um eef;jrdK.wGif;okd.
0ifa&mufvmaom jrif;pD;orm;ESpfa,mufrSm a&Teef;awmfMuD;twGif; 0ifa&muf&rnf.
wHcg;eDawmft0wGif &yfwef.oGm;ygonf/ wcg;eDawmfrSm wckwnf;aom
twGif;opfwyfjrdK.oHcg;jzpf tapmif.tusyfxlxyfvSovkd tppftaq; tar;tjref;vnf;
ap.pyfaocsmvSygonf/ wHcg;rSL;qDrS auseyfcGif.jyKcsuf&rSom eef;awmfMuD;teD;
csnf;uyfEkdifayrnf 0ifa&mufEdkifayrnf/
jrif;onfawmfESpfOD;rSm vufaqmifyPmawmf quftzGJ.\ a&S.awmfajy;rsm; jzpfMuygonf/
yPmquftzGJ. qkdufa&mufvmMurnf. owif;wkd.ukd a&Tem;awmfwif&eftwGuf a&S.ajy;tjzpf
a&muf&SdvmMujcif;jzp wHcg;eDawmfrS 0ifcGif.ay;vkdufygonf/
77
Ganan & Yamarmoto
78
jrif;pD;a,musmf;ESpfOD;teuf wOD;rSm ,cifuwnf;u eef;jrdK.twGif;aexkdif

0ifxGufoGm;vmbl;oljzp tcuftcJr&SdbJ ol&J0ef OD;vkH;&Sd&modk. ar;jref;
pkHpef;jyD; ,laqmifvmcJ.aom ol.wkd.ocif\ o0PfvTmukd oGm;a&mufay;qufvkdufygonf/
ol&J0efrif;uvnf; o0PfvTmukd zuf&if; jyKH;vmygonf/
]uJ-a&S.awmfokd. ,ck0ifa&muf wifavQmufawmfrlrAsm/ usKyfESif.wygwnf; oifwkd.ESpfOD;yg
tcpm;0ifMuonfy/
ajym&if; OD;vkH;u OD;aqmifxGufcGm oGm;ygavonf/ rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;vnf;
abmif;awmfaqmifwGif tESdyfawmfqufcH,laecsdefjzpfygavonf/ OD;vkH;vnf; taz :
ESpfa,mufESif.twl rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;tm; cpm;&if; avQmufwifavonf/
]b0&Sifrif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;xHawmufarSmufokd. vufaqmifyPmawmfESif. orD;unmqufo&ef
tjrif.jrdK.pm;MuD;qkdufa&mufvmygawm.rnf. taMumif; a&Tem;awmfwifavQmufygonf
rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;}
]tjrif. jrdK.pm;MuD;eJ. oufqkdif&m tzGJ.om;rsm; a&S.awmfokd. 0ifa&mufcGif.&SdapAsm;}
rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; jyefMum;awmfrlcsuft& OD;vkH;vnf;qufvuf wifavQmufygonf/
]rSefvSyg rkd;oufavrsm; usa&mufaeonf.twGuf uPmawmfquftzGJ.rSm {&mjrpftaemufbuf
tmavmifqdyfurf;bufwGif rkd;avtjidrfapmif.pm;&if; em;aeaMumif;ygbk&m;}
]avrkd;rsm; jidrfoufcsdefapmif;qkdif;jyD;rS ul;vmMurnf.taMumif; em;awmfavQmufESif.&ef
jrif;onfawmfrsm;om a&muf&SdvmaMumif;ygbk&m;}
]onfES,fjzif. tcdsefrJ.tcgrJ.wGifrS a&muf&SdvmMurnf. yPmawmf quftzGJ.tm;
vkdavao;r&Sdap&ef ivkH;yif pDpOfaqmif&Gufay;apAsm;}
]Asm'dwfawmfjrwftwkdif; pDrH aqmif&Gufawmfrlygrnf b0&Sifrif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;?
a*g0efqdyfurf;okd.vnf; tMudKawmfvTwf qkdufuyfvmrnf. yPmawmfquftzGJ.avSawmfukdvnf;
oGm;a&muf usGefawmfrsKd;MuD;ukd,fwkdif MudKqkdygrnfbk&m;}
]o[mjzif. tjrif.jrdK.pm;MuD;ESif. aemufawmfygtzGJ.om;rsm;ukd eif.tdrfrSmbJ {nf.0wfjyKvkdufyg
ivkH;? onfnwmukd eef;wGif;&kyfpkHtzGJ.ukd ac : ,lajzazsmfap&ef trdef.awmf rSwfvdkufawmfrloAs}
]0rf;ajrmufvSygonf rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; tjrif.jrdK.pm;ESif. tzGJ.om;rsm;ukdvnf;
rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; *&kPmawmf&Sdonf.twkdif; &kyfpkHyGJjzif. {nf.cH jyKpkvkdufygrnfbk&m;}
]aumif;vSonfAsm; c&Dyef;vm&Smvmolrsm;ukd vkdo jyKpk ,k,ay;ygrS tyef;ajyayrayg. ivkH;&J.
tjrif.jrdK.u vSnf;wwef avSwwefeJ. vm&onf. c&D;uvJ jyif;ayrAs}
]rSefvSyg vSnf;jzif. okH;nESif. 4- &uf c&D;ESifjyD;rS aejynfawmf taemufbuf
tmavmif&Gmqdyfurf;okd. a&muf&SdEdkifygonfbk&m;}
]igukd,fawmfjrwfMuD;onf vGefcJ.aom q,f.ig;ESpfavmufqDu jrif;awmfESif. a&mufzl;onfAs?
c&D;awmfa0;&kHrubJ oGm;a&;vJ cufcJonf.ae&mawGubJ ivkH;&J.? uJ-eif{nf.onfawG 0wfjyKbkd.
tpDtpOf jyKacsaya&m.}
78
Ganan & Yamarmoto
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]Asm'dwfawmfrsm; twkdif;ygbk&m;}
OD;vkH;ESif. jrif;onfawmf ESpfOD;vnf; rif;w&m;MuD;tm; uefawm.vsuf jyefvnfxGufcGm
oGm;Muygonf/ xkdtckduf0,f avmuwcGifvkH; tarSmifrkd;wkd. pkd;rdk;aeygonf/ rkd;zGJrkd;ayguf
wazsmufwazsmufatmufwGif OD;vkH;wkd.vnf; jrif;ukd,fpDpD;vsuf a&Teef;jrdK.wHcg;qDokd.
xGufcGmoGm;Muygonf/
(3)
eHeufnDvmcH pJjyD;onf.aemuf OD;a&TarmifMuDvnf; rnfonf. wm0efrQ r&Sdonfjzp
wkdif;wmrif;MuD;OD;zkd;tdrfokd. ppfwk&ifupm;Mu&ef vkdufygoGm;ygonf/
wkdif;wmrif;MuD;OD;zkd;\ aetdrfawmfrSm awmifO,smOfawmftqkH; r*Fvm a&uefawmf\ ta&S.
awmifbufuyfvsuf &Sdonfjzp a&Teef;awmfESif. teD;qkH;jzpfygonf/ (0efMuD;rsm;\tdrfrsm;
tm;vkH;xuf wkdif;wmrif;MuD;OD;zkd;\tdrfonf a&Teef;awmfMuD;ESif. teD;qkH;jzpfygonf/ aetdrf
eD;uyf oavmufvnf; wkdif;wmrif;MuD;OD;zkd;rSm &Sifbk&ifukd rsufESmvkdrsufESm&
tvkyfqkH;jzpfygonf/ xkdonfukd taMumif;jyK olwkd.0efMuD;tcsif;csif; wkdif;wmrif;MuD;tm;
rMum;wMum;jzif. ociftyg; uyfa[mifonf. acG;0Jpm; wkdif;wm[k ysuf&,fjyKMuygonf)/
wkdif;wmrif;MuD;ESif. OD;a&TarmifMuD;wkd.rSm ppfwk&ifupm;&mwGif vufnDvSonfjzp
tusdwfte,fupm;&av.&Sdygonf/ olwkd.ESpfa,mufppfwk&ifupm;Muonf[k toHMum;Muonf
qkdygvQif teD;tyg;rS 0goem yg&Sdolrsm; vma&mufMunf.&I twk ckd;Mu&onf.tjzpfrsKd;
a&mufatmif upm;&mwGif uRrf;usifMuygonf/
tusdwfte,fupm;Mu&if;u wkdif;wmrif;MuD;wGif &xm;wpD;omusefawm. OD;a&TarmifMuD;rSmvnf;
qifwaumifESif. ppfuJom &Sdayawm.onf/ qif-ppfuJESif.&xm; tusdwfte,f MuJ&onf.
tjzpfrsKd;rSm ppfwk&ifupm;uRrf;usifolrsm;twGuf pdwf0ifpm;zG,f aumif;ovkd tltoJ
wkefbG,fvnf;jzpfygonf/ avmif;aMu;rSm rsufESmwGif xkH;acGwrf;yif jzpfaomfvnf;
olwkd.\ tEdkifrcH t&IH;ray;onf. pdwf"gwfaMumif. eab; y&dowfrSm wtkef;tkef; w0kef;0kef;
ol.bufukd,f.buf tjydKiftm;ay;aeMuygonf/
uif;0efrif;MuD; OD;aumif;u OD;a&TarmifMuD; bufrS aevsuftm;ay;aeygonf/ cef;ywfrif;MuD;ESif.
a&Tjynf0efMuD; OD;bkd;vdIifwkd.rSm wkdif;wmrif;MuD;bufrS tm;ay;ygonf/ vli,fykdif;rSvnf;
MudKufESpfouf&m bufrS tm;wufoa&m ulnDajrSufyif.ay;aeMuygonf/
xkdpOf b0&Sif rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;xHrS OD;a&TarmifMuD;tm; csufcsif;tcpm;0if&ef vma&muf ac :
iifol rif;apvkvifa&muf&Sdvmojzif. OD;a&TarmifMuD;u ajymvkdufonf/
]wkdif;wmrif;wkd.rSm tMuHykdifvkdufykHuawm. rajymjycsifygbl; rif;MuD;wkd.Asm;? xkH;tacGcHcgeD;awm.rS
rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;eJ. csdwfqufvkyfxm;yD; usKyfukd tac : awmfckdif;vkdufavonfAs/
trdef.awmfqkdawm. oGm;&ayOD;rnfy}
]tHr,fav;-rav; ukd&ifa&Tarmifuonfvkdajymom usKyfukd apmfum;onfy? ukd&if
b,favmufowd&SdonfvJ? usKyfESif. pnf.pdrfcsif;xyfjyD; yGJqufxkd;csifoAs}
]onf;cHygwkdif;wmrif;MuD;&J.? rif;MuD;pnf;pdrfudkvJ tusGefr,lvkdyg tusGeftaeeJ.
rif;MuD;ukdxkH;om;&&kHeJ.bJ auseyfygonfAs}
]ukd&ifa&Tarmifu 0g<um;vScsnf.? uJyg MuKdufaMu;xyfjyD; wyGJavmuf prf;csifonfy}
79
Ganan & Yamarmoto
80
trsufawmf &ScHrnf.rta&;rkd. tusGef oGm;OD;rnfy? rif;MuD;rauseyfao;onf xifrdygu

rif;MuD;&Sd pnf;pdrftjyif tdrfoleJ. orD;yg tqpfxnf. aMu;wkdufyD; aemufrsm;rS
wyGJwvrf;prf;Muonfy}
OD;a&TarmifMuD;vnf; ajymqkd&,farm&if; rif;vkvifESif. twl
OD;a&TarmifMuD;pum;Mum;&onf.twGuf pdwfqkd;rmefqkd;ESif. ppfwk&ifckHMuD;ukd ukdifaygufypfvkdufcg
awmufacguf&if; tHtm;oif.aeaom ppfwk&ifyGJMunf. aeolrsm;bufvSnf.cg uif;0eftm;
ajymMum;vkdufygonf/
]onf ukd&ifa&Tarmifawm. aemufusLyfESif.ppfwk&ifxkd;&rSm aMumufoGm;atmifusKuftpGrf;jy
ESdrfxm;rSjzpfayawm.r,f OD;aumif;&J.}
][kwfayonfy rSwfavmuf om;avmufatmifqkH;ray;ygrS onfoli,fjidrfoGm;ayrnfayg. ckawm.
ukdzkd;u tavsm.ay;aevkd.vm;rodbl; usKyfwkd.jrif&onf. tMudrfwkdif; ukdzkd;rsufESmay :
xkH;tjynf.eJ. csnf.bJ}
uif;0efrif;pum;tpwGif tenf;i,fjyKH;a,mifoef;vmaom OD;zdk;rsufESmwGif OD;aumif;pum;qkH;usrS
ol.bufvSnf.vmonfukd &dyfrdonf.twGuf jyefajymvkdufonf/
]vmjyefyvm; ukd&ifaumif;u onfoli,fukd usKyfu *&krpkdufavmuf trIrxm;avmufonf[k
txifrSwfyD; ayg.ayg.wefwef upm;onfrkd. xkH;twkd.cH&onfyg}
]atmf... onfvkdvm; ukd&ifzkd; onfavmufawmiftMudrfMudrf ayg.ayg.wefwef
oabmxm;aeonf.twlwl woufvkH;bJ tavQm.ay;vkduf&ifyD;onfy ukd&ifzkd;&,f}
]oif;u 0g<um;vGef;aomaMumif. qkH;rcsifonf ukdaumif;&J. tvkdvkduf
trkdufapmfum;qkdonfES,fy}
]o[mawmif ukd&ifzkd;u pnf;pdrfcsif;xyfyD; tvkdvkdufao;onfrkd. aMu;pyfaeonfvm;}
]b,fvkdAs ukd&ifaumif; usKyfwu,fajymaeonfukd oa&mfonfvm; ukd&ifaumif;
prf;csifoyqkd&if MudKufaMu;xyfjyD;ckukdifyg.}
]ukdzkd;uvJ a'goMuD;vSacsvm;? avmif;upm;jcif;qkdonf[m bk&m;vJrMudKuf?
oHCmvJrMudKufonf. tvkyfjzpfonfrkd. usKyfawm.ravmif;&Jygbl;? avmif;upm;av.olyDyD
avmif;upm; o&JESif.om avmif;aya&m. wkdif;wmrif;MuD;&J.}
uif;0efrif;MuD;OD;aumif;\ pyfjzJjzJ rsufESmav; ESif. ajympum;aMumif. ab;rS y&dowfrsm;
&,farm av wkdif;wmrif;MuD;a'goxav-wkdif;wmrif;MuD; a'goxav y&dowfrsm;
w0g;0g;ESif.nm &,favjzpfaeygonf/
rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; tyg;awmfokd. OD;a&TarmifMuD;a&muf&SdoGm;csdefwGif br,meaqmifonf
tcpm; 0ifa&mufvmMuolrsm;ESif. jynf.vl. cref;&Sdaeygonf/ jrifawG.aeus
rsufESmrsm;r[kwfonfukd owdjyKrdaom OD;a&TarmifMuD;aejzif.a0;vHaom a'orS aus;awmfrsKd;
uRefawmfrsKd;rsm; jzpfaMumif; tvkdvkd em;vnfvm &ygavonf/ rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; tyg;teD;
uyfcpm;aeMuaom olrsm;tm; *&kpkdufMunf.ygrS o&J0ef OD;vkH;ESif. twl tjrif.jrdK.pm;MuD;ukd
jrifawG.&jyD; tjrif.jrdK.pm;ESif.twlygolrsm; jzpfEdkifaMumif;cHrSef;rdygonf/
80
Ganan & Yamarmoto
81
OD;a&TarmifMuD; a&muf&SdjyD; ra&S;raESmif;yif pdefwkef;rdbk&m;MuD; tcpm;0ifa&mufvmygonf/

rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;vnf; pdefwkH;rdzk&m;MuD;ukd &Ipm;awmf rl&if;u rdef.awmfrlonfrSm]ukd,fawmfjrwfMuD;ukd onfu tjrif. jrdK.pm;MuD;y vufaqmify@mawmfrsm;ESif;wuG orD;unmyg
qufo&efa&muf&Sdvmonfy pkpk&J.}
]armifarmifbk&m; bkef;awmfuHawmfaMumif. vufaqmify@mrsm;ESif. orD;awmfvma&muf
qufoMuonf ukdMum;od&awmfrl 0rf;ajrmufvSaMumif;yg armifarmifbk&m;}
]tJonf orD;awmfav;udk a&Teef;wGif; "av.xkH;wrf;rsm;ESif. tajymtqkd taetxkdifrsm;
oifMum;jyoay&ef pkpkMuD;qD tyfESHawmfrlvkdonftwGuf tac : awmfvTwf&jcif;ayuyJ}
]armifarmifbk&m; tvkdawmf&Sdonf.twkdif; oifMum;jyoay;ygrnfbk&m;}
]o[mjzif. ,ckyif pkpkMuD;eJ.twl tjrif. orD;awmfav;ukd ac:,loGm;ayawm.? pkpkMuD;ubJ
Munf.&IjyD; vkdtyfonf. vuf0wf wHqm'Gm&mrsm; ukdvnf; a&TwkdufawmfrS
xkwf,lay;oem;awmfrlygbd}
]trdef.awmf twkdif; aqmif&Guf ygrnf armifarmifbk&m;} rdzk&m;MuD;vnf; ajcawmf OD;ckdufcg
orD;awmfav;tm; ac:aqmif xGufcGgoGm;ygawm.onf/ rif;wkef; rif;MuD;bk&m;vnf; OD;vkH;ESif.
tjrif.jrdK.pm;MuD;qufoonf. orD;awmfav;ukd eef;wGif;&Sd tpOftvmygSdonf.twkdif;
a&Teef;awmftokH;tEIef; "av.xkH;pH rsm;ukd oifMum;Ekdif&nf tyfESH xm;vkdufaMumif;
rdef.awmfrlaeygonf/ rif;w&m;MuD;b&m;ESif. &yfa&;&Gma&;e,fy,f a'o taMumif;rsm; ajymqkd
avQmufwifMujyD;aemuf OD;vkH;ESif. tjrif.jrdK.pm;MuD;wkd.tzGJ.vnf;
jyefvnfxGufcGmoGm;Muygawm.onf/
br,moe cef;aqmiftwGif;&Sd {nf.y&dowfrsm;xGufcGgoGm;awmfrlavawm.rS
rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;tyg;awmfwGif cpm;vsufSdonf. OD;a&TarmifMuD;tm; tar;Sdawmfrlygonf/
]iarmifMuD;&J. eifxdef;odrf; apmif.a&Smufxm;onf. aqmifawmfulrSwfwrf;xJwGif odED
rif;orD;av;ukd ae.pOf tvSnf.ay;jyD; wjcm; rdzk&m;wyg;ESif. wGJzuf tvSnf.ay;awmfrl&if
aumif;avrvm;vkd. tMuHawmfqufprf;}
uRefawmfrsKd;MuD; rwifavQmufwwfonfrkd. rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; tvkdSd&m rdef.awmfrlyg?
aqmifawmfulrSwfwrf;wif&ef uRefawmfrsKd;MuD; toif.Sd aMumif;ygbk&m;}
]onfES,fjzif. odEDrif;orD;av;ukd ae.pOfpm&if;wif&efESif. rSwfwrf;wGif ygSdaom taqmif&
eef;& rdzk&m;a&Twkdufpm&if;0if rdzk&m;rsm;eJ. wGJzuf wae.wyg;us pm&if;jyKvkyfapAsm;}
]rSefvSyg b,fuJ.okd. pwif rdzk&m;rsm;ukd tOD;tpxm;Sd&rnfukd rdef.awmfrlygbk&m;}
]taqmifawmful;&uf pwifysufuGufcJ.onf.ae.u tvSnf.usonf. rdzk&m;ukd OD;pm;ay;cg odED
ESrawmfav;ESif. wGJbufapAsm;}
]oif.jrwfawmfrl w&m;rQwvSaMumif;yg rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; uRefawmfrsKd;MuD; ,ae.yif
pm&if;opfzGif. tcsdefraESmif;rD rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; a&Tvufawmf ta&muf
qufoawmfrlygrnfbk&m;}
]aumif;onfAs aumif;onfAs? iarmifMuD;pm&if;ukd ,ae.qufoapAsm;}
81
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rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; qkdrdef.awmfrljyD;aemuf rsufESmawmfvTJoGm;ygojzif. OD;a&TarmifMuD;vnf;

OD;ckdufuefawm.jyD;aemuf jyefvnfxGufcGmvmcJ.ygawm.onf/
(4)
b0Sif rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; aqmifawmful;&ufrsm; azgufvTJazgufjyefjzpfaeonfwkd.ukd
taqmif&eef;& rdzk&m;MuD;rsm;txJwGif rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;tm; ajym&Jqkd&Jonf. qifjzLrSif
rdzk&m; a&Tem;awmfokd. aygufMum;oGm;ygonf/ qifjzLr&Sif tv,feef;rawmf rdzk&m;rSm
bMuD;awmfrif;w&m;MuD; ESvkH;om;ukd pm;okH;jyD; tl;vkH;vkH;jzpfatmif jyKrlcJ.onf.
eef;rawmfr,fEkrS qif;oufvmaom tEG,f0if orD;rdzk&m;jzpfygonf/ brsKd;bkd;wlqkdonf.twkdif;
rif;wkef;rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;ukd cRJvGef;EGJ.vGef;onf[k a&Teef;wGif;ol eef;wGif;om;wkdif;
odMuygonf/
pdwfrmefvnf; tvGefMuD; ae&mwumwkdif;wkd.wGif tEdkif,lvkdaom pdwfxm;Sdonfjzpfygonf/
tcGif.ta&; &,lEkdif&ef rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; tvkdvkduf tMudKufaqmif&mwGif qifjzLrSif
rdzk&m;MuD;ukdrSDaom rdzk&m;wyg;rS rSdyg/ qifjzLrSifrdzk&m;MuD;onf rif;w&m;MuD; bk&m;tm;
rsufESmvkd rsufESm& jyKvkyfaqmif&Gufay;onfESif. trQ &Sdvmaom tcGif.ta&;ESif. rsufESmomay;
ta&;,lcsif;wkd.ukdvnf; txl;cHcJ.&ayonf/ xkdokd. rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; ajrSmufpm;awmfrl
t&mcyfodrf;aom udprsm;ukd wkdif;wmrif;MuD; OD;zkd;wkd.vkd rif;vkdvkduf rif;MudKufaqmifwwfaom
0efMuD;0efav;rsm;u owif;xl;Sdygu wifavQmufwwfav.Sdojzif. tcsKd.aomudp0dprsm;ukd
b0Sif rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;xuf qifjzLrSifrdzk&m;MuD;u t&ifOD;jyD; odaewwfygonf/
qifjzLrSif rdzk&m;MuD;onf rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; tvkdawmfvkduf tMudKufukd aqmifay;ojzif.
&Sdvmaom tcGif.ta&;ESif. tmPmrsm;ukd wyfrufwG,fwmrSef; rod wyfruf
wG,fwmvmcJ.ygonf/ (rif;wkef;rif;w&m;MuD;ay;tyfaom tcGif.ta&;ESif.
tmPmpnf;pdrfwkd. ,pfrl;&rSef; t&omcHpm;&rSef; odaeaom qifjzLrSif rdzk&m;onf rif;wkef;rif;
w&m;MuD;bk&m; rrmawmf rlcsdefwGif vkyfMuH owfjzwfjcif; jyKvkyfonf[k wcsKd. &mZ0ifq&mrsm;
pGyfpGJcJ.ygonf/ om;awmfrsm;ESif. rdzk&m;rsm;/ 0efMuD;0efav;ESif. ta&;ygolrsm;ukdvnf;
qifjzLrSif rdzk&m;u &aemifarmifwkwfwkd.tm; okwfoif&ef apmif;yg;&dyfajc
tMuHay;cJ.onf[kvnf; aS;olwkd. ajymMuygonf/ -pma&;ol)
tmPmESif. pnf;pdrfukd rufarmolonf tmPmESif. pnf;pdrf wnfjrJa&;twGuf
usif.MuHtm;xkwfMuonfrSm "rwmyifjzpfygonf/ rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;onf oEDrif;orD;av;tm;
pGJvrf; wrf;waeonf.twGuf qifjzLrSif rdzk&m;MuD;onf pkd;&drfaESmif;vkd.
aMumif.Muawmfrljcif;jzpfygonf/ tu,fom rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;onf odEDrif;orD;av;tm;
taqmifteef;wkd. ay;oem;jyD; ajrSmufpm;vkdufawmfrlcJ.ygvQif toufi,faom rdzk&m;uav;ESif.
jyemay : ayguf Sif;vif; ae&rnfukd pkd;&drfygonf/ qifjzLrSifrdzk&m;vnf;
tjrif.jrdK.pm;qufoaom orD;awmfav; pdefwkef;rdzk&m;xHtyfESH a&Teef;wGif;okH; tav.txrsm;?
tajymtqkd taetxkdifrS p uRrf;usifrI SdrSd rMumrMum pkHprf;av.Sdygonf/ a&Teef;wGif;
tav.tx? t,Oftaus;? tzG,ft&mrsm;ukd a&Teef;awmfESif. tquf uif;jywfaeolrsm;
a&Teef;wGif;okd. ta&muftayguf vkH;0 rSdolrsm;tbkd. t&m&mwkdif;wkd.wGif xl;qef;aeojzif.
csufcsif;wwfajrmuf&ef rvG,fulyg/ txl;ojzif. rdzk&m;avmif;rsm; tbkd. omyif
cufcJygavonf/ b0Sif rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; tvkdawmfvkduf tMudKufukd
aqmif&Gufay;a&;udprSm vG,fra,mifESif.cuf wdrfra,mifESif. eufaomjyemjzpfaeygawm.onf/
b0Sif rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;onf umrpnf;pdrf cHpm;pHpm;&mwGif olrwlatmif uRrf;usifygonf/
xkdokd.olrwlatmif uRrf;usifpGm cHpm;pHpm;wwfaom rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;wGuf aysmfawmfquf&ef
oifwef;ray;vQif rjzpfEkdifyg? xkdonfwkd.aMumif. rif;wkef;rif; w&m;MuD;bk&m;vufxufusrS
rdzk&m; q,ftdrfacgif;pepf tokH;jyKvmjcif;jzpfygonf/ (jrefrmrif;quf tm;vkH;xJwGif
rif;wkef;rif;w&m;MuD; vufxufawmfwckwnf;wGifom q,fyg;acgif; rdzk&m;MuD;
82
Ganan & Yamarmoto
83
cef.tyfxm;SdcJ.jcif;jzpfygonf)/ wckaom naecif;tcdsefwGif pdefwkef;rdzk&m;MuD; tqmifawmfokd.

tv,feef;rawmf qifjzLrSifrdzk&m;a&mufSdvmjyD;....
]nDrawmfa&.? tjrif.pm; orD;awmfav;ukd rdzk&m;wkd. wwftyfodtyfaom ynm&yfrsm; jynf.pkH
vkHavmuf&ef tcsdefawmf rnfrQavmuf MumrnfxifonfvJ nDrawmf&J.} [k
tar;awmfSdvkdufonf/
]rSefvSyg qifjzLrSif rrbk&m;? twwfynm ukefvkH<u,f0onf rqkdomao;onfvJ
rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; taysmfawmfquf&ef jzpfEdkifaumif;onf xifrdygonf rrbk&m;}
]onfES,fjzif. nDrawmfukd,fwkdif armifarmifbk&m;ukd onfnwm tjrif.rif;orD;av;ESif. pHpm;
apbkd. <uvmawmfrlbkd. taMumif; a&Teef;awmfoGif;apcsifw,f nDrawmfpdefwkef;&J.}
]nDrawmf wifavQmuf Munf.ygrnf rrbk&m;? o[mayrif. rrzk&m; wifavQmufonfavmuf
ta&;awmf&rnfrxifrdyg}
]rzk&m;vnf; tnDtwl a&Tem;awmfoGif;rnfy? nyGJawmf pm;okH;awmfrljyD;csdef wifvQif
aumif;onf oabm Sdonfrkd. nDrawmf pdefwkef;vnf; vmcJ. apcsifonfy}
]aumif;vSygonf rrbk&m;? tjrif.orD;awmf vkHcav;\ kyf&nfonf odED orD;awmfav;avmuf
tom;r0gaomfvnf; acsmykHvSykH omonf[k nDrawmf ,kHrSwfrdygonf rzk&m;}
]rzk&m;vnf; onfES,fxifonfy nDrawmf&J.? ndKacsm tajymoGufvQif rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;
pGJrufawmfrlrnfxify pdefwkef; nDrawmf&J.}
]tajymvnf;oGufygonf? jyHK;&,fvQifvnf; orifrsufvkH;uJ.okd. rsufvkH;awmfavrsm;u
ta&mifxGufvmwwfygonf? o[mayrif. pdwfqwf[efawm. Sdyg rMumrMum owdawmfay;
quf&ygonf rrzk&m;}
]aumif;vSygjyD nDrawmfpdefwkef;a&. rrbk&m; trSmawmfSdonf. tcdsefoma&mufatmifvmaya&m.}
qifjzLrSif rdzk&m;MuD;vnf; pdefwkef; rdzk&m;MuD;ESif. rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;tm;
tjrif.orD;awmfav;ESif. taysmfawmfqufa&;twGuf wkdifyif ESD;aESm taqmifawmf
tv,feef;rokd. jyefvnf<ucsDoGm;awmfrlygavonf/ pdefwkef;rdzk&m;MuD;vnf; tjrif.rif;orD;av;
Sd&mokd. oGm;awmfrljyD; rif;w&m;MuD; bk&m;tm; rnfuJ.okd. jyKpk,k,&rnfqkdonfwkd.ukd
aemufqkH;ydwftjzpfrSmMum; oGefoifawmfrlygavonf/
tjrif.orD;av;twGuf 0wfqif&efta&mif taoG;ponfwkd.ukd pdefwkef; rdzk&m;MuD;ukd,fwkdif
a&G;cs,fay;ygonf/ bJjzLa&Ta&;puf tem;ygxrD Munfjyma&mifESif. vuf&if;vufzsm; tem;csKyfkd;
a&TZmowf xkdifrodrf;wkyfzJMuD; tuFsDvufMuyf Munfjyma&mif wlnD0wfpkHukd 0wfqifap&ef
a&G;cs,fay;ygavonf a&Tusifcwfyk0gjymEka&mif ay : wGif 0wfvpfpvpfykHrsm; yef;csDqGJxm;onf.
yk0gEkEkukd csKH&efvnf; nTefjyay;ygonf/
qHawmf&Sif r,fcifukdvnf; pdefwkef; rdzk&m;MuD; ukd,fwkdif tjrif. orD;av;twGuf txl;wvnf
vkH;wifqHxkH;qif,if xkH;zGJ.awmfrl&efvnf; trdef.awmfSdygavonf/
oeyfcg;awmfquf SifaxG;udkvnf; rif;w&m;MuD; bk&m; ESpfoufawmfrlonf. wef.Munf.
awmifxGuf oeyfcg;arT; tayG;xlxl ukd ykHawmifykHnm ausmufjyifjzif. aoG; qufo&efvnf;
83
Ganan & Yamarmoto
84
rSmMum;jyefygavonf? b,ufwefqm 'Ggw&mrsm;ukdvnf; pl;EdkifSEkdifaom t&mypnf;rsm; vkH;0

r0wfqifap&efvnf; owday;ygavonf/
pdefwkef;rdzk&m;vnf; tpp jynf.pkHvkHavmufatmif pDrHjyD;pD;onf.aemuf qifjzLrSif rdzk&m;ESif.twl
rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;xHokd. tcpm; 0ifMuygonf/
rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;vnf; npm yGJawmfMujyD;aemuf (5-em&Domom) eH.omjzLeef;awmfwGif
avnSif;cH&if; em;aetyrf;ajzawmfrl&mokd. <ucsDvmaom rdzk&m;MuD; ESpfyg; jrifawmfrlaom
rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;vnf; tar;awmfSdygavonf/
]onfu pkpkMuD;wkd. rvmpbl;tvmxl;onf.u avQmufwifawmfrl&ef Sdonfxify}
]rSefvSyg rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; tyrf;awmf ajzapzkd. aysmffawmfqufo&ef tjrif.rif;orD;av;rSm
tqifoif. SdaeaMumif; armifarmifbk&m; a&Tem;awmf wifavsmuf&jcif;yg}
qifjzLrSif tv,feef;rawmfMuD;\ wifavsmufcsuftjyD;wGif rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;vnf;
jyHK;awmfrl&if;]onfES,fjzif. armifarmifbk&m; tvkdawmfSdwJ.tcg ac : rdef.awmfrlrnfy eef;rawmfMuD;&J.}
rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; jyefvnf rdef.jrGufcsuftqkH;wGif pdefwkef; rdzk&m;MuD;onf]onftjrif.orD;vkHcav;ukd armifarmifbk&m; taysmfquf&ef t0wfawmfrsm;yifvJvS,f
aejyDjzpfygonfbk&m; rIHeH.oapcg qif,ifxkH;zGJ.jyD;pD;vsuf tqifoif.SdaeMumif;yg armifMuD;bk&m;}
b0&Sif rif;wkef;rif;w&m;MuD;onf tenf;i,f pOf;pm;&if; tm;em[efSdaeygonf?
rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;onf wbufom;ukd vkdufavsmwwfaom oabmSdaMumif; rdzk&m;rsm;ESif.
a&Teef;wGif;ol eef;wGif;om;wkdif; odSdaeMuojzif. tm;emyg;em jzpfoGm;ap&ef &nfoefvsuf
qifjzLr&Sif rdzk&m;MuD;uyif ....
]armifarmifbk&m; <uawmfrlvmvQif rnfuJokd. MudKawmfrl rnfuJ.okd. armifawmfbk&m;ukd
aysmfawmfquf&rnfukd tjrif.rif;orD;av;u tm;wufoa&m av.vmplprf;aeonfukd rzk&m;vJ
od&Sdygonfbk&m;} [k wifavQmufvkdufonf.twGuf rif;wkef;rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; twefi,f
jidrfoufpGm pOfpm;&if; acgif;awmfndrf.vsuf ....
]onfvkdqkdvQif armifarmifbk&m; tjrif.orD;av;xH oGm;vkdufrnfy? tjrif. orD;av;ukd
pdefwkef;taqmifawmfwGif armifarmifbk&m; awG.qkHEkdif&ef pDpOfxm;ESif.ayawm. pkpkMuD;rsm;Asm;}
rif;wkef;rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; rdef.awmfrljyD;onfESif. rdzk&m;MuD;ESpfyg;vnf; Munfvifaom
toHrsm;ESif. jydKifwlwifavQmufygavonf/ ]armifarmifbk&m; rdef.awmfrlonf.twkdif;
jynf.pkHapygrnfbk&m;}
(5)
oufMuD;acgif;cs MuufwGifoHonf txufrkd;aumif;uifokd. yJ.wifxyfoGm;ygonf/ vrdkufaomn
&ufjzp rJarSmifaeaom tmumowcGifwGif [kdwpkonfwpkjzif. wvufvuf
ta&mifxGufaeaom Mu,fpkuav;wkd.om jrif&ygonf/
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Ganan & Yamarmoto
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rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;vnf; rdzk&m;MuD;rsm; wkdufwGef;EId;aqmfawmfrlonf.twGuf tm;emrIzufcg

odEDrif;orD;av; taqmifawmf ul;oef;aeuscsdefwGif onfae.tbkd. tjrif.rif;orD;av;xH
<ujref;awmf rlcJ.jcif;jzpfygavonf/
pdefwkef;rdzk&m;MuD; pHjrif;&m taemufawmfMuD;&Sd awmifaqmifawmfokd. 0ifa&mufawmfrlygonf/
rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; <uvmawmfrlrnf. tcsdefukd apmif.MudKaeawmfrlaom pdefwkef;rdzk&m;MuD;vnf;
rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;ukd jrifawmfrlonfqkdvQifyif avsmif;awmfrl&m ovGefxufrS qif;awmfrljyD;
vuftkyfcsDvsuf Mumjcnf,HtwGif;&Sd ovGefawmfay : pHpm;awmfrl&ef wifavQmufygonf/
rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; xkdifawmfrljyD; vufzspfwwGwfavmufaom tcsdefykdif;av;twGif;
tjrif.rif;orD;av; a&muf&Sdvmygonf/ a&Twkdifawmf (a&Tydef;csza&mif;wkdif) ta&mifatmufwGif
awG.jrif&aom tjrif.orD;awmftm; rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;onf tckduftwef. pdrf;pdrf;
Ipm;awmfrl&if; wyfrufpdwfwkd. ,kdzdwfvmygonf/ tjrif.orD;awmfrSm toufyifi,f&G,fol
jzpfaomfvnf; tvkH;t&yfawmfrSm odEDorD;awmfxuf tenf;i,fzdG.xGm;[efwlygonf/
tom;awmfrSm ndKoa,mifSdayrif. EknufykH&ygavonf/
qifjzLr&Sif rdzk&m;\ rsufESmykHvkd SdonfrSefaomfvnf; ajcawmfOD;ckdufpOf awG.jrif&onf.
rsufESmawmf EkEki,fwGif cGufcsKdif.aom yg;rdk.ESpfbufSdonf.twGuf rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;onf
qifjzLr&Sif rdzk&m;MuD;xuf ykdrkdMuufoa&awmf Sdayonf[k pdwfawmfwGif;rS ,SOfEIdif;rdygonf/
Snfvsm;oG,fwef;onf. aygifwef;awmfav;rsm;aMumif. <um;<um;0if.0if.Sdaom pdefwkef;rdzk&m;xuf
ykdrkd[efwlygonf/
um;aomwif usOfaomcg;Sdonf. awmifeef;a'0D t*ra[oD pMuma'0D rdzk&m;acgifMuD;xuf
tjrif.orD;awmfwGif rkd.armufaom&if Sdonfjzpf awmifeef;rawmf t*ra[oD pMuma'0D
rdzk&m;MuD;xuf omvGefwif.w,f[ef Sdygonf/ (awmifeef;a'0D t*ra[oD rdzk&m;acgifMuD;wGif
om;orD; rxGef;um;cJ.yg)/
aomufI;Mu,ftvm; pl;Sajymifvufaom rsufvkH;awmfrsm;atmufSd ajzmif.pif;ao;oG,fay :
vGifaom ESmwHawmfSdygonf ydjym;yg;vTmaom EIwfcrf;om; tpkwGif jynfwefywjrm;aoG;vkd
eDjref;awmfrlaejyefonf. tjrif.orD;awmfonf rsufESmawmf tacsmtvSqkH;jzpfaom
o&pdef;rdzk&m;MuD;xuf ykdrkdomvGefvSyaejyefygavonf/
a&m.&J tdwGJusvsufaeonf.? (&ifpnf; okd.r[kwf aS;acwfacR;cH) twGif;rS jynf.0if;aom
tarmuftrkd.wkd.rSm edrf.wkH jrif.wkHESif. ykZGefqdyfi,fvkd ckefaeonfukd owdjyKrdaom
rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; a&Tpdwf0,f *kPmrkd;oGef;jzdK;awmf.rnfES,f MuifemqyGm;aerdygonf/
rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;onf Orm'EDtvSukd jrifawG.rd qifawmfay : u *Ref;jyefMu&onf.
od0drif;MuD;uJ.okd.if;? yy0wDukd jrifkHrQjzif. pGJvrf;wyfrufcg cspf'ku trsKd;rsKd; cH&awmfrlSmaom
tavmif;awmf ukorif;MuD;uJ.okd.if;? ax&f&0g& olawmfpif&[ef;MuD; Oyuonf
rqm0g\ tvSuGef,uf 0J.,ufrS rxGufEdkifatmif ork',aESmifMudK;jzif.
csKyfaESmif&pfywfjcif;cHus&onf. tjzpfwkd.onf ,cktjrif.orD;awmfav;ukd Ijrif&aomrif;w&m;MuD;
b0jzif.jcm;em;awm.rnf.r[kwfaMumif;ukd pOf;pm;rdygonf/ xkdpOf;pm;rd&if; jyHK;awmfrl&mu
rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;onf ovGefawmfatmufwGif ajcawmfOD;ckduf cpm;aeonf. tjrif.rif;orD;
a&TvufawmfqGJawmfrljyD; ovGefay : wufap&ef rdef.awmfrlpum; >rufMum;ygonf/
]onfu tjrif.rif;orD;ESrawmfav; armifMuD;bk&m; ESif. ovGefawmfay : twlpHpm;awmfrlrnfy}
ovGefawmfay : okd.wuf cyfcGmcGmxkdif&if; tjrif.orD;awmfav;rSm acgif;ik.H&if;cpm;aeygonf/
rsufESmawmfjrif&onfrSmvnf; SufaoG;rsm;zsmvsuf tom;awmfrsm;yif wkefaeygonf/
rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; tjrif. orD;awmfav;ukd a&TvufqGJ ovGefawmfay :
wifvkdufonfqkduwnf;u tem;wGif cpm;vsufSdaeonf. pdefwkef;rdzk&m;MuD;ESif.
85
Ganan & Yamarmoto
86
taqmifawmfwGif;rS txdef;awmftacsm.awmf rrrsm;tm;vkH; wa,mufjyD; wa,muf tvQKdvQKd

aysmufuG,fukefMuygonf/
b0&Sifrif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;tyg; tjrif.orD;awmfrSwyg; tjcm;rnfolwOD;wa,mufrQ r&Sdawm.yg?
rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;vnf; tjrif.orD;av;\ vufawmfESpfbufukd qGJ,lqkwfES,fvkdufygrS
tjrif.orD;av;\ a&TvufawmfESpfbufrSm prf;us oDwma& wrQat;pufaeonfukd
awG.&Sd&ygonf/ xkd.aMumif. rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;onf i,fpOfawmifaus;uav;b0
pvif;rif;orD;ESif. ESpfukd,fwl arwmrQpOf tcsdefumvrS tjzpftysufwkd.ukd jyefvnf
trSwf&vmygonf? cspfcsif;arwmwkd.\ tappm;cH b0rS wjznf;jznf;csif; ajymif;vTJvmaom
rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;onf? cspfcsif;arwmwkd.ukd appm;EdkifoljzpfatmifEkdifvmcJ.onf rSefaomfvnf;
i,fcspfa[mif;ukd tESpfwaomif;rar.aumif;qkdonf.pum; tvmawmf&Sdonf.twkdif;
pvif;rif;orD;av;ESif. cspfuRrf;0if &if;ESD;cJ.ykHwkd.ukd ,ae.wkdifatmif awG;rdwkdif;wooESif.
rar.Ekdif.cJ.yg/
xkdar.r&aom pdwf\ jzpfay : cHpm;rIESif. ,cktjrif.orD;awmfav;ESif. awG.MuK.&onf.
cHpm;rIwkd.onf xyfwlxyfrQ jzpfava&m.ovm;[kyif rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;oHo,
&Sdawmfrlvmygavonf/ oHo,pdwfwkd.aMumif. yDwdpdwfrsm; jzpfay : cHpm;vm&onf twGuf
rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; a&Tpdwfawmf0,f MunfEl;rdygawm.onf/
]ESrawmfav; a&Teef;awmfMuD;ay : ae&onfrSm aysmfawmfrl&J.vm; ESrawmfav;&J.}
rif;w&m;MuD; bk&m;trdef.awmf &Sdonf.pum;ukd tjrif.rif;orD;av;u EIwfrSjyefvnf
tajzMum;aomfvnf; acgif;ndrf. tajzay;ygonf/ rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;vnf; pum;jzif.
wkH.jyefrwif avQmufonfukd rauseyfEkdifbJ tjrif.orD;awmfav;tm; ayG. aygifay :
wifawmfrlvkduf&if; ....
]armifMuD;bk&m; rsufESmawmfarmfvkd. zl;prf;yg. ESrawmfav;iJ.? onfu ESrawmfukd a&Tarwm
ykdawmfrlonfAs}
]bbbk&m; rsufESmawmf armfzl;&ef r0ef.aMumif;ygbk&m;}
]ukd,fawmfjrwfukd bbvkd. rac : awmfrlvkdufygESif.? armifMuD;bk&m;vkd.bJ ac : prf;y
ESrawmfav;Asm;}
]bbbk&m; tvkdawmftwkdif; ac : awmfrlygrnf bbbk&m;}
tjrif. orD;awmfav; &Sufawmfrl pum;rsm;rSm;awmf rlaeonfukd rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;
oabmawmfus pdwf0rf;awmfMunfEl;vSojzif. [ufwarm&,f&if;]onfu eSrawmfav;ujzif. bbk&m;vkd. rac : awmfrlvkdonfrS bbbk&m;csif;
EIwfcGef;awmfxyfjyD; rdef.awmfrlayonfu armifMuD;bk&m;ukd cspfawmfrl[ef &Sdonfy
ESrawmfav;&J.}
rif;w&m;bk&m; usDp,fawmfrlaomfvnf; tjrif.orD;awmfav;rSm rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; &ifcGifwGif;
OD;acgif;okd0Sufxm;jyD; wdwfqdwfjidrfvsuf&Sdaeygawm.onf/ tjrif.orD;awmfav;rSm acR;rsm;
pkd&GJaeatmif aMumuftm;awmf ykdae[ef&Sdygavonf/
rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;vnf; Mumjcnf&H twGif;rSm avSmiftkdufaeonf[k rSwfxifawmfrl
Mumjcnf&Htjyifokd. xGufawmfrlvkdpdwf&SdvQif xGufMu&ef rdef.awmfrlaomfvnf; &Sufonf.twGuf
acgif;cg&rf; jiif;y,fawmfrlygonf/
86
Ganan & Yamarmoto
87
awmuRrf;aom rkqkd;onf awmfaumifukd ypfcwfowfjzwfwwf&kHomru ajc&mcHvnf;

vkdufwwfygonf/ xkdtwl ajc&mcHEkdifovkd ypfcwfowfjzwfjyD;onf.aemuf
vSD;cRwfjzwfawmuf&mwGifvnf; pepfusrSefuefpGm jyKvkyfwwfygonf/ okd.rSomvkdtyfaom
tusKd;tjrwf &&Sdatmif aqmif&GufEkdifayonf r[kwfygvm;/
bJjzLa&Ta&;puf tem;yg rkd;aumif;uif Munfjyma&mif xrDav;rSm rnfonf.tcsdefu
ovGefawmfatmufusa&mufoGm;onfudk tjrif.orD;awmfav; rod&Sdvkdufaomfvnf; emusefrIa0'em
cHpm;vm&onfukdawm. odvmygonf/ okd.jzp aoG;l;aoG;wef;jzif. vkyfrdvkyf&mukd
vkyfvkdufavonf/
]trav;-rav;? vTwfprf;yg. vkHcav;&? trav;av;}
rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; jyif;jypGm atmf[pfoH Mum;&yg &ygonf/ rif;w&m;MuD;\ atmifjrif
cef.nm;aom toHawmfrSm a&mif&rf;atmf[pfpOf tckduftwef.wGifyif Munfvifjywfom;vSygonf/
rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; atmf[pfnnf;nLoHMum;Muaom pdefwkef;rdzk&m;MuD;ESif. txdef;awmf
tacsm.awmfMuD;rsm;onf MumcsnfaqmiftwGif;okd. tarmwum ajy;vmMuygonf/
pdefwkef;rdzk&m;MuD;vnf; Mumjcnf&Hukd vSpfoif.roif. pOf;pm;raeawm.bJ Mumcsnf&efukd r
twGif;okd.0ifa&mufoGm;onfwGif arSmuf&uf ikdaeaom tjrif.orD;av;ESif. &ifbwfawmfukd
vufjzif.zdxm;vsufaqmif.aMumif.xkdifaeom rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;ukd awG.&ygonf/
rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;&ifbwfawmfukd zdxm;aom vusfmvufz0g;atmufokd.
aoG;rsm; ,kdpD;vmonfukd awG.jrif&onf pdefwkef;rdzk&m;MuD;vnf; xdwfvef.awmfrloGm;ygonf/
]armifarmifbk&m; b,fokd.aom taMumif;&yfjzif. &ifbwfawmfrS aoG;rsm; ,kdpD;vmawmfrlonfvJ}
pkd;&drfwMuD;jzif. ar;jref;awmfrlaom pdefwkef;rdzk&m;MuD; wifavsmufcsufukd .....
]ukd,fawmfjrwfukd tjrif.orD;awmfu emusifawmfrl a,mif,rf;ukdufvkdufawmfrlonf. twGuf
&ifbwfawmfaygufjyJoGm;&onfy pkMuD;&}
]o,f.... armifarmifbk&m; tvkdawmfukd qef.usefawmfrlkHrQrubJ armifarmifbk&m;ukd
temawmf&apwJ. onfoli,frukd tjypf'Pfay;awmfrlyg armifarmifbk&m;}
]pkpkMuD;&J. onf[mukdawm.jzif. tjypfay;&ef roif.avsmfaybl;? ol.crsmrSmvnf; armifarmifbk&m;
jyKvkyfonf. emusifrIaMumif. aoG;vef.yD; a,mif&rf;ukdufcJ vkdufjcif;jzpfayrSmbJ pkpk&,fonf;cHvkdufyg.}
]nukd armifarmifbk&m;tm; rnfuJ.okd. taysmfawmfquf&rnfukd oifMum;ay;xm;cJ.ygvsufueJ.
onfES,fjyKrlayonfaMumif. xD;eJ. rwef eef;rqefvSonfbJ}
]cGif.vGwfawmfrlyg rrzk&m; zk&m; uRefrvnf; rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;tvkdvkduf
tMudKufaqmifygonf/ rif;w&m;Mud;bk&m;jyLrlcsufrSm &SnfMumpGm vufcH&efrpGrf;omygojzif.
owdawmfuif;uGm rif;w&m;bk&m; bb&ifbwfawmfukd a,mif,rf;ikHcJ.rdygonfbk&m;}
]armifarmifbk&m;ukdbmaMumif. bb bk&m;vdk.ac : onfvJ eef;"av. twwfynm;rsm;ukd
wwfajrmufatmif oifMum;ay;xm;yg&ufeJ. onfavmufxkdif;ygvQif xDeef;ESif.rwefyav}
87
Ganan & Yamarmoto
88
pdefwkef;rdzk&m;MuD;vnf; rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;t0wfawmfrsm; jyefvnf0wfqifay;&if;

tjrif.rif;orD;av;ukd qlylrmefrJaeygonf/ rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; &ifbwf awmfrS ukdufcH&aom
'Pf&mrS aoG;rsm;ukd t0wfjzLpjzif. okwfoifay;aeygonf/
tjrif.orD;av;rSm rsufpdrsufESm ysufvsufESif. olr\ t0wftprsm;ukd
jyefvnfqifjref;aeygonf/
]armifarmifbk&m; temaygufuk orm;awmfOD;&Sif;ukd tyif.ckdif;acsrS
oif.awmfrnfxifaMumif;ygbk&m;}
]tcsdefrawmfMuD; oGm;a&mufacsyif.avmufonf. temvnf; r[kwfaomfaMumif. pkd;&drfaESmif;vkd.
aMumif.MuawmfrrlygeJ. pkpk&J. onfntwGuf qH0g;zwfrHMuyfpD;xm;vQif jyD;Ekdifonfy pkpkiJ.}
rif;w&m;MuD; rdef.awmfrl pum;Mum;onfESif. pdefwkH;rdzk&m;MuD;vnf; qefwqkyfavmuf,lckdif;&ef
tjrif.orD;awmfav;bufvSnf.Munf.vkdufonf tjrif.orD;awmfav;tm;rawG.&awm.yg
pdefwkef;rdzk&m;MuD;vnf; Mumjcnf&H tjyifxGuf tysKdawmfMuD;rsm; &Sd&mokd. oGm;a&muf
qeftenf;i,frQ ,laqmifcJ.&efckdif;apvkdufygonf/
pdefwkef;rdzk&m;MuD; apckdif;vkdufonf. qef&&Sdojzif. qefwqkwfpmukd rdzk&m;MuD;udk,fawmfwkdif0g;
rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; temtkH&ef Mumjcnf&H twGif;0ifoGm;onfwGif tjrif.orD;awmfav;ukd,fwkdif
rif;w&m;MuDlbk&m;tm; MuyfpD;ay;aeonfukd awG.&Sd&ygonf/ rdzk&m;MuD;tHMo[efjzif.
Munf.aeonfukd jrifawmfrlonf. rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;onf ]tjrif.orD;awmfav;u vdrmonfAs
pkpkMuD;&J. olcrsm qefukd ,lvmawmfrljyD; ukd,fwkdif 0g;tHkay;onfAs}
]rSefvSyg trkduftrJav;udkawm. qkH;ray;awmfrlrS oif.awmfrnfxifrdaMumif;
a&Tem;awmfavsmufygonf bk&m;}
pdefwkef;rdzk&m;MuD;u wifavQmufonfwGif rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;vnf; jyHK;&,fawmfrl&if; .....
]vkHcrav; vdrma&;jcm;&Sdvmap&ef armifawmfbk&m;ukd,fwkdif MudK;pm;&r,fAs/
onfta&;twGufpdwfav;aeawmfrlygeJ. pkpk&J.}
]armifMuD;bk&m;ay;vkdonf. tjypfawmfukd cH,l&ef toif.&SdaMumif;ygbk&m;} [k tjrif.rif;orD;av;
avsufwifonf rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;vnf; tjrif.orD;awmfav;em;okd.uyf avoHjzif.
wD;wdk;ajymvkdufonfukd pdefwkef;rdzk&m;MuD;jrifvkdufygonf/
rdzk&m;MuD;rsm;ypfvTwfvkdufaom rQm;csufonf rif;w&m;bk&m;tm; pl;0ifvkduf&onfukdawm.
rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; od&Smrnfrxifyg/ okd.jzpwHvQyfukd a&xif a&ToriftvkdufrSm;awm.rnfukd
MuH&mygrdzk&m; MuD;rsm; em;vnfoabmaygufMuygawm.onfwum;/
(6)
eHeufnDvmcHobifokd. wufa&muf&efvmaom OD;a&TarmifMuD;rSm ta&S.awmfMuD;twGif;
rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;trdef.awmfjzif. qif.ac : awmfrl a&muf&Sdvmaom orm;awmfMuD; OD;pH0if;ESif.
OD;&Sif;wkd.ukd awG.&Sd&ygonf/ orm;awmfMuD;rsm;xH csOf;uyf pkHprf;aomfvnf; rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;
aq;awmfquf&ef vma&muf&rnfukd qif.ac : onf.twGuf tjrefvkdufygvmjcif;
jzpfaMumif;rSwyg; tjcm;rod& OD;a&TarmifMuD;vnf;pOf;pm;rdygonf/ orm;awmfOD;&Sif;ESif.
OD;pH0if;wkd.onf temaygufuk&mwGif ausmfMum;onf. orm;awmfMuD;rsm; jzpfMuygonf/
rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;rnfokd.aom temawmf ayguf&avoenf;/ ,refae.nu nDvmcHwGif
tcpm;0ifcJ.onf. tcsdefwkdifatmif aumif;rGefpGm usef;rmpGm &Sdaeayonf/ rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;
88
Ganan & Yamarmoto
89
temawmftwGuf aq;awmfquf&ef qif.ac : onfukdvnf; orm;awmfMuD;rsm;u ckdifrmpGm

ajymMum;aeonf. twGuf rif;w&m;MuD; aq;awmfquf&ef 0ifa&mufMurnf.
orm;awmfMuD;rsm;ESif.twl vkdufygMunf.&I&ef apmif.pm;aeygonf/
rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; eHeufyGJawmfpm; MujyD;aemuf orm;awmfMuD;rsm; aq;awmfquf&ef
0ifMuonfwGif OD;a&TarmifMuD;vnf; vkdufygoGm;cJ.ygonf/ aq;awmfqufMu&rnf.
orm;awmfMuD;eSpfOD;vnf; rif;w&m;MuD;temawmfukd ppfaq;Munf.&IMuygonf/ temukd
Munf.&IMuol orm;awmfMuD; ESpfOD;pvkH; wOD;rsufESm wOD;Munf.vsuf tH.MoaeMu[ef
&Sdaomfvnf; rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;tm; rnfodk.rQ rwifavQmuf0ef.Mu rpl;prf;0ef.MubJ &Sdaeojzif.
OD;a&TarmifMuD;uyif tvkdufodpGm Mum;rS0i
]rSefvSyg rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;? orm;awmfMuD;rsm;taejzif. temrod aq;r&Sd? temrykdif
aq;rukdifESif. qkdpum;t& temjzpf&onf. Zpfjrpfukd odvkdMu[efwlaMumif;ygbk&m;}
][kwfayoAs? onftemu vlukdufonf. temaybJ
orm;awmfMuD;rsm;Asm;? ,ref.ae.nOf.oef;acgif tcsdefu tukdufcH&jcif;y}
OD;a&TarmifMuD;a&m orm;awmfMuD;rsm;yg tH.tm;oif.aeMuygonf/ qufvuf
ar;jref;pkHprf;&efvnf; rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; taejzif. ajzvkdrnfvnf; rxifrd/ ar;jref;&efuvnf;
temjzpf&jcif; taMumif;t&mrSm jynf.pkHvkHavmufaejyDjzpf jidrfoufpGm vkyfaqmifoif.onfukd
qufvufvkyfaqmifaeMuygonf? temay : okd.aq;awmfwif t0wfpD;ay;MujyD;
rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;tm; ajcawmfOD;ckduf a&Smif&ef tpm? yGJawmfwnf&rnf. "gwfpmwkd.ukd
wifavQmuf orm;awmfMuD;rsm; jyefvnf xGufcGmoGm;Muygonf/
OD;a&TarmifMuD;wa,mufxnf; usefae&pfavawm.rS rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;ukd OD;ckdufjyD;vQif]onftem rnfoljyKrl rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; cHpm;&&Sdonfukd rdef.awmfrlyg? onfw&m;cHukd
uRefawmfrsKd;MuD; ppfar; tjypfawmfrlygrnfbk&m;}
rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m;vnf; tjzpftysufrsm;ukd pOf;pm;rdonf.twGufyif jzpfrnfvm;rod
jyHK;awmfrlygonf/ if;aemuf avsmif;awmfrl&m ovGefanmifapmif;ab; a&Tuvyf ay : wGif
wifxm;onf. orm;awmficJ qufocJ.onf. t*F0k'd aq;awmfxnf.onf. pOf.bl;ukd
vufndK;xkd;jyawmfrljyD; rdef.awmfrlvkdufonfrSm .....
]eifta&;,l tjypfay;csifonfqkdy? icJaq;awmf[m w&m;cH tppftrSefyg?awmuf rdpyfxH
roGm;rDtcsdefu onfaq;awmfom pm;okH;xm;jyD;om; qkd&if iarmifMuD;&}
cspfpdefvGef
jyD;ygjyD
89
Ganan & Yamarmoto

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aqmifMumjrdKifrSwfwrf; - cspfpdefvGif

eifhacgif;a&m ighacgif;ygNzwfa&mhr,f? eifhae&ma&mufavrS aNymvkd&maNymbJ}

xrf;&Guf&ef Nzpfygonf/ oli,fawmfrsm;udk rdzk&m;aqmifawmfrsm;wGif trSKxrf;cdkif;&eftwGuf

OD;a&TarmifBuD; 0ifa&mufoGm;onfh rSefeef;aqmifwGif;odkY taomhESif; vkdufygoGm;avonf/

v,fyGJ&dS&mtoGm; &Gmayguf a&mufonfwGif udka&TarmifBuD; xrf;vmaom c&if;kd;udk

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OD;a&TarmifBuD;udk bk&ifrif;Nrwfu opfqdrfh rdzk&m;udpESifh ywfowforQudk tmPmukeftyfESif;

] rSefvSyg .... onfvdk ta&;tcif;twGuf uRefawmfrsdK;BuD;vufodkY usL;ausmfoludk

rdzk&m;BuD;[kom ynwfowfrSwfxm;aomfvnf; olYorD;&G,f vHkrav;omkHrQ &Sdao;aom

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auR;arG;NyKpkaomfvnf; NrdKU0efrif;rSm roHk;aqmifESdifawmhyg.../ onfvdkESifh ESpfywfomom

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em;axmifae&mrS pum;rqHk;rD NrdKU0efrif;u Bum;Nzwf .....

NrdKU0efrif;vnf; ] yif;wvJpm;BuD; a&mufonfrSm BumyNyDvm; .... / usKyfvnf;

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tNypfawmf,lum a&Tzvm;awmfNzifh xkawmfrlaomaBumifh ezl;awmf ]zk} &Ncif; NzpfaBumif;

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b0&Sifrif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; taBumif;udkrl woo owd&vsuf &SdaeaBumif;udkawmh

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tuRefvnf; aNcawmfOD;cdkuf&if; rif;w&m;BuD; xHyg;rS xGufcGmvmcJhygonf/ rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;

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b0&Sifrif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; ESpfNcdKufpGm pufawmfac:ae&mrS pD;csufrSefrSef xGufay:vmaom

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rif;w&m;MuD;xHawmftyg; cpm;a&muf&SdonfwGif rif;w&m;MuD;bk&m; uyif ]iarmifMuD;eJ.