- .

cEran cengkuTTuvan
by mu. irAkavaiyangkAr
In tamil script, unicode/utf-8 format

Acknowledgements:
Our Sincere thanks go to the Digital Library of India for providing us with scanned images
version of the work online.
Etext preparation and proof-reading:
This etext was produced through Distributed Proof-reading approach.
We thank the following persons in the preparation and proof-reading of the etext:
R Arvavind, V Devarajan, Senthan Swaminathan, K. Lakshmanan, L. Parthipan,
R. Navaneethakrishnan, P. Thulasimani, N Pasupathy, V. Ramasami & Thamizhagazhvan,
Preparation of HTML and PDF versions: Dr. K. Kalyanasundaram, Lausanne, Switzerland.
Project Madurai, 1998-2012.
Project Madurai is an open, voluntary, worldwide initiative devoted to preparation
of electronic texts of tamil literary works and to distribute them free on the Internet.
Details of Project Madurai are available at the website
http://www.projectmadurai.org/
You are welcome to freely distribute this file, provided this header page is kept intact.

.
" - "
Source:
- ---

. -- 1915

, 1915
.

.
.
---------------PREFACE.
It does not require any very detailed statement of the reasons why a very correct
knowledge and appreciation of the literature of a country are needed. For, the
literature of a country is a mirror which reflects the civilisation and institutions of a
country very vividly in all its stages of development. That a knowledge of the
country's past and of the progress or transition is essential by way of stimulus to
future progress, is conceded by all. The Tamil land owes a deep debt of gratitude to
Mahamahopadhyaya V. Swaminatha Ayer; for re-introducing the great classical epics
and pieces of heroic poetry, that possess in a pre-eminent degree the merits and
excellences due to literary masterpieces. Of them Pathiruppatu wholly, and
Silappathikaram partly, deal with the Chera dynasty of the immortal lines of Tamil
Kings. The history of that dynasty is still shrouded in considerable obscurity. Any
works that bear upon them, and any exposition of works that would serve to enlighten
the public as regards their history and and the achievements of their Kings in peace

3
and war, any narrative that would popularise the stories of those Kings, would meet
with a sure welcome from the eager Tamil reading public.
It gives me considerable pleasure to write a short prefatory note to the work of my
friend who in undertaking to write in an easy elegant and classic prose, the life and
times of such of the Chera Kings as can be gleaned from the said works and from the
other historical sources has rendered a public service. Mr. Pethachi Chettiar's love of
Tamil, and his readiness to help Tamil writers, and institutions, are well-known to the
public. And his encouragement of the author in bearing the cost of this publication is
highly praiseworthy.
This short work is certain to give a correct insight into the social and governmental
polity of those times, and in particular those of Cheran Senguttuvan. His prowess, his
knightly virtues, his generous appreciation of his rival kings, his sense of
responsibilities of a king for the welfare, prosperity and progress of his subjects, and
his solicitude for the same,his piety, his councils of ministers, generals and learned
men, and his deference to their advice, the equipment of his army and his victorious
march right up to Himalayas and his generous recognition of the heroism of his
victorious troops by personally conferring on them decorations and honours on the
banks of the Ganges are described by Mr. M.Raghava Ayengar in the present work
in easy and interesting prose with apt quotations at intervals. The major portion of his
work is based on some of the chapters of the third book of Silappathikaram.The
illuminating commentary of Adiyarkunallar not being available for the Vanchikkandam
of Silappathikaram,the students that seek to study that portion of the epic are sure to
find instruction and guidance in the pages of this book.And it goes without saying that
Silappthikaram is itself a unique work in the literature of this world; for we have no
instance of a similar work in any other literature by a Royal author who had given up
the worldly pursuits, and taken holy orders, and yet was called upon to compose an
epic dealing with many lay and temporal institutions, pleasures, and pastimes, the
lives and habits and ideals of various castes and professions,in commemorating the
life of an ideally chaste and virtuous woman. Nor can we find a similar instance
anywhere of a same Royal author dealing impartially with the life and times of his
brother and King Senguttuvan as also those of his rival kings.The moral fervour and

4
the aesthetic* perfection of that work are unsurpassed;and the descriptions of natural
scenery are vivid and his narration of the story is entrancing. A stimulus to the study
of the work and similar works is greatly added to by Mr. M. Raghava Ayengar in
writing and publishing this work.
His dedication of the book to the memory of the founder and first President of the
Madura Tamil Sangam, while it expresses the author's gratitude for him is also
appropriate in illustrating the principle for which late Mr. Pandithurai Thevar, lived and
worked, namely, the popularisation and improvement of the Tamil Language and
Literature. Further Mr. Pandithurai's labours in the vindication of the claims of the
Tamil Language and Literature somewhat bear an analogy to the achievement of the
hero of this work in vindicating the greatness of the Tamil Kings of those times.
Madura T.C. SREENIVASA AYENGAR,
Secretary,
31-8-1915 The Madura Tamil Sangam
---------------------------------------------------------- .

-1
-2
1.

,
,

-3

-4

1.
2.
-5

1.

5
2.

3. ,
4
-6

1.
2.

3.
- 7

- 8

1.
2.
3.
4.
- 9.

1.
2.
- 10

-11

-12

13

-14

.
----------------------------Page numbers given here correspond to the original printed version and these are
indicated sequentially (nearest breakpoint ) throughout the running text, so that the
index given at the end can be used.

- .
.
page 1
:
.
- ,

.
;

--

,
. --
.

.
, .
,
.
, .

'

- " ,

.
Page 2
" " " "
. "" "
" ,
.

,
.

,
,
. -
, ?

-.
.



. S.Rm. M. Ct.


Page 3

? ,
.

()
"- - " .
.*
, 1830-
.

.

.
-----------*Selected Examples of Indian Art, Plate XXXIII, Pattini Devi.
Page 4
,
,
" " .


. ,

.

.

.

8
,} ,
1-2-15. }
"

. ,
" --- .

---------------(An Image of Kannagi precedes this text)

[ .]
----------------------------------------------------------page 1

- .
:

=========

. ,

,

. ,
' '
* .

. "

' '

"

. , , ** .
------------*

. . 5 .

. . .79
** .3.37; .2- ; -168.

Page 2

. ,
,

,
, ,
.
.

,

.
. , ,

.
.

,

Page 3
,

.

. ,
.
,


. ,
.

,

.

10
,

,
. ,

,

.

Page 4
,

"

" ,

. ,

-
. ,

. ,

. ,

, .
, , ,
.
.

, ,
.
-----------------------------------------------------------

11
page 5
2- :.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
,

.
*

. ,
.
, ,
.
---------*. .9. .11.23.
,
. .
(Celestials) ,

..
. (The Tamils 1800-yearsago.)
page 6

' '

. ,

. ,
-.

(), ,

. " - " ,
.

12
,

.

---* -49,65,82. . . .5
,

,
,

, ,

. ,
.

-------- 43- .12- .

Page 7
,

, ,


.*
,

. ,

. ,

,

- .

.
"



." **
.
----------*

.149. ,

13
**

.2.

-"
- "
--- . .
Page 8
,

"

" (

.233)

. ,
. 2150-


. (V.A. Smith's Early History of India.
p.173)
,

,
. ,

.

.
:
..
.
Page 9
,

.

.

14

.
,

, ,

.
,
.
.
(1) -
(2)
(3)

(4) .
(5) .
(6) .
(7)
(8)

----------------------------------------------------------page 10

.
-----------------------------------------------

* , , "
- "
.
. "
- , "
.
,
, " " .

--------* , .

15
. 1.
,
. :--

;

;
, ,
,

, ,

*.
----" "

. (.

. 114 )
*

2-

page 11
, ,
,
. (Mysore and Coog from the Inscriptions. 21.

"




. (

127)

. 2-
,
(
.) .
58-

.( 2-

.)

16
,
.*
Page 12

; ,
.

3-

, ,

;

.

..

, ; .
,

; "

" "
"* .
------* - " ,

, "

(. . 1-

3)

. .23, 63-64; .316

.3- .
. 5- .
Page 13
,

.

,

,
,

. ,

'

17

'

,
. ,

,
. #
, "
"

---------------* , .
4, 6- .
. 38-
# " , ,

, ,

" (

. 199)

---page 14
4-
, 40

* .
.

,
.
' ' . 6-

. $

,
.
-------

18
* , .
3-

1 1/2 ,

(Dr.Gundert's Malayalam Dictionary)

4- .
-

. (Dr. Bhandarkar's History of Dekkan. p. 136)

-

$ 6- .
Page 15
,

. ,


.

,

5-
.

4, 6-
* .

.
-------------*

. -

,
)
. 28: 196-8;

.
. (
. 13.

---------------

, ,
.
,
6- . ,

19

.(

,
;

13)

.('

' .)

Page 16

,

. ( ,
.)

(
- ) ,

-. (7- .)
" - "
.( . 85) ( )
.(8- ) ,
.

.(7- ).

Page 17

.(

387)

,
.
(

, ,

.)

. '

. 8-
.

'

(.) , '
.
.(8- .)

20

9-
"

. ,

"

, ,
, ,
"

.($ 9- .)

Page 18

.[**

210, 211- ,

. ,


.
.)]
.
,

, (' ,

. (. 90.)) ,

'

.(. 142.)

.( . 5)

.
.( . 53.)

.
Page 19

( 74.

21
.)
.
. ,
,+ ('

'

(. 90))
.
------------ .
1.
2.

3.

4. X .
5.
6.

X .

7.
8.

Page 20


.

. ,

,
.

, " ...

"

( 127) " "(. . 107 .) ,"

" .
. (

" (. . 150 )

" " ( 48) ,

22
,

,(Ptolemy)

. ,

.)


.
Page 21
.
,

,
.
(

62, 63.) 58-

.
.( 26; 98-99. 30; 141-142)
.

. ,

. ,

, ,

- " !
;
" .
Page 22
, ,

,
-.

23
,
:"
,

'


!

'

"( 30: 170-183.) .

.
Page 23
,

,
' '

.(' -

'

.) ,

, .

,

, ( '
' .) .

.(" - ."
(-.88-9)) ,

24


.


.

Page 24
,
.

.
--------------

-
. " "
(. 25,5)" "( 28:51)
. ,
.
. (
,

,

,
.) ( () .)
.
Page 25

, ,

. ' ,
.
.
,

. , ,

25
--
,(

--367.)

, -
.
" " .

. .
------------page 26
[ . ... ... .]
1. -- .
2.

-- .

3. -- - .
4. -- .
5. -- .
6. -- .
7. -- .
8. --

9. -- .
10. --

11. -- .
12. -- .
13. --
.

14. -- .
15. -- .
-----------------------------------------------------------

page 27
3- :-

26

. ,55-

20-

, 35-
.

. , ,
.
.
1. ,
.
2.
3.
4.
5.

. ,


Page 28

--

(1) ,
(

; ,

, .)
,

. ,

"

27

." (. 25: 160-64)

,
,

63- .
.
,
. , ,

.
Page 29
(2)
. ,

,
.
"


." (.25: 152-55)
.
. " " .
,

,
( .
, ,


.( Indian Antiquary.Vol.XVIII,
1889.p.367.)) .
.

28
(3).
,
.
Page 30
, ,

.
"

." (45)
"

. " (46)
"

." (48)

"

. " (212)
,
.
,
" ,

29

. " (28;119-21)

Page 31
"



." (. .)
,

, ,
, .
"
" ( -369.) " "(

5-

) .

,
.( 5- 45, 46, .)


.( )
, ,
"


." (. 25:156-59)
,
.
Page 32
,
.

(4) ,
.

; " "

30

. "" ;"

" ( .44)" " (.

251) .

, ,
.

"




."

. ,

Page 33

,

.
( . 44) ,

"

" ( .27.124-26.)

(5) ,

, ( ,

31
,
.

.)

"

." (.28:115-19.)
,
.

, ,


( ' .
(-73).
Page 34
,

,
"
"

...

. (South Indian Inscriptions.

Vol.III.No.21)) ,
.
:"




." (.27:118-23)
. " " .

32

.( ,

.(..32))

' '

. ,
.
-------------------------------page 35
4- :

. , ,
.
,

,

.

.
:I.
,

,
,

,
.

Page 36
,

,

.

. ,

33

,
.


. ,
, '

' ,

, ,

.

'

' ,

, "

;
" .

Page 37
, '
'

,'

' . , '

; ' .

,
,

.
,

. ,

,

,

34
,
,
.
Page 38
,
, ,
,

,

,

,

.
, ,

, '

; ;'

, ,

.
Page 39

, '
' , "
"
,
.
, '

'

. ,

35
'

'

, -

- '!


.' , ,'

' .

, '

'

' '

' '

. ,

Page 40
, .

.

.
,


,

, , ' !
?'. , ' ;
'
.

Page 41

'

'

, .

36
, ' '
.

, ,

. '

'

'

' . ' ;

'

. ,
.
.
. - "
;
; !
; "
.
,
.

Page 42
, ,

, '

'

. ,

, .

, , ' ;
; ;
.
;

37
; ,

.
Page 43

,
.
,

,'

' . .
.
, "
.

,

.
,
.

,


. ' ' .
-----------page 44
II. .
,
.
,

38

.
,
.
,
-
,

.,
,
.
,

,

.
Page 45
,

,
,
, ,

,
. ,
,
,

.

,
,

39

.
Page 46
,

,

,

. ,

,

.
,

, ,

,
,

; ,

. ,


, ,

,
,

.
Page 47

,

,

.

40

. ,

,

(1) , (2)

, (3) , (4) ,(5) ,(6)

, (7)
.
-------------------------------page 48

5- : .
1. .
.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

,

,
, '

?'

, '

.'
, ,

,

.

41
,

; ' ,
Page 49
" ! !
!


!

"
,
,
,

.
.
---------------------------------2. .
,
.
- ----------------------------- -
*

-------* '

'

" - ; ,
;

42
." . ,

. ,
,
.

Page 50

-
,

,
.

, ,
"
*

43

"
---* .
Page 51
( - - -
- - .)

' , '

," !

, ,

Page 52
( .) !
, . ;
"
.

, (

)
"! ,

"

,

,

,

, ,

, '

44


'

Page 53

, " !

,
.
, ;
;
"
" !
,

?"

'

. ;

'

, ,
, '

. ,

'

Page 54
'

,

. (
.)


'

45

:- " !

, , , , ,

.
("

" , .

,

.)
Page 55


, . ,

, ?

, ,

' .
"
.

. ,
"
.

- . ,

,
"

46

Page 56



*

."

--------* ' ,

'

-
' ;
'

--------------------------3. .
,
.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
, -


:- "
- '
-

Page 57

' ,
. (

47
,
,

.)

? ,


.
,

,
" -
. ( )
'! , ,

.'

. ,

'! ;

;
' .
Page 58
,

. ,

.
,
,

- , , ,

, . , ' ,
, ,

'.)

' ' ,


.

,


, .

48

,
.
Page 59
,

- ,
,
,

. , '
' ,

, ,

.
'

'
.

.

. ,

,
,
.
Page 60
,

49
.
" !
.

, "

. ,

,
,
.
Page 61
,
.

, "!

, ()
,

,


, " .

"

( ),

"

, "

,'

,
" .
Page 62

50
' ,
,

;

;
,

"
,

. , ,


.

(

.)

.
, ,

.
,

.,

.
Page 63

.

.
.

, , , ,
, , ,

,
.

51

.
,
.


.
Page 64
, , ,

,
.


,
.
,
.
( -

.) - , ,

. ,

. ,
,

, , ,
.
Page 65

, ,

, ,
*
.

52

, ,

'
'

--* .
,

, '

' ,


.
----------------------------------------------page 66
4..
,
.
---------------------- ,

,
,

- ,

,

.
,
.

53

. ,

,

Page 67


.

.
, ,

,

,
()
,
,
.


-

Page 68

, ' !
,

'

, '!

54
; ?
.

' ;

"!

; ,

.
,

" ,

, , '!

;
page 69

, . ,



.
( )

, '!

, ;
; ;

!'
.
,

, ' '

. ,
.

38 .)

55

.

Page 70

, ,

,

,

. ,

.

.
.
,

,
. ,



; ; ! '

.
Page 71

'!

?'

'

,

56
,

,

,
;! '

Page 72


, ,
.

. ( )
, ' !

' .

,
,

,

. ,
'

' , , '!
(

.)
,

Page 73

(;

.)

57
?
' .

.

,




. :
,

Page 74

'!
"

. ,

' !

' .
,

,

'

'

, '

58
; !

'

Page 75
,



'! ;

,


,

, !

,

,

,

.
_____________
page 76

6- : .
5. .

59
,

'

' , .




,
.
'

'
,
.
Page 77

,

.
,

, -

,

.

, , ,

.

,


,

60

.
Page 78
, ,

,
*
,
.
,

. ,

,
:- " !
, , ,

,
.
----* , , ; '

' . (. 6, 43).

Page 79
'

'
. !
. '
,

,

,
'
"

61
. ,

.

'! '
. "
,
,

,
Page 80

,
! ;
;

; ;

* "

62

" 8

--------*

, (3, 6, 7) , (8)
,

.

. ,

Page 81

;

?
; ,

;

.

.

,

.

,

; ,

;
. ,

, ,

Page 82

. ,
!
-
.

. ,

63

, ! "
.
, ,

. ,

,
, ,
.
,


Page 83

. ,

,

.
, ,
() , '
'

,

,
-

,
( )
,

,

64

Page 84


,

" ,
- .
-------------6- .

.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
,
,

-
,

, '

'

Page 85
,

,

.

65

,



,

,

, ,

( ),
Page 86

,
-
.
,

,
,

'

'

,

.
Page 87
.
, ,
"!

66
.
. .


. "
.


,

'
.

'-

-------------7-

, .
,

'

?
Page 88

'

- "! : ;

. ,


.

,
,

,
.

67

,
. ,


"

.
Page 89

, ,

,

,
"!
. .


[*] .
,

,

,
, '
.

'

---[*]

, -

(. 75). -

'

'

.* ( South

Indian Inscriptions, Vol. III. p.84.)

page 90
.
.

;
.

."

68

,

.
-'! ;

,

,
.

! ; ' ,

,
.*
, ,

--------------* , ,
.
Page 91

.,

,
.

;

,

. !
"

,

. ,

,

:-

( ) " !

69
,
"
().
() "

page 92
,

;
; ! "(
).
(

) "!

, !

. ,
. !
!" ( ).

,
:- "!
,

,

( (42-53)
.)

Page 93
, ,

. , ,

70
,

.

, ,
.
, !


"

;
,

, ,
.
,

Page 94

, ,
.
,

, , ,

" ! ,


"

. ,

','

. ,
, ,
- .

(#* )

;
"

71

Page 95
,

, '

'

,

, " ,
.

!
"

















."
Page 96
,

, ,


,

72


.
, ,



:-

( 1 ) "




.
( 2 ) "
.

( 3 )"



.
Page 97
(4) " -

"- .
-----------------------

7-

-

. ,
.
"
" (.26.98-9.)

73

"

" (.80.141-2.)

, ,

Page 98

,

,

. ,
"

" (.26:62_67)
"







-(.26:60-67)

. ,

. ,

.
Page 99

74
,

( -
,

. (. 27: 112 .))

. ,

,
.

,
.
,
.

,

. (. 29: 42-61.),
,

.(. 27: 90-100.) ,

,

.
. ,

Page 100
. , -

. ,
.( 1,
,
.
( . . 17.))
, ,
,
.

(. 28: 175-194.)

75
(. 26: 247250.) .
----------------------------------------------------------page 101

8-
.
,
.

.
.

.

. ,

.
,

. :-[.]
, ,
. "

Page 102
-
"(. 8: 3-4.)

.( ,

( . 285.))
.)
.( . 44, 45, 47-
)

76

. ,

(,
.) .
, ,
'

'

( . 47.)

, "
, ,
"
(. 19: 126-128.) .
, .


(
.)

Page 103

; ,

. ,
.
, -

.
,
.*
, ,

.

. ,

45- . ,

,' '

. , ,

,
.$
---------* .(

.174- .)

77
(.27:118-23) ( .16). $(.

.)

page 104

; ,

. ,
.
[ ] [ ]

||
( ) |

||
( ) ()
. .
----------[ .]

,
. -
,
.*

. " , ,
,

" .**
------------------* ,
.)
** .
page 105

78

(183)

. ,

.
,

.+

, .

,
.**
,
.
, .

.++
------------------------+ .27:114-138 **

. - 96.

++ .77;-36.

. (Vide Madras G.O. No. 508 Public dated 27-6-07.))

Page 106

.

.* ,

,

.
, ,
(* .367)
. ,
.

|

79
|

|
.
---------------------* . ,

. .367.
[ .]

''

Page 107
,

,
*.

---*

'1800-

' (The Tamils 1800 - years ago)

,
. ,

, -

.,

5- "
" . ,
,
. ,

.
5- . ,
.


. , - .

80
8- '
'

,

.

, , ,

,

; ,,

,
.
,

page 108
[

.]

- :-- (1)
, (2) , (3) , (4) .
.*
.
.
.


. "
"

, .

--------------*, , .
'

'

, .

, ,
,
.
Page 109

.

81

.
.
.
--------------------

9-
.
- , ,
;
.
,

,
.
; ,
.
:- .
Page 110
[.]
,

, .
,
,
.

,
, .
,
.
,
.
,

, ( -62.)

82
. , ,
(, )
, (
.) .

Page 111

?*

, 82- .

, ,

.
[]
, ;

** ,
.

,
.


:"
-

"
---* -99
** -
.)

page 112

- (

. 11.)

. ,

83
,

.
,
.
, ,
.
,

. , ,

.

" '
.

Page 113
,


.

,

.

.(. .10; 25: 106.)
,
,
"

- "

(25:65-66) .
-- ,
,

84
, ,
.

(59)

--------*(. .10; 25: 106.) (25:65-66)

page 114
. ,' '
.

' ' .

.

, -

--------------------------

10-
-
1. .

''

. ,

, . ,

, ,

. ,

Page 115
.

. ,
,

.*

85
,

. ,

. ,

. ,

. ,
. " ' ''
.
------*

29 .

Dr Fleets History of deccan. P.189

,

; ;

' '
.
----------------------------------------------------------page 116
2.
-------------------------

,,
* .
,
.
.
.
" -



"
(

.93.)

86

"

" ( .11)

" "(-29.)
. ,

, "

"

(387) .

------*

(.26.50),(28-180)

(.92.) (.27.255)
.

Page 117
--,, , ,
.*

; --

"

" (-50)
. "

"

; ' -
' .
,
.

87
,
.

------------* ,4.118

,
.
,
12- ,
.
.
Page 118


.
, .
.

.,

. ,
, ,
.
,

,

.

- , ,

, ,, , ,
,,

, ,

Page 119

,,

, , ,
.
,

, ,
,

88
, , , .
*
.(. .28)

; " ,

, " .

), (),

(),

'

.
'

., ,

197-198.)

' ' ( 28:

--------*
.
(-28. 123-31)
.28 .25.4.
page 120

'' .(

13.)

, .
.
( 28.198.)
( 26. 62; 30.51.)
.
,

, ,

,
(
.) .
, ;
, ; "
"
(

89
290- .
; ;
.) [-]

; [ ].
. " "
" "
,

"
"
.,

,

"...

"

; " ,

"
"
.

.
"

--------* .

. 45- ,
.
.))
page 122

"
"
. , , (
108- ;

90
.)
;

(, -4, .342; .88.)

. ,


.

( .)

,
.

Page 123
, "- ;

" (.68) . , ,

, ,

(

) , ,

, 300-

; ,
.(

. ,
, ,

.
, ,

.

" " ,

91

.)

.(

, )

Page 124

, ' ', '' '

'
,

. , ,
. ,

, .

''

. , ,
.

,
,

. " ,

"

, (-

. . 320) " ,
,
"
,( . . 17- .;
,

,'

' ;

'
.)

"

. , ,

.
Page 125
,

;,

( (Tiru-karur), 28-

92
3-
,

. (The Tamils 1800-years ago. p. 15).)
.

.(. . 3. .)
,

. - 10 .
,
. " "

. ,

. ,
.
Page 126
,
,

(

"- ,

" ,
.
, ,

. ,

,
, .)
?

( (Ptolemy)

. (The Tamils 1800 years ago. p.20).)

93
. ,

.
Page 127
,

:
(Tiru-karur) ,

. ,
,

? ,

' ' ,

. ,
?
,

? , ,
,

. ,

300-

.(

, .

(.. 3. ).) ;

- 300-

,
;
Page 127
-,
-; "

" . ,


, .

94
, . ,

"

" .* '
'

. ,

?

, ,

.**
--------* "

- "

(.25-

11,15,16.))
**
.

. . 84 .)

4
.

(.
, -

6 , 140- 840-

300- ,

. ,
1/2

Page 129
,
,

, ,

-
.

?
-----------

95
, (. 28. 145)
( . 21) . ,
, (. 33. 281)
.
, , 4 1/2-
; .

. ,

. ,

;
.
,

.
--page 130
,

. ,

(Augustus) (Tiberius),
(Claudius)

1806-

,(Gazetteer of Trichinopoly. p. 260)
.

.

,
.
( ,
.)

( ,

1, 3,

1,

96
, . (South Indian
Inscriptions. Vol. III. No. 20-26).)
Page 131

. ,

; "

" . ( . 1.)



.

(
8- , - .

, . (. 7. ).)

.

.

$$ (.. 10-

.
Page 132
(Government Epigraphist report. 1891.))

; "
"

" (.2)

" ( . 12)

. 900-
1.
1 ,

(S.I.I Vol. III No. 30,

31.)

,


.
-

, (

. , ,
" "

97
.(. 30. 159)) ,


.
,
- .

Page 133

.
,

. ,

.
. ,
,

. ,

,

.
,


, ,

,
.
Page 134
, ,

( ,

,
,

(. . . 74);

, ,

98
. (. . 3. ).)

, .
,

:" ,
"
(. 29. )
"
"
(. 29. )

. ,

:"

" (. 28-223, 225, 233)
Page 135

,
.
( 25-

, 26-

.)

20- .) .
.
.

.
-----------------------page 136

99

11 -

,
.

. ,
,


.
,

. ,

.
"

" ( .126.)
,

.
Page 137
,
" "
"" :

.
,

,

. *

100

,

, , ,

, .

. ,

, , ,
.
,
,
,
,
.
-----------*

, 74--5 - . .58- . ,26. 40-1

page 138
, .
.

. "

- " ,

(.26.251-2). ,

, (.28.204-5) ;
;

'' . (",
"

(344-5).

.,
. (
; 67- .))
.(.25.173-7.)
,

,(

26.137)
.

( 28.109)

101
Page 139

. ,
.
; " -
"

.*
. , ,
.
,

(), ( ),
( ), ( ),
, , ,

, ,

. "
, " . $
----------*. 26. 137-8. .25 173- 6. 26.38. $ .25.171-2.
Page 140

,

. ,
.*

,

"!"
. ,
" " " '
.

102

' ' ;

" ,

"

.
.

, "
" ;
--------------*. 25.87-90; 26.168-71. . 26.170-1 .26.186;5.112.
page 141

, .

,

.
,

.*

.
- ,

,
( )
.

,
.
----------------* Dr.Cunderts Malayalam Grammar (art)) -5,-410-1.

103
Page 142

( .)
1. -2.
3. -4. .

,
()
. *


.

(.28.65-79).
----------* ;.25.107--114; 28.65--6
page 143

.(

.T.K.

" "(Malabar and its folk)

104

184,185-

'

, 7- ,

'

.)

; " ,
" .(.26.52-3.)

.(.28.9) (.27.44)
. ,
, , .
" -
" .*
,

.
,
. ,
, ' , '
.
,

.

. " "

.
,

105

.
.
------------.* . .91 . . 27.175-6) .25. 35-56;
page 145

.(. 26.125-126.)

:
' ' .(. . 63.; . 130.)
"

' .

''

.(. 33-45.)

.(. . 68.) ,
.
,

,
.( . .)
Page 146

: , , ,

.

, ,

, ,

.

.(. 26. 128-140.)

106

52; 500;

() 208; 10,000;

100; 20,000;
100; 1000.

, ,

?
Page 147

, ,

" ,
,

, "

.(. 26. 80-83.)

, ,

, ,
.

. ,
.
;

,

. ,
,


Page 148

.( 27.23-44.)

107

(Victoria Cross)
,
? ?

, ,

. "
- "
,(
.127)
" -

"

( .44.) .

.(. .60.) ,

.
Page 149

- -

, ,

.

((' '())

.

,
, ,

.
. [ ; ]


(*modify) .

108

, .

Page 150
, ,
.
.
, ,
.

"

"(.30.174.)

, ,

'

"(.28.169.)

( .14,16,40,45.).
"

(70, 74).

.
'

( .14..).

109
Page

-----------------------------------------------------------

110

page 151

12- : .
-

,
.

, 20-

35- .

32-

,(.27.149.)

50-

(.28.130.)

., , 47-

47-

,
.
.

,
, ,
. (.27.159-172.)
Page 152

,5-
"
-
"


.
,


.
,

111

,
.

.
-
.
(.26.93-97.)
,
.

Page 153
,

?

?
,
.
. ( .
) ,

,
.
,

?(.25.110114.) 32-

,

.

Page 154
-

112
.

.( . 50.)

"


." (.28.129-132.)
. ,
.

, " ,

" .( .45.)
.
Page 155

,

--

, '

'

. (. 28. 102-3)

(. . . 2 )

"

." (. 26. 10-12)
"

113
" (. 26. 159-62)

.
,

Page 156
,


. ,

,( .43:)
,

800 ,

.(It is curious that a Karnataka dynasty was set up even in distant
Nepal, apparently in 1097, which was presumably of Ganga origin. The founder,
Nanya Deva (perhaps? Nanniya Deva), came from the South. He was succeeded by
Ganga Deva and four others, the last of whom removed the capital to Khatmandu,
where the line came to an end. - Ins. from Nepal, by Dr. G. Buhler -- (Lewis Rice's
Mysore and Coorg from the Inscriptions p.48)) ,


?

()

Page 157
,
?

114
,
, ,
,
. ,
.
,
.
'

' ,

.

,

, .

,
Page 158
"

-(*.28.123-4) ,

" " (*.28.174) ,

.
,

"




;

" (.25.95-104)

115

?

" " .
Page 159
.
-
,

"

- "(.26.15,18)
.

.
.

.( 25,5 . .66) ,

" "

. , ,

, ,
.

.(18- . "

) ,

"

,
.

. ,
.
Page 160
,
,

116

,
. "
- "

..26.247-250.)
?
, , .
(.26:61,247.) ,
.
' ' . [
- .]
.(.26.73.)
.

Page 161
"


" (.27.173 -76)
.

" " , "

"

- 2254 - 55.), 50

100-;(.

5000 - .

3 - , 6 -

, ,

3-

, 40- 375 .
,

.

117
,

Page 162

, 300

,
,
. -

50- "

50-

"

" -
"(.28.157-158.)
. ,

,
.
----------------------------------------------------------page 163

13- : .
, .
,

. ,
,

,

? ,

. ,
. .
.
-
-
; ,

118
,
12-

..

. ,

, .. 113 - 135
.
Page 164
-
.

, ,

, ..77 - 133

. ,

,

.(

2 -

- S. M.A.,

179 - 201 ,

172

- 202

; , 2

3 -

(. 4 - ..525 - 27).)
, , 2 -

,
.
'

'

, ,

. , ,

.
Page 165
,
.

,
.

119
,, , ,

, . ,

- , ,

. ,

(

. 251.) .,

, 265 -
: "

."
. ,

.

? .

Page 166
,
,

. ,

.( ,
(Son)

, 9- 1 1/2 - ,
64-

, 574

. (V.A.

Smith's Early History of India. p.119-120.))

, .. 4-

, - (Fa-Hian)

. ,

120
4-

.
, , ,
.

Page 167

, ..7-

- (Hiuen-Tsung)

, 200, 300 1000

. , .. 400-

, - ..650-
.
,

,
.
.
"

, ..5-

-'

( , (Bankipore) (Patna)
, (Kumarahar)

. (V.A. Smith's

Early History of India. p. 120. note.))

.

.

Page 168
,

'- .

, . ,7 -
, , 200,300-

121
,
"- .*
, ..5,7
.

,

.

," , "

? -

; ,

---------------------*Civilization in ancient India. P. 217

page 169
-
(.. 5-

. *

,

.
,

, , --

6, 7- , ,
.
,

. ,6

7 -

, ,

; ,

122

,

?

?

----------*

. V.A.Smiths Early History of India p.278.)

page 170
,
,
,
.

4,5-

,6

7-

526 (..470)-

.* ,

.,

,

.

. ,

4-

5-
.
-------------

5-

, ,

123
*Bombay Royal Asiatic societys journal.Vol.XVII. No.XLIV.pp.74
page 171
- 4, 5-

, .

, ,

. .. 326. .

.(Gupta Inscriptions. p. 12-13; Dr. Fleet's

Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts. p. 280; Indian Antiquary, Vol.XIV, p. 1891.}

. ,

.+ (+

4-

. 18. )
,

,
Page 172

"
,

;("

. (. 23. 84))

, 5- . .

,

,
,
.

124

:-

"

..." (. 281).

"


Page 173




..."
( 251.)
. ,

,

.

;
,

.*

, ,
.
-"
...."
(.69.)
-"

125

" ( .175.)
-----

. -32, 33

Page 174

. (

, , , .,
.
,

''

.) , ?
.

, . . 321- .
, . .184-

.,

. ,
, ..6,7-
.(V.A. Smith's Early History of India.
p.183)

. ,

,
Page 175
. 4-

, ,

.

126
-

. ""

,
.

. , , " "

. ' '

.
,

, (,

. (Mysore and Coorg. p. 23).)
. ( ).
, - "
- "
.

Page 176
,

, ,
''

, ? ,

'

'
."

",

, ,
.
----*

. (Mysore and coorg from the Inscriptions.p.62.)

127

. ,
,
.
Page 177


,
.

.
, .
*
"" "
"


.
---------* . 5- .99--104
. . .52.
..375- . ,
,

5-

, 4-

.,

- (.. 375-418)
(413-455)
.

Page 178
,
. ?

128
,
,
. (
, (

.*

(-346)
.)
.

.
,

' '

? (
" "
. (.-4,.7.)
Page 179

,
, ,

(Epigraphical

Annual Report. 1907-8. P.62. 68)

, - 2
(, ..760-

.) ..770- ( ..770
.(.-4.336.)) .
..770- . ,

. , ,

., ,

(..760)

10-

129

, 30-

, ( ,

, 30-

.)

Page 180

5-

8-

10-

. ,--(,,

770-10 x 30) 470- . ,

.,

,

. ,5-
.*
-

;
,

,
.
#.

(Malwa)

--------*

- ..

(.-6.58-59) #

.
-108

page 181
.

,
- *
. - 5-

130

.
, , "

"

"" ,
" "

.
, ,
,

, "

" , " "

" "
.
---------* V.A. Smith's Early History of India. p.271,276
.26, 176. . 27, 176-7
page 182
,

,5-

;,2- 3-
.

., ,
.
,
.
.
,
.
, -
*
' '
?

.. 770- -

131

.

------------* . .-6 (.)

. .

. -3 (.)

page 183
,

8-

; ,
.
, ,
'' , 2-

;

, *
.

? ,

,
. , 5-

---------------* , . . 501

.. 301

, 5-

. .. 301-

, 1262, 1295- (
)
. (Sketches of Ceylon History by Sir- P. Arunachalam. p. 29-30.)
Page 184

(Dathiya) (Pithiya)

. .

132
- .* , ,

(39)

; ,

,
, -
5-

--

1450- -

- ,
.

___________
----------*Ibid,See-List of the Kings and Suluvamsa
, (.321)

(.196)

; ( 45,126,145);
(.196,262). ,
. .
. ,
.
.
----------------------------------------------------------page 185

14- :

, -
.
, "

"

. ,

,,
.

,
. ,"
",

133
. , ,
.
,
. ,
.

.

(Cranganore),

Page 186

. ,

,
.

!

? ,
.

. ,


. ,

,

.
.
.
________

134

* page numbers given here correspond to the original printed version and these
are indicated sequentially (nearest breakpoint ) throughout the running text.

7, 8, 30, 106, 165

- 80
20, 135
(Augustus) 130
- 1, 8, 166, 166
- 125
22, 113, 125, 127, 128, 159
() - 72, 119
17, 110
- 17
- 15
- 45
() - 129

81, 129

) 121, 122-123

() - 98, 145
- 179

89, 98

- 17
(.) 34, 49. 54. 161
- 78

138

- 55, 83, 138

- 44, 45, 88
32, 108
- 99
- 59, 89, 98, 120, 122-123
- 9

135
45
13. 14, 107, 166, 171
- 45
- 120-122, 124
- 83
- 104, 113, 117

-15

- 15
- 182
- 117
- 75, 80, 116, 120, 127
- 117
- 124
- 60
- -33, 79
- 36
- 70, 88
9, 10
- 130
- 29
- 123
- 44
25, 103, 104
- 46
I 131, 156
I 131, 156
19, 106
65-66, 94, 96, 108, 163
- 114
49, 119
3, 7, 10, 12, 24, 99, 134, 159
24, 49, 74, 78, 142, 153

9, 17

136
- 178

106, 124, 178

-( ) - 11
25, 105-106
63, 155
- 63
44-45
7, 8, 10

11, 110

- 63
- 110
- 45
- 124
34, 102
- 101
58, 139

- 150

58, 137

-() - 74
27, 33
- 174
110, 116
31, 156, 185
62, 165
61, 139
- 31
- 175
- 13
9, 31, 137
- 31
- 84
() - 87
- 30

137
- 170
46, 86, 96-97, 134
62, 140

- 140

58, 137

- 19

( ) - 46
( ) - 87
16, 18, 110
94, 96, 108, 162, 183
58, 139
102, 104, 110, 152, 157, 165, 177
31, 60
58, 139
58, 137

116, 120

- 124

120-122

- 13
- 31
- 69
- 14
- 21
() - 19

- 165

- 173

19

178-179

() - 84
- 149
62, 66, 180

9, 13

- 18

138
- 5, 106, 126, 163
58, 139
- 61, 64, 66, 68, 94, 160
- 162, 183
( ) - 14
- 14
- 175
- 47
117, 122
- 122
() 49-56
() - 14
( ) - 17

- 90

- 13
- 45
- 131

- 102

- 56
35, 44, 46, 68, 69
- 106

M.A. - 164

- 44, 102, 104, 178

(Claudius) - 130
- 176

- 115

24, 110, 185

() 24, 110, 185
-30, 98, 160

60, 94, 108

- 117

23, 95
( ) - 85

139
- 171
- 11
- 29
- 1
- 177
- 155

- 79, 155

- 61, 146

- 186
III 131-132
58-59, 50
- 78
- 111
8
- 2

- 132

- 60
- 174, 176
- 31
27, 29, 54
- 94, 96, 108
- 78
29, 114

- 78

125, 129, 131, 132, 185

- 129
71, 96, 105, 126
- 130
( ) - 172
- 24, 74
143
100, 141, 149, 180

- 141

140
- 70
- 119
- 37
( ) 28, 149
() - 16
- 179
- 42
61, 138
- 18
175, 177
166, 167, 174-175
- 142
5, 71
155, 171, 177
78, 143
4, 35, 52, 99, 102, 111, 114
164, 182,
( ) - 123
() - 9, 12, 111, 114
() - 137, 139

- 46

29, 34, 89, 100, 105, 115, 121, 124, 13, 132, 141, 142, 156
- 16
- 42
- 63
- 63
70, 88
- 45
- 73
23, 97
6,

179, 182
-6

141
- 5
- 6
- 174
- 44

- 125

-6

- 59
117, 120
- 5
19, 157
- 21-24
- 26
- 19
- 24-25

- 139

-*43, 48, 86, 134

-134 -71
-141 -40, 59, 65, 93, 98, 120, 122.
-9, 15, 16, 107
-131,132.

-121.

- 102

-104 -125, 129.

-114 (

- 186 ) 89
- 11, 84, 148, 150, - 123, 186.
[162, 165. - 124.
-132 - (Light-House) 3.
- 5, 101-104 - 44
- 100
- 141

- 73- 144

- 161

- (Tiberius) -130

-72

-17 - 22, 86, 87-90, 94.

142
- 14 -65-66
-116, 117 - 124
- 184 - 14, 20, 101, 116
-58, 137 - 1, 6, 143, 145.
()86.- - 177
2, 10. (Citizens) - 58, 139
- 58, 137. - 145
- 38 - 148
-105, 106, - 165-166

- 63. [-69. -179

-18

- (Ptolmey) 7, 20, 126. - 10

- 170 - 102
- 10 -99
-184 - 12, 28.
- 170. - 114
-103 - 105, 113
- 125, 126. ()-16
- 134 -13, 138
- 186 - 46.
-141. -182.

- 107

- 170
- 57, 72
- 66
- 60, 128
- 79, 138

- 46
- 64
- 61, 63, 108, 155, 164, 180-81

25, 102, 104

42, 52, 105, 106, 157, 177

143
9, 10, 21, 28, 49, 104, 110, 151
- 179

- 179

- 33-34, 79, 103

- 156
- 122
- 135
- 31

- 124

- 124
() - 58
() - 27
- 14

- 111

- 13
4, 21, 24, 30. 32, 100, 111, 117, 122, 148, 154, 173
- 43
() - 145
- 1
169, 170-173, 185
- 9, 12, 104
- 161
- 15
27, 29, 32, 71, 165, 173, 176, 177, 184
- 78
- 29
89, 90

- 61

- 165

166, 167, 168, 169

5, 79
65, 66
- 104

144
- 61
- 12
- 166, 167, 168, 169
- 7
- 184
35, 45, 102, 126
- 101
- 46

- 165

6, 101, 104-5

- 174

- 13

72, 137
97, 102
- 44

- 17

9, 17, 107
8, 145
() - 24
25, 34, 106
- 143
- 143

6, 50, 55, 112, 127, 158

- 63
172-3, 184
() 15, 120
- 19
- 116

- 148

( ) - 71

- 161

- 150

145

- 77

- 183
- 127
89, 91
- 164
12, 15, 104
- 44
- 121
44-47, 87, 135
- 44
- 131
- 43
68, 101
- 130
23, 111-114
- 124
- 7
- 112
- 150
- 99
- 149
- 7
- 59
35, 46, 70
38, 68, 71-2, 78-9, 82
36, 70, 85, 90, 94, 100, 152-2, 154, 158, 144, 151-2, 160
38-40, 68-9, 86
18, 171-2, 175-6, 177
171-2
11, 20, 101, 116, 148
35, 70

8, 11, 165, 168-9, 172, 175, 177

- 90

146
25, 106

94, 108, 180-1

- 177
28, 149

- 184

6, 115, 130
- 15
157
- 6

- 7

- 103

(Megasthenes) - 167
- 11
32, 173
- 32, 165, 166, 173
- 57

- 164

- 57
7, 80
18
- 179

- 129

130, 167
- 170

- 78

- 186
11, 15, 20, 46, 73, 116, 184
- 121
- 52
- 121
- 121

- 141

147
- 172
173, 175
- 121
-- 7
13,
1, 5
() 5, 75
- 138
- 117
- 175
- 170
- 63

- 33, 79

() - 75
54, 65, 83, 138, 160
( ) - 67, 147
- 148
- 131
- 149, 153
- 131
- 10
71, 96, 104-05
- 1
- 106
- 120
- 82
- 59
- 50
- 61, 146 - 147
- - 16
- 179, 182
82, 120
13, 15, 16, 120

148

15, 138

21, 100
15, 110
- 179, 182
- 89
- 167-169
- 5

- 34

Bandaarkars history of deccan - 14

Bombay Royal Asiatic Societys Journal - 170
Civilization in Ancient India - 168
Epigraphical Annual Report Fleets History of Deccan - 179
Gazetteer of Trichinopoly - 130
Gupta Inscriptions - 171
Indian Antiquary 29, 171
Inscriptions from Nepal -156
Madras G.O. - 105
Malabar and its folk - 143
Mysore and Coorg from the Inscriptions 11,156, 176
Sketches of Ceylon History 183 - 184
Smiths Ancient India 8, 166-167, 174, 181
South Indian Inscriptions - 34, 89, 131
Tamils 1800-years ago 5, 107, 125-126
Victoria Cross - 149
---------------------