Presented By:

Todd Denman
Elaine Pablo

Effectiveness of an Upper Extremity

Exercise Device Integrated with
Computer Gaming for Aerobic
Training in Adolescents with Spinal
Cord Dysfunction

Purpose

The purpose of this article was to determine if

an upper extremity bike integrated with a
gaming system would be enough to be
considered an aerobic activity and if this
exercise modality be a type of intervention to
increase exercise/physical activity.

Population

The subjects used in this study were those with

spinal cord dysfunctions.

Hypotheses

Running

jump will yield a higher vertical than

a standing jump.
Ground reaction force (GRF) will be greater in
a running jump.
Initial maximal knee flexion angle will be
greater in standing jumping.

Participants

Left to Right: Kelly, Torie, Katelyn & Elaine

Kelly

Age: 31
Height: 152cm
Weight: 59kg

Torie

Age: 19
Height: 175cm
Weight: 68kg

Katelyn

Age: 20
Height:170cm
Weight: 68kg

Elaine

Age: 23
Height: 152cm
Weight: 58kg

Markers

Sacrum
Anterior superior iliac
spine
Lateral thigh
Knee - lateral/medial
Lateral shank
Malleolus - lateral
/medial.
Posterior calcaneus
Toes

Equipment

Kwon

3D software
Vicon Nexus
software
Force plate
Reflective markers
10 infrared cameras

Protocol
1. Calibrate the Vicon system
2. Place markers on
participants
3. Static posture trial with
medial markers
4. Practiced 3 running trials
5. Performed 3 standing
jumps
6. Performed 3 running jumps

Events

Phases

Results
Knee Flexion Angle

MKF1 running = -78.43

MKF1 standing = -87.36

Maximum Knee Flexion Angle (deg)

20

-20

-40

running
standing

-60

-80

(-) Flexed
-100

-120
1

Explosive

100

Time (%)

Flight

Absorption

Recovery

Results
Ground Reaction Force
Initial GRF running = 27.91 N/kg
Initial GRF standing = 20.63 N/kg

40
35

Force (N/kg)

30
25
running

20

standing
15
10
5
0
1

Explosive

Time (%)

Flight

Absorption

100

Recovery

Results
Height of Vertical Jump
0.6

Height (m)

0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0

Running

Standing
Jump Style

Discussion
Reject Hypothesis

Accept Hypothesis

Hypothesis: Running
jump will yield a higher
vertical than a standing
jump.

Discussion
Reject Hypothesis

Accept Hypothesis

Hypothesis: Ground
reaction force (GRF) will
be greater in a running
jump.

Discussion
Reject Hypothesis

Accept Hypothesis

Hypothesis: Initial
maximal knee flexion
will be greater in
standing jumping.

Discussion

Previous Research
GRF

is greatest when MKF is < -30 (Taylor et

al., 2011).
MKF < -30 increases risk of injury
(Prapavessis & McNair, 1999).
According to previous research, no participant
was at a greater risk for ACL injury during this
experiment.

Conclusion

o
o
o
o

Running jump produced a higher vertical

jump.
Maximum knee flexion angle was greatest in
standing jump.
Ground reaction force was greatest in running
jump.
Results were consistent with previous
research.

Limitations

Participants

Height
Collegiate athletes and non collegiate athletes
Gender
Sample size

Testing

Protocol

Inaccurate trials
Limited space

Improvements
Participants

Various heights
Gender
Greater sample size

Testing

Protocol

Warm-up
More practice trials
Secure markers
Increase running distance

References

Elvin, N. G., Elvin, A. A., Arnoczky, S. P., & Torry, M. R. The correlation of
segment accelerations and impact forces with knee angle in jump
landing. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 23(3), 203.
Lin, C., Liu, H., Garrett, W. E., & Yu, B.Effects of a knee extension
constraint brace on selected lower extremity motion patterns
during
a stop-jump task. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 24(2), 158.
Prapavessis, H., & McNair, P. J.Effects of instruction in jumping technique and
experience jumping on ground reaction forces. The Journal of
Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 29(6), 352.
Sorenson, S. C., Arya, S., Souza, R. B., Pollard, C. D., Salem, G. J., & Kulig,
K.
Knee extensor dynamics in the volleyball approach jump: The
influence of patellar tendinopathy. The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports
Physical Therapy, 40(9), 568. doi:10.2519/jospt.2010.3313
Taylor, K. A., Terry, M. E., Utturkar, G. M., Spritzer, C. E., Queen, R. M.,
Irribarra, L. A., . . . DeFrate, L. E. Measurement of in vivo anterior
cruciate ligament strain during dynamic jump landing. Journal of
Biomechanics,44(3), 365-371. doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.10.028