Observation in the Clinical

Setting

Definition
• Observation of an
actual experience
in the field or of a
demonstration
provides for
learning through
modeling.
(Oermann)
Observation in the Clinical
Setting
Valued Purposes
• Prepares learners for future
experiences with clients, giving
them a perspective of what the
care or specific intervention is
like
• Enables them to view others in
practice, which serves as guide
for the development of their
own behaviors
• Makes it possible for students
to observe a clinical situation
with which they may not have
an opportunity to be involved
themselves
• Provides a means for improving
their own observation skills
Observation in the Clinical
Setting
• Learners may be assigned
to observe nurses or other
professionals performing
various aspects of
healthcare that learners
usually cannot perform.
• Learners might be placed,
for instance in an
endoscopy room or
cardiac catheterization lab
for few hours of
observation.
Observation in the Clinical
Setting

• Give some
guidelines to
channel their
observations,
they usually
find this as a
valuable
experience.
 Observation in the Clinical
Setting
Action Student 1 Student 2 Student 3
Contributes ideas

Encourages participation

Checks for understanding

Describes feelings

Summarises

Gives group direction

Makes connections to new

and old learning
Is on task

Other
Observation in the Clinical
Setting

If they can be
paired off with
nurses whom
they can both
observe and ask
question, the
learning
experience may
be even better.
• Field trip is one of the
most concrete and most
realistic educational
procedures

• It is one of the oldest

method used even by
the Early Greek
teachers.
 Definition
∞ An educational procedure by which the students
first hand information by
obtain
OBSERVING places, objects, phenomena or
activities and process in their natural setting, to
further learning’. ((Basavantappa))
 Definition
∞ It provides an opportunity for observations outside
of the clinical setting in which students are
presently involved in practice. Students gain
experiences that are generally not available in their
own setting to augment current knowledge and
acquire a broader perspective of health care
problem or issue under discussion. (Oermann)
 Purposes
• To provide real life
situations for first hand
information.
• To supplement classroom
instruction, to secure
definite information for a
specific lesson.
• To serve as a preview of a
lesson for gathering
instructional materials.
 Purposes
• To verify previous information,
class discussion and conclusion
of individual experiments.
• To serve as a means of arousing
specific interest in materials
objects, places or processes.
• To create teaching situations
for cultivating observation,
keenness and discovery.
• To serve as a means to develop
positive attitudes values, and
special skills.
Organization and
Procedure of Field
Trip
• Preplanning
• Actual conduct of the
Trip
• Evaluation
 •Preplanning
–By teacher
–By students
•
 Preplanning
By the teacher
• Decide on the trip.
• Know the resources.
• Obtain administrative sanction of
school/college.
• Dealings with the organization-obtain
permission, data and time, visit and
know the resources. Inform the
objectives.
• Arrange transport, time and date.
• Prepare the students with theoretical
base.
 Preplanning
Teacher plans with the students
• Formulate objectives.
• List down specific information to be
obtained.
• Formulate questions to be asked to
the guide and prepare guide sheet.
• If a large group, divide and allot
specific jobs.
• Brief them-equipments or
accessories needed, data and time
of transport, actual location, set-up,
conduct and behavior during the
trip, safety precautions to be
observed.
Actual Conduct of the trip
• Follow the schedule.
• Strictly follow safety
precautions.
• Observe and collect
information needed.
• Collect source/study materials
if provided.
• Teacher supervisors, and call
attention to the pertinent
points.
• Observe formalities and
extend courtesies.
Evaluation Phase
• Should be done as early as possible.
• Students write a report with the
observations, effectiveness of the trip,
and difficulties faced.
• Teacher evaluates the report of the
student.
• Teacher prepares an evaluation and along
with specific observations from the
students maintains a record which can be
referred later.
• Conducts discussion with the students.
• Experiences of the student and
information obtained during the trip should
be carefully correlated and integrated
with the class subjects and activities. 
 Organization and Procedure of Field Trip
The essential prerequisite to any successful field trip is a well
thought out plan.
• Knowledge: Teacher has to know whether the field trips
planned will contribute to the attainment of desired objectives.
• Rapport: The teacher should establish and maintain cordial
relations with those in charge of the situations to be visited.
• Objectives: Objectives should be stated carefully and
completely. The learning activities have to be selected and it
should contribute for the attainment of objectives. Time and
Transportation: Necessary arrangements have to be made with
the administrative personnel of the place to be visited regarding
the time, place of meeting and length of visit.
 Organization and Procedure of Field Trip
The essential prerequisite to any successful field trip is
a well thought out plan.
• Preparation of the Students: students should
be given an opportunity to list cooperatively the
objectives for which the trip is planned. Directions to
be given on the procedure to be followed in an
observation and special points to note.
• Supervision: Trips should be supervised carefully.
The teacher can assist the student by calling
attention to pertinent point.
Values of the Field
Trip
• It breaks monotony of the
classroom and provides
real life experiences.
• It furnishes first hand
information to supplement
and to enrich the
classroom instruction.
• It provides opportunity in
learning attitudes and
positive values, i.e.
cooperation, discipline.
Values of the Field
Trip
• They correlate and blend
school life with the outside
world, providing direct touch
with persons and with
community situations.
• It provides opportunities in
learning and acquiring skills,
i.e. observation,
communication, critical
thinking and social skills.
• Students develop better
understanding of the etiologic
factors of a disease.
Values of the Field
Trip
• Field trips arouse interest and
vitalize instruction thereby
providing motivation, i.e. it
provides opportunity to have
above participations and gears
motivation.
• It helps to create situations
which in turn help to develop
observation and keenness.
• Offers an opportunity to apply
that which has been taught to
verify what has been learned.
Values of the Field
Trip
• They serve as an effective
means of correlating the
subjects of the curriculum.
• They provide opportunity
to consider and solve
problems arising from
individual and group
participation in a natural
situation.
Disadvantages of Field
Trips
1. Field Trip is time-
consuming.
2. Careful planning is
required.
3. Many parties to be
involved,
cooperation,
coordination of
various agencies
required.
4. Transportation may
be a problem.
Disadvantages of Field
Trips
5. Since the students are
going out of school/college
premises it is risky, safety
precaution is essential.
6. If the group is too large,
effective observation
becomes difficult.
7. Inability to schedule the trip
in time when the unit is
taught.
8. It involves cost, i.e.,
sometimes cost
involvement is more.
NURSING ROUNDS
• Nursing Rounds is an
excursion into patient’s area
involving the students
learning experiences.
((Basavantappa))
NURSING ROUNDS
• Involves a group of learners and
their instructor visiting patients to
whom the learners are assigned.
(De Young)
NURSING ROUNDS
• A small group of staff members, not
more than five and a leader or a
teacher, visit, the bedside of clients.
(Neeraja)
NURSING ROUNDS
• Involve the observation and often
interview of a client or several
clients in the setting, generally
followed by group discussion.
(Oermann)
 NURSING ROUNDS
Nursing rounds are
given separate
names according
to the purpose
they serve.

1. Information
giving rounds
• It is used to
acquaint the
staff with all
patients in the
ward or
division.
 NURSING ROUNDS
Nursing rounds are
given separate names
according to the
purpose they serve.

2. Instructional rounds
• The nurse is
expected to read
the charts and
come to rounds
with the basic
information in mind.
 NURSING ROUNDS
Nursing rounds are
given separate names
according to the
purpose they serve.

3.Problem solving
rounds
• This is to help the
nursing staff learn
to conduct initial
interviews make
assessment of
patient’s needs and
identify nursing
care problems.
NURSING ROUNDS
Purposes of Nursing
Rounds
• To demonstrate symptoms
important in nursing care.
• Clarify terminology studied.
• To compare patient’s reaction
to disease and study the
disease conditions.
• To demonstrate effects of
drugs, i.e., indication, actions,
and reaction to drugs.
NURSING ROUNDS
Purposes of Nursing
Rounds
• To demonstrate skillful
nursing care.
• To compare method of
meeting nursing needs and
to have a better
understanding and to give
more purposeful care to
patients.
• To illustrate successful
improvisation and to give
opportunity for the use of
different applications.
NURSING ROUNDS
Factors to be considered
when Planning Nursing
Rounds
• To consult student’s previous
clinical experience to avoid
repetition and to add to earlier
experience.
• Keep in mind the probable value
and availability of clinical
material.
• If some demonstration is done, it
should not have a deleterious
effect on the patient.
• Explain the plan to the patient.
 NURSING ROUNDS

Factors to be considered when

Planning Nursing Rounds
• Introduce the patient to the group.
• Make the patient feel important.
• Have post-conference for summary and further explanation.
• Record the nursing rounds in the ward teaching records with
a summary of nursing points stressed.
NURSING ROUNDS
Advantages of
Nursing Rounds
• Make classroom
discussion more vivid
and real and thus
improve learning
experiences.
• Response of the patient
is more natural.
• Students can select
patients with specific
problems and plan
proper nursing care.
NURSING ROUNDS

Disadvantages of Nursing
Rounds

• Requires very careful

planning
• A small group of students
can be taken out at time
NURSING ROUNDS
The ways of conducting
nursing rounds are as
follows:
1. Patients are selected with
nursing problems to reinforce
their theoretical knowledge.
2. The group observes the
behavior of the patient at the
bedside and make proper
comments
 The group observes the
equipments and articles
under use.
 The students return to the
classroom to discuss the
nursing diagnosis and
needed nursing care for
patients.
NURSING ROUNDS
Some examples
and types of
nursing rounds:
1. Demonstration of
symptoms.
2. To clarify
terminology
• Herples Simplex
• Anemic Pallor
3. Effects of drug
• Allergic reaction
• Sedative effect
NURSING ROUNDS
Some examples and types
of nursing rounds:
4. Skillful nursing care
• Progressing improvement of
bed sore.
• Maintenance of adequate
fluid intake (oral)
5. Successful improvisation
• Use of chair as backrest
• Device for support of ice bag
6. Posture and position as
indicated for patients
• Neutral position
• Position for surgical shock
• Fowler’s position
• Position for CCF
 NURSING ROUNDS
Method of Conducting
nursing Rounds
1. A brief conference at the side of the
patient’s room/ward has to be held.
2. Necessary data are given.
3. The purpose of the visit to the patient
is outlined by the head nurse, special
observation to be made or pointed out
at this time.
4. 4-5 patients are selected for
instruction.
5. 4-5 minutes is spent
 NURSING ROUNDS
Method of Conducting
nursing Rounds
6. The head nurse/Clinical instructor herself
may present the uses or she may ask the
students who are assigned to these patients
to answer the questions of the group or her
questions.
7. The students are asked to present the cases
regarding the particulars.
8. The participants may also be involved such
as counting pulse, respiration, examining the
conjunctive, pitting, edema, etc.
9. The patient’s case sheet can also be utilized
with presentation.
10.Thank the patient before leaving and tidy up
the bed.
thank you for
listening….