domination
Manchus treatments of civilians
and compliance with Europeans
(Taiping Rebellion)
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Democracy in China
1912: Constitutional republic set up
intended to be democracy
Elections for a parliament known as the
National Assembly were held in 1913
Sun Yatsens Peoples National Party or
Guomindang (Nationalists) won majority of
seats in National Assembly
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Yuans fall
Mutiny in Army in
Yunnan
Acceptance of twenty-one
demands
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Cruel treatment
towards civilians
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Army leaders
Bandits and thieves (local mobs and gangs)
Leaders of local military governments
The GMDs rival government in Guangzhou under
Sun Yatsen
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Anti-Jap movement,
primarily in Beijing
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Student radicals in
1921
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Peasant
councils
Land law
Taxes
reduced
Lack of support
Unable to control
China bandits
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Modernization
Nanjing made capital set up National
Government
Construction of new factories, railways
and roads
Education was improved and foreign trade
increased
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Guerilla tactics
rendered first 4
ineffective
Hans von
Seeckt and
Blockhouse
strategy
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Zunyi
Conference
Mao in power
Battle at Xian
river
Battles and
natural
landscape
(Snowy
Mountains,
Grasslands)
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Propaganda,
Mao hailed as
hero, safe
from GMD
attack in
Yanan
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Physical challenge
Disease, exposure, hunger
Snowy Mountains (among highest in world) led to
accidents
Grasslands many drowned in deep marshes
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Lack of resources in
Japan; investment in
Manchuria in 1927
More extermination
campaigns, Zhangs
armistice with CCP;
kidnapped Chiang at
Xian Incident
Japanese expansion
1895: fought war with China for Taiwan, forced
China to allow Korea (previous colony) to become
independent state
1905: Increased influence in Manchuria by fighting
Russia gained South Manchurian Railway
1910: Made Korea a Japanese colony
WWI (1914-1918): Japan on side of Allies and
took control of Kiaochow (German-held port)
1915: Twenty-one demands to increase economic
influence (control over railways and ports)
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Chiangs inaction
Military
dictatorship
Modernization
Hardship for
peasants
Military dictator
Private army of Blueshirts who hunted down
enemies of the GMD (especially Communists)
kidnapping, torture and spying
Chiang went under name of Generalissimo
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CCP takeover of
loosely guarded
Japanese territories
Guerilla warfare
Hundred Regiments
Battle
Peasant
support info,
shelter,
recruits, war
effort (mines)
Farming
reforms
Agricultural
schools
Equality and
social progress
(banning
outdated
practices,
womens rights)
Propaganda
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War ended
Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and
Nagasaki by US
Japanese government surrendered
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GMD
advantageous
at first (airlift,
US training,
transport, 3 mil
soldiers)
GMD
Offensive,
captured
Yanan
Civil War
Guerilla
tactics; CCP
took Northern
and Central
China
CCP wins
Battle of
Huai-Hai
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CCP victories
1948: large enough to tackle GMD head on in
large-scale Battle of Huai-Hai GMD lost half
a million men and masses of equipment
CCP could move freely in central China
captured Beijing in April, Shanghai in May
and Guangzhou in October in 1949
Peoples Republic of China established on 1
Oct 1949
Chiang retreated to Taiwan with 200,000 men
and gold reserves
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GMD weaknesses
CCP strengths
Corruption
Guerilla warfare
Peasant support
Propaganda
Blueshirts brutality
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Foreign problems
Threat of GMD -- held 200,000 troops and
much of Chinas gold and foreign currency
reserves
Only Soviet Union willing to help; other
nations refused to acknowledge
Communist government in China
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Political problems
Bribery and corruption under Chiang; slow
and inefficient government
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Land reform
Some land already divided among peasants
before 1949
Mutual aid teams: share and pooling of
equipment and animals
June 1950: Agrarian reform law
Intended to take away power of landlords
CCP members went into countryside to teach
peasants how to categorize people into social
classes
1950-1952: 40% of all cultivated land taken away
from landlords and rich peasants
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Economic reform
Nearly all major banks, railways and heavy
industry made into state property
Profits used as source of government
revenue
Peoples Bank: control over money supply,
eliminating inflation decreased from 1000%
to 15% p.a. (new currency, the Yuan,
introduced)
Peasants forced to sell 20% of produce at
fixed low prices -- overcome shortages
Pay Agricultural Tax
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Rights of Women
Broke traditional attitudes (women expected
to fully obey men, patriarchal society)
1950: Marriage Law
Ended arranged marriages, marriage of children,
killing of unwanted girl babies, bigamy
Minimum age for marriages fixed at 20 for men
and 18 for women
Divorce by mutual consent
Social changes
Health care became free technology not
advanced but emphasis on prevention and
hygeine
Literacy drive party workers taught
peasants how to read and write
Peasants had to pass literary checkpoints
when entering markets
90% of population had basic literacy skills
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Later: higher-stage
cooperatives
200-300 families
Not paid rent for land:
surrender title deeds to land,
equipment and animals
Very small plots of private
land few square meters for
personal use (growing
vegetables or raising
chickens)
1956: 95% of families had
joined cooperative
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Maos intentions
Genuine attempt to
promote free speech,
but overconfident
fierce response too
much to handle?
Planned crackdown
from very beginning in
order to target
counterrevolutionaries?
OR
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Party propaganda
Many construction projects completed in record time
Roadside loudspeakers and revolutionary music
State-controlled press
Films
1957-8: University of Beijing produced 0.5 mil posters
ran out of wall space
Propagandists 1.5 mil
Posters
Organized discussion groups and memory meetings
(recalled sufferings before CCP took over)
Targets to meet and competitions getting the most
people to see anti-American films Resist-America, AidKorea
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The communes
Reorganization of the people
Groups of villages 5000 families who gave up land,
animals, equipment to common/state ownership
Large scale enough to tackle irrigation works, running
of own schools and clinics
Controlled every facet of life: organized so that nothing
could distract people from work
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The communes
Local government formed from CCP
members and local representatives
Party committee made sure commune
followed Party decisions
Brigades and work teams each handled
separate, individual task (i.e. mining,
smelting)
Approx. 90% of population in communes
by 1958
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Political restructuring
Mao held responsible for failure of GLF but to popular
to be removed from CCP
Mao pressured to resign in 1958; Head of State given
to Liu Shaoqi Mao only Party Chairman
Moderate leaders: Prime Minister Zhou Enlai and CCP
General Secretary Deng Xiaoping
GLF abandoned in late 1960
Communes reduced in size by 2/3
Millions moved from industry to farming private plots
allowed allowed to sell produce in markets
Town workers wages increased
Factories closed down; technicians and advisers invited
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Education
Schools and colleges shut down for six
months
Rewriting of curriculum
Children recited quotations from Little Red
Book
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Red Guards
Students (due to school shutdowns) had
plenty of time to dedicate to politics
Organized themselves into military groups
Four Olds campaign against old ideas,
old culture, old customs, old habits
Expressed criticisms on posters on walls
Mass parades and rallies at Tiananmen
Square millions of students
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Cult of Mao
People memorized the Little Red Book 740
mil copies printed during Cultural Revolution
Pictures and statues put up
People bowed before his pictures habitual
(once in morning and night)
Treated like emperor Communist meetings
ended with everyone saying May the
Chairman live ten thousand years what
they used to say to Emperors
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Massive casualties
Many killed and tortured by Red Guards
Countryside
Private land taken away peasants only allowed one fruit
tree, four chickens, one pig
Closed markets, family shops and restaurants
Government
Opponents killed or exiled
Deng Xiaoping removed from post
Revolutionary Committees made to run country
95% of Party officials given jobs back but Mao made much
more powerful as supporters gained top positions
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