KESETIMBANGAN KIMIA

A rections reactans
reahes chemical
equilbrium when there is no further change
in concentrations of the reactants and
products.
At equilbrium:
The rate of the forward reaction is equal to
the rate of the reverse reaction

 Forward reaction is a reaction form products from

reactants
Reaktants

Produk

Reverse reaction is a reaction form reactants from

producs
Reaktants

Producs

Reversible Reaction
a reversible reaction consits of both a forward and a

reverse reaction
k1

Reactants

Products
k2

k1 rate raction not equal k2

At equilibrium
The rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of

the reverse reaction

k1

Reaktan

Produk
k2

k 1 equal k2

Figure rate reaction vs Time

rate of forward reaction
rate
reaction

equillibrium

Rate of reverse
reaction

Time

Figure Consentration vs Time

consentration (mol/L)

[Reactans] decrease

equilbrium

[Producs] increase

time

Equilibrium Constants
aA

+ bB

cC + dD

Equilibrium constants expression is :

Equilibrium contant

eq contant expression

Produk
[C]c [ D]d
Kc = ------------- = -------------Reaktan
[A]a [B]b

coofisients

Ex : reactions H2 and I2

H2(g) + I2
[ HI]2

Kc = -----------[H2][I2]

2HI(g)

Kinds of equilibrium
1. Homogeneous equillibrium:
reaction in which all the reactants and products are in
the same state reaches
H2(g) + I2(g)

2HI(g)

2. Heterogeneous equillibrium :
the reactan and the products are more states the
equilibrium termed
CaCO3(s)
CaO(s) + CO2(g)

Calculating equilbrium constants

H2(g) + I2

reactants
[H2] = o,10 M
[I2] = 0,20 M
[HI]2
Kc = --------- =
[H2][I2]

2HI(g)
Products
[HI] = 1,04 M

[ 1,04] 2
---------------- = 54
[ 0,10] [ 0,20 ]

 Kc for H2(g) + I2
Ekperimen

1
2
3

[H2]
0,10M
0,20M
0,30M

2HI(g) at 427oC
[I2]
[HI]
0,20M 1,04M
0,20M 1,47M
0,17M 1,66M

Kc
54
54
54

Using equilibrium constants

[ Produk]

P > R

-----------------= Kc besar
[Reactan]

[ Produk]
-----------------= Kc kecil

[Reaktan]

P < R

B
B kc = -----A

AAAB
AABB
ABBB

A>B
A=B
A<B

Kc = kecil
Kc = 1
Kc = besar

Le Chateliers prinsiple
when a stress (change in conditions) is

placed on a reaction at equilibrium, the

equilibrium shifts in the direction that
realives the stress.

1.Effect of concentrasion change

PCl5(g)
[PCl5] increase
[PCl5] decrese
[PCl3] increase
[PCl3] decrese

[Cl2] increase
[Cl2] derease

PCl3(g) + Cl2(g)
forming of the producs
forming of the reactants
forming of the reactants
forming of the producs
forming of the reactants
forming of the producs

2. Effect of Volume (Pressure)

change on equilibrium
When a reaction has the same number of moles of

reactants as producs, a volume changes does not

effet the equillibrium
Exsample

H2(g) + I2(g)

2HI(g)

 2 NO2

2 NO + O2 pd T tetap
P naik
kesetimb bergeser kekiri (mengarah pd
pembentukan NO2), V berkurang shg mengurangi
efek kenaikan P
P kurang
kesetimb bergeser kekanan
membentuk lebih banyak produk.

[NO]2[O2]
Kc = ---------------[NO2]2
(nNO/V) (nO2/V)
n2NO x nO2
1

------------------- = --------------- x --(nNO2/V)

n NO2
V
nNO = jumlah mol NO
nO2 = jumlah mol O2
nNO2 = jumlah mol NO2

2 NO2

2 NO + O2 pd T tetap

Bila P dinaikkan

V mengecil
Bila V mengecil,agar nilai Kc tetap maka
(nNO)2 (nO2)
--------------- akan mengecil jumlah mol NO
(nNO2)2
dan O2 berkurang dan jumlah mol NO2 meningkat
artinya kesetimbangan bergeser kekiri

3. Efek Perubahan T

N2(g) + O2(g)

A Reaksi Endotermik
N2(g) + O2(g) + panas

2NO(g)

2NO(g)

Bila T dinaikkan maka Kc naik

reaksi akan bergeser menuju reaktan
Bila T diturunkan maka Kc turun reaksi
bergeser menuju produk

 B. Reaksi exotermik

N2(g) + O2(g)

2NO(g) + panas

Bila T dinaikkan maka Kc turun shg

reaksi menuju produk
Bila T diturunkan maka Kc naik shg
reaksi menuju reaktan

Kesetimbangan dalam larutan jenuh

Contoh kerusakan gigi dan batu ginjal
Bakteri dlm mulut bereaksi dg gula dan asam

melarutkan enamel gigi yang dibuat mineral

dinamakan hydroxyapatite, Ca5(PO4)3OH
Kerusakan gigi disusun dari garam kalsium seperti
kalsium oksalat,CaC2O4 dan kalsium posphat,
Ca3(PO4)2

 Jika ion Ca2+ dan C2O42- saling larut dlm gigi

membentuk endapan padatan CaC2O4

Ca2+(aq) + C2O42- (aq)

CaC2O4(s)

3Ca2+(aq) + 2PO42-(aq)

Ca3(PO4)2(s)

Konstanta hasil kelarutan (Ksp)

CaC2O4(s)

Ca2+(aq) + C2O42- (aq)

Pd saat kestmbangan [Ca2+] dan [C2O42- ] konstan shg
kelarutan CaC2O4 dlm kontanta hasil kelarutan dapat
dinamakan Ksp

Ksp = [Ca2+] [C2O42- ]

Perhitungan Ksp
Contoh dibuat larutan CaCO3 jenuh dengan

melarutkan CaCO3 padat ditambah air dan distirer

sampai pada kestimbangan dicapai CaCO3 Jika
dihasilkan [Ca2+ ] = 7,1x10-5 M dan [CO32-] = 7,1x10-5
M maka untuk menghitung Ksp ada 4 langkah

 Lankah 1 Tulis pers kesmtbngan kelarutan

CaCO3(s) )

Ca2+(aq) + CO32- (aq)

Langkah 2 Tulis Ksp

Ksp = [Ca2+] [CO32-]

Langkah 3 substitusi konsentrasi M ion2

Ksp = [7,1x10-5 M ] [7,1x10-5 M ]
= 5,0 x 10-9

Perhitungan Kelarutan Molar (S)

S adalah mol zat terlarut yang larut dalam satu liter

larutan
Contoh kelarutan molar CdS adalah 1 x 10-12 mol per
liter. Artinya bahwa 1 x 10-12 mol CdS masuk dalam ion
Cd 2+ dan S2- untuk memberi [Cd 2+ ] = 1 x 10-12 M dan
[S2- ] = 1 x 10-12 M

 CdS(s)

Cd 2+(aq)

+ S2- (aq)

S= 1 x 10-12 mol/L
[Cd 2+ ] = 1 x 10-12 M dan
[S2- ]

=1 x 10-12 M
Kami dapat menggunakan persamaan kesetibngan
dan Ksp untuk menghitung molaritas masing2 ion
dan menentukan kelarutan molar

Hitung kelarutan molar (S) PbSO4 jika

Ksp adl 1,6x10-8
Tahap 1 pers kestbangan larutan
PbSO4(s)
Pb 2+(aq) + SO42-(aq)

Tahap 2 tulis Ksp

Ksp = [Pb 2+] [SO42-]
Tahap 3Tuunjukkan molaritas ion2 S dlm pers dg
mengetahui harga Ksp
Ksp = [S][S] = 1,6x10-8

 Tahap 4
S x S = S2 = 1,6x10-8
S = (1,6x10-8 ) = 1,3 x 10-4 mol/L
S untuk PbSO4 adalah 1,3 x 10-4 mol/L artinya jika
1,3 x 10-4 mol PbSO4 dilarutkan dlm 1 liter larutan
ada ion [Pb 2+] = 1,3 x 10-4 M dan [SO42-] = 1,3 x 10-4
M

Efek ion senama

Kelarutan suatu elektrolit akan berkurang bila

dilarutkan dlm larutan yang mengandung ion yang

sama bila dibandingkan dg kelarutan dlm air murni
Contoh: AgCl(s)
Ag+(aq) + Cl- (aq)
[Cl- ]di+ kestmbngan bergeser kekiri

Efek Garam
Penambahan ion yang tak senama cenderung untuk

meningkatkan kelarutan

Daftar Pustaka
Timberlake.Karen C, 2005,Basic Chemistry,1st

edition,Pearson Benjamin Cummings,San Francisco.

Atkins.P.W, 1990,Physical Chemistry,4th
edition,Oxford University Press,Tokyo.