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, .(
www.mpantes.gr) .
. .
67
. axwell j
. .
60
,
, , .
;
.
.
. , !
,
, :
..R Feynman
.
,
.
4.3 .
, ,
, . ,
( ) , ()
68
Hamilton, , Feynman ,
.
.
.
, (
), Feynman, ( ,
). , ,
. .
, :
68
Feynman
() ,
, ,
. ()
!. . ,
. .
61
.
, , ,
.
,
.
de Broglie
.. ,
de Broglie
.
Planck, ,
.
de Broglie, Planck, Bohr,
Heisenberg, Born ,
, ,
,
69
.
,
.
Schroedinger,
.
Fourier , , .
. ,
. .
Born
,
.
,
, (
Born) , ,
. R Feynman .
69
. Hertz
.
62
. .
,
Born
,
Schroedinger, ,
,
.
, .
,
. .
.
, ,
.
, ,
( ).
axwell .
ertz .
Roesford, .
. .
.
.
, .
.
Weber
,
. , ,
.
( )
.
.
,
, ,
, .
63
.
. ,
.
.
.
.
,
.
, , .
.
70
, .
;
; ( )
;
71
Born
Feynman.
70
, , ,
,
,
-.
71
64
:
Weber
Lorentz, , Lorentz,
Weber, ,, ,
, , Coulomb,
Weber.
:
. ,
. .
.
, .
.
.
.
65
. ,
, (Assis, Barbour, Bertotti).
(
), ,
.
.
, ,
.
( )
.
.
,
r 2 / c 2
, .
- ,
,
.
5.1 .
(Junichiro Fukai :A promenade along elektrodynamics )
1. -
e e
,
(. ). e
e F=E e,
Coulomb e,
.
e
e
e e
66
,
.
72
( ).
( ).
73
Lorentz, Poincare 20
1901,
.
.Lorentz
,
.
(
, ),
. .
.
,
.
2. .
e e S
(O,x,y,z) . t=0,
y .
72
.
73
, .
67
Lorentz e
F=e[E+/cB].
E
Ee=ee/r
y0
2
B=(Biot-Savart)=e/cy
2
/cB= - e /c y
y0
e S
= ee' (1 2 ) y 2 y 0 ............(5.1)
Clausius.
T S
S , .
Coulomb
;
.
Weber .
,
(Coulomb)
2
FW=ee/y
y0 .(5.2)
Lorentz, ,
Lorentz
F = 1
2
c2
ee' / y 2 y 0 ................(5.3)
68
,
Trouton Noble . 1903
45 .
74
. .
.
.
U '=
0 E '2
2
U=
0E2
2
01 B 2
2
.
.
..
, .
-
, .
..
5
Hayden 1933 10
.
, . .
.
. ,
,
.
74
Michelson-Morley
69
..H. Aspden
Weber :
.
.
2. .
, q1, q2
S. t=0
S. q2
q1 ,
S , S
, . ,
S ,
2
F= q1 q2 / y .
, ,
2
F q1 q2 / y .
FW= F
q1
. .
3. .
70
q2
, S,
q1 .
S S,
q1 S
F=
-2
q1 q2/
-1
F q1 q2/ ,
FW= F
. ,
,
Grssman, ,
.
.
.
,
. ;
(SLAC), ,
.
, m=m0.
, .
,
( ) . ,
71
,
.
75
5.4 .
m1 m2
,
.
q1, q2.
,
r = F12
m2
m1,
m2
( ) m1 F12 = m1 m2
/(m1 +m2)
,
E=
(r 2 + r 2 2 )
2
(1
r 2
) ( +)
2c 2
=q1q2
L = r 2 2 = 0 ( )
r
=
c
2(rE )
..................(5.4)
rc 2
.
2
=c
r = 2c r,
, .
2
=c ,
!!!
75
72
5.5 .
, 0
.
, () .
,
.
2
76
/c .
Rutherford
.
5.6 .
.
.
.
,
,
.
,
.
77
,
.
Kohlrausch
, , :
.
76
Germany,1994.
77
letters,A.268 (2000)
73
, .
.
.
,
.
, ( )
( 55.)
'60
. .
,
Lorentz.
.
. ,
.
78
e e .
.
, e .
,
! , 3
(q/m)
Thomson Millikan .
.
, e e, ,
.
,
.
78
74
,
Berzelius.
,
,
, f,
.
ee'
r 2 2rf
(1 2 + 2 .)......................(5.5)
F=
2r
c
c
2
r 2 (e + e ' )
c
,
F=
ee'
r 2 2rf
(1 2 + 2 .)................(5.6)
2r + '
c
c
r2 2
ee'
c '
,
, ,
.
. :
e e ,
,
r 2 << c 2 + 2rf ,
r>
2 + '
ee'
c 2 '
r<
2 +'
ee'
c 2 '
, e e ,
2
4e / c
2
, me c
2e 2
.
me c 2
75
, ,
-13
2,8x10 cm.
3,06x10
-16
cm
,
1870.
,
, ,
.
.
.
5.7 H
( )
.
,
()
.
, .
,
.
q
, (,)
.
, .
, .
,
, .
.
76
1
h' (r )r 2 + h(r )r '
2
g (r ) = q1 q 2 / r h(r) = g(r)/c 2
F = g ' (r ) +
. ( 11)
. ,
!
,
.
, ,
.
79
79
77
: Hertz
( , , ,
Hertz, Hertz, )
6.1 H ,
.
,
.
.
.
1
7.1
3-
, ,
,
78
. , ,
,
.
80
12
.
,
.
,
, .
d/dt
E.
F=m
80
79
;
!
=
+ ' '..............................................(6.3)
t t '
H ,
.
.
.
dt
P P P =dr/dt
PQ= r/t
QP
. PP =PQ+QP.
r=r/x dx/dt+r/y dy/dt+r/z dz/dt= w.r
dr r
=
+ w.r..............(6.4)
dt t
w -.
- .
.
f
( ) (. )
w, ( ertz ) df/dt
f , f/t
80
.
, w.f
d
= + w. 6.5
dt t
, ()
f , (
, ..A. O Rahily
Electromagnetic theory . 4
. df/dt L. Solymar
Lectures on Electrodynamics . 108
;
w S - ,
S (7.5)
d
= + w.
dt t
w =w-v ( )
'
'
d
d
=
+
w
.
!
7.1
y-
81
'
Bx Bz E y
=
+ 4 J y ..........................
z
x
t
E' y
B' x B' z E ' y
=
+ 4 J ' y .............
z'
x'
t '
x'
B z ' = B z E y ..............................................
.
, .
:
,
. (
(;)
. ).
81
Hertz
()
.
..... axwell
: axwell axwell.
axwell.
axwell
.
.
.
,
. ,
axwell
81
ertz , ,
. , ,
1880 . elmholtz
. 1883 .
, .
axwell ,
, . ertz
axwell .
82
, ,
. Hertz
,
. ,
. ,
.
82
.
,
. ,
w =0 ,.
dE
+ jm
dt
dB
E =
dt
.E =
B =
.B = 0.................(6.7)
,
, w.
.
,
.
6.2 .
,
. w .
Stokes
83
100%
82
Electric waves .
83
Stokes ,
, .
.
. Stokes
83
. w=0,
axwell .( 7.5
, axwell ertz. ).
.
,
.
. ,
, . .H. ertz
K ertz ,
.
;
, .
(w0), .
ertz ,
.
84
. axwell
. ertz,
w,
.
d
= + w. ,
dt t
.!( w)
.
=.
,
. Stokes a,
.
84
- (
www.mpantes.gr).
. !
84
axwell
( ) . E/t
E , E/t dE/dt ,
.
ertz,
.
85
.
,
axwell
w, ertz
.
. axwell ertz .
.. ertz
axwell ,
. ,
axwell,
, ertz
, .
..,,,,, T.Phipps
85
Fizeau .
, ,
, ..
.
85
: - T.Phipps
( , ,
, , Lorentz,
Hertz - )
7.1
86
w
, ( ),
, . , .
,
.
;
(r, t)
=(r,t).(7.6)
j= ,
j (r,t)=j(r,t)- (r,t).(7.7)
Phipps
.
,
,
J = - w
86
, Heretical Verities ,
86
J = - w=- (w+v)=- w v = j v
J =j + v
(7.8)
ertz (6.7)
jm =j +j
..(7.9)
jm =j + j =j- v +j +v =j +j =jm .(7.10).
- j
.
(),
,
j (w=0),
j w0 .
, j ,
. w0 j j axwell d/dt/t .
,
.. Phipps
. ( )
,
, .
Thomas Phipps
87
.
; ,
.
.
, ,
,
., T. Phipps
,
,
87
Heretical verities
87
( )
, .
.
, ,
. ,
,
. ;
,
! w
,
.
(
)
88
, .
. .
. . ,
, ,
. .
.. ..Feynman
.
. :
,
.( Feynman)
, ,
() .
axwell
, ( )
.
. axwell
instein :
J ,
( ,
88
www.mpantes.gr
88
) ( )
. ,
axwell instein
!
.
axwell- instein
- . axwell
,
, .
;
.
,
, .
.. 1925,
. ,
.
.
()
,
.
, ,
.
. T. Phipps
ertz
.
..
,
,
,
axwell instein.
.M
.
89
.
.
.
Phipps
,
. Phipps ,
ertz, ridgman .
ertz axwell
, , 6.5 ertz
, axwell ! (w
0)
,
(x, y, z)=E(x,y,z)
B(x,y ,z, )=B(x,y,z)
(7.11)
(7.11) .
.
;
,
ertz
dE
+ jm
dt
dB
E =
dt
B =
(7.12)
.E =
.B = 0
89
w=0 . (7.12)
.
89
w =0 , ertz axwell
. axwell , J ,
90
-. ,
,
.
,
.
.
.
. ,
.
. - ,
!
. .
,
, ...
Phipps
91
, , .
- ,
7.2
,
(1 2
13).
90
( )
.
(x,y, z)=A(x,y,z)
(x,y,z)=(x y z)..
(7.14)
.
,
E =
dA
.....
dt
B = A..............................................................(7.15)
91
. ,
. 13
.
.
Lorentz ,
(
92
, ) ,
90
15
91
92
: www.mpantes .gr
92
( , )
t=t =0 ,
2
. ,
!
.
-
, 13, ,
, r =q-w .
F = q ( E +
1
r B )...........................(7.16)
c
(7.16)
, ( ).
.
1.
w =0
(7.16)
. (7.16) ,
.
2. r=0
7.16
. -
(
93
.14
93
) q=0 .
- .
3. .
q ,
( )
.
7.16
E =
dA
.....
dt
B = A......
= =
.
.
(w.A)=wA + Aw + w(A) + A(w)
w .
w
(
A)=w
B=
(wA)-w
A 7.17
T =--/t
=--dA/dt= - - /t- wA
6.17
1 A
E = [ + w B ( w. A).]..............7.18
c t
1 A
F = qE = q[- + (
+ w B w. A)]........7.19
c
t
7.19 ,
Lorentz
wB(
), Lorentz -w.A.T
; ,
!
, w.A=0
7.18
7.18
.
94
instein
.
Grassman , Lorentz, Laplace .
- (
) F=qE
. axwell
axwell ,
. .T.Phipps
.
Phipps ,
,
.
, !
.
,
!
. (
)
() .
.
- : (
, )
( ).
,
d q ;
d q
.
( ) ( ,
;) . -
,
. , ;
(
7.16 ),
..
95
, ( )
.
H
.
, ,
, (
) . - ,
,
.
, . ,
,
. ;
- .
;
;
() .
. ,
, ,
- ,
.
, o . .
,
.
.
. ,
.
7.3
,
;
14,
.
2 E +
1 d2
E = 0........................(7.20)
c 2 dt 2
96
, ,
.
,
,
,
- .
(7.20)
kw
u = = c +
..
k
k
c. w
. w
.
c. Poitier
94
Fermat w.k
, w. ,
.
. w
- ,
. (w=0)
- .
.
. -
( ) .
94
97
Maxwell
,
.
95
,
. ,
. ...Bridgman
( )
, .
,
;
, ,
, ,
, . -
.
. .
Weber,
,
.
.
95
, .
98
company
9.Aether and Electricity: Sir Edmund Whittaker , Harper Brothers , New York
10. Electrodynamics: Arnold Sommerfield, Academic Press New York and London
11. Electrodynamics and relativity, E.G. Cullwick, Longmans, Green and CO.
12. Electromagnetism: Hohn C. Slater and Nathaniel H. Frank, Dover Publications Inc.
New York
13. A promenade along electrodynamics : Junichiro Fukai , Vales Lake Publishing
L.L.C
14. Critical researches on general electrodynamics : Walter Ritz , Annales de Chimie et
de Physique
15. Theory of electrons : H.A.Lorentz, Leipzig 1909
16. H: . ..
.
17. Elementary Electromagnetic theory : Chirgwin, Plumpton , Kilimister ,
Pergamon
Press
18. Concepts and methods of theoretical physics: R.B.Lindsay, Dover Publications.
19. .. Assis, Webers electrodynamics, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht,
Germany,1994
.. Assis, J.Fukai,H.B.Carvallo, Weberian induction Physics letters,A.268 (2000)
.
99
1. F ds
100
i , ds r
( )
2
F=curl (ids/r)
96
2. ,
S
,
=.,
( ).
.
, . ,
mpere ,
mpere , .
96
T , .
101
3.. 2 ds
ids,
r ( )
, ids,
ids
ids
ids
ids
ids ids
ids (
).
ds ds
ids
ids
ids ids
( r)
F=
,
.
.
97
97
Savary Ampere
,
,
102
4.
().
=1/r ( ds
er )
ds .
Ampere = Biot-Savart .
( ),
-, .
Biot-Savart
98
sBdS
, S
.
mpere (1) Biot-Savart (
s)
99
F=is is[ds
(ds
er)]/r =i(ds
B)(1) (Laplace)
ds
,
.
(1) Lorentz
Ampere.
mpere
( Ampere)
sds=4I.................2
98
100
Biot-Savart Ampere,
,
. Biot , ,
. Biort Ampere
99
100
H c,
. .
103
Biot-Savart
Ampere. ,
.
.
(2.) ( ) BiotSavart, Coulomb Gauss ,
.
3. R
(2.)
(2R)=
R,
2 R.
Biot-Savart.
dx r
d= d/r
104
= -R
2
dx=R/ d r=R/
dB
0
=/2R
.
5.
F1 1 F2 2 (
). J dt
d
J=F1dr1+F2dr2=dT=F1.d(r1-r2)= F dr=Fdr
U
r ,
dU=- J . d(U+T)=0.
F =
1 dU
(1)
r dt
U ( r )
F=-
U/
r...............(2)
6.
ds,
(
eumann
105
s ds =1)
.
Ampere
( , ), Coulomb ,
.
H
d A=i ds/r
s i.
Idz az (. 4)
dA (,, z).
2
d A=Ids az/
+z
dz = /
+
d=0
d=0
d ,
Id s.
,
.
. .
101
7. -
Biot-Savart ( ,)
2
Skilling ,
, .
106
=- s Ads ..............(2)
.
(1) (2)
U= (3)
(2) , Stokes
=curlA.............(4)
(4) (4
) curl d
dB = curl dA = -
d A z
=
Idz
3/2
( 2 + z 2)
BiotSavart.!
8.
U
r ,
F =
1 dU
r dt
F = U / r
107
1 dU 1 U dr U dr
1 ee'
r 2 ee' r
= (
+
) = { (1
)r
r} =
r dt
r r dt r dt
r r 2
r c2
2c 2
ee'
r 2 rr
(1
+ ) = F Weber
2c 2 c 2
r2
ee'
1 r
1
( ) .............................
r 2 2
c t
s s , Fechner , U1
, U2 s
s, U3 s s, U4
.
U=U1+U2+U3+U4
Fechner-Weber,
ci ds=e
e ds c
.
10.
Lagrange ,
:
Lagrange m (e) :
L=T-U=1/2mur2-e eur2-ee/r
108
ee'
L
1
ee'
2
r
L = ' E = m r 2r +
= '
r
2
2c r r
. (1)
(1)
Weber,
(1), , .
11
V(r,p)
H = p 2 / 2m + V (r , p)........(1)
p ,
Schrodinger .
1 2
r = H / p = p[1 / m + 2 f (r )]
109
Lagrange
U
d U
+
= g ' ( r ) + h ( r ) r + 1 / 2 h ' ( r ) r 2 ......(3)
r dt r
h(r) = 2m 2 f ( r ) /[1 + 2 mf ( r )
F =
3
h (r)=g (r ) /c
..
(H J.M.Pearson
Kilambi Velocity dependent Nuclear Forces and Weber electrodynamics
Alamalu
American
m
12
d 2r
= V .......(1)
dt 2
r =r- t t =t(2)
(2)
d 2 r d 2r'
= 2
dt 2
dt '
(1)
(2)
d 2r
d 2r'
d 2r '
m 2 = m 2 = (m 2 ) ...........(3)
dt
dt '
dt
.
(1) (2)
110
=-t /=1 y =y- y t y/
=0
V
V=V (5)
, , . (4) (5)
13.
B = A..............................(1)
E =
1 A
....................(2)
c t
1
E = E ' '.' A'....................(3)
c
,
. (2)
E =
1 dA
.......................(4)
c dt
, (4)
w , .
(4) .
.
q q S
111
1
F = q ( E + q B)....................(5)
c
1
q
F = q ( E '+ ( ' q ' ) B' ) = F ' ' B'...........................(6)
c
c
q= q =q +
F=F =q q.
.
H w (
) (6)
1
F = q ( E + ( q w) B)....................(5)
c
r = q w....................................(7)
.
(r=r )
1
F = q ( E + r B )...........................(8)
c
.
(8)
102
(4) ,
.
102
112
14.
, ertz
2 E +
1 d2
E=0
2
2
c dt
. =(p)
p=r-t=xkx+yky +zkz t
2 E ( p) = (
2
2
2
+
+
) E ( p) = [k 2x + k 2y + k 2z ]E ' ' ( p) = k 2 E ' '.
2
2
2
x
y
z
p.
d
= + w.
dt t
d2
2
E ( p) = [ + w.] E ( p ) = [
+ 2 ( w.) + ( w.) 2]E ( p ) =
t
t
t 2
dt 2
[ 2 2 ( w.k ) + ( w.k ) 2]E ' ' = [ wk ]2 E ' '.................................4
w .
2 1
2
k + 2 [ wk ] E ' ' = 0
c
ck = wk
kw
u = = c +
k
k
w
=1{r+[kc-kw]t} +E2 {kr-[kc+kw]
113
.
15.
Lorentz ,
,
A +
1
= 0.................................(1)
c t
j+1/cd/dt)
(1) ,(
Whittaker.
103
=-
..(2)
.
2
=4 (-
)=4
=-4.(3)
.
(
) .
,
=0 (Maxwell)
=
(4),
.
. (8.1)
=0.(5) ( Coulomb)
103
-, .194
114
2
(
)=
- ().(6)
(8.6) (8.4) (8.5)
2
=- ..(7)
4 axwell (
)
2
= -4j............................(8)
axwell
=
,
= -
=-4
=-4j .....(9)
.
, .
(8.4) , =-
/
t ( axwell)
=
=-
-
/
t...........(10) (H )
(10) (4)
.
(6)
(
)=
=4j +1/c(
E/
t) . (4 axwell)
(
)-
=4j 1/c
( /
t) 1/c A/
t
2
1/c (
A/
t )= -4j + (
A +1/c /
t), (11)
(8.1) Lorentz 0
1/c (
A/
t )= -4j dalA =-4j(12)
115
Lorentz
dal = -4..(13)
, axwell
=
,
= -
-
/
t,
dalA= -4j
dal = - 4 (14)
o (8.9)
2
dal=
1/c /
t