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1

H

Weber, Hertz, Phipps

. . . . 6376/6-11-2009
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www.mpantes.gr

1. Ampere,

Faraday, Neumann ( Ampere,

, , , Grassman,
Faraday, Lenz, ,
Neumann),.5

2. Weber (Weber Gauss, Fechner, Weber, Weber,


Weber , Clausius ) .25
3.Helmholtz H , Helmholtz, ,
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4. Weber,
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22

Helmholtz

(Philoshophical Magazine 44 , 530-537 (1872)

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36

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54

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48

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http://physicsjfior.blogspot.gr/2013/09/blog-post.html
59

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60

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, .
- ,

. ,
,
.
,
Maxwell


, Zeeman ,
Faraday Maxwell,
,
Joseph Larmor
Whittaker
,

Weber axwell,
. Weber,

. ,
axwell,
, .

56
axwell ,

,
elvin
.. ,
Faraday axwell Helmotz
,
.
1897, 1846
Weber. .!
axwell ,
Helmotz 1881
,
Faraday.

,

,
, ,
, .
,
. ,
,
.Helmotz
,
, axwell ,
.
Schuster
axwell
,
.
, A. O Rahily
Rutherford
... Faraday
,
axwell Weber..Rutherford
1897 J.J.Thomson,
Cavendish , "
",
(q/m)

57
.
Robert Millikan o
, .
, ,

, , ,
, .
, Millikan
.
.
1906 Thomson,
.
1911 .
,
,
, .
4.2 .

axwell .

.

.
.
.
.
,
. .
,
.
Treatise on electricity and magnetism 866
.
,
, .,
orricelli


,

58
,
,
,
Maxwell

,
.
,
65

axwell ,

,
; . ,
axwell. .
div rot ;
,
, ,
.
, ,
. , ,
! H ,
, .

,
, .
66

.Bridgman
Maxwell

, !
.

65

5. axwell , ,

, . ,
,
(
www. mpantes.gr)

666

Maxwell ,

instein. www.mpantes.gr)

59
.

67

, ) H.A.
Lorentz, axwell
.
. Lorentz

F = q( E + B)
.

, .
, ,
.
Chappuis-Lamotte 1911,
.
...



. .
axwell

. Chappuis-Lamotte
,
.
.( ). H

H. A. Lorentz

L.Lorenz,
,

Clausius, ( )
.

,
!
, .(
www.mpantes.gr) .
. .

67

. axwell j


. .

60
,
, , .
;

.

.
. , !
,
, :
..R Feynman


.
,
.

4.3 .
, ,
, . ,

( ) , ()
68

Hamilton, , Feynman ,
.
.
.
, (
), Feynman, ( ,
). , ,

. .
, :
68

Feynman

() ,

, ,
. ()
!. . ,
. .

61
.

, , ,
.

,
.
de Broglie
.. ,

de Broglie

.
Planck, ,
.
de Broglie, Planck, Bohr,
Heisenberg, Born ,
, ,
,
69

.
,
.
Schroedinger,
.
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. ,
. .
Born
,

.
,

, (
Born) , ,
. R Feynman .

69

. Hertz
.

62

. .
,

Born

,
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,
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,

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.
, ,
.
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( ).
axwell .
ertz .

Roesford, .


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.
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, .
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Weber
,
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.
( )
.
.
,
, ,
, .

63
.

. ,


.
.
.

.

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.
70

, .

;
; ( )
;

71

Born
Feynman.

70

, , ,
,

,
-.
71

64

:
Weber

Lorentz, , Lorentz,
Weber, ,, ,
, , Coulomb,
Weber.


:
. ,
. .
.
, .
.
.
.

65
. ,
, (Assis, Barbour, Bertotti).

(
), ,

.
.
, ,
.
( )
.
.
,

r 2 / c 2


, .
- ,

,
.

5.1 .
(Junichiro Fukai :A promenade along elektrodynamics )
1. -

e e

,
(. ). e
e F=E e,
Coulomb e,

.
e
e
e e

F=Fe +Fm =eE +e

66
,
.

72

( ).



( ).

73

Lorentz, Poincare 20
1901,
.

.Lorentz

,
.
(
, ),

. .
.

,
.
2. .
e e S
(O,x,y,z) . t=0,
y .

72

.
73

, .

67
Lorentz e
F=e[E+/cB].
E
Ee=ee/r

y0
2

B=(Biot-Savart)=e/cy
2

/cB= - e /c y

y0

e S

= ee' (1 2 ) y 2 y 0 ............(5.1)

Clausius.
T S
S , .
Coulomb
;
.
Weber .
,
(Coulomb)
2

FW=ee/y

y0 .(5.2)

Lorentz, ,
Lorentz

F = 1

2
c2

ee' / y 2 y 0 ................(5.3)

(5.3) Weber (5.2) ,


. FW = F ,
5.3.
o
, .
..
;
.
. . Eddington
; A. O Rahily :

Coulomb. 5.1
5.3

68
,
Trouton Noble . 1903


45 .

74

. .

.

.

U '=

0 E '2
2

U=

0E2
2

01 B 2
2

.
.

..
, .
-
, .

..
5

Hayden 1933 10
.
, . .

.
. ,
,

.
74

Michelson-Morley

69

..H. Aspden
Weber :
.
.

2. .

, q1, q2
S. t=0
S. q2

q1 ,

S , S
, . ,
S ,
2

F= q1 q2 / y .
, ,
2

F q1 q2 / y .

FW= F

q1
. .

3. .

70

q2
, S,
q1 .
S S,
q1 S
F=

-2

q1 q2/


-1

F q1 q2/ ,
FW= F
. ,
,
Grssman, ,
.
.

.
,
. ;

(SLAC), ,
.
, m=m0.

, .

,
( ) . ,

71
,
.

75

5.4 .
m1 m2
,
.

q1, q2.
,

r = F12
m2

m1,

m2

( ) m1 F12 = m1 m2
/(m1 +m2)

,

E=

(r 2 + r 2 2 )
2

(1

r 2
) ( +)
2c 2

=q1q2

L = r 2 2 = 0 ( )

r
=
c

2(rE )
..................(5.4)
rc 2

.
2

=c

r = 2c r,

, .
2

=c ,
!!!

75

Junichiro Fukai :A promenade along elektrodynamics

72
5.5 .

, 0
.


, () .
,
.

2

76

/c .

Rutherford
.
5.6 .

.

.

.
,
,


.
,
.

77

,
.
Kohlrausch
, , :
.

76

.. Assis, Webers electrodynamics, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht,

Germany,1994.
77

.. Assis, J.Fukai,H.B.Carvallo, Weberian induction Physics

letters,A.268 (2000)

73

, .
.
.
,
.
, ( )

( 55.)
'60

. .
,
Lorentz.

.

. ,
.

78

e e .
.
, e .
,
! , 3
(q/m)
Thomson Millikan .
.
, e e, ,

.
,
.

78

Philosophical Magazine 4th series Vol.43 No 283 January


1872pp1-20, 119-49

74
,
Berzelius.
,
,
, f,
.

ee'
r 2 2rf
(1 2 + 2 .)......................(5.5)
F=
2r
c
c
2
r 2 (e + e ' )
c
,

F=

ee'
r 2 2rf
(1 2 + 2 .)................(5.6)
2r + '
c
c
r2 2
ee'
c '


,
, ,
.
. :
e e ,
,

r 2 << c 2 + 2rf ,
r>

2 + '
ee'
c 2 '

r<

2 +'
ee'
c 2 '


, e e ,

2

4e / c

2
, me c

2e 2
.
me c 2

75

, ,

-13

2,8x10 cm.
3,06x10

-16

cm

,
1870.

,
, ,
.
.

.

5.7 H

( )
.
,
()
.

, .
,
.
q
, (,)
.

, .

, .
,
, .
.

76
1
h' (r )r 2 + h(r )r '
2
g (r ) = q1 q 2 / r h(r) = g(r)/c 2

F = g ' (r ) +


. ( 11)

. ,
!
,
.

, ,
.

79

(normal parity rule )


spin, ,
.

.

79

E. Boridy, J.M.Pearson. Phys.Rev.Rev.Lett.27, 203 , 1971

77

: Hertz

( , , ,
Hertz, Hertz, )
6.1 H ,
.
,

.
.

=-t = z =z t =t. 6.1


.
1

7.1

3-


, ,
,

78
. , ,
,
.

80

12
.
,

.
,
, .

d/dt

E.

F=m

80

79

;
!

x' y ' z ' t '


=
+
+
+
..........................(6.2)
t x' t y ' t z ' t t ' t
, (t=t)

=
+ ' '..............................................(6.3)
t t '
H ,
.

.
.

dt

P P P =dr/dt

PQ= r/t

QP
. PP =PQ+QP.
r=r/x dx/dt+r/y dy/dt+r/z dz/dt= w.r

dr r
=
+ w.r..............(6.4)
dt t

w -.
- .
.
f
( ) (. )
w, ( ertz ) df/dt
f , f/t

80
.
, w.f

d
= + w. 6.5
dt t

, ()
f , (
, ..A. O Rahily
Electromagnetic theory . 4
. df/dt L. Solymar
Lectures on Electrodynamics . 108
;

w S - ,
S (7.5)

d
= + w.
dt t

w =w-v ( )

'
'

d
d

=
+
w
.

+ w' ' = + . + ( w ). = + w. = .......(6.6)



=
'
t
t
dt
dt t
t
H !
f/t, f ,
df/dt, f ( w) ,
.
,

!
7.1
y-

81


'

Bx Bz E y

=
+ 4 J y ..........................
z
x
t
E' y
B' x B' z E ' y
=

+ 4 J ' y .............
z'
x'
t '
x'

B z ' = B z E y ..............................................
.

, .
:
,
. (
(;)
. ).
81

Hertz

()

.
..... axwell
: axwell axwell.

axwell.
axwell
.
.
.
,

. ,

axwell

81

ertz , ,

. , ,
1880 . elmholtz
. 1883 .
, .
axwell ,
, . ertz
axwell .

82
, ,
. Hertz
,
. ,
. ,
.

82

.
,

. ,

w =0 ,.

dE
+ jm
dt
dB
E =
dt
.E =
B =

.B = 0.................(6.7)
,
, w.
.
,
.

6.2 .

,
. w .
Stokes

83

100%

82

Electric waves .

83

Stokes ,

, .
.
. Stokes

83

. w=0,
axwell .( 7.5
, axwell ertz. ).

.


,
.
. ,

, . .H. ertz
K ertz ,
.
;

, .
(w0), .
ertz ,
.

84

. axwell

. ertz,
w,
.

d
= + w. ,
dt t

.!( w)

.
=.

,
. Stokes a,
.
84

- (

www.mpantes.gr).
. !

84
axwell
( ) . E/t
E , E/t dE/dt ,
.
ertz,
.

85

.
,
axwell
w, ertz
.
. axwell ertz .
.. ertz

axwell ,
. ,

axwell,

, ertz
, .

..,,,,, T.Phipps

85

Fizeau .

, ,
, ..
.

85

: - T.Phipps

( , ,
, , Lorentz,
Hertz - )

7.1

Thomas Phipps, Harold Milnes,

86

w
, ( ),
, . , .
,
.
;


(r, t)

=(r,t).(7.6)

j= ,
j (r,t)=j(r,t)- (r,t).(7.7)
Phipps
.
,
,
J = - w

86

, Heretical Verities ,

86
J = - w=- (w+v)=- w v = j v
J =j + v

(7.8)

ertz (6.7)

jm =j +j

..(7.9)


jm =j + j =j- v +j +v =j +j =jm .(7.10).
- j
.
(),
,
j (w=0),
j w0 .
, j ,

. w0 j j axwell d/dt/t .
,
.. Phipps

. ( )
,
, .
Thomas Phipps

87

.
; ,
.



.
, ,

,
., T. Phipps
,
,

87

Heretical verities

87
( )
, .
.
, ,
. ,
,
. ;

,
! w
,

.
(
)

88

, .

. .


. . ,
, ,
. .

.. ..Feynman
.
. :
,
.( Feynman)
, ,
() .

axwell

, ( )
.
. axwell
instein :
J ,
( ,

88

www.mpantes.gr

88
) ( )
. ,
axwell instein

!
.
axwell- instein
- . axwell

,
, .
;

.
,
, .
.. 1925,

. ,
.
.

()

,
.
, ,
.

. T. Phipps
ertz
.
..
,
,
,
axwell instein.
.M
.

89



.
.

.
Phipps

,
. Phipps ,
ertz, ridgman .
ertz axwell
, , 6.5 ertz
, axwell ! (w
0)

,

(x, y, z)=E(x,y,z)
B(x,y ,z, )=B(x,y,z)

(7.11)

(7.11) .

.
;
,
ertz

dE
+ jm
dt
dB
E =
dt

B =

(7.12)

.E =
.B = 0

89

w=0 . (7.12)
.

89

w =0 , ertz axwell

. axwell , J ,

90

(.B )' = ' B' = .B = 0


' E ' '= E = 0
d
d
(7.13)
' E '+ ' B'= E + B = 0
dt
dt
d
d
' B' ' E ' j 'm = B E j m = 0
dt
dt


.


.
:

,
,
w.

-. ,



,
.

,
.
.
.

. ,
.
. - ,
!
. .
,
, ...
Phipps

91
, , .
- ,

7.2


,
(1 2
13).

90


( )
.
(x,y, z)=A(x,y,z)

(x,y,z)=(x y z)..

(7.14)


.
,

E =

dA
.....
dt

B = A..............................................................(7.15)

91


. ,
. 13
.
.
Lorentz ,

(
92

, ) ,

90

15

91


92

: www.mpantes .gr

92

( , )
t=t =0 ,

2

=(-t ) = = t=(t -/c )



( ) , , (
) .

, .
,
, .
,
, ;
: ;
, .
,
93

. ,
!
.
-
, 13, ,

, r =q-w .
F = q ( E +

1
r B )...........................(7.16)
c

(7.16)
, ( ).
.
1.
w =0

(7.16)

. (7.16) ,
.
2. r=0
7.16
. -
(

93

.14

93
) q=0 .
- .
3. .

q ,

( )
.
7.16

E =

dA
.....
dt

B = A......

= =
.
.

(w.A)=wA + Aw + w(A) + A(w)
w .

w
(
A)=w
B=
(wA)-w
A 7.17
T =--/t
=--dA/dt= - - /t- wA

6.17

1 A
E = [ + w B ( w. A).]..............7.18
c t
1 A
F = qE = q[- + (
+ w B w. A)]........7.19
c
t
7.19 ,
Lorentz
wB(
), Lorentz -w.A.T
; ,

!
, w.A=0
7.18


7.18
.

94
instein
.
Grassman , Lorentz, Laplace .
- (
) F=qE

. axwell
axwell ,
. .T.Phipps
.
Phipps ,

,
.
, !
.


,
!
. (
)

() .
.
- : (
, )
( ).
,
d q ;
d q
.

( ) ( ,
;) . -
,
. , ;
(
7.16 ),
..

95
, ( )
.
H


.
, ,
, (
) . - ,
,
.
, . ,
,
. ;
- .
;
;

() .
. ,
, ,
- ,


.
, o . .
,
.
.
. ,
.

7.3
,
;
14,
.

2 E +

1 d2
E = 0........................(7.20)
c 2 dt 2

96

, ,
.
,
,
,
- .

(7.20)



kw
u = = c +
..
k
k
c. w
. w
.
c. Poitier

94


Fermat w.k

, w. ,

.
. w
- ,
. (w=0)


- .
.
. -

( ) .

94

Heretical verities ..T.Phipps

97

Maxwell

,
.

95


,
. ,
. ...Bridgman
( )
, .
,
;
, ,
, ,
, . -
.
. .
Weber,
,
.
.

95

, .

98

1. Electromagnetic Theory : Alfred O Rahily. Dover Publications Inc. New York


2. Electric waves , H. Hertz, Dover
3. Heretical Verities Thomas Phipps , Urbana III ClassicNon-fiction Library 1986
4. Laurence Hecht, 210 century science and technology magazine
5. A Treatise on Electricity and magnetism : James Clerk Maxwell, Dover Publications
Inc. New York
6. Electromagnetic Waves : F.W.G. White,

Methuen &Co. LTD. New York John Wiley

& sons Inc.


7. Lectures on Electromagnetic theory: L. Solymar , Oxford University press
8. Foundations of electromagnetic theory John R. Reitz,

Addison Wesley publishing

company
9.Aether and Electricity: Sir Edmund Whittaker , Harper Brothers , New York
10. Electrodynamics: Arnold Sommerfield, Academic Press New York and London
11. Electrodynamics and relativity, E.G. Cullwick, Longmans, Green and CO.
12. Electromagnetism: Hohn C. Slater and Nathaniel H. Frank, Dover Publications Inc.
New York
13. A promenade along electrodynamics : Junichiro Fukai , Vales Lake Publishing
L.L.C
14. Critical researches on general electrodynamics : Walter Ritz , Annales de Chimie et
de Physique
15. Theory of electrons : H.A.Lorentz, Leipzig 1909
16. H: . ..

.
17. Elementary Electromagnetic theory : Chirgwin, Plumpton , Kilimister ,

Pergamon

Press
18. Concepts and methods of theoretical physics: R.B.Lindsay, Dover Publications.
19. .. Assis, Webers electrodynamics, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht,
Germany,1994
.. Assis, J.Fukai,H.B.Carvallo, Weberian induction Physics letters,A.268 (2000)
.

99

1. F ds

100
i , ds r
( )
2

F=( i/r ) (ds


er)

F=curl (ids/r)

96

2. ,
S
,
=.,

( ).

.
, . ,
mpere ,
mpere , .

96

T , .

101
3.. 2 ds

ids,

r ( )
, ids,

ids

ids

ids


ids
ids ids
ids (
).
ds ds
ids
ids

ids ids
( r)

F=

ii ' dsds '


( '1 / 2 ' )
r2

,
.

.

97

97

Ampere Felix Savary.

Savary Ampere
,
,

102

4.

().

=1/r ( ds
er )
ds .
Ampere = Biot-Savart .
( ),
-, .
Biot-Savart

98

sBdS

, S
.
mpere (1) Biot-Savart (
s)
99

F=is is[ds
(ds
er)]/r =i(ds
B)(1) (Laplace)

ds

,
.
(1) Lorentz
Ampere.
mpere
( Ampere)
sds=4I.................2

98

100

Biot-Savart Ampere,

,
. Biot , ,
. Biort Ampere
99

(1) Laplace Lorentz .

100

H c,

. .

103
Biot-Savart
Ampere. ,
.
.


(2.) ( ) BiotSavart, Coulomb Gauss ,
.

3. R
(2.)
(2R)=
R,
2 R.
Biot-Savart.
dx r

d= d/r

104
= -R
2

dx=R/ d r=R/

dB

0
=/2R
.

5.

F1 1 F2 2 (
). J dt
d
J=F1dr1+F2dr2=dT=F1.d(r1-r2)= F dr=Fdr
U
r ,
dU=- J . d(U+T)=0.

F =

1 dU
(1)
r dt

U ( r )

F=-
U/
r...............(2)

6.

ds,
(

eumann

105
s ds =1)
.
Ampere
( , ), Coulomb ,
.
H
d A=i ds/r

s i.
Idz az (. 4)
dA (,, z).
2

d A=Ids az/
+z

dz = /
+

d=0

d=0

d ,

Id s.


,
.

. .
101

7. -
Biot-Savart ( ,)

2

=s B dS =s i S (ds er )/r dS=iss curlds/r dS=


(Stokes)=is s ds .ds/r = -s A.ds (1)
A= -is ds/r.
101

Skilling ,

, .

106
=- s Ads ..............(2)

.
(1) (2)
U= (3)
(2) , Stokes

=curlA.............(4)
(4) (4
) curl d

dB = curl dA = -

d A z 
=

Idz
3/2
( 2 + z 2)

BiotSavart.!

8.
U
r ,

F =

1 dU
r dt

F = U / r

107

1 dU 1 U dr U dr
1 ee'
r 2 ee' r
= (
+
) = { (1
)r
r} =
r dt
r r dt r dt
r r 2
r c2
2c 2

ee'
r 2 rr
(1
+ ) = F Weber
2c 2 c 2
r2

ee'
1 r
1
( ) .............................
r 2 2

c t

s s , Fechner , U1
, U2 s
s, U3 s s, U4
.
U=U1+U2+U3+U4
Fechner-Weber,

ci ds=e

e ds c

.

10.

Lagrange ,

:
Lagrange m (e) :

L=T-U=1/2mur2-e eur2-ee/r

108

ee'
L
1
ee'
2
r
L = ' E = m r 2r +
= '
r
2
2c r r

. (1)

(1)
Weber,
(1), , .

11

V(r,p)

H = p 2 / 2m + V (r , p)........(1)

V (r , p) = g (r ) + p 2 f (r ).....(2) g(r) = q1q 2 / r

p ,
Schrodinger .
1 2

r = H / p = p[1 / m + 2 f (r )]

L = rp H = {m /(2 + 4mf (r ))}r 2 g (r )


L=T-U T = 1 / 2mr

U = {m 2 f (r ) /[1 + 2mf (r )]r 2 + g (r )

109
Lagrange

U
d U
+
= g ' ( r ) + h ( r ) r + 1 / 2 h ' ( r ) r 2 ......(3)
r dt r
h(r) = 2m 2 f ( r ) /[1 + 2 mf ( r )
F =

3
h (r)=g (r ) /c

..

(H J.M.Pearson
Kilambi Velocity dependent Nuclear Forces and Weber electrodynamics

Alamalu

American

Journal of Physics Volume 42 /971.)

m
12

d 2r
= V .......(1)
dt 2


r =r- t t =t(2)
(2)

d 2 r d 2r'
= 2
dt 2
dt '

(1)

(2)

d 2r
d 2r'
d 2r '
m 2 = m 2 = (m 2 ) ...........(3)
dt
dt '
dt

.
(1) (2)

x' y ' z '


=
+
+
=
x x' x y ' x z ' x x'


.
= ...... =
y y '
z z '
' = ....... ............ (4)

110
=-t /=1 y =y- y t y/
=0
V
V=V (5)
, , . (4) (5)

V = V ' = 'V ' = (V )'..................(6)


(1) .
(1) ,
.

13.

B = A..............................(1)
E =

1 A
....................(2)
c t

(1) (2) ( 7.5)

1
E = E ' '.' A'....................(3)
c
,
. (2)

E =

1 dA
.......................(4)
c dt

, (4)
w , .
(4) .

.
q q S

111
1
F = q ( E + q B)....................(5)
c

1
q
F = q ( E '+ ( ' q ' ) B' ) = F ' ' B'...........................(6)
c
c
q= q =q +
F=F =q q.
.
H w (
) (6)

1
F = q ( E + ( q w) B)....................(5)
c

r = q w....................................(7)

.
(r=r )

1
F = q ( E + r B )...........................(8)
c
.
(8)

102

(4) ,
.

102

Thomas Phipps: Heretical Verities

112
14.



, ertz

2 E +

1 d2
E=0
2
2
c dt

. =(p)
p=r-t=xkx+yky +zkz t

2 E ( p) = (

2
2
2
+
+
) E ( p) = [k 2x + k 2y + k 2z ]E ' ' ( p) = k 2 E ' '.
2
2
2
x
y
z

p.

d
= + w.
dt t

d2
2
E ( p) = [ + w.] E ( p ) = [
+ 2 ( w.) + ( w.) 2]E ( p ) =
t
t
t 2
dt 2
[ 2 2 ( w.k ) + ( w.k ) 2]E ' ' = [ wk ]2 E ' '.................................4
w .

2 1
2
k + 2 [ wk ] E ' ' = 0
c


ck = wk


kw
u = = c +
k
k

w
=1{r+[kc-kw]t} +E2 {kr-[kc+kw]

113
.
15.

Lorentz ,
,

A +

1
= 0.................................(1)
c t

j+1/cd/dt)
(1) ,(
Whittaker.

103


=-
..(2)
.

2

=4 (-
)=4
=-4.(3)
.

(
) .

,
=0 (Maxwell)

=
(4),

.
. (8.1)
=0.(5) ( Coulomb)

103

A History of Aether and electricity 269. 8.1

-, .194

114
2

(
)=
- ().(6)
(8.6) (8.4) (8.5)
2

=- ..(7)

4 axwell (
)
2

= -4j............................(8)

axwell
=
,

= -

=-4

=-4j .....(9)

.

, .
(8.4) , =-
/
t ( axwell)
=

=-
-
/
t...........(10) (H )
(10) (4)
.
(6)

(
)=
=4j +1/c(
E/
t) . (4 axwell)

(
)-
=4j 1/c
( /
t) 1/c A/
t
2

1/c (
A/
t )= -4j + (
A +1/c /
t), (11)
(8.1) Lorentz 0

1/c (
A/
t )= -4j dalA =-4j(12)

115
Lorentz

dal = -4..(13)
, axwell

=
,

= -
-
/
t,

dalA= -4j

dal = - 4 (14)

o (8.9)
2

dal=
1/c /
t

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