Abstrak
As a response to 9/11s tragedy and Americas efforts to throw down Saddams
dictatorships, US invasion on Iraq in 2003 caused many problems. Gradually,
radicalism and fundamentalism were growing up rapidly and getting worse in
Iraq along with the presence of the occupation of allied forces and the
establishment of Iraq Interim Governing Council made by US military in Iraq
(CPA, Coalition Provisional Authority). On the other hand, political instability,
chaos and sectarian conflicts became thrives among fellow religious adherents.
Shiites as the majority religion in Iraq suffered worsening dispute. Hawza and
Marja'iyyah clashes between supporters of Ali al-Sistani and Muqtada al-Sadr
for example, can not be avoided. All this mess can not be said that the US is at
the root of these problem. US is the only root of these problem.
Kata Kunci: Invation, USA, Saddam, Hawzah, al-Shadr, al-Sistani, Shiite
Pendahuluan
Pasca runtuhnya Uni Soviet pada
tahun 1991, poros konsentrasi
kekuatan dunia menjadi tidak
berimbang. Pasca perang dingin
menandai
kemunculan
struktur
tunggal dominasi di bawah kekuatan
hegemonik
Amerika
Serikat
1
antara
pertentangan
melawan
sosialisme
internasional.
kapitalisme
di
dunia
http://www.globalresearch.ca/september
-11-2001-the-crimes-of-war-committedin-the-name-of-911/5311561
diakses
tanggal 23 Desember 2014
5
Untuk istilah Pre-emptive Strike, lihat
Samuel P. Huntington, Who We Are? The
Challenges to Americas National Identity,
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004)
6
Thomas E. Ricks dan Vernon Loeb, Bush
Developing Military Policy Of Striking First:
12
17
22
25
27
Ibid.,
Imam Khomeini, Sistem Pemerintahan
Islam, (Jakarta: Pustaka Zahra, 2002), hlm.
156
32
Lihat
http://www.rferl.org/content/The_Differ
ence_Between_A_Marja_And_A_Suprem
e_Leader/1968177.html diakses tanggal
26 Desember 2014
35
37
KESIMPULAN
39
41
Pertentangan antara kubu Sistani dan AlShadr mungkin bagaikan sebuah anomali
yang senantiasa terjadi dan terus
berlanjut.
Oleh
karenanya
perlu
penelitian khusus yang lebih mendetail
dan terfokus agar didapatkan data dan
analisis yang lebih akurat. Namun, pasca
Saddam runtuh hingga sampai pada tahun
2005 dimana pasukan pendudukan tidak
kunjung keluar dari Irak, perlahan
dukungan masyarakat Syiah Irak mulai
dipercayakan kembali
Muqtada al-Shadr.
pada
kubu
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Cahyaningtyas, June, Saddam The Untold Story, Jakarta: PT Mizan Publika, 2007.
Dougherty, Beth K. and Ghareeb, Edmund A., Historical Dictionary of Iraq,
Plymouth: Scarecrow Press, Inc, 2013.
Esposito, John. L. (ed), The Oxford History of Islam, New York: Oxford University
Press, 1999.
Hafez, Mohammed M., Suicide Bombers in Iraq: The Strategy and Ideology of
Martyrdom, Washington DC: US Institute of Peace Press, 2007.
Heazle, Michael and Islam, Iyanatul, Beyond the Iraq War: The Promises, Pitfalls
and Perils of External Interventionism, Massachusetts: Edward Elgar
Publishing Limited, 2006.
Haseler, Stephen, Super-State: The New Europe and Its Challenge to America, New
York: I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 2005.
Huntington, Samuel P. , Clash of Civilization and The Remaking of World Order,
New York: Touchstone Books, 1996.
Huntington, Samuel P., Who We Are? The Challenges to Americas National
Identity, New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004.
Husaini, Adian. Politik Belah Bambu AS dalam Republika, 26 September 2001.
Khomeini, Imam, Sistem Pemerintahan Islam, Jakarta: Pustaka Zahra, 2002.
LIPI, Pusat Penelitian Politik year Book 2004, Quo Vadis? Politik Indonesia,
Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia
Mubah, A. Safril, Menguak Ulah Neokons, Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2007.
Ricks, Thomas E. dan Loeb, Vernon, Bush Developing Military Policy Of Striking
First: New Doctrine Addresses Terrorism, dalam The Washington Post, 10
Juni 2002
Shephard, Jack, The Truth, Canada: FriesenPress, 2013.
Sihbudi, M. Reza, Menyandera Timur Tengah: Kebijakan AS dan Israel atas
Negara-Negara Muslim, Jakarta: Mizan, 2007.
Sumber Internet
http://www.globalresearch.ca/september-11-2001-the-crimes-of-warcommitted-in-the-name-of-911/5311561 diakses tanggal 23 Desember 2014
http://www.theglobalreview.com/content_detail.php?lang=id&id=608&type=2#.VJwjYALZds
http://www.ifimes.org/en/7979-genocide-and-the-international-crimesagainst-kurd-in-iraq-under-saddam-regime
http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/iraq/baqir-hakim.html,
www.globalsecurity.org diakses tanggal
http://www.meforum.org/655/understanding-muqtada-al-sadr
http://www.rferl.org/content/The_Difference_Between_A_Marja_And_A_
Supreme_Leader/1968177.html