EVALUASI SIFAT
3.1 PENETAPAN KEADAAN
Prinsip Keadaan :
Berdasarkan fakta eksperimental , maka prinsip keadaan (state
principle) menyatakan bahwa jumlah sifat bebas adalah satu
ditambah dengan jumlah interaksi kerja yang relevan .
35
3.2.1
PERMUKAAN p-v-T :
Gambar 3.1 adalah permukaan p-v-T untuk suatu zat seperti air yg
mengembang saat membeku . Gambar 3.2 adalah untuk suatu zat
yang menyusut saat membeku , di mana umumnya zat memiliki
sifat seperti ini .
Gambar 3.1
36
Gambar 3.2
Tiga buah fase dapat muncul dalam kesetimbangan di sepanjang garis yang disebut garis tripel (triple line) .
3.2.2
Dalam diagram fase maka daerah dua fase akan tampak sbg
garis . Sebuah titik di sepanjang garis ini menunjukkan semua
campuran dua fase pada temperatur dan tekanan tertentu tsb .
38
DIAGRAM p v
Mandiri
DIAGRAM T v
Gambar 3.3
39
3.2.3
PERUBAHAN FASE :
Chemical
formula
C2H2
------NH3
Ar
C6H6
C4H10
C
CO2
CO
Cu
26.04
28.97
17.04
39.94
78.11
58.12
12.01
44.01
28.01
63.54
40
Tc , K
pc , bar
309
133
406
151
563
425
--304
133
---
62.8
37.7
112.8
48.6
49.3
38.0
--73.9
35.0
---
Zc
pc .vc
R.Tc
0.274
0.284
0.242
0.290
0.274
0.274
----0.276
0.294
----
Ethane
Ethyl alcohol
Ethylene
Helium
Hydrogen
Methane
Methyl alcohol
Nitrogen
Octane
Oxygen
Propane
Propylene
Refrigerant 12
Sulfur dioxide
Water
C2H6
C2H5OH
C2H4
He
H2
CH4
CH3OH
N2
C8H18
O2
C3H8
C3H6
CCl2F2
SO2
H2O
30.07
46.07
28.05
4.003
2.018
16.04
32.05
28.01
114.22
32.00
44.09
42.08
120.92
64.06
18.02
305
516
283
5.2
33.2
191
513
126
569
154
370
365
385
431
647.3
48.8
63.8
51.2
2.3
13.0
46.4
79.5
33.9
24.9
50.5
42.7
46.2
41.2
78.7
220.9
0.285
0.249
0.270
0.300
0.304
0.290
0.220
0.291
0.258
0.290
0.276
0.276
0.278
0.268
0.233
Int.Energy
kJ/kg
uf
ug
Enthalpy
kJ/kg
hf
hfg
hg
Entropy
kJ/kg.K
sf
sg
Temp
o
C
Press.
bars
.01
4
5
...
...
0.00611
0.00813
0.00872
....
....
.01
4
5
...
...
10
...
0.01228
....
10
...
20
0.02339
20
41
Temp
o
C
...
...
....
....
...
...
30
...
0.04246
....
30
...
45
0.09593
45
50
...
0.1235
....
50
...
75
...
0.3858
....
75
...
100
...
1.014
....
100
...
150
...
4.758
....
150
...
200
...
15.54
....
200
...
250
...
39.73
....
250
...
300
...
85.81
....
300
...
374.14 220.9
374.1
Int.Energy
kJ/kg
uf
ug
Enthalpy
kJ/kg
hf
hfg
hg
Entropy
kJ/kg.K
sf
sg
Pres
s
bars
Press.
bars
Temp
o
C
.04
.06
.08
...
...
28.96
36.16
41.51
....
....
.o4
.06
.08
...
...
0.30
...
69.10
....
0.30
...
1.00
99.63
1.00
42
...
...
....
....
...
...
2.5
2.50
...
127.4
....
5.00
151.9
5.00
10.0
...
179.9
....
10.0
...
35.0
...
242.6
....
35.0
...
70.0
...
285.9
....
70.0
...
100
...
311.1
....
100
...
120
...
324.8
....
120
...
150
...
342.2
....
150
...
170
...
352.4
....
170
...
220.9
374.1
220.9
...
Int.Energy
Btu/lb
uf
ug
Enthalpy
Btu/lb
hf
hfg
hg
Entropy
Btu/lb.oR
sf
sg
Temp
o
F
Press.
lbf/in2
32
35
40
...
...
0.0886
0.0999
0.1217
....
....
32
35
40
...
...
60
...
0.2563
....
60
...
80
0.5073
80
43
Temp
o
F
...
...
....
....
...
...
90
...
0.6988
....
90
...
100
0.9503
100
150
...
3.722
....
150
...
200
...
11.529
....
200
...
212
...
14.70
....
212
...
250
...
29.82
....
250
...
300
...
66.98
....
300
...
400
...
247.1
....
400
...
500
...
680.0
....
500
...
705.4
3204
705.4
Temp
o
F
Spec. vol.
ft3/lb
vf
vg
Int.Energy
Btu/lb
uf
ug
Enthalpy
Btu/lb
hf
hfg
hg
Entropy
Btu/lb.oR
sf
sg
Pres
s
lbf/in2
0.4
0.6
0.8
...
...
72.84
85.19
94.35
....
....
0.4
0.6
0.8
...
...
5.0
...
162.21
....
5.0
...
14.69
211.99
14.70
44
....
....
...
...
60
...
...
...
292.73
....
60
...
327.86
100
363.60
....
160
...
381.86
....
200
...
444.70
....
400
...
467.13
....
500
...
544.75
....
1000
...
596.39
....
1500
...
636.00
....
2000
...
705.44
3203.
6
100
160
...
200
...
400
...
500
...
1000
...
1500
...
2000
...
3203.6
TABLE A-4 : Properties of Superheated Water Vapor
T
C
v
cm3/g
u
kJ/kg
h
kJ/kg
s
kJ/kg.
K
v
cm3/g
194.4
206.0
227.5
248.0
267.8
287.3
2583.6
2621.9
2692.9
2760.2
2826.1
2891.6
2778.1
2827.9
2920.4
3008.2
3093.9
3178.9
u
kJ/kg
h
kJ/kg
s
kJ/kg.
K
131.8
132.5
148.3
162.7
176.5
189.9
45
2594.5
2598.1
2676.9
2748.6
2817.1
2884.4
2951.3
2792.2
2796.8
2899.3
2992.7
3081.9
3169.2
3255.8
6.4448
6.4546
6.6628
6.8381
6.9938
7.1363
7.2690
400
440
500
540
600
640
306.6
325.7
354.1
372.9
401.1
419.8
2957.3
3023.6
3124.4
3192.6
3296.8
3367.4
3263.9
3349.3
3478.5
3565.6
3697.9
3787.2
7.4651
7.5883
7.7622
7.8720
8.0290
8.1290
203.0
216.0
235.2
247.8
266.8
279.3
3018.5
3120.3
3189.1
3293.9
3364.8
3342.5
3473.1
3560.9
3694.0
3783.8
7.3940
7.5698
7.6805
7.8385
7.9391
ft3/lb
Btu/lb
Btu/lb
Btu/lb.oR
ft3/lb
Btu/lb
Btu/lb
Btu/lb.oR
p = 10 lbf / in2
( Tsat = 193.2 oF )
Sat
200
250
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
100
0
1100
38.42
38.85
41.95
44.99
51.03
57.04
63.03
69.01
74.98
80.95
86.91
92.88
1072.2
1074.7
1092.6
1110.4
1146.1
1182.2
1218.9
1256.3
1294.6
1333.7
1373.8
1414.7
1.7877
1.7927
1.8272
1.8592
1.9171
1.9690
2.0164
2.0601
2.1009
2.1393
2.1755
2.2099
26.80
1077.6
1150.5
1.7567
28.42
30.52
34.67
38.77
42.86
46.93
51.00
55.07
59.13
63.19
1091.5
1109.6
1145.6
1181.8
1218.6
1256.1
1294.4
1333.6
1373.7
1414.6
1168.8
1192.6
1239.9
1287.3
1335.2
1383.8
1433.1
1483.4
1534.5
1586.4
1.7832
1.8157
1.8741
1.9263
1.9737
2.0175
2.0584
2.0967
2.1330
2.1674
TABLE A-5 : Sifat Air Cair Tekan ( Properties of Compressed Liquid Water )
T
C
v x 103
m3/kg
u
kJ/kg
h
kJ/kg
v x 103
m3/kg
s
kJ/kg.
K
u
kJ/kg
i
kJ/kg
s
kJ/kg.
K
20
0.9984
83.50
90.00
0.2950
0.9972
83.36
93.33
0.2945
40
1.0045
166.64
174.18
0.5696
1.0034
166.35
176.38
0.5686
80
1.0256
333.15
340.84
1.0704
1.0245
332.59
342.83
1.0688
100
1.0397
416.81
424.62
1.3011
1.0385
416.12
426.50
1.2992
46
140
1.0752
585.72
593.78
1.7317
1.0737
584.68
595.42
1.7292
180
1.1219
758.13
766.55
2.1308
1.1199
756.65
767.84
2.1275
220
1.1835
936.20
945.10
2.5083
1.1805
934.10
945.90
2.5039
260
1.2696
1124.4
1134.0
2.8763
1.2645
1121.1
1133.7
2.8699
Sat
1.3677
1282.0
1292.2
3.1649
1.4524
1393.0
1407.6
3.3596
TABLE A-5E : Sifat Air Cair Tekan ( Properties of Compressed Liquid Water )
T
F
ft3/lb
Btu/lb
Btu/lb
Btu/lb.oR
ft3/lb
Btu/lb
Btu/lb
Btu/lb.oR
32
.0159
0.05
4.47
.00007
.01591
0.06
5.95
.00008
50
.0159
17.95
22.38
.03584
.01592
17.91
23.81
.03575
100
.0161
67.53
71.99
.12870
.01603
67.37
73.30
.12839
150
.0163
117.10
121.62
.21364
.01624
116.83
122.84
.21318
200
.0166
166.87
171.46
.29221
.01653
166.49
172.60
.29162
300
.0173
267.58
272.39
.43463
.01730
266.93
273.33
.43376
400
.0185
371.45
376.59
.56343
.01844
370.38
377.21
.56216
500
.0202
481.80
487.40
.68530
.02014
479.80
487.30
.68320
Sat
.0235
605.00
611.50
.80820
.02565
662.40
671.90
.86230
47