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Fri 20 Dec 2013 6:33 AM PST
Traduccion
Hola ! y bienvenidos a esta introduccin a la Qumica Fsica
Estamos encantados de darle la bienvenida a este MOOC . Sera estupendo si pudiera
presentarse en el foro de discusin de esta semana , tal vez dices quin eres, de
dnde vienes y lo que le gustara salir del curso. Presntate aqu .
Si esta es la primera vez que visita esta pgina, entonces le sugerimos que dedique
unos minutos a explorar los diferentes componentes en el curso , que se encuentra
listado en la parte izquierda de la pgina. Usted puede encontrar la Gua de Curso
particularmente til , y si usted desea obtener una Declaracin de Cumplimiento que
es realmente importante que usted lea la pgina de la poltica de calificaciones .
Tambin nos gustara que lo complete nuestra encuesta annima pre - supuesto para
ayudarnos a entender sus expectativas y mejorar los cursos futuros .Las reacciones
qumicas se basa la produccin de casi todo en nuestro mundo moderno. Pero , cul
es la fuerza impulsora detrs de las reacciones ? Por qu ocurren algunas
reacciones en escalas de tiempo geolgicas , mientras que otros son tan rpidos que
necesitamos lseres de femtosegundos pulsos para estudiarlos ? En ltima instancia,
lo que est pasando a nivel atmico ? Descubre las respuestas a estas preguntas
fundamentales, y ms en este curso en qumica fsica introductoria .El curso cubre los
Semana 1 : 02 de junio
Semana 2: 09 de junio
Semana 3: 16 de junio
Semana 4: 23 de junio
Semana 5: 30 de junio
Semana 6: 07 de julio
Todas las pruebas - tanto las cuotas y las versiones de autodiagnstico - estarn
disponibles a partir del inicio del curso. Autopruebas permanecern abiertas durante
todo pero cuestionarios evaluados y trabajos de laboratorio tienen fechas de
vencimiento. Los detalles completos de estos se pueden encontrar en la pgina de la
poltica de calificaciones .A medida que avanzamos a travs del curso , los instructores
utilizar esta rea de anuncios para exponer mensajes y actualizaciones . Si usted tiene
alguna pregunta , por favor publicarlos en los foros de discusin. Si un nmero de
participantes tienen la misma pregunta, entonces podemos publicar una respuesta
aqu .
Vie 20 de diciembre 2013 06:33 AM PST
Course GuideHelp
Welcome to this course from the University of Manchester. We hope you learn a lot
about your chosen subject and enjoy the experience. In order to help you do both,
weve prepared a few notes to help you to understand what to expect and help you to
get the most out of your MOOC.
Suggested Background
In order to get the most out of the course a good knowledge of general chemistry and
familiarity with algebra and basic calculus (simple differentiation and integration) is
recommended.
Navigation
Embedded within the text on each page of the course you will find several additional
materials indicated by the following icons...
Video Lecture
Clicking on one of these links may take you to a new page or a different part of the
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Most of the teaching content of this course is in the form of video lectures and
additional reading material. In general these are all considered essential to achieving
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marked throughout the course.
The course has been built on the assumption that you will proceed through the
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something catches your eye.
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guidelines on forum usage we want this to be a pleasant and positive experience for
everyone...
If you are new to this type of discussion forum, you might also find the following guides
helpful...
The course teaching staff will be monitoring the forums and regularly participating in
your discussions. When teaching staff make contributions, they will be clearly marked
as: INSTRUCTOR or STAFF.
Assessment
The requirements for achieving a Statement of Accomplishment for this course are set
out in detail in theGrading Policy page. Throughout the course you will encounter
some activities, quizzes etc. that contribute to your final grade and others that are just
for you to test your level of understanding of the material. In every case the type of
activity and the contribution to your grade, where appropriate, will be clearly marked.
Top Tips...
Finally, a few tips to help you get the most out of the course. At The University of
Manchester we teach around 7,000 distance learning students every year through
online courses, and these tips have been gathered from our successful graduates...
TRaduccion
Introduccin a la Qumica Fsica
por Patrick J O'Malley, D.Sc , Michael W. Anderson, FRSC , Jonathan Agger, MRSC
Curso Home Page
Buscar en este curso Buscar
Side barra de navegacin
Noticias
Gua de golf ( seleccionado )
CONTENIDO SEMANAL
Semana 1 : Termodinmica 1
Semana 2: Termodinmica 2
Semana 3: Cintica 1
Semana 4: Cintica 2
Semana 5: Quantum 1
Semana 6: Quantum 2
Quines somos?
programa de estudios
La clasificacin Poltica
Encuestas
COMUNIDAD
Foros de discusin
Wikiopens Curso en nueva pestaa del navegador
nase a un Meetupopens en una nueva pestaa del navegador
artculos de la ayuda
Errores Materiales del Curso
Cuestiones tcnicas
Gua Docente Ayuda
Bienvenido a este curso de la Universidad de Manchester. Esperamos que se aprende mucho
sobre su tema elegido y disfrutar de la experiencia . Con el fin de ayudarle a hacer las dos cosas
, hemos preparado algunas notas para ayudar a entender qu esperar y le ayudarn a sacar el
mximo provecho de su MOOC .
Antecedentes sugerido
Con el fin de obtener el mximo provecho del curso se recomienda un buen conocimiento de
la qumica general y la familiaridad con el lgebra y el clculo bsico ( simple diferenciacin e
integracin ) .
navegacin
Incrustado en el texto en cada pgina del curso se encuentran varios materiales adicionales
que se indican mediante los iconos siguientes ...
Foros de discusin
El aprendizaje en lnea a veces puede ser una experiencia solitaria , pero una de las grandes
caractersticas de , cursos abiertos masivos como este es la capacidad de colaborar con sus
compaeros de clase y aprender unos de otros . Le recomendamos encarecidamente que lea y
participe en los foros para obtener el mximo rendimiento del curso , y se encontrar con
algunas actividades de discusin que dependen de usted lo hace. Incluso si no participan en
una actividad, usted es libre de publicar y responder a los mensajes cuando lo desee , pero por
favor siempre tenga en cuenta las directrices sobre el uso del foro - queremos que esta sea
una experiencia agradable y positiva para todos ...
If you experience any technical problems with the Coursera interface at any point,
please post a message in the Technical Issues forum. If you experience any problems
with the content materials, please post a message in the Content Materials forum.
QuizzesHelp
Week 1: Thermodynamics 1
(expanded, click to collapse)
QuizzesHelp
Week 1: Thermodynamics 1
(expanded, click to collapse)
Week 1 Self Test QuizHelp
Attempt Quiz
Hard
Deadline
Effective
Score
N/A
# of
Attempts
0 / 99
Each time that you attempt it, we'll record a score based on your
performance and any penalties due to late submissions. Your effective
score will be the highest score of all the allowed attempts made before
the hard deadline.
Week 2: Thermodynamics 2
(expanded, click to collapse)
Attempt Quiz
Hard
Deadline
Effective
N/A
Score
Each time that you attempt it, we'll record a score based on your performance and
any penalties due to late submissions. Your effective score will be the highest
score of all the allowed attempts made before the hard deadline.
# of
Attempts
0 / 99
Due Date
Hard Deadline
Effective Score
N/A
Each time that you attempt it, we'll record a score based on your
performance and any penalties due to late submissions. Your effective
score will be the highest score of all the allowed attempts made before
the hard deadline.
# of Attempts
0/3
...........+++++++++++++++++++++++++Attempt Quiz
Due Date
Hard Deadline
Effective Score
N/A
Each time that you attempt it, we'll record a score based on your
performance and any penalties due to late submissions. Your effective
score will be the highest score of all the allowed attempts made before
# of Attempts
Attempt Quiz
Hard
Deadline
Effective
Score
N/A
Each time that you attempt it, we'll record a score based on your performance and
any penalties due to late submissions. Your effective score will be the highest
score of all the allowed attempts made before the hard deadline.
# of
Attempts
0 / 99
Hard
Deadline
Effective
Score
N/A
Each time that you attempt it, we'll record a score based on your performance and
any penalties due to late submissions. Your effective score will be the highest
score of all the allowed attempts made before the hard deadline.
# of
Attempts
0 / 99
Due Date
Hard Deadline
Effective Score
N/A
Each time that you attempt it, we'll record a score based on your
performance and any penalties due to late submissions. Your effective
score will be the highest score of all the allowed attempts made before
the hard deadline.
# of Attempts
0/3
Due Date
Hard Deadline
Effective Score
N/A
Each time that you attempt it, we'll record a score based on your
performance and any penalties due to late submissions. Your effective
score will be the highest score of all the allowed attempts made before
the hard deadline.
# of Attempts
0/3
Hard
Deadline
Effective
Score
N/A
Each time that you attempt it, we'll record a score based on your performance and
any penalties due to late submissions. Your effective score will be the highest
score of all the allowed attempts made before the hard deadline.
# of
Attempts
0 / 99
Hard
Deadline
Effective
Score
N/A
Each time that you attempt it, we'll record a score based on your performance and
any penalties due to late submissions. Your effective score will be the highest
score of all the allowed attempts made before the hard deadline.
# of
Attempts
0 / 99
Due Date
Hard Deadline
Effective Score
N/A
Each time that you attempt it, we'll record a score based on your
performance and any penalties due to late submissions. Your effective
score will be the highest score of all the allowed attempts made before
the hard deadline.
# of Attempts
0/3
Traduccion
Cuestionarios Ayuda
Semana 1 : Termodinmica 1
(ampliado , haga clic para colapsar )
Semana 1 Auto prueba Quiz Ayuda
intente Cuestionario
Fecha lmite duro lun 14 de julio 2014 15:59 PDT
Si presenta cualquier momento despus de la fecha lmite duro, usted no recibir
crdito.
Puntuacin Efectiva N / A
Cada vez que lo intenta , vamos a grabar una puntuacin basada en su rendimiento y
las sanciones por presentacin fuera de plazo . Su puntuacin eficaz ser la
puntuacin ms alta de todos los intentos permitidos realizadas antes de la fecha
lmite duro.
Nmero de intentos 0 / 99
Semana 2: Termodinmica 2
(ampliado , haga clic para colapsar )
Semana 2 Auto prueba Quiz Ayuda
intente Cuestionario
Fecha lmite duro lun 14 de julio 2014 15:59 PDT
Si presenta cualquier momento despus de la fecha lmite duro, usted no recibir
crdito.
Puntuacin Efectiva N / A
Cada vez que lo intenta , vamos a grabar una puntuacin basada en su rendimiento y
las sanciones por presentacin fuera de plazo . Su puntuacin eficaz ser la
puntuacin ms alta de todos los intentos permitidos realizadas antes de la fecha
lmite duro.
Nmero de intentos 0 / 99
Tarea 1 : Termodinmica Cuestionario Ayuda
intente Cuestionario
Fecha de vencimiento lun 16 de junio 2014 15:59 PDT Aplicar das de retraso
Si usted presenta despus de la fecha de vencimiento ( pero antes de la fecha lmite
duro) , su puntuacin de presentacin ser penalizado 50 %.
Fecha lmite duro Mi 18 de junio 2014 15:59 PDT
Si presenta cualquier momento despus de la fecha lmite duro, usted no recibir
crdito.
Puntuacin Efectiva N / A
Cada vez que lo intenta , vamos a grabar una puntuacin basada en su rendimiento y
las sanciones por presentacin fuera de plazo . Su puntuacin eficaz ser la
puntuacin ms alta de todos los intentos permitidos realizadas antes de la fecha
lmite duro.
Nmero de intentos 0 / 3
Tarea 2 : Termodinmica Virtual Lab Ayuda
intente Cuestionario
Fecha de vencimiento lun 16 de junio 2014 15:59 PDT Aplicar das de retraso
Si usted presenta despus de la fecha de vencimiento ( pero antes de la fecha lmite
duro) , su puntuacin de presentacin ser penalizado 50 %.
Fecha lmite duro Mi 18 de junio 2014 15:59 PDT
Si presenta cualquier momento despus de la fecha lmite duro, usted no recibir
crdito.
Puntuacin Efectiva N / A
Cada vez que lo intenta , vamos a grabar una puntuacin basada en su rendimiento y
las sanciones por presentacin fuera de plazo . Su puntuacin eficaz ser la
puntuacin ms alta de todos los intentos permitidos realizadas antes de la fecha
lmite duro.
Nmero de intentos 0 / 3
Semana 3: Cintica Qumica 1
(ampliado , haga clic para colapsar )
Semana 3 Auto prueba Quiz Ayuda
intente Cuestionario
Fecha lmite duro lun 14 de julio 2014 15:59 PDT
Si presenta cualquier momento despus de la fecha lmite duro, usted no recibir
crdito.
Puntuacin Efectiva N / A
Cada vez que lo intenta , vamos a grabar una puntuacin basada en su rendimiento y
las sanciones por presentacin fuera de plazo . Su puntuacin eficaz ser la
puntuacin ms alta de todos los intentos permitidos realizadas antes de la fecha
lmite duro.
Nmero de intentos 0 / 99
Semana 4: Cintica Qumica 2
(ampliado , haga clic para colapsar )
Semana 4 Auto prueba Quiz Ayuda
intente Cuestionario
Fecha lmite duro lun 14 de julio 2014 15:59 PDT
Si presenta cualquier momento despus de la fecha lmite duro, usted no recibir
crdito.
Puntuacin Efectiva N / A
Cada vez que lo intenta , vamos a grabar una puntuacin basada en su rendimiento y
las sanciones por presentacin fuera de plazo . Su puntuacin eficaz ser la
puntuacin ms alta de todos los intentos permitidos realizadas antes de la fecha
lmite duro.
Nmero de intentos 0 / 99
Tarea 3 : Cintica Qumica Cuestionario Ayuda
intente Cuestionario
Fecha de vencimiento lun 30 de junio 2014 15:59 PDT Aplicar das de retraso
Si usted presenta despus de la fecha de vencimiento ( pero antes de la fecha lmite
duro) , su puntuacin de presentacin ser penalizado 50 %
Fecha lmite duro Mi 02 de julio 2014 15:59 PDT
Si presenta cualquier momento despus de la fecha lmite duro, usted no recibir
crdito
Puntuacin Efectiva N / A
Cada vez que lo intenta , vamos a grabar una puntuacin basada en su rendimiento y
las sanciones por presentacin fuera de plazo . Su puntuacin eficaz ser la
puntuacin ms alta de todos los intentos permitidos realizadas antes de la fecha
lmite duro.
Nmero de intentos 0 / 3
Tarea 4 : Cintica Virtual Lab Ayuda
intente Cuestionario
Fecha de vencimiento lun 30 de junio 2014 15:59 PDT Aplicar das de retraso
Si usted presenta despus de la fecha de vencimiento ( pero antes de la fecha lmite
duro) , su puntuacin de presentacin ser penalizado 50 %.
Fecha lmite duro Mi 02 de julio 2014 15:59 PDT
Si presenta cualquier momento despus de la fecha lmite duro, usted no recibir
crdito.
Puntuacin Efectiva N / A
Cada vez que lo intenta , vamos a grabar una puntuacin basada en su rendimiento y
las sanciones por presentacin fuera de plazo . Su puntuacin eficaz ser la
puntuacin ms alta de todos los intentos permitidos realizadas antes de la fecha
lmite duro.
Nmero de intentos 0 / 3
Semana 5: Qumica Cuntica 1
(ampliado , haga clic para colapsar )
Semana 5 Auto prueba Quiz Ayuda
intente Cuestionario
Fecha lmite duro lun 14 de julio 2014 15:59 PDT
Si presenta cualquier momento despus de la fecha lmite duro, usted no recibir
crdito.
Puntuacin Efectiva N / A
Cada vez que lo intenta , vamos a grabar una puntuacin basada en su rendimiento y
las sanciones por presentacin fuera de plazo . Su puntuacin eficaz ser la
puntuacin ms alta de todos los intentos permitidos realizadas antes de la fecha
lmite duro.
Nmero de intentos 0 / 99
Semana 6: Qumica Cuntica 2
(ampliado , haga clic para colapsar )
Semana 6 Auto prueba Quiz Ayuda
intente Cuestionario
Fecha lmite duro lun 14 de julio 2014 15:59 PDT
Si presenta cualquier momento despus de la fecha lmite duro, usted no recibir
crdito.
Puntuacin Efectiva N / A
Cada vez que lo intenta , vamos a grabar una puntuacin basada en su rendimiento y
las sanciones por presentacin fuera de plazo . Su puntuacin eficaz ser la
Since your book does not talk much about semiconductor gas sensors, here is some
quick reading for you. This may be useful also for the case study:
1SemiconductorGasSensors.pdf A quick one page description
2SemiconductorGasSensors.pdf;An on-line textbook on hazardous gas sensors that
goes a bit more in depth
WEEK 7
Lecture notes: Week 7 all
Required reading for week 7 will be from the on-line textbook, Chapter 24 (except
section D) and all of Chapter 25 and Chapter 26.
WEEK 6
8JWAgilentColumnSelection.pdf This reading material has been added later and it
provides an excellent discussion of how to use column material to affect selectivity.
Lecture slides:
Lectures 1-4
Lectures 5-7
Reading material for the problem set and quizzes:
1HPLCColumnSelectionShort.pdf This is a brief two page discussion of column
selection in HPLC
2agilentcolumnselectioncase2.pdf This is a longer 9 page discussion of columns for
HPLC
3AgilentColumnSelectivitycase1.pdf A brief one pager illustrating the value of column
type
6agilentHPLCexample1.pdf This six page method describes the separation of
carbamates in fruit juices using a poroshell column.
Now, I have offered an extra credit quiz which involves the use of a simulator which
can run on open source excel. Or you can do about half the questions without the
simulator.
4extracreditdescription.pdf This gives some background on the simulator and an
example of what my Rice students had to accomplish.
5HPLCSimulatorExtraCredit.xlsx Here is the excel sheet which is critical for the extra
credit questions.
The reading material listed below I consider mandatory. It is essential to read the
starred material, and the not starred it would be good. Additionally, I recommend you
spend some time searching the web for your own resources related to atomic
absorption spectroscopy, ICP-MS, and ICP-AES (or ICP-OES). Note that optional
reading materials are also available.
12SamplePreparationTOME link here. Link text This is a bit overkill, but you should at
least skim the chapter. I really like the discussion of the errors that are introduced by
sample preparation choices.
**13ComparisonElementalPerkinElmer link here. Link text A great overview of all of the
techniques this week, pay close attention to radial versus axial detection in atomic
emission, graphite furnace versus flam atomic absorption, and interferences in ICPMS.
**14ComparisonElementalThermo link here. Link text Also a good overview, and I think
they do the best job on instrument comparisons.
**15ICPMS link here. Link text A very nice discussion of ICP-MS from Perkin Elmer
that has a bit more detail that the summary material above.
Optional reading material for those who want to know more. These are neat resources
that I found that I think are useful additions to the reading material above. They go
more into depth about some of the lecture ideas.
11ExoticSamplePrepFluxesOPTIONAL. Link textThis resource talks about flux fusion
as a way to dissolve materials in molten salts.
16ICPTorchOptional. Link text A great specific discussion about the inductively coupled
plasma torch.
17AffectICPConditionsKnowMore. Link text This is a bit in the weeds, but thought it
was interesting.
18ICPMassSpecOptional. Link text For those mass spectrometry junkies out there,
here is another treatment complementary to the one from Perkin Elmer. It is from the
United States Geological Society - geologists are huge users of ICP-MS for stable
isotope analysis.
Also, a student found a good treatment of detection limit that looks good to me:
http://www.spectroscopyonline.com/spectroscopy/data/articlecolumn//spectroscopy/512
003/79733/article.pdf
Introduction Week 1
Welcome to Basic Physical Chemistry.
My name is Jonathan Agar, and for the next two weeks, I'm going to be teaching you
Thermodynamics. The science of thermodynamics was born of the
Industrial Revolution in the late 1700s and early 1800s. You have to imagine that up to
that
point, all heavy duty work was performed by horses.Indeed to this day, we still use
horsepower as a measure of the rate at which work is performed.
The industrial revolution was all about the development and exploitation of a fantastic
new invention, the heat engine.Heat engines use fuel to heat a working substance,
usually a liquid or a gas, to high temperature. The working substance then generates
mechanical work in the body of the engine, while transferring heat to a cold sink.
Thermodynamics was developed to gain the maximum efficiency from such heat
engines, and the science was so
successful, that in a very short space of time, steam engines completely transformed
the world, from transportation, to manufacturing, to agriculture.Out of the science of
terrmodynamics arose four fundamental laws that govern the interrelation and
interconversion of heat energy and mechanical energy.We're going to study those four
laws in detail.And in doing so, we're going to learn about concepts such as
temperature, internal energy,
enthalpy, entropy, and gives energy.
Despite thermodynamics clearly being of
immense
practical importance, it is often
perceived
by undergraduates as quite abstract, with
concepts that are difficult to grasp.
el curso, y yo
Espero que lo disfrutes.
Video 1.1
In this video, I shall present you with a
series
of definitions and accepted conventions
used in defining thermodynamic problems.
This will equip you with the language and
basic concepts that underpin this course.
Probably the most common term you'll
encounter
is thermodynamic system, or just system
for short.
A thermodynamic system is simply any part
of the universe that we wish to study.
It could be something as simple as a
beaker of hot water sitting on a
laboratory bench.
It could be a chemical reaction taking
place in a test tube.
It could be an oil refinery, or it could
even be something as complicated as an
entire galaxy.
It purely depends on exactly what we
wish to understand the thermodynamic
behavior of.
Once a system has been defined, then
everything else in the entire
universe is known as the thermodynamic
surroundings, or just surroundings for
short.
So, together, the system and the
surroundings make up the entire universe.
One important property of the universe
is that it is immensely, mind-bogglingly
large.
The region visible from earth, known as
the observable
universe, is a sphere of radius 46.6
billion light years.
One light year is the distance traveled by
light
in one year and is equal to 9.46
quadrillion meters.
Thus, the observable universe is 880
septillion meters or 880 yotta meters
across.
This number is so massively large, that I
had
to actually look up how to quote it
properly.
And you may well never have even have
heard of terms that I have just used.
Just look at the number of zeros on the
slide, as this gives
the best visualization of the sense of
vastness that I'm trying to communicate.
In order to understand why this is
important from the point of
view of thermodynamics, we need to
consider a process that releases energy
violently.
Imagine we'd perform the thermite
reaction.
This involves igniting a mixture of iron
oxide
and powdered aluminium to produce iron and
aluminium oxide.
The reaction is so intensely exothermic,
i.e.,
next slide.
Generally, a change of state of a system
is accompanied by a change in it's state
functions.
It is however possible for a system to
change state
whilst on or more of it's states functions
remains unchanged.
This leads to three more definitions.
And isothermal process implies constant
temperature.
An Isobaric process implies constant
pressure,
and an isochoric process implies constant
volume.
As I just mentioned, a state function is
one which describes the state of a
thermodynamic system.
There are a variety of state functions,
some of
which are listed here with their
associated symbols shown.
Functions such as pressure, volume,
temperature, mass, and
grande.
La regin visible desde la Tierra, conocido como
lo observable
universo, es una esfera de radio 46.6
miles de millones de aos luz.
Un ao luz es la distancia recorrida por
luz
en un ao y es igual a 9,46
billones de metros.
Por lo tanto, el universo observable es de 880
septilln metros o 880 metros yotta
de dimetro.
Este nmero es tan enormemente grande, que yo
tenido
mirar realmente para arriba como citar que
adecuadamente.
Y as no puede tener siquiera tiene
odo hablar de trminos que slo he utilizado.
Basta con mirar el nmero de ceros en el
deslice, ya que esto da
la mejor visualizacin del sentido de
inmensidad que estoy tratando de comunicar.
Para entender por qu esto es
importante desde el punto de
supernovas, es decir,.
cuando las estrellas moribundas exploten, el impacto en
galaxias distantes es insignificante.
Piense cuntas veces en tu vida has
nunca
notado la aparicin de una supernova en
el cielo?
As que, efectivamente, el universo es tan vasto
que la energa liberada
por cualquier sistema termodinmico tiene prcticamente
ningn efecto sobre el entorno.
Por lo tanto estamos en condiciones de hacer la suposicin
que la temperatura
y la presin de los alrededores de cualquier
sistema termodinmico permanece constante.
El lmite entre el sistema y es
entorno puede ser real o ficticia.
Cuando el sistema es una reaccin que se produce
en un tubo de ensayo,
las paredes del tubo de ensayo forman claramente un
lmite fsico real.
Cuando el sistema tenga una galaxia entera,
hay
hay un lmite fsico y nos imaginamos un
uno terico.
La naturaleza de la frontera determinar
si la energa y la materia
puede pasar desde el sistema a la
entorno y viceversa.
Y esto conduce a diversos sistema diferente
definiciones.
Un sistema abierto, por definicin, puede
intercambio
tanto de la energa y la materia, con su
entorno.
Cambios de composicin son por lo tanto
posible.
Un ejemplo de un sistema abierto puede ser un
reaccin que se produce en un tubo de ensayo.
Un sistema cerrado puede intercambiar energa, pero
No importa con su entorno.
La acumulacin de presin es una clara
posibilidad.
Un ejemplo de un sistema cerrado puede ser un
reaccin que se produce en un tubo de ensayo con corcho.
Un sistema aislado puede intercambiar ni
energa ni materia con su entorno.
Una vez ms, la acumulacin de presin es una posibilidad.
movimiento.
Una convencin de final en la termodinmica es
energa suministrada
a un sistema siempre se considera
positivo.
Y a la inversa, la energa elimina de un
sistema siempre se considera
negativa.
Para este fin, el calor y el trabajo son a menudo
se define como el calor
suministrada al sistema, Qin, y el trabajo
hecho en el sistema, ganado.
Bueno, por lo que ahora debe tener un
comprensin de
los diversos diferente comnmente utilizado
definiciones y convenciones de la
la termodinmica.
En el siguiente estudio empezaremos
para cubrir las cuatro leyes fundamentales de la
la termodinmica.
A partir de la cero irnicamente llamado
ley dado
fue en realidad el ltimo de los cuatro ser
descubierto.
measured.
Consider how a thermometer works.
Imagine having your own temperature taken
by a nurse in a hospital.
The thermometer is placed under your
tongue,
heat flows from you through a thin wall
of glass into a reservoir of liquid, which
is usually either mercury or red dyed
alcohol.
Thermal expansion causes the liquid to be
pushed
up a capillary tube with a graduated
scale.
It is the temperature of the liquid, and
its ensuing thermal
expansion that is used to measure the
temperature under your tongue.
But at no point, does the liquid actually
come into contact with your mouth.
This Condray worked to the formal
statement of a new law of thermodynamics.
When two objects are separately in
thermodynamic equilibrium with a
system.
This is expressed in mathematical form
using the conventions
laid out in the second lecture as equation
one.
Delta U equals q in plus w on.
The heat supplied to, plus the work done,
on a thermodynamic
system, must result in a change in the
internal energy of that system.
Q in, and w on, are positive for energy
entering
the system and result in an increase in
internal energy.
Whereas q in and w on are negative for
energy leaving
the system and result in a decrease in the
internal energy.
As a side note, all the really important
equations in this course
will be boxed and highlighted in a similar
fashion to equation one.
So thinking in terms of chemistry, it is
usually obvious when a reaction releases
heat energy.
But how might a chemical reaction perform
mechanical work?
The answer is when a gas is released.
The reaction between zinc metal and
hydrochloric acid produces
hydrogen gas, as shown in the equation on
the slide.
The gas is released into the solution in
the form
of bubbles, which then rise to the surface
and burst.
Hydrogen molecules are thus released into
the atmosphere whereby they
collide with nitrogen and oxygen
molecules, effectively pushing the
atmosphere back.
This process is clearly invisible, however
the emerging gas
does perform mechanical work in pushing
the atmosphere away.
To quantify the work done, imagine a gas
stored in a
cylinder with a frictionless, massless
thermodynamic system.
And so by convention, the work done on the
system is negative.
And thus w on equals minus p delta V.
This is a very important result, and we
shall denote it equation two.
If we now revisit the first law of
thermodynamics, delta U equals q in plus
w on, as we have just shown, w on is equal
to minus p delta V.
Thus, the first law becomes delta U equals
q in minus p delta V.
Expansion work therefore depends on
pressure and change in volume.
There are thus two ways to make the
expansion work zero.
The first way to make expansion more equal
to zero
is to perform the reaction under
conditions of zero pressure.
When p equals zero, minus p delta V equals
zero.
No expansion work is done, because the
gases expanding into a vacuum.
BLANK_AUDIO].
En este video, voy a presentar el primer
ley de la termodinmica,
y mostrar cmo se regula la funcin de estado
energa interna, y
cmo las consideraciones de la primera ley de
procesos isocricas y isobricas
conduce a la definicin de la ms
funcin de estado llamada entalpa.
Alrededor de 1850 el cientfico alemn, Rudolph
Clausius, tom la ley
de conservacin de la energa, que establece
que la energa no puede ni
se crea ni se destruye, simplemente cambiado
de una forma a
restos
constante, y por lo tanto, Delta p es igual
cero.
Por lo tanto, el trmino p V Delta desaparece a
dar
delta H es igual u delta, adems de p delta V.
Ahora debera ser evidente por qu es de esperar
entalpa se define de esta manera especfica.
Debido u delta plus p delta V es el
lado izquierdo de la segunda ecuacin en
la diapositiva.
Por tanto, podemos sustituir delta H para
delta u plus p delta V.
Y la primera ley de la termodinmica en
presin constante se convierte en iguales H delta
qp.
El subndice p indica el calor suministrado
q en a presin constante.
Esta ecuacin es muy importante y es
dado que la ecuacin de cuatro.
As que en resumen, la primera ley de
la termodinmica surge de la
aplicacin de la ley de conservacin de
energa para sistemas termodinmicos.
[BLANK_AUDIO].
In this video I shall present the concept
of Reversible Isothermal Expansion of an
Ideal Gas,
and show how it leads to the maximum
amount of work being performed by the gas.
We start with the ideal gas equation.
pV equals nRT.
Where p is the pressure of the gas, V is
the
volume of the gas, n is the quantity of
gas measured in
mols, R is the ideal gas constant equal to
8.314 joules per
kelvin per mol and T is the absolute
temperature measured in Kelvin.
We can rearrange the ideal gas equation to
calculate the pressure of a gas.
p equals nRT over V.
Now let's consider 1 mol of an ideal gas
at 298 kelvin.
Substituting these values into our
equation for pressure gives
p equals 2477.572 joules divided by the
volume.
Using this equation.
Pause the video and calculate the pressure
for one mol of an ideal
gas at 298k at the following volumes.
1, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11 meters cubed.
Make a list of the volumes and their
associated pressures.
Once you have done this, unpause the
video.
[BLANK_AUDIO].
Okay, so welcome back.
You should have calculated 2,478, 826,
496, 354, 275, and 225 pascals
respectively, for the 6 volumes mentioned.
If you didn't get these answers, don't
worry overly much now.
Just write them down.
Keep this list handy as you're going to
need it.
[BLANK_AUDIO].
Now imagine this 1 mole of gas at 298
kelvin
is stored in a cylinder with a
of only 1 meter
cubed each time, instead of 2 meters
cubed, then in the Tan
expansion bursts, the gas will perform a
total of 5,004 joules of work.
And the work done on the system, w on, is
minus 5,004 joules.
If we persist with this idea and allow the
gas to expand in 20 0.5
meter cubed bursts, then it will perform
5,428 joules of work.
And w on equals minus 5,428 joules.
Notice how the total area of the 20 orange
rectangles is becoming a better
and better approximation to the area under
the curve of p equals nRT over V.
40 expansions of 0.25 meters cubed leads
to W on being minus 5,672 joules.
80 expansions of 0.125 meters cubed leads
to w on being minus 5,803
joules and yes, I did work out the
expansion work of each one individually.
If we allow the gas to expand by
infinitesimally small amounts then this
determination of the
maximum possible work that can be done by
an expanding gas.
You can imagine trying to optimize steam
engines.
This was an incredibly important property.
In the next lecture, we shall look at heat
capacities of materials.
[BLANK_AUDIO]
Traduccion
1.5 Video 1.4
[BLANK_AUDIO].
En este video voy a presentar el concepto
La expansin isotrmica reversible de de un
Gas Ideal,
y mostrar cmo se lleva a la mxima
cantidad de trabajo realizado por el gas.
Comenzamos con la ecuacin del gas ideal.
pV es igual a nRT.
Donde p es la presin del gas, V es
la
volumen del gas, n es la cantidad de
gas medido en
moles, R es la constante de los gases ideales igual a
o 708 julios.
275 pascales multiplicado por 2 metros cbicos,
o 550 julios,
y 225 pascales multiplican por 2 metros
cubos, o 450 julios, respectivamente.
El trabajo total realizado por el gas en es
expansin de 1 a 11
metros cbicos es la suma de las 5 estallidos de
obras de ampliacin, es decir,
4342 julios.
Todos los seis puntos durante la expansin son
ahora se muestra en el grfico.
Se puede ver que todos ellos encajan en la idea de gas
ecuacin
ya que se encuentran perfectamente en la curva p
es igual a nRT sobre V.
Dado que realice trabajos del gas, ya que
expande, el sistema
est llevando a cabo el trabajo en lugar de ser el trabajo
realizado sobre el sistema.
Y as, el trabajo realizado en el sistema, w
en es negativo, e igual al menos 4342
julios.
Est bien, as que espero, la cuantificacin de
el trabajo
realizado durante esta expansin ahora todos
tiene sentido.
Pero cmo podemos cambiar la expansin en
Para que el gas realiza ms trabajo?
La respuesta es a bajar la presin ms
gradualmente desde 2478 pascales hasta 225
pascales.
Si se cae la presin, a fin de permitir
el gas a
ampliar de 1 a 11 metros cbicos en saltos
de slo 1 metro
cubos cada vez, en lugar de 2 metros
cubos, luego en el Tan
rfagas de expansin, el gas llevar a cabo un
total de 5.004 joules de trabajo.
Y el trabajo realizado sobre el sistema, en w, es
menos 5.004 julios.
Si persistimos con esta idea y permitimos que el
gas se expanda en 20 0,5
explosiones metro cbico, entonces se llevar a cabo
5428 julios de trabajo.
Y w en iguales menos 5.428 julios.
Observe cmo la superficie total del 20 naranja
W en la expansin reversible es
calculado de la siguiente manera.
W es el menos p delta V.
Pero, PV es igual a nRT.
Cul puede ser reorganizado para dar p es igual
nRT sobre V.
Por lo tanto, w en iguales menos nRT ms V dV.
Si sabemos que considere de ampliacin de una
volumen inicial, VI, a un volumen final, Vf,
a temperatura constante, entonces w en iguales menos veces nRT la integral entre Vi
y Vf de 1 sobre V dV.La integral de uno sobre x dx es una integral estndar cit como
log x ms c. Por lo tanto, la integral de una sobre v dv es log v
La sustitucin de los lmites en la ecuacin.Y la agrupacin de los trminos
logartmicos
Uso la identidad logartmica se muestra, rendimiento ecuacin de cinco, para
el trabajo realizado sobre el sistema durante la expansin isotrmica reversible de un
gas ideal.w es igual a menos nRT log Vf sobre Vi.la sustitucin de los valores de 1
mol, 8,314 julios por Kelvin, por mol, 298 Kelvin y expansin de 1 a 11 de metros
cbicos cables el valor mencionado de menos 5941 julios para w sucesivamente.
En resumen, la expansin reversible es una construccin terica infinitamente lento.
Pero es muy til, ya que permite determinacin de lamximo trabajo posible que se
puede hacer por un gas en expansin.
Usted puede imaginar el tratar de optimizar vapor
motores.
Esta fue una caracterstica muy importante.
En el siguiente estudio, vamos a examinar el calor
[BLANK_AUDIO].
En este video, voy a presentar el concepto
de la capacidad de calor.
Voy a revisar las diversas definiciones de
capacidad calorfica, y considerar
las consecuencias de la realizacin de
procesos
a volumen constante y presin constante.
Cuando se calienta una sustancia, su
la temperatura se eleva.
La magnitud del cambio de temperatura
depende de la capacidad de calor del objeto.
Cuando se calienta un objeto, su temperatura
puede aumentar
rpidamente, en cuyo caso tiene un calor de baja
capacidad.
O puede subir lentamente, en cuyo caso se
tiene una alta capacidad calorfica.
Los cocineros profesionales siempre tienen un lado
toalla, escondido
en la cintura unida de su delantal, a
permitir
que recogen metales sartenes manejados completos
de agua hirviendo, como los metales se calientan muy
rpidamente.
Observe estos dos objetos se calientan a
tasas similares.
[BLANK_AUDIO].
El objeto de la izquierda se calienta rpidamente,
y por lo tanto tiene una baja capacidad calorfica.
El objeto de la derecha se calienta ms
lentamente, y tiene una alta capacidad de calor.
La capacidad calorfica se define como la energa
requerida para elevar la temperatura, de un
oponerse,
en un grado centgrado o un kelvin,
y se mide en julios por kelvin.
de la sustancia.
La capacidad calorfica dividida por la masa de la sustancia
que se denomina calor especfico
capacidad, smbolo Cs, unidades de julios por
kelvin por kilogramo.
Alternativamente, la capacidad de calor dividido por
cantidad de sustancia, es
denomina capacidad calorfica molar, smbolo c m
unidades de julios por kelvin por mol.
Tanto calor especfico, y molar
capacidad de calor, son cantidades intensivas.
La siguiente diapositiva mostrar una gama
de diferentes materiales y
mostrar sus capacidades calorficas especficas en
julios por kelvin por kilogramo.
Desde travs de menor a mayor, el
materiales
son de oro, mercurio, cobre, hueso,
diamante, grafito y azufre, azcar,
papel, plstico, madera, y caucho.
Observe cmo las sustancias metlicas tienen
baja capacidad calorfica.
Esto es en parte debido a su densidad, pero
tambin porque los metales absorben el calor rpidamente
y calentar rpidamente.
Materiales que bamos a tener en cuenta
aislantes, tales como papel,
plstico, madera y caucho, ahora tienen una mayor
capacidades calorficas.
Capacidad calorfica iscoro, Cv, es el calor
capacidad de grabado en
volumen constante, y se define como la
calor suministrado a precios constantes
volumen, qv, dividido por el cambio en
temperatura, T. delta
Sin embargo, en la conferencia de cuatro, que abarca el
La primera ley de la termodinmica, hemos demostrado
QV que es igual al cambio en interno
energa, U. delta
Y por lo tanto, la capacidad calorfica es iscoro
cambio
en la energa interna dividida por la variacin
de la temperatura.
Este resultado es citado ecuacin siete.
Capacidad calorfica isobrica, Cp, es el calor
capacidad
registrada a presin constante, y es
se define como
donde
r es 8.314 julios por kelvin por mol.
Esta ecuacin viene dada como ecuacin 9.
Por lo tanto, la capacidad calorfica molar isobrica de
un gas ideal es mayor que su
iscoro capacidad calorfica molar por 8.314
julios por kelvin por mol.
En la prctica, los valores pueden diferir de este
owing
a la desviacin de la idealidad de bienes
invernadero mundiales.
En el siguiente estudio, vamos a empezar a mirar
en
la segunda ley de la termodinmica y
introducir el concepto de entropa.
[BLANK_AUDIO]
1..7 Recapit
[BLANK_AUDIO].
Hi everyone.
So we've now reached the end of week one.
So far, we've covered the zeroth and first
laws of thermodynamics,
which has given us a solid interpretation
of the concept of temperature,
TRaduccion
1.7 Recpitul
BLANK_AUDIO].
Hola a todos.
As que ahora hemos llegado al final de la primera semana.
Hasta ahora, hemos cubierto el cero y el primero
leyes de la termodinmica,
lo que nos ha dado una interpretacin slida
del concepto de la temperatura,
y desarrollar los conceptos de interior
energa y entalpa, que son
de vital importancia para la consideracin de la transferencia de energa
procesos
en las condiciones isocoric y isobricas.
Tambin hemos cubierto la idea de los sistemas reversibles
expansin, y usted debe de esperar
comprender la importancia
de este en la maximizacin del trabajo mecnico
que se puede lograr en un motor trmico.
Por ltimo, hemos mirado a cmo la materia
responde al calor
transferencia de energa, y definir las diversas formas
de la capacidad de calor.
Los diez pregunta, prueba de opcin mltiple
Question 1
How much work is done if 240 L of argon gas irreversibly double in volume against 1 bar of
pressure?
2.4 kJ
240 J
24 kJ
240 kJ
Question 2
Question 3
4.4 kg of carbon dioxide gas, CO2, undergo isothermal expansion at 298 K from a volume
of 2 to 5 m3 in three steps of 1 m3. Assuming ideal gas behaviour, what is the total work
performed by the gas?
194 kJ
387 kJ
245 kJ
461 kJ
Question 4
4.4 kg of carbon dioxide gas, CO2, undergo reversible isothermal expansion at 298 K from a
volume of 2 to 5 m3. Assuming ideal gas behaviour, what is the total work performed by the
gas?
227 kJ
138 kJ
362 kJ
294 kJ
Question 5
How much expansion work is done on the system when exactly 1 mol of solid ammonium
chloride, NH4Cl, decomposes completely to yield gaseous ammonia, NH3, and hydrogen
chloride, HCl, at a temperature of 1280 K. Treat the expansion as irreversible and the gases
formed as perfect.
52.8 kJ
39.1 kJ
21.3 kJ
47.3 kJ
Question 6
The molar heat capacity of solid aluminium is 24.4 J K1 mol1 at 25C. What is the change in
internal energy when 1 mol of solid aluminium is heated from a temperature of 20C to 30C?
102 J
244 J
128 J
153 J
Question 7
In the calibration step of a thermochemistry experiment, a current of 124 mA, from
a 24.0 Vsource was allowed to flow through the electrical heater for 219 s and was found to
result in an increase in the temperature of the calorimeter and its contents of +1.39 K. Given that
the energy supplied by an electrical circuit is the voltage multiplied by the current, multiplied by
the time, what is the heat capacity of the calorimeter and its contents?
322 J K1
194 J K1
469 J K1
731 J K1
Question 8
The constant pressure molar heat capacity, Cp,m, of methane gas, CH4, is 35.31 J K1 mol1at
temperatures close to 298 K. Calculate the enthalpy change when 1.6 kg of methane gas is
heated from a temperature of 280 K to 320 K.
103 kJ
119 kJ
141 kJ
132 kJ
Question 9
The constant pressure molar heat capacity of argon, Cp,m, is 20.79 J K1 mol1 at 298 K. What
will be the value of the constant volume molar heat capacity of argon, CV,m, at this
temperature?
16.53 J K1 mol1
29.10 J K1 mol1
12.48 J K1 mol1
21.79 J K1 mol1
Question 10
The constant pressure molar heat capacity, Cp,m, of nitrogen gas, N2, is 29.125 J
K1 mol1at 298 K. Calculate the change in the internal energy when 20 mol of nitrogen gas
at 298 K is heated so that its temperature increases by 15.0C. You may assume constant heat
capacity over the temperature range.
6.24 kJ
2.05 kJ
8.93 kJ
4.17 kJ
In accordance with the Coursera Honor Code, I (Oscar Hugo Rojas Condori) certify that the
answers here are my own work.
Submit Answers
Save Answers
You cannot submit your work until you agree to the Honor Code. Thanks!
Traduccion
La fecha lmite para esta prueba es de lunes 14 de julio 2014 15:59 PDT.
Una reaccin exotrmica libera 146 kJ de energa trmica y 3 moles de gas a 298 K y
1 bar de presin. Cul de las siguientes afirmaciones es correcta?
? U = -153,43 kJ y? H = -146,00 kJ
? U = -138,57 kJ y? H = -138,57 kJ
? U = -153,43 kJ y? H = -153,43 kJ
? U = -138,57 kJ y? H = -146,00 kJ
Pregunta 3
4,4 kg de gas de dixido de carbono, CO2, se someten a expansin isotrmica a 298
K a partir de un volumen de 2 a 5 m3 en tres pasos de 1 m3. Suponiendo que el
comportamiento del gas ideal, cul es el trabajo total realizado por el gas?
194 kJ
387 kJ
245 kJ
461 kJ
Pregunta 4
4,4 kg de gas de dixido de carbono, CO2, se someten a expansin isotrmica
reversible a 298 K a partir de un volumen de 2 a 5 m3. Suponiendo que el
comportamiento del gas ideal, cul es el trabajo total realizado por el gas?
227 kJ
138 kJ
362 kJ
294 kJ
Pregunta 5
Cunto trabajo de expansin se realiza en el sistema cuando exactamente 1 mol de
cloruro de amonio slido, de NH4Cl, se descompone completamente para producir
amoniaco gaseoso, NH3, y cloruro de hidrgeno, HCl, a una temperatura de 1280 K.
tratar la expansin como irreversible y los gases formado como perfecto.
-52.8 KJ
-39.1 KJ
-21.3 KJ
-47.3 KJ
Pregunta 6
La capacidad calorfica molar de aluminio slido es 24,4 JK-1 mol-1 a 25 C. Cul es
el cambio de energa interna cuando 1 mol de aluminio slido se calienta desde una
temperatura de 20 C a 30 C?
102 J
244 J
128 J
153 J
Pregunta 7
En la etapa de calibracin de un experimento de la termoqumica, una corriente de 124
mA, a partir de una fuente de 24,0 V se dej fluir a travs del calentador elctrico de
219 s y se encontr que resultar en un aumento en la temperatura del calormetro y su
contenido de + 1,39 K. Dado que la energa suministrada por un circuito elctrico es el
voltaje multiplicado por la corriente, multiplicada por el tiempo, lo que es la capacidad
calorfica del calormetro y su contenido?
322 J K-1
194 J K-1
469 J K-1
731 J K-1
Pregunta 8
La capacidad calorfica molar de presin constante, Cp, m, de gas metano, CH4, es
35.31 JK-1 mol-1 a temperaturas cercanas a 298 K. Calcular la variacin de entalpa
cuando 1,6 kg de gas metano se calienta desde una temperatura de 280 K a 320 K.
103 kJ
119 kJ
141 kJ
132 kJ
Pregunta 9
La presin de la capacidad calorfica molar constante de argn, Cp, m, es 20,79 JK-1
mol-1 a 298 K. Cul ser el valor del volumen de la capacidad calorfica molar
constante de argn, CV, m, a esta temperatura?
16,53 J K-1 mol-1
29,10 J K-1 mol-1
12,48 J K-1 mol-1
21.79 J K-1 mol-1
Pregunta 10
La capacidad calorfica molar de presin constante, Cp, m, de gas nitrgeno, N2, es
29.125 JK-1 mol-1 a 298 K. Calcular el cambio en la energa interna cuando se
calienta 20 moles de gas nitrgeno a 298 K de modo que su aumento de la
temperatura de 15,0 C. Usted puede asumir la capacidad de calor constante en el
rango de temperatura.
6.24 kJ
2.05 kJ
8.93 kJ
4.17 kJ
De conformidad con el Cdigo de Honor Coursera, I (Oscar Hugo Rojas Condori)
certifico que las respuestas aqu son de mi propio trabajo.
The first step in this lab is to download the documentation for the experiment. This gives you
step-by-step guidance and you should keep it close by when watching the videos and when
working out your solutions.
Once you have downloaded the document you should then watch this introductory video which
outlines the experiment...
Now watch this next video to carry out the lab exercise. You can use the pause button when you
need to take a reading.
Finally, use the following tool to post your solutions to the laboratory exercise...
Lab 1 Assessment
Imagen: https://d396qusza40orc.cloudfront.net/physicalchemistry/images/pdf.jpg
Prctica 1: Gua Experimento
Una vez que haya descargado el documento a continuacin, debe ver este video de
introduccin que describe el experimento ...
lab1Img.png
Ahora observa el siguiente video para realizar la prctica de laboratorio. Usted puede
utilizar el botn de pausa cuando se necesita para tomar una lectura.
Imagen: https://d396qusza40orc.cloudfront.net/physicalchemistry/images/cam.jpg
Experimento calormetro (28:03)
Por ltimo, utilice la siguiente herramienta para publicar sus soluciones para el
ejercicio de laboratorio ...
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Lab 1 evaluacin
Question 1
Which of the following lists of quantities contains ONLY state functions?
entropy, heat, temperature and work
pressure, work, volume and temperature
pressure, number of moles, temperature and Gibbs energy
number of moles, volume, heat and enthalpy
Question 2
The Sun delivers roughly 1 kW m2 of power to the Earth's surface. A parabolic mirror with
a 1 mradius is used to focus this energy onto a beaker containing 1 L of water. Estimate the time
taken by the mirror to raise the temperature of the water by 50C, assuming the specific heat
capacity of water to be 4200 J K1 kg1 and ignoring energy losses to the surroundings.
89 s
67 s
107 s
32 s
Question 3
A principal constituent of petrol (gasoline) is iso-octane, C8H18. From the following
thermodynamic data at 298 K what is the standard molar enthalpy of combustion of iso-octane
in excess oxygen at 298 K?
C8H18(l)+1212O2(g)8CO2(g)+9H2O(l)
258.07
O2(g)
CO2(g)
393.51
H2O(l)
285.83
5462 kJ mol1
3219 kJ mol1
7553 kJ mol1
9210 kJ mol1
Question 4
A gas is contained in a horizontal cylinder with a moveable piston of cross-sectional
area 0.33 m2. The region outside the cylinder is at standard ambient temperature and
pressure, 298 K and 1 bar. When 2040 J of heat flow into the gas, the internal energy of the gas
increases by 1380 J. Calculate the distance through which the piston moves. You may assume
friction is negligible.
6 cm
10 cm
14 cm
2 cm
Question 5
Which of the following is the constant volume heat capacity CV?
The slope of a graph of enthalpy versus temperature.
The slope of a graph of internal energy versus temperature.
Question 6
A reaction has an enthalpy change of 71 kJ mol1 and an entropy change of 58 J K1 mol1.
At what temperature does this exothermic reaction cease to be spontaneous?
422C
673C
951C
826C
Question 7
What is the molar reaction enthalpy for the reaction below:
N2H4(l)+CH4O(l)CH2O(g)+N2(g)+3H2(g)
given the following thermodynamic data?
2NH3(g)N2H4(l)+H2(g)
rHm=22.5 kJ mol1
2NH3(g)N2(g)+3H2(g)
rHm=57.5 kJ mol1
Question 8
640 g of oxygen gas, O2, ondergo reversible isothermal expansion at 35C from a volume
of 2.4 to 17.3 m3. Assuming ideal gas behaviour, what is the total work performed by the gas?
101 kJ
63 kJ
87 kJ
94 kJ
Question 9
The constant pressure molar heat capacity of zinc metal is 25.40 J K1 mol1 at 298 K. What is
the constant pressure specific heat capacity of zinc metal at this temperature?
521.6 J K1 kg1
123.7 J K1 kg1
494.4 J K1 kg1
388.6 J K1 kg1
Question 10
A particular reaction has a standard molar reaction enthalpy of 4362 kJ mol1 and a standard
molar reaction entropy of +21.6 J K1 mol1 both at 298 K. What is the thermodynamic
equilibrium constant for the reaction at 298 K? (Note, rounding errors will have a profound
effect of the value calculated.)
8.43210432
2.7751083
5.55710765
9.65110239
In accordance with the Coursera Honor Code, I (Oscar Hugo Rojas Condori) certify that the
answers here are my own work.
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TRADUCCION
Tarea 1: Termodinmica Cuestionario Ayuda
La fecha lmite para esta prueba es de lunes 16 de junio 2014 15:59 PDT.
Pregunta 3
Un componente principal de la gasolina (gasolina) es iso-octano, C8H18. A partir de
los siguientes datos termodinmicos a 298 K cul es la entalpa molar estndar de
combustin de iso-octano en exceso de oxgeno a 298 K?
C8H18 (l) 1212 O2 (g) 8CO2 (g) 9 H2O (l)
Sustancia fH m / kJ mol-1
C8H18 (l) -258.07
O2 (g) 0
CO2 (g) -393.51
H2O (l) -285,83
-5462 KJ mol-1
-3219 KJ mol-1
-7553 KJ mol-1
-9210 KJ mol-1
Pregunta 4
Un gas est contenido en un cilindro horizontal con un pistn mvil de rea de seccin
transversal 0,33 m2. La regin fuera del cilindro est a temperatura ambiente y presin
estndar, 298 K y 1 bar. Cuando 2040 J de flujo de calor en el gas, la energa interna
del gas se incrementa en 1380 J. calcular la distancia a travs de la cual el pistn se
mueve. Usted puede asumir la friccin es despreciable.
6 cm
10 cm
14 cm
2 cm
Pregunta 5
Cul de los siguientes es el CV Capacidad de calor a volumen constante?
Pregunta 8
640 g de gas oxgeno, O2, ondergo expansin isotrmica reversible a 35 C de un
volumen de 2,4 a 17,3 m3. Suponiendo que el comportamiento del gas ideal, cul es
el trabajo total realizado por el gas?
101 kJ
63 kJ
87 kJ
94 kJ
Pregunta 9
La presin de la capacidad calorfica molar constante de metal de zinc es 25,40 JK-1
mol-1 a 298 K. Cul es la capacidad calorfica constante presin especfica de metal
de zinc a esta temperatura?
521,6 J K-1 kg-1
123,7 J K-1 kg-1
494,4 J K-1 kg-1
Usted no puede enviar su trabajo hasta que usted est de acuerdo con el Cdigo de
Honor. Gracias!
SyllabusHelp
The course is divided into three sections: thermodynamics; kinetics and quantum mechanics. In
addition to an introduction and video lecture segments lasting no more than 30 minutes at a
time, each section will provide an interactive laboratory activity, designed to elucidate the
material covered, and finally a short multiple choice assessment all supported by an online
forum.
Week 1: Thermodynamics 1
Thermodynamic Definitions
The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics and Temperature
The First Law of Thermodynamics and Enthalpy
Reversible Expansion
Heat Capacity
Week 2: Thermodynamics 2
Rate of reaction
Stoichiometry and order
Zero order reactions
First order reactions
Second order reactions
Determination of reaction order
Experimental determination of reaction order
Examples of measurements 1
Examples of measurements 2
Effect of temperature on reaction rate
Traduccion
Syllabus Ayuda
Semana 1: Termodinmica 1
Definiciones termodinmicos
La Ley Cero de la Termodinmica y temperatura
La Primera Ley de la Termodinmica y la entalpa
Expansin Reversible
Capacidad de calor
Semana 2: Termodinmica 2
Velocidad de reaccin
Estequiometra y el orden
Cero reacciones de orden
Reacciones de primer orden
Reacciones de segundo orden
Determinacin del orden de reaccin
Determinacin experimental del orden de reaccin
Ejemplos de mediciones 1
Ejemplos de mediciones 2
Efecto de la temperatura sobre la velocidad de reaccin
Grading PolicyHelp
The assessment for this course consists of three quizzes and three virtual laboratory
assessments, one at the end of each 2-week section.
In order to attain a Statement of Accomplishment, you will need to achieve a score
of 40% overall, where each assessment counts as follows:
You will be awarded a Distinction grade for this course by achieving an overall score of 70% or
higher.
You may attempt each quiz and submit the answer to each lab assessment up to 3 times. Your
highest score will be taken as the contribution to your final grade. You will be able to see your
score for each attempt but no other feedback. Full answers will then be published in the
following week after the quiz is closed.
You have a total of 12 late days to be taken across all of the quizzes and labs if you need an
extension. These allow you to submit late without having a negative effect on your score. You
can use up to two late days on each quiz or lab but no more than that as you cannot push the due
date past the "hard deadline", which is when the correct responses become available.
Self-test quizzes
In addition to the assessed quizzes, you will also find practice, self-test quizzes included in each
week of the course. These will allow you to practice what you have learned and test your
understanding but will not count towards your final grade.
All self-test quizzes will be available throughout the life of the course to allow you to test your
understanding whenever you wish. Feedback is provided immediately on submission of the quiz
and you can reattempt these self-tests as often as you wish (up to 99 times). Hard deadlines, due
dates and effective scores do not apply to these self tests, so please disregard any reference to
them in the quiz descriptions.
Due dates
All quizzes - assessed and self-tests - are available from day 1 of the course. Self-tests will
remain available throughout, but all assessed quizzes and labs will have due dates so that the
correct answers and feedback can be posted. The due dates for each quiz are listed below and
the hard deadline will always be two days after this date.. Please note that late days cannot be
used past the hard deadline date.
Assignment 1 - Quiz:
Assignment 2 - Lab:
Assignment 3 - Quiz:
Assignment 4 - Lab:
Assignment 5 - Quiz:
Assignment 6 - Lab:
16th June
16th June
30th June
30th June
14th July
14th July
Traduccion
Cuestionarios de autocomprobacin
Adems de las pruebas sealadas, tambin se encuentra la prctica, cuestionarios de
autocomprobacin incluidos en cada semana del curso. Esto permitir que usted practique lo
que ha aprendido y poner a prueba su comprensin, pero no contar para la nota final.
Todos los cuestionarios de auto-prueba estarn disponibles a lo largo de la vida del curso para
permitir poner a prueba su comprensin cuando lo desee. Feedback se ofrece inmediatamente a
la presentacin de la prueba y se puede volver a intentar estos auto-pruebas con la frecuencia
que desee (hasta 99 veces). Plazos duros, fechas de vencimiento y los resultados efectivos no
son aplicables a estas pruebas de auto, por lo que puede hacer caso omiso de cualquier
referencia a ellos en las descripciones de preguntas.
Question 1
What is the Enthalpy of Decomposition of liquid Hydrogen peroxide (in kJ/mol)?
Answer for Question 1
Question 2
What is the D(HO-OH) bond dissociation energy (in kJ/mol)?
Answer for Question 2
In accordance with the Coursera Honor Code, I (Oscar Hugo Rojas Condori) certify that the
answers here are my own work.
Submit Answers
Save Answers
You cannot submit your work until you agree to the Honor Code. Thanks!
Traduccion
Welcome to Kinetics
Hi Everyone
Here we are in week 3 already. Thermodynamics in the bag and on with kinetics.
You'll find a very different flavour to this part of the course. We're interested in establishing
how fast (or slow) a chemical process goes. How quickly reactants are turned into products and
then how does this "rate of reaction" depend upon what is actually reacting. In order to treat
this problem rigorously it requires us to establish some equations which needs a small amount
of integration. Don't be put off by this. The integrations are some of the most basic and can be
found in any high-school mathematics text-book or on the internet. The reason we need to use
integration is that the rate of a reaction the change in concentration divided by the change in
time. In other words if we plot concentration against time then the rate is the slope of the plot at
any given point. Whenever we need to look at slopes it is likely that integration and
differentiation are involved. So good luck with this and we have our trusted Assistants here to
help you if you get stuck.
This week we are going to cover the basics and the second week will look at more complex
processes. There is also a kinetics laboratory for you to try.
Best of luck!
Professor Michael Anderson
Mon 16 Jun 2014 12:36 AM PDT
Traduccion
Libro de texto Captulo tambin disponible
Hola Estudiantes Kinetics
Tambin debo mencionar que hemos tenido la suerte de conseguir la editorial Oxford
University Press para liberar exclusivamente por vosotros mismos, para la duracin de este
curso, en el captulo 9 de Qumica Cubed por Burrows et al. Este es un captulo excelente libro
de texto sobre la cintica de lo que debe ser realmente til para leer junto a las conferencias en
las prximas dos semanas. Puede descargarlo desde la semana 3: Cintica 1 seccin en
Material Adicional.
Disfrute!
El profesor Michael Anderson
Lun 16 de junio 2014 12:57a.m. PDT
Bienvenido a Kinetics
Hola a todos
Aqu estamos en la semana 3 ya. Termodinmica en la bolsa y en con la cintica.
Usted encontrar un sabor muy diferente a esta parte del curso. Estamos interesados en
establecer qu tan rpido (o lento) va un proceso qumico. Con qu rapidez reactivos se
convierten en productos y luego, cmo esta "velocidad de reaccin" depende de lo que
realmente est reaccionando. Para tratar este problema con rigor nos obliga a establecer
algunas ecuaciones que necesita una pequea cantidad de la integracin. No se deje intimidar
por esto. Las integraciones son algunos de los ms bsicos y se pueden encontrar en cualquier
escuela secundaria de matemticas libro de texto o en Internet. La razn por la que tenemos
que utilizar la integracin es que la velocidad de una reaccin al cambio en la concentracin
dividido por el cambio en el tiempo. En otras palabras, si graficamos la concentracin contra
el tiempo entonces la tasa es la pendiente de la parcela en un momento dado. Cada vez que
tenemos que mirar a cuestas es probable que la integracin y la diferenciacin son los
involucrados. As que buena suerte con esto y tenemos nuestros Asistentes de confianza aqu
para ayudarte si te quedas atascado.
Esta semana vamos a cubrir lo bsico y la segunda semana a ver los procesos ms complejos.
Tambin hay un laboratorio de la cintica para que usted intente.
Mucha suerte!
El profesor Michael Anderson
Lun 16 de junio 2014 12:36a.m. PDT
equation:
Cp =
N.B. In this experiment,
positive.
The calorimeter is then used to measure the molar enthalpy change for the unknown reaction,
we
reapply the equation:
e unknown reaction.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Equipment:
Isobaric calorimeter with stirrer and precision thermometer
100 mL volumetric flask
250 mL measuring cylinder
10 mL pipette
Chronometer
Pipette filler
Wash bottle
Spatula
Weighing boats
Chemicals:
cable.
Pipette 10 mL of the hydrogen peroxide solution into the calorimeter.
established.
to
define the slope of the pre-reaction period.
the decomposition. The temperature rises rapidly. By six minutes the actual reaction should be
complete. Continue taking readings at one minute intervals from six minutes to ten minutes to
establish the slope of the post-reaction period.
Data Treatment
For each reaccion in turn type your values in Microsoft excel
Drag a box around the complete set of data and insert or draw a scatter graph (do not connect
the
points). Add a linear trendline to each of the two data sets, for the pre-reaction temperatures
forecast
the line forwards and for the post-reaction temperatures forecast the line backwards. Draw a
vertical
line at five and a half minutes and where this line intersects your extrapolations will give you Ti
and Tf.
Ti
.
Calorimeter calibration
(i) The sulphamic acid was used in excess, hence the number of moles of reaction is equal to the
number of moles of NaNO2 reacting. Calculate the quantity of NaNO2 added to the calorimeter
in moles.
is 420.5 kJ mol
quantity
of sodium nitrate and hence determine Cp using equation [3]. Hint: bear in mind the units, 1 kJ
= 1000 J.
Enthalpy of decomposition of H2O2
(i) The calorimeter contains the same volume of solution in both calibration and decomposition
experiments so we can assume the same heat capacity. From the observed temperature rise
and Cp, calculate
(ii) The hydrogen peroxide used was 100 volume, meaning it releases 100 times its own volume
of
oxygen gas upon decomposition. Its concentration was determined, by titration against
standard potassium permanganate solution, as 8.920 mol dm3. Given this concentration,
calculate the quantity of H2O2 added to the calorimeter in moles.
kJ mol1,
for the decomposition
(iv) The experiment measures the enthalpy of decomposition of H2O2 in aqueous solution, i.e.
for the reaction:
H2O2 (aq) H2O (l) + O2 (g)
For the dissolution of pure liquid H2O2 in a large excess of water:
H2O2 (l) + water H2O2 (aq) rH = 2.1 kJ mol1
Use Hess Law to calculate the enthalpy for the decomposition of liquid H2O2.
Calculation of the OO bond dissociation energy in H2O2
(i) Write out the equation for the decomposition of pure H2O2 (l). Above the arrow, write in the
value
you obtained for the reaction enthalpy in the previous part. Leave a little space and then
underneath the equation write elements in their standard states. Draw an arrow from there up to
each substance. The arrows represent the enthalpies of formation of the species. Bearing in
mind the enthalpy of formation of O2 (g) is zero and given the enthalpy of formation of liquid
water
is 285.8 kJ mol1 it is now possible to determine the enthalpy of formation of liquid hydrogen
peroxide using a Hess Law cycle.
H2O2 (l) H2O2 (g)