B
Math symbol tables
B.1
Hebrew letters
Type
\aleph
Typeset
@
\beth
\daleth
\gimel
502
Appendix B
Greek letters
Lowercase
Type
Typeset
\alpha
Type
Typeset
Type
\iota
\sigma
\beta
\kappa
\tau
\gamma
\lambda
\delta
\mu
\phi
Typeset
\upsilon
\epsilon
\nu
\chi
\zeta
\xi
\psi
\eta
\pi
\omega
\theta
\rho
\varepsilon
"
\varpi
\varsigma
&
\vartheta
\varrho
\varphi
'
\digamma z
\varkappa
Uppercase
Type
Typeset
Type
Typeset
Type
\Gamma
\Xi
\Phi
\Delta
\Pi
\Psi
\Omega
\Theta
\Sigma
\Lambda
\Upsilon
\varGamma
\varXi
\varPhi
\varDelta
\varPi
\varPsi
\varOmega
\varTheta
\varSigma
\varLambda
\varUpsilon
Typeset
B.2
Binary relations
B.2
503
Binary relations
Type
<
=
\in
\leq or \le
\ll
\prec
\preceq
\sim
\simeq
\equiv
\subset
\subseteq
\sqsubseteq
\smile
\perp
\mid
\vdash
\propto
\bowtie
\sqsubset
\Join
Typeset
<
=
2
'
v
^
?
|
`
/
./
<
1
Type
>
:
\ni or \owns
\geq or \ge
\gg
\succ
\succeq
\approx
\cong
\doteq
\supset
\supseteq
\sqsupseteq
\frown
\models
\parallel
\dashv
\asymp
\sqsupset
Typeset
>
:
3
=
.
=
w
_
|=
k
a
504
Appendix B
Typeset
Type
Typeset
\leqq
\geqq
\leqslant
\geqslant
>
\eqslantless
\eqslantgtr
\lesssim
\gtrsim
&
\lessapprox
\gtrapprox
'
\approxeq
\lessdot
\gtrdot
\lll
\ggg
\lessgtr
\gtrless
\lesseqgtr
\gtreqless
\lesseqqgtr
\gtreqqless
\doteqdot
\eqcirc
\circeq
\triangleq
\risingdotseq
\fallingdotseq
\backsim
\thicksim
\backsimeq
\thickapprox
\preccurlyeq
\succcurlyeq
<
\curlyeqprec
\curlyeqsucc
\precsim
\succsim
\precapprox
\succapprox
\subseteqq
\supseteqq
\Subset
\Supset
\vartriangleleft
\vartriangleright
\trianglelefteq
\trianglerighteq
\vDash
\Vdash
\smallfrown
\shortmid
\shortparallel
\bumpeq
\Bumpeq
\between
\pitchfork
\varpropto
\backepsilon
\blacktriangleleft
\blacktriangleright
\therefore
\because
\Vvdash
\smallsmile
B.2
Binary relations
505
Typeset
Type
Typeset
6=
\notin
\ngtr
\nleq
\ngeq
\nleqslant
\ngeqslant
\nleqq
\ngeqq
\neq or \ne
\nless
\lneq
\gneq
\lneqq
\gneqq
\lvertneqq
\gvertneqq
2
/
\lnsim
\gnsim
\lnapprox
\gnapprox
\nprec
\nsucc
\npreceq
\nsucceq
\precneqq
\succneqq
\precnsim
\succnsim
\precnapprox
\succnapprox
\nsim
\ncong
\nshortmid
\nshortparallel
\nmid
\nparallel
\nvdash
\nvDash
\nVdash
\nVDash
\ntriangleleft
\ntriangleright
\ntrianglelefteq
\ntrianglerighteq
\nsubseteq
\nsupseteq
\nsubseteqq
"
\nsupseteqq
\subsetneq
\supsetneq
\varsupsetneq
\varsubsetneq
\subsetneqq
\supsetneqq
\varsubsetneqq
&
\varsupsetneqq
'
506
B.3
Appendix B
Binary operations
Type
+
\pm
\times
\circ
\div
\cap
\sqcap
\wedge or \land
\triangleleft
\bigtriangleup
\oplus
\otimes
\odot
\dagger
\setminus
\wr
\ast
\diamond
\lhd
\unlhd
\dotplus
\ltimes
\leftthreetimes
\circleddash
\barwedge
\curlywedge
\veebar
\doublecap or \Cap
\circledast
\boxminus
\boxdot
\divideontimes
\And
Typeset
+
\
u
^
/
4
\
o
u
n
h
Z
f
Y
e
~
>
&
Type
\mp
\cdot
\bigcirc
\bmod
\cup
\sqcup
\vee or \lor
\triangleright
\bigtriangledown
\ominus
\oslash
\bullet
\ddagger
\smallsetminus
\amalg
\star
\rhd
\unrhd
\centerdot
\rtimes
\rightthreetimes
\uplus
\doublebarwedge
\curlyvee
\intercal
\doublecup or \Cup
\circledcirc
\boxtimes
\boxplus
\vartriangle
Typeset
mod
[
t
_
.
5
r
q
?
o
i
]
[
g
|
d
}
B.4
Arrows
B.4
507
Arrows
Type
\leftarrow
\longleftarrow
\Leftarrow
\Longleftarrow
\leftrightarrow
\Leftrightarrow
\uparrow
\Uparrow
\updownarrow
\nearrow
\swarrow
\iff
\mapsto
\hookleftarrow
\leftharpoonup
\leftharpoondown
\leadsto
\leftleftarrows
\leftrightarrows
\Lleftarrow
\twoheadleftarrow
\leftarrowtail
\looparrowleft
\upuparrows
\upharpoonleft
\downharpoonleft
\leftrightsquigarrow
\multimap
\nleftarrow
\nLeftarrow
\nleftrightarrow
\dashleftarrow
\curvearrowleft
\circlearrowleft
\leftrightharpoons
\Lsh
Typeset
(
(=
$
,
"
*
l
%
.
()
7!
(
)
;
"
!
(
8
:
=
L99
x
Type
Typeset
\rightarrow or \to
\longrightarrow
\Rightarrow
\Longrightarrow
\longleftrightarrow
\Longleftrightarrow
\downarrow
\Downarrow
\Updownarrow
\searrow
\nwarrow
\mapstochar
\longmapsto
\hookrightarrow
\rightharpoonup
\rightharpoondown
!
!
)
=)
!
()
#
+
m
&
7
7 !
,!
*
+
\rightrightarrows
\rightleftarrows
\Rrightarrow
\twoheadrightarrow
\rightarrowtail
\looparrowright
\downdownarrows
\upharpoonright
\downharpoonright
\rightsquigarrow
\nrightarrow
\nRightarrow
\nLeftrightarrow
\dashrightarrow
\curvearrowright
\circlearrowright
\rightleftharpoons
\Rsh
9
;
<
99K
y
508
B.5
Appendix B
Miscellaneous symbols
Type
Typeset
\hbar
\imath
\wp
\Im
\infty
\emptyset
\forall
\smallint
\top
\P
\dag
\flat
\sharp
\clubsuit
\heartsuit
\surd
\pounds
\Box
\mho
}
=
1
;
8
s
>
[
]
|
~
p
\hslash
\backprime
\Bbbk
\diagup
\blacktriangle
\triangledown
\square
\lozenge
\measuredangle
\circledS
\Finv
}
8
k
2
0
N
O
]
s
`
Type
Typeset
\ell
\jmath
\partial
\Re
\prime
\varnothing
\exists
\triangle
\bot
\S
\ddag
\natural
\angle
\diamondsuit
\spadesuit
\nabla
\neg or \lnot
\Diamond
`
|
@
<
0
?
9
4
?
\
\
}
r
\complement
\nexists
{
@
\diagdown
\blacktriangledown
\eth
\blacksquare
\blacklozenge
\sphericalangle
\bigstar
\Game
H
g
^
F
a
B.6
Delimiters
B.6
509
Delimiters
Name
Type
left parenthesis
right parenthesis
left bracket
right bracket
left brace
right brace
backslash
forward slash
left angle bracket
right angle bracket
vertical line
double vertical line
left floor
right floor
left ceiling
right ceiling
upward
double upward
downward
double downward
up-and-down
double up-and-down
upper-left corner
upper-right corner
lower-left corner
lower-right corner
(
)
[ or \lbrack
] or \rbrack
\{ or \lbrace
\} or \rbrace
\backslash
/
\langle
\rangle
| or \vert
\| or \Vert
\lfloor
\rfloor
\lceil
\rceil
\uparrow
\Uparrow
\downarrow
\Downarrow
\updownarrow
\Updownarrow
\ulcorner
\urcorner
\llcorner
\lrcorner
Typeset
(
)
[
]
{
}
\
/
h
i
|
k
b
c
d
e
"
*
#
+
l
m
p
q
x
y
510
B.7
Appendix B
Operators
Typeset
Type
Typeset
Type
Typeset
Type
Typeset
\arccos
\arcsin
\arctan
\arg
\cos
\cosh
arccos
arcsin
arctan
arg
cos
cosh
\cot
\coth
\csc
\deg
\dim
\exp
cot
coth
csc
deg
dim
exp
\hom
\ker
\lg
\ln
\log
\sec
hom
ker
lg
ln
log
sec
\sin
\sinh
\tan
\tanh
sin
sinh
tan
tanh
Typeset
Type
Typeset
\det
\gcd
\inf
\lim
\liminf
\injlim
det
gcd
inf
lim
lim inf
inj lim
\limsup
\max
\min
\Pr
\sup
\projlim
lim sup
max
min
Pr
sup
proj lim
\varliminf
lim
\varlimsup
lim
\varinjlim
lim
!
\varprojlim
lim
B.7
Operators
511
Inline
Rb
\int_{a}^{b}
\idotsint_{a}^{b}
\prod_{i=1}^{n}
\coprod_{i=1}^{n}
\bigcap_{i=1}^{n}
\bigcup_{i=1}^{n}
\bigwedge_{i=1}^{n}
\bigvee_{i=1}^{n}
\bigsqcup_{i=1}^{n}
\biguplus_{i=1}^{n}
\bigotimes_{i=1}^{n}
\bigoplus_{i=1}^{n}
\bigodot_{i=1}^{n}
\sum_{i=1}^{n}
ZZZ
RRRR b
a
Qn
Rb
a
i=1
`n
i=1
Tn
i=1
Sn
i=1
Vn
i=1
Wn
i=1
Fn
i=1
Un
i=1
Nn
i=1
Ln
i=1
Jn
i=1
Pn
RRR b
\iiint_{a}^{b}
ZZ
RR b
\iint_{a}^{b}
\iiiiint_{a}^{b}
Hb
\oint_{a}^{b}
Displayed
Z b
i=1
ZZZZ
n
Y
i=1
n
a
i=1
n
\
i=1
n
[
i=1
n
^
i=1
n
_
i=1
n
G
i=1
n
]
i=1
n
O
i=1
n
M
i=1
n
K
i=1
n
X
i=1
512
B.8
Appendix B
Math accents
amsxtra
Type
\acute{a}
\bar{a}
\breve{a}
\check{a}
\dot{a}
\ddot{a}
\dddot{a}
\ddddot{a}
\grave{a}
\hat{a}
\widehat{a}
\mathring{a}
\tilde{a}
\widetilde{a}
\vec{a}
Typeset
a
a
a
...
a
....
a
a
`
a
b
a
a
a
e
a
~a
Type
\spbreve
\spcheck
\spdot
\spddot
\spdddot
\sphat
\sptilde
Typeset
.
..
...
Math fonts
Type
LATEX
\mathbf{A}
\mathcal{A}
\mathit{A}
\mathnormal{A}
\mathrm{A}
\mathsf{A}
\mathtt{A}
\boldsymbol{\alpha}
\mathbb{A}
\mathfrak{A}
\mathscr{a}
Typeset
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
B.9
B.9
513
Name
Width
Short
Long
1 mu (math unit)
\mspace{1mu}
thinspace
\,
\thinspace
medspace
\:
\medspace
thickspace
\;
\thickspace
interword space
1 em
\quad
2 em
\qquad
Negative space
1 mu
thinspace
\mspace{-1mu}
\!
\negthinspace
medspace
\negmedspace
thickspace
\negthickspace
APPENDIX
C
Text symbol tables
C.1
Name
Type
Typeset
Type
Typeset
a-ring
\aa
\AA
aesc
\ae
\AE
ethel
\oe
\OE
eszett
\ss
\SS
SS
slashed L
\l
\L
slashed O
\o
\O
516
C.2
Appendix C
Text accents
Name
Type
acute
\{o}
breve
Typeset
Name
Type
macron
\={o}
\u{o}
overdot
\.{g}
caron/hacek
\v{o}
ring
\r{u}
cedilla
\c{c}
tie
\t{oo}
o o
circumflex
\^{o}
tilde
\~{n}
dieresis/umlaut
\"{u}
underdot
\d{m}
double acute
\H{o}
underbar
\b{o}
grave
\{o}
o
`
m
.
o
dotless i
\i
dotless j
\j
\{\i}
\v{\j}
C.3
C.3.1
Command Declaration
Typeset
Switches to the
font family
\textnormal{...}
{\normalfont ...}
document
\emph{...}
{\em ...}
emphasis
\textrm{...}
{\rmfamily ...}
roman
\textsf{...}
{\sffamily ...}
sans serif
\texttt{...}
{\ttfamily ...}
typewriter style
\textup{...}
{\upshape ...}
upright shape
\textit{...}
{\itshape ...}
italic shape
\textsl{...}
{\slshape ...}
slanted shape
\textsc{...}
{\scshape ...}
small capitals
\textbf{...}
{\bfseries ...}
bold
\textmd{...}
{\mdseries ...}
C.3
517
\Tiny
[not available]
sample text
\tiny
sample text
sample text
\SMALL or \scriptsize
sample text
sample text
\Small or \footnotesize
sample text
sample text
\small
sample text
sample text
\normalsize
sample text
sample text
\large
sample text
sample text
\Large
sample text
sample text
\LARGE
sample text
sample text
\huge
sample text
sample text
\Huge
518
C.4
Appendix C
Name
Type
Typeset
ampersand
\&
&
asterisk bullet
\textasteriskcentered
backslash
\textbackslash
bar (caesura)
\textbar
brace left
\{
brace right
\}
bullet
\textbullet
circled a
\textcircled{a}
circumflex
\textasciicircum
copyright
\copyright
dagger
\dag
\ddag
dollar
\$
\textquotedblleft or
\textquotedblright or
em dash
\textemdash or ---
en dash
\textendash or --
exclamation down
\textexclamdown or !
greater than
\textgreater
>
less than
\textless
<
lowline
\_
midpoint
\textperiodcentered
octothorp
\#
percent
\%
pilcrow (paragraph)
\P
question down
\textquestiondown or ?
registered trademark
\textregistered
section
\S
\
|
{
}
C.5
519
Type
Typeset
\textquoteleft or
\textquoteright or
sterling
\pounds
superscript
\textsuperscript{a}
tilde
\textasciitilde
trademark
\texttrademark
visible space
\textvisiblespace
TM
C.5
An accent
Name
Type
Ogonek
\k{e}
Typeset
European characters
Name
Type
Typeset
Type
Typeset
Eth
Dyet
Eng
Thorn
\dh
\dj
\ng
\th
\DH
\DJ
\NG
\TH
Quotation marks
Name
Type
Single Guillemet
Double Guillemet
Single Quotation
Double Quotation
\guilsinglleft
\guillemotleft
\quotesinglbase
\quotedblbase
Typeset
Type
\guilsinglright
\guillemotright
\textquoteright
\textquotedbl
Typeset
"
520
Appendix C
C.6
Name
Width
Short command
Long command
Positive Space
Normal
varies
Intersentence
varies
\@.
Interword
varies
Italic Corr.
varies
\/
Tie
varies
Thinspace
\,
\thinspace
Medspace
\:
\medspace
Thickspace
\;
\thickspace
1 em
\quad
2 em
\qquad
Negative Space
Thinspace
\!
\negthinspace
Medspace
\negmedspace
Thickspace
\negthickspace