Chapter 1

Microorganism and Their Effects

on Living Thing

References
1. Focus Goal Science Pelangi
Classification of Microorganism
Size : 0.2 ʯm to 10 ʯm

Shape :
Coccus (spherical)
Coccus Diplococcus Streptococcus

Spirilla
Bacillus (Spiral-shaped)
(Rod-shaped) Vibrio
(Comma-shaped)
Modes of nutrition :
Ba 1. Autotrophic – make own food by photosynthesis or from
cte nitrite by chemosynthesis
Saprophytic – feed on dead and decaying organisms
ria
2.

3. Parasitic – Obtain food from living organisms

Habitat : Air, water, soil, food and food of other organism

Respiration : Aerobic & Anaerobic respiration

Reproduction :
Asexual
Binary fission & Spores formation
Sexual
Conjugation
Classification of Microorganism
Bacteriophage
1. The smallest microorganism
Influenza virus 2. Do not have cellular organism
3. Made up of nucleic acids (DNA &
RNA) enclosed by protein

Size : 0.02 ʯm to 0.4 ʯm

Vir Shape : Spherical, rod-shaped, cubic, spiral & tadpole-shaped
us
Nutrition :
es Viruses do not feed

Habitat : Live in living host cell, form crystals outside the cell

Respiration : Aerobic & Anaerobic respiration

Mode of reproduction :
Making used of cellular components of living cells to make copies of
itself
Classification of Microorganism

1. Don’t have chlorophyll

2. Some are unicell – yeast
3. Some are multicell - mucor
Mushroom

Size : 10 ʯm to 100 ʯm

Shape : Spherical, network of filaments

Fu
ngi Nutrition :
1. Saprohytic: secrete enzyme to break down dead organism
before absorb the nutrients
2. Parasitic: obtain nutrients from living organisms (Tinea live on
human skin)

Habitat :
Dark and damp places include decaying matter and bodies of living
organism

Asexual (budding & spore formation) & sexual (Conjugation)

Classification of Microorganism

Paramecium 1. Unicell animals

Amoeba

Pr Size : 5 ʯm to 250 ʯm

ot Shape : Spherical, spindle-shaped & irregular-shaped

oz Nutrition :
oa 1. Saprohytic: feed on dead organism and decaying matter
2. Parasitic: feed on living organisms

Habitat : Aquatic habitats, damp places & bodies of living organisms

Mode of reproduction : Asexual (binary fission-amoeba) & sexual

(conjugation-paramecium)
Classification of Microorganism
Chlamydomonas
1. Unicell - Chlamydomonas
2. Multicell - Spirogyra
3. Have chloroplast nucleus &
cellulose cell wall

Spirogyra
Size : 1 ʯm to 100 ʯm

Shape : Spherical, oval-shaped & filamentous

Alg
ae Nutrition :
1. Antotropic : most algae have chlorophyll to carry out
photosynthesis

Habitat :
•. Ponds, drains, rivers, seas

•. Damp places – damp soil & tree barks

Mode of reproduction : Asexual (binary fission, fragmentation, spore

formation) & sexual (conjugation)
 Temperature
Optimum
Nutrient temperature is 37°C
The growth of
microorganism increases
with the availability of
nutrient Factors
effecting the
pH
growth of Natural pH of 7 is
Humidity organisms most suitable
A relative humidity
between 25% - 40% is
Light
most suitable
Most microorganism
grow well in dark
condition
 Try
Yeast grow easily when glucose is added yourself
a) Suggest one hypothesis to investigate the given statement
ü Nutrient effect the growth of yeast
b) Describe one experiment to test your hypothesis above, based on the following
criteria
• Aim of the experiment * at the given statement
ü To study the effect of nutrient on the growth of yeast
• Identification of variables * at the given statement
• MV : The presence of nutrient
• RV : The growth of yeast
• CV : Temperature of yeast suspension
• List of apparatus and materials * yeast suspension + nutrient - will turn the lime water
• Procedure * based on the apparatus set up or the diagram of apparatus above
• Tabulation of data * used the manipulated variable and responding variable
ü Use table to write the data

The presence of The growth of yeast

nutrient
Yes / Present Easy
No / Absent Difficult
 Bread Brewing
Yeast – used to Vinegar
Yeast – used to
produce alcoholic Bacteria – used to
make dough rise in
beverages such as oxidize alcohol in
wine and beer the making of
vinegar

Soya sauce Nata de Coco

Uses of
Microscopic Bacteria –
microorganisms
fungi – used in the fermentation of
making soya sauce coconut water by
bacteria

Cheese Yogurt
Bacteria & Fungi – used to Bacteria – made
make cheese from milk by fermenting milk
 Diseases caused by microorganisms
Microorganism Disease Symptom
Bacteria Turberculosis (TB) Chest pain, Coughing up
Bacteria destroy the lung tissue blood, Fever, Night sweats

Cholera Severe diarrhoea,

Bacteria attack the human digestive tract Vomiting, Stomach cramps

Protozoa Malaria Alternating high fever,

Caused by Plasmodium and transmitted by Anopheles Sweating and Shivering,
mosquitoes. Plasmodium destroys the red blood cells, Nausea, Muscle pain
thus causing severe anaemia.
Fungi Ringworm (Tinea) Red and scaly patches on
Ring-shaped infection on the skin the skin that itch
Viruses Dengue fever High fever, Severe joint
Transmitted by female Aedes mosquitoes and muscle pain, Sore
throat, Headache
Hepatitis Fever, Jaundice (yellowing
of the body), Weight loss

AIDS Swollen lymph nodes,

Caused by HIV virus which attacks the white blood cell Weight loss, Fever,
 Contact Vectors
1. Direct contact – sexual 1. Vector – an organism
activities, blood which carries pathogens to
transmistion, sharing of other organism (houseflies,
needles (AIDS) mosquitoes)
2. Indirect contact – sharing
towels, clothings & combs
(ringworm)
Air
Pathogens are 1. When patient coughs,
sneezes or talks, pathogens
Water
1. Contaminated water
spread are spread through droplets
of water in the air
contains pathogens from through 2. When patient splits,
sewage or faeces from an pathogen & their spores
infected person spread through air when
2. It infected when drink the sputum dries
contaminated water
Food
1. Can be contaminated if not
cook properly, handling
with dirty hand
 SPM
Ways to prevent infection caused by microorganism
04,05
Control of vector
Understand the life cycles of vectors to prevent the vector from breeding [why we
need to under stand] H
o
M
u
o
s
s
e
q
f
u
l
i
y Lifecycle of
t
oLifecycle of a housefly
Pupa Egg are laid
ea mosquito found on decaying
Adult s Larvae
female in
develop in matter,
mosquito dry &
water but food,
es feed darkto the
come rubbish &
on place to
surface feaces
human s
breath
1. Get rid of the stagnant water as this is the breeding ground of mosquitoes.
blood
2. Spray oil on the surface of stagnant water to prevent the larvae and pupae
Larva found
from breathing.
Pupae in dark &
3. Rear guppies
also live to feed on the mosquitoes larvae. damp
4. Get ridinofwater places filled
breeding grounds of houseflies such as rubbish dumps and
but they with
exposedare
feaces. pathogens
5. Alwaysinactive
cover food to prevent houseflies from contaminating it.
SPM
04,05 Ways to prevent infection caused by microorganism

Sterilisation
1. The use of heat
An autoclave or a pressure cooker can be used to kill microorganism as well as
their spores
1. The use of chemicals
Sterilisation can be carried out by using antiseptics and disinfectants
1. The use of radiation
Sterilisation can also be carried out by using radiation such as gamma rays and
UV light

Immunity
Immunity is the ability of the body to fight against diseases
 IMmUniTy

Passive
Active

Artificial
Obtained through
Artificial
the injection of
Obtained through
serum; obtained Natural
vaccination.
Natural from animals Obtained by babies
Vaccine is a dose
Obtained after of weakened or that are already while they are in
recovery from a dead pathogen immune to a the mother womb
certain disease - disease or through
chickenpox breastfeeding
 Way to treat diseases

Yoga and
meditation

Gamma rays - used to kill

cancer cell
Penicillin

Traditiona Radiotherapy
l medical
treatment Surgery

Acupunct Used of Antibiotic

ure herbs Modern
medical
Synthetic treatment
drugs
Antiserum
Antifungal
Paracetamol
drugs

Cream / lotion for

treat ringworm
 Microorganism vs. Human Being & Nature

Useful
1. Help to digest food
2. Used in food processing
3. Produce medicine
4. Used in manufacturing of leather
Harmful
5. Produce hormone & antibiotic
1. Can cause disease & food spoilage
6. Help to maintain ,N2, CO2 & O2
2.Infect plant – leads to food
7. Recycle waste & dead organic material in
shortage
soil
3. Infect animal – reduces yield of
cops