Chng 7.

p lc t ln tng chn

Chng 7.

P LC T LN TNG CHN
7.1. Cc c s l thuyt p lc t.
Cc c s u tin ca l thuyt p lc t ln tng chn c Coulomb a ra
vo cui th k 18. V sau ny khi l thuyt cn bng gii hn t c nhng thnh tu
to ln th vn p lc t ln vt chn c gii quyt chnh xc v hon hin hn.
S lm vic ca t sau tng chn c chia ra cc trng hp sau:

Hnh 7_ 1 Cc trng hp p lc t.
- Tng chn b chuyn v ri xa khi t c chn th vng t nm ngay sau
tng chn s vo trng thi ng sut gii hn v trt theo vng trt AC (hnh
7-1a). Khi t ABC sinh ra p lc ch ng ln tng.
- Nu tng chn di tc dng ca ngoi lc m chuyn v v pha khi t (hnh
7-1b) th khi t chu trng thi ng sut gii hn hnh thnh mt trt v t b
tri ln mt. p lc t trong trng hp ny c gi l p lc t b ng.
- Khi tng ng yn, khi t sau tng trng thi cn bng bn ngha l ng
sut ti mi im trong khi t u cha t n trng thi cn bng gii hn. p
lc t ln tng trong trng hp ny gi l p lc t ngng (hnh 7-1c).
Terzaghi tin hnh th nghim m hnh vi tng cao 2m18, t p sau tng l
ct ht va. Khi th nghim cho tng chuyn dch v pha t p sau tng v ra xa t
p, xc nh quan h cc loi p lc t nh hnh 7-2.

Hnh 7_ 2 Quan h cc loi p lc t.

Nh bit trong l thuyt cn bng gii hn khi t sau tng trng thi ng
sut gii hn xut hin hai h ng trt. Khi mt tngnhn th hng ca chng
nghing mt gc
7.1

vi phng ng sut chnh 1 . Theo cc li gii ca

Chng 7. p lc t ln tng chn

Xokolovxki hai h ng trt s l nhng ng cong. Trong li gii ca Coulomb th

coi nhng h ng trt l nhng ng thng bi vy kt qu tm c mc phi
sai s c bit l i vi trng hp p lc t b ng. Tuy vy cho n nay l lun p
lct ca Coulomb vn c coi l c s ca l lun cn bng gii hn, bi v l lun
ny cha ng mt ni dung rt c bn, phng php tnh ton n gin, kt qu tnh
ton chnh xc cho bi ton thc t.
L lun p lc t ca Coulomb c xy dng da trn hai gi thuyt c bn sau:
- Tng chn tuyt i cng;
- t p sau tng trng thi cn bng gii hn ch ng hay b ng, b trt
theo cc mt trt phng gy nn p lc ch ng v b ng ln tng.
C th ni rng l lun v p lc t ln tng chn l b phn ln v phc tp ca
mn hc C hc t. Sau y chng ta ch xt n cc bi ton c bn nht ca l lun p
lc t ca Coulomb.
7.2. Cc phng php gii tch xc nh p lc t.
7.2.1. i vi t ri:

Hnh 7_ 3 p lc ln tng ca khi t ri.

Nu tng cng, lng tng nhn, b qua ma st gia t v tng, mt t p
nm ngang (hnh 7-3) th mt phng nm ngang c su Z s chu ng sut nn (ng
sut chnh).

1 = .Z

(7-1)

Trong :

_ trng lng th tch ca t

p lc hng ln tng chn c xc nh theo iu kin cn bng gii hn ch
ng ca khi t sau tng.

2 = 1 .tg 2 (45o )
2

(7-2)

Thay (6-1) vo (6-2) ta c:

2 = .Z .tg 2 (45o )
2

7.2

(7-3)

Chng 7. p lc t ln tng chn

Biu p lc sau tng l biu tam gic nh hnh (7-3) khi Z = 0, 2 = 0 khi
Z = H c tr s ln nht.

2 max = .H .tg 2 (45o )

2

(7-4)

Tng t trong trng hp p lc t b ng ta c:

2b = .Z .tg 2 (45o + )
2

(7-5)

T ta cng xc nh c p lc ch ng ca t tc dng ln tng chn bng

din tch biu tam gic:
Ea =

2 max .H
2

Hay:

H 2

Ea =

tg 2 (45o )
2
2

(7-6)

Cn p lc t b ng s l:

H 2

Eb =

tg 2 (45 o + )
2
2

(7-7)

Hnh 7_ 4 p lc khi c ti trng phn b u trn mt t.

2
H . Trong trng hp trn mt t c
3
ti trng phn b u lin tc q (hnh 7-4), xc nh Ea ta lm nh sau:

im t ca Ea v Eb s t ti chiu su

1). Thay ti trng phn b u q bng mt lp t gi c chiu cao:

h=

Trong :
q_ ti trng phn b (KN/m2);

_ trng lng ring ca t (KN/m3).

7.3

Chng 7. p lc t ln tng chn

2). Tng tng ko di lng tng chn ln chiu cao h (ti im b nh trn hnh v),
t c th xc nh c tr s p lc nh sau:

2' = .h.tg 2 (45o )

(7-8)

2 = .(h + H ).tg 2 (45o )

2

3).Xc nh p lc t ch ng Ea bng din tch biu p lc hnh thang abcd theo

cng thc:
Ea =

2 + 2'
2

(7-9)

Thay 2 , 2' t cng thc 6-7, 6-8 vo cng thc 6-9 ta c:

Ea =

( H 2 + 2 H .h).tg 2 (45o )
2
2

(7-10)

im t ca Ea s l trng tm ca hnh thang abcd.

7.2.2. i vi t dnh

Hnh 7_ 5 p lc t dnh ln tng chn.

Chng ta s xt trng hp tng chn trn y khi t sau tng l t dnh. Ta

c
thay th tc dng ca lc dnh bng p lc dnh P =
u t pha nh trn hnh 7-5.
tg
Thay tc dng ca p lc dnh trn mt bng lp t gi c chiu cao h =

c
v
tg

xt n tc dng ngc li ca p lc dnh trn lng tng ta c:

2 = .(h + H ).tg 2 (45o ) P

2

7.4

(7-11)

Chng 7. p lc t ln tng chn

c
c
v P =
vo (7-11) ta c:
tg
tg

Thay h =

2 = .(

c
c

+ H ).tg 2 (45o )
2 tg
tg

(7-12)

Bin i biu thc ny ta tm c:

2 = H .tg 2 (45o ) 2c.tg (45o )

2

(7-13)

Biu thc 6-13 c th vit di dng:

2 = 2 2 c

(7-14)

Trong :

2 = H .tg 2 (45o )
2

2 c = 2c.tg (45o )

(7-15)

Nh vy so vi t ri, i vi t dnh lc dnh s lm gim p lc ln tng mt

i lng khng i l 2 c . Biu c 2 du: du (-) bn trn v du (+) bn di.
Nu trong cng thc 6-13 m cho 2 = 0 th ta tm c chiu su hc m ti p lc t
ln tng bng 0.

H .tg 2 (45o ) = 2c.tg (45o )

2

hc =

(7-16)

2c

(7-17)

.tg (45 )
o

p lc ch ng Ea trong trng hp ny s l din tch biu tam gic y 2 ,

chiu cao H - hc.
Ea =

2 ( H hc )

(7-18)

Thay cc gi tr ca 2 v hc vo 6-18 ta c:
Ea =

.H 2

2c 2
tg 2 ( 45o ) 2.c.H .tg (45o ) +

2
2
2

(7-19)

Cng lp lun nh trn i vi trng hp p lc hng trong trng hp b ng

nh sau:

2b = H .tg 2 (45o + ) + 2c.tg (45o + )

2

Hay :
7.5

(7-20)

Chng 7. p lc t ln tng chn

2b = 2b + 2bc

(7-21)

p lc t b ng Eb l din tch biu hnh thang

Eb =

H ( 2b + 2 bc )

(7-22)

Hay:
Ea =

.H 2

tg 2 ( 45o + ) + 2.c.H .tg (45o + )

2
2
2

(7-23)

7.3.Phng php gii xc nh p lc t.

Chng ta s xt n phng php gii ca Coulomb xy dng trn c s gi thit

mt trt l mt phng v c th xc nh p lc t trong trng hp t sau lng tng
c dc bt k v lng tng c dc.

Hnh 7_ 6 Xc nh p lc t theo phng php gii.

Qua mp di A ca tng chn (hnh 7-6) chng ta v mt s mt trt gi nh

AC1, AC2, AC3,...
i vi mt khi st, v d ABC1 xy dng tam gic lc theo t l: Lc Q1 l trng
lng ca khi t ABC1 c im xut pht l O. Cng t O v ng song song vi
hng ca phn lc phn t cn li tc dng ln khi st R1, phn lc ny lm vi php
tuyn ca mt trt AC1 mt gc . T mt ca lc Q1 k ng song song vi phn lc
E1 ca tng chn, phn lc ny lm vi php tuyn ca tng mt gc 0 l gc ma st
gia t v tng. Da vo iu kin tam gic lc khp kn ta tm c ln ca cc
lc R1 v E1 . Mt cch tng t ta tm c ln ca cc lc R2, R3, R4 v E2 , E3 , E 4
ca cc khi trt. T ta cng tm ra gi tr ca phn lc ln nht E max , bng cch tm
giao im ca ng thng song song vi tip xc vi ng cong V1 , V2 , V3 , V4 nh
trn hnh 7-6 (on SV). V tr ca mt trt ng vi tr s p lc xc nh nh tm
phng ca phn lc tng ng l OV.

7.6