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CHEMISTRY FORM 4
CHAPTER 4 : PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS

4.1 Analysing the Periodic Table of Elements

4.2 Analysing Group 18 elements
4.3 Analysing Group 1 elements
4.4 Analysing Group 17 elements
4.5 Analysing elements in a period
4.6 Understanding transition elements

4.1 ANALYSING THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS

Elements in the periodic table are arranged horizontally in increasing ordered.

Two main component of the periodic table are :
a) Group
b) Period
GROUP
The vertical column of elements in the periodic table arranged according to the number of
valance electron in the periodic table are called group.
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There are 18 vertical columns called 1,2,3, until 18

Number of valance electron

Group

8(except
helium)
8

Specific name of group

GROUP 1 Alkali Metal
GROUP 2 Alkali Earth Metal
GROUP 3 to GROUP 12 Transition metals
GROUP 17 Halogens
GROUP 18 Noble Gas
PERIOD
The horizontal row of elements in the Periodic Table consist of the same number of shells
occupied with electrons in an elements are called period
There are seven horizontal row of elements know as period 1,2..,7
PERIOD 1 Has 2 elements
PERIOD 2 and PERIOD 3 Have 8 elements
PERIOD 4 and PERIOD 5 have 18 elements
PERIOD 6 has 32 elements
PERIOD 7 has 23 elements
ELEMENTS
H
He
Li
Be
B
C
N
O
F
Ne
Na
Mg
Al

PROTON
NUMBER
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

ELECTRON
ARRANGEMENT
1
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.8.1
2.8.2
2.8.3

NUM OF VALANCE
ELECTRON
1
2
1
1
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3

GROUP
1
18
1
2
13
14
15
16
17
18
1
2
3

NUM OF
SHELLS
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3

PERIOD
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3

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4.2 ANALYSING GROUP 18 ELEMENTS

Noble gases are monoatomic gases.
These noble gases in group 18 of the Periodic Table make up almost 1% of the air.
All noble gases do not:
(a) Dissolve in water,
(b) Conduct electricity
(c) Conduct heat
(d) Monoatomic gases at room temperature.
Element
He
Ne
Ar
Kr
Xe
Ra

Electron Configuration
2
2.8
2.8.8
2.8.18.8
2.8.18.18.8
2.18.32.8

Increase in boiling
point, melting point,
density, and radius

Except for He, all of the noble gas atoms have 8 electrons in their outer most shells. This
arrangement called the octet configuration. Thus, the arrangement of He(with 2 electrons in
outer most shells -extremely stable electron arrangement) is duplex electron configuration.
Boiling point and melting point are low because they have very low intermolecular force of
attraction (Van der Waals force).
Density is low because the molecules are far apart from each other (big size molecules will have
bigger intermolecular forces of attraction).
Low reactivity of noble gases due to unusual high large ionization energies and unusual low
electron affinity.
Uses:
(a) Helium - super conductors, fill airships and weather balloons, divers tank (80% He, 20% O2),
cool metals down.
(b) Neon - advertising light (glow red in low pressure tubes), fill television tubes.
(c) Argon - fill light bulbs (does not react with tungsten filament), welding (prevent hot
metal from reacting with O2 from the air).
(d) Krypton - laser surgery, photographic flash lamps.
(e) Xenon- lighthouse lamps (blue light), making electron tubes.
(f) Radon - cancer treatment.

4.3 ANALYSING GROUP 1 ELEMENTS

Group 1 element are known as alkali metal
They are all metals which react with water to form alkaline solution.
All alkali metals are,
(a) Solid
(b) Silvery and shiny surfaces
(c) Soft and melt easily
(d) Conductors of electricity
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Element

Electron Configuration

Li

2.1

Na

2.8.1

2.8.8.1

Decreasing boiling
point, melting point,
Electro-positivity
and hardness.
* only radius and
density increase

The melting points, boiling points and hardness of the atoms decrease down the group because
the size of the atoms increases down the group causes the metallic bonding between atoms
become weaker.
The radius of the atoms increases down the group because the lower members have more shells
of electrons. Thus, mass of atom increases.
The density increases down the group due to its increasing mass and will produce stronger
intermolecular attraction. The atoms are closer, resulting in their densities being higher.
Electropositivity is a measure of the ability of an atom to lose its valence electrons. The valence
electrons of the lower members are further away from the nucleus, and can be easily donated.
Thus, electropositivity increases down the group.
Chemical properties:
(a) Reactivity depends on their ability to give away the valence electron (increase down the
group).
(b) Alkali metals react with oxygen gas to form metal oxides. Example:
Na(s) + O2(g) Na2O
(c) Alkali metals react with water to form alkaline metal hydroxide solution and hydrogen gas.
Example:
2K(s) + 2H2O(l ) 2KOH(aq) + H2(g)
d) Alkali metals react with halogen (fluorine, chlorine and bromine) to form colourless,
crystalline ionic salts called halides. Example:
2Li(s) + Cl2(g) 2LiCl(s)
2Na(s) + Br2( ) 2NaBr(s)
2K(s) + I2(s) 2KI(s)
Safety precautions:
(a) Lithium, sodium, and potassium are highly reactive to water and air, thus must be kept under
non-reactive liquid (paraffin oil).
(b) Reaction of potassium, rubidium, caesium and francium are explosive. Thus, a small piece
should be used always during experiment.
(c) Never handle those alkali metals with your fingers because it can react with moist which will
form a corrosive hydroxide.

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4.4 ANALYSING GROUP 17 ELEMENTS

Halogens are diatomic molecules
Halogens are not conductors of heat and electricity.
At room temperature, chlorine is a gas, bromine is a liquid, and iodine is a solid.
Elements
F

Electronic Configuration
2.7

Cl

2.8.7

Br

2.8.8.7

2.18.8.7

At

Increase in
boiling point,
melting point,
density, and
radius
* Reactivity
decrease

2.8.18.18.8.7

Physical properties of halogens

a) All are coloured
b) Non-metal
c) Do not conduct electricity
d) Have pungent smell (liquid)
e) Poisonous
f) Cannot conduct heat
Chemical properties of halogen:
(a) Halogens react with heated aluminium to produce powdery solid halides. Example:
3Cl2(g) + 2Al(s) 2AlCl3(s)
3Br2(l ) + 2Al(s) 2AlBr3(s)
(b) Halogens react with phosphorus to form phosphorus halides.
(c) Halogens react with H2 to form halides. Example:
Cl2(g) + H2(s) 2HCl(s)
Br2(l ) + H2 (s) 2HBr(s)
(d) Halogens react among themselves. Example:
I2(s) + Cl2(g) 2HCl(s)
Safety precautions:
(a) Vapour of fluorine, chlorine, and bromine are poisonous.
(b) Iodine affects negatively the respiration of all living things.
(c) Astatine is radioactive.
(d) All experiments of halogens should be done inside a fume chamber.
(e) Safety goggles and gloves should be used.

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4.5 ANALYSING ELEMENTS IN A PERIOD

Horizontal rows in the periodic table
There are 7 periods known as period 1,2,3,4,5,6,7
The period number of an elements represent the number of shells occupied with electron in its
atom
ELEMENTS

PROTON ELECTRON
NUMBER ARRANGEMENT
Li
3
2.1
Na
11
2.8.1
K
19
2.8.8.1
Period 3 elements

NUMBER
OF SHELL
2
3
4

PERIOD
2
3
4

ELEMENTS
Na
Mg
Al
Si
P
S
Cl
Ar
PROTON
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
NUMBER
ELECTRON
2.8.1 2.8.2 2.8.3 2.8.4 2.8.5 2.8.6 2.8.7 2.8.8
ARRANGEMENT
NUCLEAR
+11
+12
+13
+14
+15
+16
+17
+18
CHARGE
RADIUS
0.156 0.136 0.125 0.117 0.110 0.104 0.009 0.001
Physical states changes across the period 3 ( From left to right)
Atomic Radius decreases because :
a) All the atoms of elements have three shells occupied with electron
b) The proton number increased by one unit from one element to the next element
c) The number of positive charge in the nucleus increase
d) Nuclei attraction on the valance electron increase
e) The atomic radius of the elements decrease
Electronegativity increases
a) Electronegativity: The strength of an atom in molecules to attract electron toward its
nucleus.
b) The atomic radius decrease due to the increasing nuclei attraction on the valance electron
c) The strength of nucleus to attract electron also increase.
Metallic properties
a) Metal, semi-metal (metalloid), and non-metal properties across the period from left to right.
b) Metallic properties decreases across the period
c) Example :
Period 3 : Na, Mg, Al
metal
Good conductor of electricity
The conductivity decrease with increase in temperature

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Si
[Semi-metal]
-Weak electrical conductivity
but increase as temperature rises
-Uses : semiconductor

P, S, Cl, Ar
[Non-metal]
- Cannot conduct electricity

In brief
ELEMENTS
METTALIC PROPERTIES
(WITH RESPECT TO
ELECTRICAL
CONDUCTIVITY
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
OF OXIDE ( WITH RESPECT
TO REACTION WITH ACID
AND ALKALI)

Na

Mg

Al

Metal

Basic oxides

Amphoteric
Oxide

Si
Semimetal

Cl

Ar

Non-metal

Acidic Oxides

Metal Good conductor of electricity and hear, shiny surface, ductile and high melting and
boiling point
Semi-Metal Not a very good conductor of electricity but conductivity increases as
temperature and the presence of impurities such boron and phosphorus
(doping)
Non-Metal Cannot conduct electricity
Basic Oxides Metals oxides that can react with acid to form salt and water
Acidic Oxide Non-metal oxides that can react with alkali to form salts and water
Amphoteric oxide oxides that can react with both alkali and acid to form salt and water

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4.6 UNDERSTANDING TRANSITION ELEMENTS

Properties of transition elements
- First transition series are all metals
- Transition elements have high melting points
- They have high density
- They have variable oxidation state, e.g. Iron (Fe) appear as Fe2+ or Fe3+
- They form coloured compounds, e.g. CuSO4 is blue, FeSO4 is green
- They form complex ions, e.g. MnO4-, Manganate (VII) ions
- They act as catalysts
Uses of transition elements
- Most transition elements and their compounds act as catalysts which speed up chemical
reactions
- Iron is used in Haber Process for manufacture of ammonia
- Vanadium (V) oxide is used in contact process to manufacture sulphuric acid
- Nickel is used in hydrogenation of alkenes to form saturated fats (e.g. margarine)
Advantage of transition elements
- Since transition elements speed up chemical processes in industries, they saves time in
manufacture
- Less energy is needed for manufacture in industries, hence lower cost
- Since less energy is needed, more energy resources can be conserved, e.g. oil to generate
electricity in producing iron.

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