GUIDE TO
PREVENTING SLIPS,
TRIPS AND FALLS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Comcare acknowledges WorkCover New South Wales for
providing the information used as a basis for this guide.
DISCLAIMER
This booklet is supplied on the terms and understanding that
Comcare and the Safety, Rehabilitation and Compensation
Commission (the Commission) are not responsible for
the results of any action taken on the basis of information
contained in this publication, nor for any error in or omission
from this publication. Comcare and the Commission expressly
disclaim all and any liability and responsibility to any person,
in respect of anything, and of the consequences of anything,
done or omitted to be done, by any such person in reliance,
whether wholly or partially, upon the whole or any part of this
publication.
For an authoritative understanding of the legislation in
relation to occupation health and safety and Commonwealth
employment, you are directed to the relevant legislation, in
particular the Occupational Health and Safety Act 1991.
This booklet should be read in conjunction with the relevant
legislation as it is not a substitute for such legislation.
PUBLICATION DETAILS
Comcare
Commonwealth of Australia
This work is copyright. Apart from any use permitted under the
Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced, by any process
without written permission from Comcare.
ISBN0-9580362-2-5
ISBN1-876700-26-2 (online)
OHS Work Safety
GPO Box 9905
Canberra ACT 2601
Comcare Call Centre 1300 366 979
First published January 2002
3
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 4 Legal framework 5 Costs 5
Classification 5
PREVENTION 6 OHS risk management model 6
1. Identify the hazard 6 2. Assess the risk associated
with the hazard 8 3. Control the risk 9 4. Monitor and
review the process 11
SLIPS 12 Common hazards 12
TRIPS 13 Common hazards 14 Stairs 14
FALLS 15 Common hazards 15
RESOURCES 16
ATTACHMENTS 17 Attachment AFlooring
characteristics and typical applications 17
Attachment BFloor treatments 19 Checklist 1
Workplace inspection to prevent slips, trips and falls 20
Checklist 2Review of safety management to prevent
slips, trips and falls 22
4
INTRODUCTION
This guide is designed to:
> provide managers and supervisors with an overview of the
key facts and issues related to slips, trips and falls
> highlight common hazards that contribute to slips, trips
and falls
> identify a process to minimise slips, trips and falls
> identify information sources that will assist managers to
implement effective prevention strategies and reduce the
potential for injury and associated costs.
Slips, trips and falls are among the most common causes
of injuries for employees in the Comcare scheme. They also
account for a high percentage of injuries reported by members
of the public visiting workplaces and sites managed by
employers in the Comcare scheme.
Workers compensation claims with a date of injury in three
financial years indicate that slips, trips and falls of a person
accounted for nearly 17 per cent of all accepted claims and
more than $37m in direct costs to employers during a three
year period. During the same period, approximately 1 in every
266 employees in the Comcare scheme was injured as a result
of a slip, trip or fall.
When compared to other mechanisms of injury, slips, trips
and falls of a person recorded the second highest number of
accepted claims as well as the second highest for injuries.
5
LEGAL FRAMEWORK
Employers are required under the Occupational Health and
Safety Act 1991 (OHS Act) to take all reasonably practical
steps to protect the health and safety of their employees at
work [s16(1)]. Employers have a further duty of care under
section 17 of the OHS Act to ensure that third parties at or near
workplaces are protected from risks to their health and safety.
Prevention is the best form of protection. Employers therefore
need to establish a policy and procedural framework to prevent
workplace injury and disease.
COSTS
The potential for serious injury from slips, trips and falls
cannot be overestimated. Such incidents can have critical
consequences and long-term effects. Workers compensation
may only represent a proportion of the costs associated with an
injury or illness. It does not account for related costs such as:
> all slips, trips and stumbles, even if a fall does not
necessarily follow
6
PREVENTION
Effective prevention strategies
require knowledge and
understanding of where the risk
of slips, trips and falls exists
and taking action to prevent
such incidents. The OHS risk
management model is useful to
establish the risks that exist in
your workplace.
7
Work environments and employee activities differ between
workplaces yet incidents often occur when:
> there is an unobserved obstacle or impediment
Workplace inspections
Arrange regular workplace inspections and pay particular
attention to:
> floors
> stairs
> lighting
> tasks
> personal protective equipment i.e. footwear
> housekeeping, cleanliness and cleaning methods
> variation in conditions at different times of the day.
OHS management information system (OHS MIS)
An OHS MIS is critical to the first and last stages of the risk
management cycle. In the first stage, the OHS MIS can provide
data to set benchmarks on the current level of performance.
Injury and incident reports and workers compensation data can
help to identify:
> the history of slips, trips and falls in the workplace
> where the incidents occurred
> the source or reasons for the incidents
> who is likely to be exposed.
Workplace specific OHS statistics and workers compensation
claims data are excellent sources for identifying target areas,
establishing a benchmark of performance and providing
direction for prevention strategies. The planning process is
important to ensure that the identified causes of injury are
addressed and that resources are allocated to control those
hazards that pose a significant risk to safety.
Employee records such as sick leave and absenteeism rates
can also help to identify injury and illness patterns.
8
2. ASSESS THE RISK ASSOCIATED WITH THE HAZARD
Once hazards are identified, the next step is to assess the level of risk and prioritise key areas to target prevention. High priority
hazards are those that have significant risks and are not adequately controlled. Risk assessments correlate the likelihood of an
incident occurring against the possible consequences of the incident.
Case study 1
Table 1 shows the risk assessment of a rain-affected entrance foyer. The number of people using the area was identified to
determine the likelihood of an incident occurring. Information from incident reports was used to identify the rate of incidents and
consequences of injuries already sustained from the hazard. This showed that the rate of occurrence was high and the injuries
sustained were minor sprains and strains. The organisation determined that the overall level of risk of injury posed by a slippery
floor in the foyer was high and took appropriate preventive action.
Likely
Unlikely
Highly Unlikely
Fatality
High
High
High
Medium
Major Injuries
High
High
Medium
Medium
Minor Injuries
High
Medium
Medium
Low
Medium
Medium
Low
Low
Negligible Injuries
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3. CONTROL THE RISK
Identified high-risk hazards must be controlled. Control
measures generally fall into three categories:
1. Eliminate the hazard.
Case study 2
The best way to control a hazard is to eliminate it. There are six
identified control strategies known as the hierarchy of control.
The strategies are ranked from most effective through to least
effective.
Hierarchy of control
1. Eliminate the hazard from the workplace entirely. For
example, remove the need to decant fluids in the workplace
as spills will cause a slip hazard.
2. Substitute or modify the hazards by replacing it with
something less dangerous. For example, substitute a type
of floor surface, or modify an existing surface to reduce the
risk of slipping.
3. Isolate the hazard by removing staff access to it. For
example, cordon off areas while cleaning is in progress
and surfaces are slippery.
4. Use engineering methods to control hazards at the source.
For example, install channels in the floor and cover them
with grates to allow easy drainage.
10
Once a risk assessment is completed, there are a number of ways to control the hazard. Table 2 identifies six common hazards
associated with slips, trips and falls. The characteristics that make each hazard potentially dangerous are also identified.
Table 2Possible control strategies for common hazards associated with slips, trips and falls
Common hazards
Consideration of risk
Possible strategies
Control type
Floor surfaces
Administrative
Administrative
Administrative
Engineering
Warning signs
Administrative
Maintenance protocol
Administrative
Exclusion zones
Isolate/administrative
Design/gradient
Handrails/ramps
Engineering
Stairwell
Lighting
Engineering
Modify/administrative controls
Administrative
Administrative
Warning signs
Administrative
Handrails
Engineering
Define walkways
Modify/administrative controls
Isolate/modify/administrative
Lighting
Engineering
Common hazards
Weather conditions
Spillage
Stairs
Obstacles
Uneven surfaces
11
Furniture
Weather
conditions
Footwear
Broken
Maintenance protocol
Administrative
Inappropriate use
Engineering/modify
Maintenance protocol
Eliminate/administrative
Warning signs
Administrative
> any action that has been taken to rectify particular hazards
> new staff with different skill and knowledge levels and
awareness of risk control measures.
12
SLIPS
While most hazards can be seen,
slips often occur because people
are not aware of a potential
hazard.
13
TRIPS
A trip usually involves:
> a low obstacle in the pedestrians path
> the persons inability to see or notice an obstacle.
Material left in walkways or corridors is one of the most
common causes of trips in the workplace. Systematic and
regular housekeeping is an important way of making sure
that obstacles do not cause trips. It is good practice to have
a clear and clean walkways policy and specifically define
passageways. It may be necessary, in an industrial situation or
outside, to mark all walkways with painted lines.
Proper planning and design can eliminate and reduce risks by
providing:
> storage facilities for equipment and personal items
> adequate and well directed lighting
> floor or ceiling conduit for electrical cords, computer leads
and telephone lines.
Externally, uneven or loose paving, or poorly maintained access
routes, often cause trips. Footpaths, garden edging and car
parks need to be assessed for potential hazards.
14
COMMON HAZARDS
Common tripping hazards include:
> loads that obstruct vision
> broken tiles, worn floor coverings
> turned up mat edges
> uneven floor surfaces
> obstacles in traffic areas
> electrical cords or cables across work or traffic areas
> personal items, such as bags left on the floor
> uneven paving and poorly maintained access routes.
STAIRS
The Building Code of Australia and Australian Standard AS
1657:1992Fixed platforms, walkways, stairways and ladders
gives detailed information on the design and construction
requirements for stairs and stairwells. The main points to
consider are the condition of the stairs, the lighting, and
whether the edge of the step is visible.
15
FALLS
Falls can occur either on the
same level or from a height.
Falls on the same level are more
common and are primarily
caused by slips and trips.
16
RESOURCES
You can refer to the specific guidelines below for further
information relating to managing slips, trips and falls
> The Building Code of Australia identifies proportion,
uniformity, visual cues and lighting requirements of stairs
and stairwells
> Australian/New Zealand Standard AS/NZS 4663:2004Slip
resistance measurement of existing pedestrian surfaces
> Australia/New Zealand Standard AS/NZS 4586:2004Slip
resistance classification of new pedestrian surface materials
> Australian Standard AS 1657:1992Fixed platforms,
walkways, stairways and laddersDesign, construction and
installation
> Australian/New Zealand Standard AS/NZS 4804:1997
Occupational health and safety management systems
> Australian/New Zealand Standard AS/NZS 4360:1999Risk
management
Additional resources and assistance are available through the
Comcare website (www.comcare.gov.au) or by contacting
Comcare on 1300 366 979.
17
ATTACHMENTS
The following attachments offer employers some specific technical detail and advice for implementing practical solutions in the
workplace.
ATTACHMENT AFLOORING CHARACTERISTICS AND TYPICAL APPLICATIONS
Floor type
Characteristics
Carpet
Fibreglass grating
Cork
Timber
Steel plate
Rubber
Plastic matting
18
Concrete
Terrazzo
19
ATTACHMENT BFLOOR TREATMENTS
To increase slip resistance, floors need to have greater friction or adhesion. Slip resistant footwear and treating the floor are two
potential strategies. If an existing floor is a problem and it is too expensive to install new flooring, it is possible to apply a floor
treatment. The cost of treatment varies considerably and it is a good idea to do a cost analysis, particularly if the treatment does not
significantly improve the quality of the floor. Successful treatments are those that substantially increase the surface roughness of the
flooring, though the surface may not look as attractive and cleaning methods may need to be changed.
For wet areas such as kitchens the flooring material or treatment should be continued up the walls to at least 75mm. The continuation
between the floor and the wall should be rounded to prevent fluids getting under the edges. This will reduce cleaning and drying time.
Sheet flooring such as vinyl should be welded to prevent water seeping through and to allow more thorough cleaning.
Treatment type
Mild etch
Applicable to ceramic tiles, granite, terrazzo, clay pavers and vinyl. They may increase slip
resistance but the tile may still be too slippery, particularly for soapy water.
Applicable to concrete. Should make it suitable for slip resistance with water but not with oil.
Adhesive
Applicable to all flooring types. Mineral-coated adhesive strips are useful for localised slip hazards
such as stair treads and ramps. However, they wear quickly and should be considered as a
temporary solution or receive regular replacement.
Sand blasting
Applicable to concrete, ceramic tiles, granite, marble, terrazzo, clay pavers and steel plate. Oil can
still make the surface slippery.
Grinding
Applicable to concrete, ceramic tiles, granite, marble, terrazzo and clay pavers. This treatment can
give a rougher surface, so it can be used to give slip resistance under oily conditions.
Applicable to concrete, ceramic tiles, granite, marble, terrazzo and clay pavers. For example,
grooves 23 mm deep, spaces at 710 mm would give slip resistance under oily conditions.
Loss of the sealed surface could lead to staining.
Coatings
Applicable to concrete, clay pavers, steel plate and timber. A range of base materials is used
including acrylics, flexible polymers, polyester resin, vinylester resin and epoxy resin. For the best
slip resistance the coatings include some aggregate such as rubber particles, silica sands and
silicon carbide granules. These treatments can be tailored to the application depending on the
level of chemical, traffic or slip resistance needed. With the right aggregate, slip resistance under
oily conditions is quite feasible.
20
CHECKLIST 1WORKPLACE INSPECTION TO PREVENT SLIPS, TRIPS AND FALLS
A yes response may require corrective action.
NO
Indoor
Entrance
Can water be tracked onto smooth floors (for example, foyers) on rainy days?
Stairs
Is lighting too low in passages, ramps or steps?
Does lighting cause distracting shadows or glare?
Do steps and handrails comply with AS 1657:1992?
Is the edge slip resistant or poorly defined?
Ramps
Are the ramps steep or slippery?
Rooms and corridors
Are there hard, smooth floors in wet or oily areas?
Do fluids leak onto the floor from work processes or machines?
Is poor drainage causing pooling of fluids?
Does ice collect on cold room floors?
Is the floor slippery when wet?
Is there anti-slip paint, coating profile or tape that is worn, smooth or damaged?
Do aisles require marking and signage to be kept clear?
Are sudden floor surface changes not easily visible (any ridge that is as high as the shoe sole
or higher)?
Are there trip hazards due to equipment and other moveable objects left lying on the floor?
Are there raised carpet edges or holes worn in the carpet?
YES
21
Are vinyl tiles loosening and curling at the edges?
Is there build-up of polish on floors? Is there excessive detergent residue?
Do employees have to walk on wet floors?
Does your workplace require wet floor signage and/or instructions for proper use of signage?
Outdoor
Stairs
Is lighting too low for clear visibility of ramps or steps?
Do steps and handrails comply with AS 1657:1992?
Is the edge slip resistant or poorly defined visually?
Ramps
Are ramps too steep or slippery?
Does poor drainage cause pooling of fluids?
Is there moss or other growth on pathways?
Is the paving uneven, or are there potholes in the car park that are poorly defined visually?
Is there anti-slip paint, coating profile or tape that is worn, smooth or damaged?
Are there moveable objects left lying on the ground?
22
CHECKLIST 2REVIEW OF SAFETY MANAGEMENT TO PREVENT SLIPS, TRIPS AND FALLS
A yes response may require corrective action.
NO
Management system
Does the slip-resistance of floors require testing as per AS/NZS 366.1:1993Slip resistance of
pedestrian surfaces, Part 1 requirements?
Do cleaning methods for all floors and paths need to be specified and recorded?
Do cleaning contractors need to be instructed on required methods and standards?
Do staff require training in the procedures for dealing with slip, trip and fall hazards?
Is accountability for floor quality and housekeeping clearly specified and accessible to all staff?
Do employees need to be advised and encouraged to wear appropriate footwear?
Cleaning methods
Is the cleaning method appropriate for the floor surface?
Is there any build-up of polish on floors?
Is there excessive residue or detergent?
Do employees have to walk on wet floors after the floors have been washed?
Does your workplace require wet floor signage and/or instructions for proper use?
Do employees have to walk on greasy, oily or wet floors?
Do loads carried or pushed interfere with forward vision?
Are tread patterns on shoes worn or clogged with dirt?
Are loads being carried excessive, upsetting balances?
Are heavy trolleys being pushed or pulled up ramps?
Are employees hurried due to time constraints?
Shoes
Do employees require slip-resistant footwear?
Does the footwear used by employees have smooth soles or soles made of leather, PVC or crepe?
YES