C.

Respiratory System and Endocrine System

1. Why is it necessary for the trachea to have rings of cartilage in its walls?
So it can prevent from crushing and choking.
2. What is the purpose of the hormone thyroxine, which is produced by the
thyroid gland?
It controls the rate of metabolic processes in the body.
3. Why do the lungs have a large number of blood vessels?
The lungs give oxygen to the blood and remove CO2.
4. Explain what must happen for the lungs to expand, allowing you to inhale.
The diaphragm has to calm down for the lungs to expand
5. Why is it necessary to close the opening of a puncture wound in the chest?
so the blood and oxygen will escape from the body.
D. Circulatory System
1. What is the purpose of the pericardial sac that surrounds the heart in
mammals?
Surrounds the heart in mammals is to reduce friction
2. Why do arteries have an interior ring of smooth muscle?
Muscle helps move the blood along and maintain blood pressure.
3. Which arteries sometimes become blocked in a human and are then
"bypassed" by using veins from the patient's leg?
Cardiac arteries
4. What are the two major veins of the pig's heart that return deoxygenated
blood from the body?
Anterior and posterior vena cavae
5. Why is pulmonary circulation bypassed in the unborn fetal pig, and how is it
bypassed?
There is no need for the blood to go to the lungs and "pick up" blood as the
fetus is not breathing in the womb
E. Digestive System
1. What are the main functions of the liver in mammals?
It moves blood that comes from the digestive tract before moving it on to
other parts of the body.
2. What is the stomach muscle that controls the passage of food into the small
intestine?
Lower esophageal sphincter
3. What is the purpose of the villi and microvilli of the small intestine?
To increase the surface area to have an effect on the absorption.
4. What is the primary function of the large intestine?
Absorb water and electrolytes
5. What is the purpose of rugae in the stomach lining, and what glands are
found between them?
To aid stomach distension
F. Urogenital System

1. If a mammal drinks large amounts of saltwater, what will this do to its urinary
output?
It will try to get rid of the excess salt by excreting excess water slowly
dehydrates itself to death.
2. Why is there an advantage for female pigs to have long uterine horns and a
small uterine body, whereas in humans the situation is reversed?
So they can have more babies at one time.
3. Why is it important for the testes in pigs and other mammals to completely
descend into the scrotum?
Production of sperm required is required at low temperatures
4. Explain the function of the nephrons in the pig kidneys
To remove impurities and water in the blood.
5. What is the unique difference between female egg production and male
sperm production in mammals?
Female production is ovaries, males is mainly testicales