CONVOLUTIONAL

CODES

Group Members
ALI NAUMAN
MUHAMMAD ALI JAMSHED

Why we code?
To Improve communication Performance

To better withstand in a noisy channel and

other parameters.

Types of coding
Wave-form,

10
10
10 1
10 010
1

Structured sequence

Structured Sequence
Linear codes

Non-linear

10
10
10 1
10 010
1

&

Non-Linear Codes
10
10
10 1
10 010
1

Convolution codes
Turbo codes

History
First mentioned by Elias in 1955

Use to generate random codes.

Contents
Shift Register
Two modulo-2 adders

Description
Described by three integers,
k
n
and K
k= binary inputs symbols
n=binary output symbols
K= # of stages in encoder shift register
k/n=code rate

Convolutional Encoder

An Encoder Example

Initial value of Registers

Holds 1 input bit, Unless otherwise
specified, all memory registers start with a
value of 0.

States of Registers
Assume initial contents of the register are all zeros
Input bit mi

Register
Contents

State at
time
ti

State at
ti+1

000

00

00

100

00

10

110

10

11

011

11

01

01
State ti+1

11
State ti

Branch Word
at ti
U1
U2
..

A Convolutional Encoder
With Rate = 1/3

Representation Methods
Polynomial Representation
State Diagram
The Tree Diagram
The Trellis Diagram

Polynomial Representation

Example of Polynomial
Representation

State Diagram
With Reference of above
example

The Tree Diagram

The Trellis Diagram

Decoding of Convolutional
codes
Several decoding algorithm;
10
010
101 01
101

Viterbi algorithm

Sequential decoding
1. Stack algorithm
2. Fano algorithm
3. Creeper algorithm

Viterbi Algorithm

Used for relatively small values of k;

Universally adopted
Provides maximum likelihood
Easily implemented in VLSI

Example of Viterbi Algorithm

Steps In Decoding

Steps In Decoding

Why The Name Convolutional

Codes?

Sequentially Convolves the sequence of

information bits according to some rule.

MATLAB Implementation
Following commands can be used to
encode and decode message bits using
convolutional codes;
Iscatastrophic
Istrellis
vitdec

Applications
To achieve reliable data transfer in;
Digital video
Radio
Mobile communication
Satellite communication (802.11)

Advancement
Replacing by turbo codes (class of iterated
short convolutional codes).

Easily approach Shannons limits.

Less decoding complexity.