Class 1: The Big Picture
By Jacci Howard Bear, About.com Guide
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• principles of design
• graphic design basics
Principles of Design: Balance, Proximity, Alignment, Repetition, Contrast, and White Space.
All designs have certain basic elements or building blocks chosen to convey the message —
beyond the actual words or photos used. How we place those items on the page determines
the structure of our designs and affects the overall readability and determines how well our
design communicates the desired message. The principles of design govern that placement and
structure.
Graphic design encompasses the creation of a great many types of projects but for the
purposes of these lessons we're focusing on the elements and principles of design as they apply
to typical desktop publishing projects including logos, ads, brochures, business cards,
newsletters, books, and to some extent, Web pages.
Different instructors or designers have their own idea about the basic principles of design but
most are encompassed in the 6 principles of:
• balance
• proximity
• alignment
• repetition or consistency
• contrast
• white space
Through words and pictures, the next two lessons introduce each of these principles.
Even though no one will know whether you actually do the exercises and assignments included
with each lesson and class, I strongly encourage you to do so. It will help to reinforce your
understanding of each of the concepts covered throughout this Graphic Design Basics course.
Principles of Design Lesson 1
Generally, all the principles of design apply to any piece you may create. How you apply those
principles determines how effective your design is in conveying the desired message and how
attractive it appears. There is seldom only one correct way to apply each principle.
Balance
Try walking a long distance with a 2 pound bag of rocks in one hand and a 10 pound bag of
marbles in the other. After awhile you'll want to shift your load around, putting a few marbles
in the rock bag to balance your load, make it easier to walk. This is how balance works in
design. Visual balance comes from arranging elements on the page so that no one section is
heavier than the other. Or, a designer may intentionally throw elements out of balance to
create tension or a certain mood.
Proximity / Unity
Observe a group of people in a room. You can often learn a lot about who is listening intently to
another person, which are strangers, or who is ignoring who by how close together they sit or
stand. In design, proximity or closeness creates a bond between people and between elements
on a page. How close together or far apart elements are placed suggests a relationship (or lack
of) between otherwise disparate parts. Unity is also achieved by using a third element to
connect distant parts.
Alignment
Can you imagine how difficult it would be to find your car in a crowded parking lot if everyone
ignored the parking lot stripes and parked in every which direction and angle? Imagine trying to
get out of there! Alignment brings order to chaos, in a parking lot and on a piece of paper. How
you align type and graphics on a page and in relation to each other can make your layout easier
or more difficult to read, foster familiarity, or bring excitement to a stale design.
Repetition / Consistency
What if Stop signs came in pink squares, yellow circles, or green triangles, depending on the
changing whims of a town and a few of its residents? Imagine the ensuing traffic jams and
accidents. Repeating design elements and consistent use of type and graphics styles within a
document shows a reader where to go and helps them navigate your designs and layouts
safely.
Contrast
On the basketball court, one pro team looks much like another. But send a few of those players
for a stroll down most any major city street and something becomes apparent — those players
are much taller than your average guy on the street. That's contrast. In design, big and small
elements, black and white text, squares and circles, can all create contrast in design.
White Space
Did you ever participate in that crazy college pasttime of VW Beetle stuffing? Were you ever
the guy on the bottom struggling for a breath of fresh air or the last one in trying to find a place
to stick your left elbow so the door will close? It wasn't comfortable, was it? Imagine trying to
drive the car under those conditions. Designs that try to cram too much text and graphics onto
the page are uncomfortable and may be impossible to read. White space gives your design
breathing room.
Illustrating the Principles of Design
Principles of Design Lesson 2
The examples you'll find here demonstrate varying
degrees of each of the six principles of design in a before
and after format. View them individually and as a whole
to see how different principles are applied. How might
you do any of these differently?
Note: The text, not always readable in the examples, is
the same as the definitions in Lesson 1.
You can create balance with the three elements (text
block, graphic, vertical text) here but in the first example
they appear to be just random elements with no unity or balance. In the second "Balance"
example the text block and graphic are resized to bring them closer together and better
balance each other.
To tie the elements together, move them closer together
(resizing helps accomplish this). Notice that the graphic
(one of the marbles) slightly overlaps the box enclosing
the vertical text, unifying the two elements. Reversing
the word "balance" out of the blue box also adds more
contrast to the composition. The increased leading in the
text block redistributes the white space in a more
balanced manner.
The graphic anchors the bottom of the page, but the four text elements all float on the page
with no apparent connection to each other (proximity/unity). The change in the headline (font
change, reversed out of blue box) along with the subheading pulled in closer provides balance
with the graphic on the bottom. The spacing between the two paragraphs of text is reduced
slightly as well.
There is nothing inherently wrong with centered headlines,
text, and graphics. They lend a formal tone to a layout. But,
for this series of layouts something a bit more informal is
called for. Also, large blocks of centered text are usually
harder to read.
In the second "Alignment" example, text alignment is left‐
aligned, ragged right, wrapped around the bottom
graphic which is aligned more to the right, opposite an
added graphic that is aligned to the right to help balance
the overall design.
Within the second "Repetition" example, the headline is repeated three times using graphics
that tie in with the copy in the text blocks. The repetition of the colors in the shapes and
headline text that are in the copy help to reinforce the theme. Overlapping the graphic and text
elements unifies the elements of the design.
Another aspect of consistency that can be seen when viewing all 6 of the "after" examples is
the blue borders, blue reversed boxes, and the typeface (Britannic Bold) used for the names of
all the principles of design. The drop cap used in three examples (Bermuda LP Squiggle) is
another element of consistency.
There's isn't enough contrast between the headline and
text due in part to size but also because the two different
serif faces used or too similiar (not obvious from the small
graphic, trust me, they are different typefaces).
That oversized graphic provides real contrast and
reinforces the copy (tall basketball players). Dropping
the text down to the bottom portion of the page also
reinforces the 'towering' aspect of the graphic. The
reversed text in the blue box, the blue border, and the
drop cap carries through the overall unifying elements
found throughout the series. Additionally, the round
shape of the drop cap and its color echo the shape and
color of the basketball in the graphic. The drop cap
and the reversed text on the left side plus the left‐
aligned text help to balance the large graphic element.
White space doesn't have to be white. The large block of black created by the graphic of people
adds a large block of black white space. Multiplying the number of people and reducing the size
of the car in the second "White Space" example provides additional contrast and reinforces the
theme of the copy. Additional leading, larger margins, deeper paragraph indents all add white
space or breathing room to the design.
The oversized drop cap is another element of contrast and also helps to balance the page with
the large, dark elements at the bottom of the page. The drop cap style, reversed title, and blue
box are consistent with the rest of the series.
In the next six lessons in this section we will look at each principle of design in more detail and
explore ways to incorporate each into your designs. We'll also touch on the ways that your
software can simplify some related tasks, such as using style sheets to aid repetition and
consistency or using leading and other spacing features to improve proximity, unity, and
distribution of white space.
Elements of Graphic Design Basics Classes
Design Basics for Desktop Publishing Course
By Jacci Howard Bear, About.com Guide
See More About:
• graphic design basics
• elements of design
Graphic Design Agencies Design Agency Design Company Design Firms Web Design Class
(Continued from Page 1)
Although individual lessons can be taken out of order, I recommend following the Graphic
Design Basics course and these lessons on the elements of design sequentially to get the full
benefit.
1.1 Building Blocks of Design
The first class describe the 5 elements of design: lines, shapes, mass, texture, and color. Also
describes other elements sometimes included as basic building blocks.
1.2 An Introduction to the Elements of Design
1.2 Lines
Everyone knows what a line is, right? Look more closely at the great variety of lines, straight,
curved, thick, thin, solid, and not‐solid.
1.2 Lines
1.3 Shapes
Squares (and rectangles), triangles, and circles are the three basic shapes. Examine their role in
design including the psychology of shapes in logo design. Class also touches on freeform
shapes.
1.3 Shapes
1.4 Mass
How big is it? Take a look at mass or visual weight of graphic and text elements. This class
includes a large section on size and measurements for type and paper and images.
1.4 Mass
1.5 Texture
In addition to the actual texture of the paper we print on, look at the textures we create
through techniques such as embossing and the visual texture created with certain graphics
techniques.
1.5 Texture
1.6 Color
What is the meaning of red? Which colors go well together? Color symbolism and association is
the primary focus of this class. It also touches briefly on the mechanics of color reproduction on
the Web and in print.
Graphic Design Principles: the keys to graphic success
Despite their apparent simplicity, effective graphic design is not created randomly or by chance.
Outstanding graphic design follows design principles that aid in their success. These principles
are conceptual ideas that assist graphic designers in the creation of great designs.
A few of the basic design rules: Balance, Rhythm and Unity
One of the most important principles or design rules that graphic designers
follow is balance. Balance is what gives a design stability and equilibrium. It
distributes visual “weight” throughout space making the design seem fluid
rather than lopsided or heavy. The image to the right is an example of
symmetrical balance.
This is an example of asymmetrical balance. It is not perfectly balanced at
all. Asymmetrical balance can create tention, movement, and a different
atmosphere by throwing out the balance scale. If used effectively, this can
be a great way to draw attention to a design.
Rhythm and unity are the design principles that bring everything together.
By repetitions of a visual image rhythm imparts a sense of organization that
brings a graphic together. The design principle of unity dictates that
everything on the page is visually joined to something else thus giving the
work a feeling of wholeness or “oneness”.
Scale, Proportion, Emphasis, Variety
To maximize the relationship between design elements proportion and scale are typically used.
Scale controls object size while proportion manages size ratio. Both make sure everything is
well balanced and ensure a smooth and eye‐catching design.
Emphasis is the design principle that makes sure attention is drawn to the
most important part of a design. This can be seen in the design to the left.
This design uses scale and proportion to draw your attention to the main
focal point.
Variety on the other hand can be used to harmonize the effect of emphasis
by spreading interest throughout the design keeping it lively and interesting.
Graphic design principles, used correctly in a balanced way, are the keys to an effective and
elegant design that can successfully deliver its message in a dynamic way.
Sources: msu.edu, desktoppub.about.com, math.duke.com, wikipedia.com
Principles of graphic design:
1. Balance
Symetrical, radial, formal, and informal ways of arranging elements on a page to achieve
visual balance is the focus of this class. Also covers the 'rule of thirds' and other
structural elements. Our bodies need a balance of nutrients to keep us healthy but
every now and then it's OK to feast on chocolate, ice cream, and an entire supersize bag
of potato chips. Balance in design is much the same. For most of our reading our eyes
and minds are most comfortable with evenly balanced layouts where the graphics don't
overpower the text and the page doesn't seem to tilt to one side or the other.
2. Proximity
Learn how to arrange elements on the page through proximity ‐‐ keeping like items
together and creating unity by how close or far apart elements are from each other.
Observe a group of people in a room. You can often learn a lot about who is listening
intently to another person, which are strangers, or who is ignoring who by how close
together they sit or stand. In design, proximity or closeness creates a bond between
people and between elements on a page. How close together or far apart elements are
placed suggests a relationship (or lack of) between otherwise disparate parts. Unity is
also achieved by using a third element to connect distant parts.
3. Alignment
While centered text has its place it is often the mark of a novice designer. Learn how to
align text and graphics to create more interesting, dynamic, or appropriate layouts. Lack
of alignment creates a sloppy, unorganized look. Mixing too many alignments can have a
similiar effect. However, it's also OK to break alignment when it serves a specific
purpose such as to intentionally create tension or draw attention to a specific element
on the page.
For simple arrangements, items can be aligned using the automatic align options in your
software. For more complicated layouts the use of guidelines and grids aid in the precise
placement of elements.
4. Repetition / Consistency
Get an understanding of the importance of consistency for the reader and ways to
create a consistent and balanced look through different types of repetition.
5. Contrast
Big vs. small, black vs. white. These are some ways to create contrast and visual interest.
Learn a variety of ways to use contrast. Contrast is one the principles of design. Contrast
occurs when two elements are different. The greater the difference the greater the
contrast. The key to working with contrast is to make sure the differences are obvious.
Four common methods of creating contrast are by using differences in size, value, color,
and type.
Contrast adds interest to the page and provides a means of emphasizing what is
important or directing the reader's eye. On a page without contrast, the reader doesn't
know where to look first or what is important. Contrast makes a page more interesting
so the reader is more apt to pay attention to what is on the page. Contrast aids in
readability by making headlines and subheadings stand out. Contrast shows what is
important by making smaller or lighter elements recede on the page to allow other
elements to take center stage.
6. White Space
The art of nothing is another description for this principle. View examples of good and
bad use of white space and how to avoid trapped white space.
White space is an important principle of design missing from the page layouts of many
novices. White space is nothing. White space is the absence of text and graphics. It
breaks up text and graphics. It provides visual breathing room for the eye. Add white
space to make a page less cramped, confusing, or overwhelming.
Graphic Design Definition
Graphic design is the process and art of combining text and graphics and communicating an
effective message in the design of logos, graphics, brochures, newsletters, posters, signs, and
any other type of visual communication. Today's graphic designers often use desktop publishing
software and techniques to achieve their goals.
Get a better understanding of the basics of graphic design by studying the elements and
principles of graphic design that govern effective design and page layout. Graphic design is the
process and art of combining text and graphics and communicating an effective message in the
design of logos, graphics, brochures, newsletters, posters, signs, and any other type of visual
communication. Designers achieve their goals by utilizing the elements and principles of graphic
design.
Graphic Design Basic Elements
Five basic elements of graphic design: lines, shapes, mass, texture, and color.
1. Lines
Lines are one of the basic elements of design. Alone or in combination with other lines
or shapes they can aid in the readability, appearance, and message of a design. Use lines
to:
o organize
o texturize
o guide the eye
o provide movement
o make a statement
o convey universal meanings
2. Shapes
Squares (and rectangles), triangles, and circles are the three basic shapes. Examine their
role in design including the psychology of shapes in logo design. Class also touches on
freeform shapes. Shape is one of the basic elements of design. Alone or in combination
with other shapes or lines they can convey universal meanings as well as guide the eye
or organize information. The three basic types of shapes are geometric, natural, and
abstract. Geometric shapes are structured, often symmetrical shapes. These include
squares, circles, and triangles but also octagons, hexagons, and cones. Natural shapes
are found in nature or they can be manmade shapes. Leaves are an example of a natural
shape. An ink blob is a natural shape. Natural shapes are often irregular and fluid.
Abstract shapes are stylized or simplified versions of natural shapes. Symbols found on
signs, such as the stylized wheelchair shape for handicapped access, is one example.
3. Mass
How big is it? Take a look at mass or visual weight of graphic and text elements. It
includes a large section on size and measurements for type and paper and images. Mass
is one of the basic elements of design. Mass equals size. Each piece you create has a
physical mass. Additionally, each element within the design (graphics, photos, lines, text
blocks) have their own mass relative to the whole piece. Part of working with mass in
desktop publishing is understanding how we measure the various parts of a design such
as paper, type, and images.
4. Texture
In addition to the actual texture of the paper we print on, look at the textures we create
through techniques such as embossing and the visual texture created with certain
graphics techniques. Texture is always a part of our designs whether intentional or not.
It is the visual or tactile surface characteristics of a piece. In desktop publishing, texture
comes from the paper we use. We may also add visual textures through the
arrangement of lines and shapes or the use of photographic images of specific surfaces.
5. Color
Color symbolism and association. It also touches briefly on the mechanics of color
reproduction on the Web and in print. Color is not essential to a good design. Black and
white and shades of gray can create 'color' that is just as effective as reds, blues, and
greens. However, color is an added dimension that can evoke moods and make
powerful statements when used wisely.