Converting Digital Data into Analog

Signals
Three basic techniques:
Amplitude shift keying
Frequency shift keying
Phase shift keying

Amplitude Shift Keying

One amplitude encodes a 0 while another amplitude
encodes a 1 (a form of amplitude modulation).

Amplitude Shift Keying

Some systems use multiple amplitudes.

Multiple Signal Levels

We can represent two levels with a single bit, 0 or 1.
We can represent four levels with two bits: 00, 01, 10, 11.
We can represent eight levels with three bits: 000, 001, 010,
011, 100, 101, 110, 111
Note that the number of levels is always a power of 2.

Frequency Shift Keying

One frequency encodes a 0 while another frequency
encodes a 1 (a form of frequency modulation).

Phase Shift Keying

One phase change encodes a 0 while another phase
change encodes a 1 (a form of phase modulation).

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

Four different phase angles are used:
45 degrees
135 degrees
225 degrees
315 degrees