11/18/2014 {criteria perencanaan struktur evakuast vertikal dari Tsunamis Dokumen Referensi Gites SiahsilA Rain bIserut 19Movember 2014, Introduction Behaviors and Characteristics of Tsunamis ‘Teunami 2 naturally occurring series of acean waves resting from 3 rap, large-scale csturbance ina body of water, caused by earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, and meteorite Impacts Afersource-renerated tsunan is one that oiginetes fom 2 source thats faraway from the site of interest, and takes 2 hours Corlonger after the triggering event to arrive, ‘Knear-source-generated tsunamis one that originates fom 2 source thats clove tthe ite of intrest, and aerves within 30 ‘minutes. The ste of intorest might aso experience the effects of the triggering event ‘Amid soucce-gonerated tsunamis one in hich the source is somewhat close tothe ste af interest, and would be expected to arrive between 30 minutes and 2 hours after the triggering event. “Teunarl wave period ca range from afew minutes to over hour resulting in an inereasod potential fr reflection, amplification, or resonance within coastal features.11/18/2014 ‘Table 2-2 compares various coastalhazard phenomena, ‘conadtiamd — atonot—agta ‘Soman’ fecap'” at Indian OceanTsunami “taanami unuphalghts vary significantly in nvighboving areas due to variations in offshore bathymetry that ean increase or deerease lal tsunami impacts ‘Teunami Effects on Buildings Structural damage frm tsunamis can be attbuted to [1) diet hydrostatic and yrodyrami forces from water ‘nundation; [2)impact forces from water-borne debs: [a) fre spread by lating debris and combustible gus; (@) scour and slope/foundation fare; and (5) wind forces induced by wave motion.11/18/2014 ‘sre orth tov ind. The ‘esecilgiteme hewn 28 bite on ar {fa ort reo ethcsopSopg has ‘The 1902 Nicaragua Teunami event provided other examples of variations ia te performance of different structures Figure 2- 2 shows cevere scour and complete destruction ofa grade- level wood rame hous lft), and survival ofan elvatod wood frame anda grade-level rgd mason stuctue (ight). ‘Allthres houses were located on 9 beach Berm nthe some ‘cnt les than 200meters apart. a ‘Stitt pps eng nner canspncy me11/18/2014 Observations from the Indian Ocean Tsunami taicpsr cr ofocdngina host roe sragr scorn ‘rn des aces ng Surana eee 23)11/18/2014 ‘Examples are aso evident where debris damming resulted in damage to structural members (Figure 28) ef seargrs11/18/2014 Observations from Hurricane Katrina ae (FEMAS48, 2006). This resulted in extensive inundation of low- felony Iynpccosvegas tom New Oar, otions to Mob Soe ‘ici ston anger ose ea tenon sand erwcer Ps Cvsonon tn Son the Mss css, Hogi did thousands of lit framed sige and mony Sees reader tty deseo bay damaged bs recs tor (EHASE, 0 ) f Uh TTT. i ‘imogote not lant helene vs ewes 22202 Si gre 2.2 Gu ove Heatetbg sed uta {Sind urcane atin, 265). :11/18/2014 ‘Nini Sten eRe Implications for Tsunami-Resistant Design ‘There ls much evidence that appropriately designed structural systems can sure tsuna inundation. ‘This enables consideration of vertial evacuation as viable alterativewhen horizontal evacuation out of the inundation one's not feasible, Implications for Tsunami-Resistant Design Observed effects from historic tsunami data the 2008 neian (Ocean Tunaml, and Supporting evidence from extreme storm sree landing associated with Huriane Katrina result in the follwing implications for tsunami resistant deen + Vertical evacuation strvtures should be wellenginaered feinforced concrete or see frame structures. ‘In the casecof near source generated tsunami hazards, vertical evacuation structures must be designed for sesmicloadng in ‘dition to tsumarmioad effets, * Vertical evacuation structures should be located aay trom the ‘wave breaking zone Implications for Tsunami-Resistant Design + impact frees and daring effects from water-borne debris re Sieiicant and must be considered. += When elevated lor levels are subject to aundation, uplt Fores rom added buoyancy due to tapped alr ard vertical Inroeynamic forces on the floor slab must be considered, * Scour atound th foundations must be considered ‘Because of uncertainty inthe nature of water borne debs and ‘he potential for very large forces due to impact, progressive collapse concepts should be employed in the design of vertical evacuation structures to minize the possibilty of ‘sproportionate collapse ofthe structural system.11/18/2014 ‘Tsunami sources and approximate warning times dente tinge rie LOAD DETERMINATION AND STRUCTURAL DESIGN CRITERIA Performance Objectives While spectc performance objectives for varius forms of rare loading can vary, aceptable structural performance generally followsa tend corresponding to: ‘tte or ne damage fer small, more frequently occuring events; + moderate damage for metiom se, lss Frequent events; and + Signieant damage, but no callapsefor very large, very are events, N AN 133 INN Tsunami Performance Objective ‘The Teunami Performance Objective includes the potential for sigiicant damage while malntalving 2 eable and stable refuge when subjected tothe Maximum Considered Teunam. Most structures would be expected tobe repairable, although the economic viability of repair wilbe uncertain11/18/2014 Seismic and Wind Performance Objectives Seismicand Wind Performance Objectives are consistent with the code defined perormanco of essential facies such ashospitals, pole ad fie stations, 2nd emergoncy ‘peraton centers. ‘The pecormance objective for vertical evacuation structures ubjected to seemic and wind harards should be consistent ‘with that of code-definesezzental facies such as hosp, police and fre stations, and emerganey operation centers. Following the prescriptive approach inthe Intemational ‘building Codi, ond alsa SMI 1726:2022, vertical evacuation structures are assigned to Oceypancy Category, Wegering ‘design requirements that provide enkanced performance felativeto typical buldngs for normal occupancies, \utaing the approach in ASCE/SE1 41.06, the performance objective for code-defined essential facies woud be Immediate Occupancy performance for the Design Basis Earthquake (O88) and Life Safety performance forthe ‘Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE) Expected performance level Earthquake Loading ‘The recommended basis for seismic design of vertical evacuation stuctures i Tata Cara Perencanaan Ketahanan ‘Gempa untuk Bagunan Gedung dan Nen Gedung, Badan ‘Standariasi Nasional, SNI1726:2012. These requirements are bse onthe ASCE/SEI7-10 Minimum Design Leads for Buldings ond Other Structares forts seismic requirements. Vertical evacuation structures should be designed using rules for Occupancy Category W buildings “The importance fctor for earthquake, le=1.50.11/18/2014 Near-Source-Generated Tsunamis Aerial evacuation structure leatein a region susceptible to near-soucegenerate tsunamis key to experience strong found shaking immediately prior tothe tsunami As 3 property designed essential fait, itis expected that suficint reserve ‘capac wl be provided inthe structure to resist the subsequent {sunamiloading effects. The reserve capacity ofthe structure, ‘which wll be Some fraction ofthe orga, needs tobe evaluated Near-Source-Generated Tsunamis {tis recommended that the condition ofthe structure after the Design Basis Earthquake (O8E be used todetermine the adequacy for tsunami loading inadequate, the resulting design ‘ould then need tobe mosifed as necessary to adress tsunami effects For areas that are subject to near source generated ‘tsunamis, thie sequential loading condition wil cleariy control the ‘design of the structure. To helpensure adequate strength and

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