Komunikimet Mobile
Kapitulli I
Rrjetet Komunikuese
Prmbajtja
- Koncepti i rrjeteve komunikuese
- Klasifikimi i rrjeteve komunikuese
- Teknologjit e rrjeteve komunikuese
- Llojet e rrjeteve komunikuese n Evrop
- Protokollet n rrjetet komunikuese
Koncepte themelore
Mediumet transmetuese
Mediumet transmetuese mund t ndahen n:
Mediume t mbyllur
percuesi i ciftuar, kablloja koaksiale, fija optike
Mediume t hapura
hapesira e lire (radio valet, mikrovalet)
Koncepte themelore
Spektri frekuencor per komunikim
Percuesi
i ciftuar
1 Mm
300 Hz
Kablloja koaksiale
10 km
30 kHz
VLF
LF
100 m
3 MHz
MF
HF
Transmetimi optik
1m
300 MHz
VHF
UHF
10 mm
30 GHz
SHF
EHF
100 m
3 THz
1 m
300 THz
Koncepte themelore
Spektri dhe gjersia e brezit frekuencor te sinjalit
Spektri i sinjalit
Frekuencat perberse te sinjalit
Komponenta spektrale DC
Komponenta me frekuence zero
Koncepte themelore
Kapaciteti i kanalit
Tregon shpejtsin maksimale me t ciln mund t transmetohet informacioni
npr at kanal
Cfare shpejtesie e transmetimit te sinjait mund te arrihet per gjersi te caktuar te
brezit frekuencor ?
Cfare gjersie e brezit frekuencor eshte e nevojshme per shpejtesi te caktuar te
transmetimit ?
Nyquist:
C= 2 B (b/s) ; te transmetimi binar
C= 2 B log 2M (b/s) ; te transmetimi me M nivele
C - kapaciteti i kanalit, B - sht gjrsia e brezit frekuencor t kanalit .
Shannon
C= B log2(1+S/N)
(b/s)
Koncepte themelore
Komutimi i kanaleve
Komutimi i paketeve
Koncepte themelore
Intensiteti i komunikacionit
Numri mesatar i thirrjeve te njekohesishme gjate nje intervali te caktuar
kohor
Matet ne njesine erlang
Sipas shkenctarit danez A.K. Erlang, themelues i traffic engineering dhe
queueing theory
Komunikacion telefonik
Nese nje link eshte i zene 50 % te kohes se veshtrimit, atehere themi se
neper ate link eshte kryer komunikacioni prej 0.5 erlang
Dimensionimi
busy hour
GoS (Grade of service)
Formula B e Erlangut, formula C e Erlangut
Ne SHBA perdoret njesia CCS (100 call seconds)
1 erlang = 3600 call seconds = 36 CCS
Koncepte themelore
Standardet
International Telecommunication Uninon (ITU)
Organizate nderkombetare ne kuader te OKB-se per kordinim global te rrjeteve
dhe serviseve ne sektorin shteteror dhe ate privat
Telecommunication Standardization Sector ( ITU-T)
Pergjegjes per standardizime ne telekomunikacion
Koncepte themelore
Rregullatoret e telekomunikacionit
Rregullimin e telekomunikacionit kombetar ne pajtim me rregullat e
Koncepte Themelore
Serviset dhe aplikacionet
Serviset dhe aplikacionet jan dy koncepte fundamentale n rrjetet
komunikuese, t cilat shpesh prdoren si sinonime.
Servisi sht shrbimi q rrjeti ia ofron shfrytzuesit dhe pr kt
shrbim shfryzuesi paguan.
Aplikacioni sht mjet i shfrytzuesit pr ta prdorur servisin
I vetmi qllim i ekzistimit t rrjeteve komunikuese sht tiu ofrohen
shrbime aplikacioneve t shfrytzuesve
Shfrytzuesit i blejn vetm ato servise t cilat ju nevojiten
Koncepte Themelore
Serviset
Koncepte Themelore
Kualiteti i serviseve QoS (Quality-of-Service)
sht eshtje themelore n rrjetet komunikuese, t cilat aplikacioneve
t shfrytzuesve iu ofrojn servise n kohen reale
Pr QoS ekzistojn prkufizime t ndryshme
Aplikacionet krkojn prej rrjetit servise adekuate, t cilat do t ofroj
kualitet t pranueshm q do ti knaq krkesat e komunikimit
Nga kndvshtrimi i shfrytzuesit QoS paraqet qualitetin e servisit t
cilin e prjeton shfytzuesi
Nga kndvshtrimi i rrjetit me QoS nnkuptojm mekanizmat t cilat iu
ofrojn serviset e krkuara aplikacioneve t shfrytzuesve. Kto
servise nnkuptojn:
Ofrimin e resurseve
Trajtimin prkats t aplikacioneve n nyet e rrjetit (rutera)
Koncepte Themelore
Teknologjit pr komutim
Teknologjit pr transmetim
Menaxhimi i rrjeteve
Telefonia IP (VoIP)
Siguria e rrjeteve
Teknologjit pr Komutim
Wireless network
Wired network
Wired network
Regional network
Access network
Long-distance
network
Komutimi kanaleve
GSM
Global System for Mobile Communication
Komutimi i paketave
GPRS
General Packet Radio Service
UMTS
Universal Mobile Telecommunication System
WLAN
Wireless Local Area Network
VSAT
Very Small Aperture Terminal Network
Komutimi kanaleve
PSTN
Public Switched Telephone Network
ISDN
Integrated Services Digital Network
Komutimi i paketave
X.25
X.25 Packet Switching
FR
Frame Relay
ATM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode
IP
Internet Protocol
SS7
Signalling System Number 7
LAN
Local Area Network
CATV
Cable TV Network
Teknologjit pr Transmetim
- Transmetimi gati-sinkron (Plesiochronous transmission)
- PCM 30 + 2
- 2.048 Mbit/s, 64 kbit/s
- PCM 24
- 1.544 Mbit/s, 64 kbit/s
Copper
access
Wireless
access
Satellite
Mobile
Internet
WLL
PBX (Private
Branch Exchange)
FTTC
Fiber
access
Cable TV
WLAN
FTTB
FTTH
LAN
HDSL
High Data Rate DSL
VHDSL Very High Data Rate DSL
WLL
Wireless Local Loop
FTTB Fiber-to-the-Building
FTTC Fiber-to-the-Curb
FTTH Fiber-to-the-Home
4-7
- PDH
- FR
- X.25
- Gateways
- SDH
- MPLS
- IP
- Firewalls
- WDM
- Ethernet
- PSTN
- WLAN
- ISDN
- ATM
xx
xx
xx
xx
xx
Access Link
Switch
Switch
Switch
A
C
B
Inter-Switch Network
C
C
B
Switch
B
x
Switch
Switch
C
xx
B
x
A
xx
B
xx
xx
C
x
C
x
Mobiliteti
Internet
Hotspot A
(
AP
AP
Micro-Mobility
Hotspot B
AP
Macro-Mobility
AP
Micro-Mobility
Menaxhimi i Rrjeteve
- Telecommunication Management Network (TMN)
- Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
- Remote Monitoring (RMON)
- Management Platforms
Telefonia IP
SIP-Proxy
SIP
MGC
SCTP/M3UA
SG
SS7
VoIP
Provider
PSTN
LT
MG
ISDN
RTP/RTCP
TE
Local
SIP-Proxy
DSLAM
MPLS
Backbone
ADSL
Aggregator
xDSL
Access
Network
CPE
LAN
SIP-UA
MGC: Media Gateway Controller
MG: Media Gateway
SG: Signaling Gateway
SS7: Signaling System No 7
Telefonia IP
Source
node
IP Network
Destination
node
Play-out
Buffer
Congestion
Problemet:
- Kongjestion n nyet e rrjetit
Congestion
- Humbje e paketave per shkak t
vrshimit t baferave
- Jitter i vonesave
Destination
node
Telephone network
Internet
Play-out
buffer
Siguria e Rrjeteve
Rrjeti
Hosti A
Hosti B
Siguria e Rrjeteve
- Security Location
- Layered Protocol Security
- Access Security
- Layer-2 Security
- Layer-3 Security
- Layer-4 Security
- Layer-7 Security
- WLAN Multi-layer Approach to Security
- Firewalls
- Authorization
- Mobility and Roaming
Siguria e Rrjeteve
rrjeti
Hosti A
Hosti B
Shtresat
5-7
Shtresa e aplikacionit
Shtresat
5-7
Shtresa 4
Shtresa e transportit
Shtresa 4
Shtresa 3
Shtresa 2
Shtresa 1
Shtresa e rrjetit
Shtresa e data linkut
Shtresa fizike
Shtresa 3 Shtresa 3
Shtresa 2 Shtresa 2
Shtresa 1 Shtresa 1
Shtresa e rrjetit
Shtresa e data linkut
Shtresa fizike
Shtresa 3
Shtresa 2
Shtresa 1
Mediumi fizik
PSTN
Satellite Networks
Internet
Mobile IP technology
campus-based
horizontal
hand-over
in-house
Protokollet n rrjetet
komunikuese
Protokollet
Gjuhe e komunikimit
Duhet te jete e njajte
Entitetet
Aplikacionet
Kompjuterat
Terminalet
Sensoret ne largesi
Arkitektura e Standardizuar e
Protokolleve
E nevojshme per komunikim te pajisjeve te prodhuesve te
ndryshem
Shfrytezuesit kerkojne pajisje te bazuara ne standarde
Dy standardet me te njohura:
Modeli referent OSI (Open System Interconnection)
Eshte model teorik i vonuar
Nuk i ka permbushur parashikimet
Familja e protokolleve TCP/IP
TCP/IP eshte ne perdorim me te gjere nga te gjitha standardet
Praktikisht eshte standard
Application
Aplikacionit
Presentation
Presentimit
Session
Sesionit
Transport
Transportit
Network
Rrjetit
Data Link
Data Linkut
Physical
Fizike
Mekanike
Elektrike
Funksionale
Procedurale
Shtresa e Rrjetit
Bartjen e informacioneve
Shtresat e larta nuk kane nevoje te dine se cila teknologji e rrjetit po
perdoret
Shtresa e Transportit
Shtresa e Presentimit
Shtresa e Aplikacionit
Mbeshtet aplikacionet e shfrytzuesve
Intermediate
Node B
Node C
Application
Presentation
Presentation
Session
Session
Transport
Transport
Network
Network
Network
Data Link
Data Link
Data Link
Physical
Physical
Physical
Shtresa e aplikacionit
Shtresa e transportit (host to host)
Shtresa Internet
Shtresa e interfejsit me rrjetin
Shtresa per qasje ne rrjet
Shtresa fizike
Protokollet TCP/IP
Application
Transport
Internet
Network Access
Network Interface
Physical
OSI
Application
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Transport
Internet
Network
Data Link
Network Interface
Physical
Protokollet TCP/IP
TELNET
FTP
SMTP
TFTP
DNS
Transmission Control
Protocol (TCP)
Routing
Protocols
BOOTP
User Datagram
Protocol (UDP)
ICMP
SNMP
RIP
IPSec
Internet Protocol (IP)
ARP
RARP
Ethernet
Token
Ring
FDDI
ATM
Frame
Relay
X.25
PPP
Protokollet TCP/IP
IP
TCP
UDP
Internet Protocol
Transmission Control Protocol
User Datagram Protocol
RIP
OSPF
ICMP
ARP
RARP
TELNET
FTP
SMTP
Terminal Emulation
File Transfer Protocol
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
TFTP
DNS
BOOTP
SNMP
Protokollet Standarde
RFC 791
RFC 792
RFC 1112
RFC 768
RFC 793
RFC 854/5
RFC 959
RFC 821
RFC 1034/5
RFC 1157
RFC 1350
RFC 1661
RFC 2328
Numrat e Protokolleve
Algoritmat e rrugimit:
Per ta gjetur rrugen me te shkurtere prej burimit deri te
caku
Gjatsia e hederit mund t jet prej 20 deri n 60 bajt dhe mund t zgjrohet
me multipl nga katr bajta
Madhsia e paylodit sht variabile dhe mund t jet prej 8 deri n 65,515
bajta
Header
8
HLEN
16
Type of Service
Identification
Time to Live
19
24
Total Length
Flags
Protocol
Fragment Offset
Header Checksum
Source IP Address
Destination IP Address
IP Options
Data
Padding
Gjatsia e hederit paraqitet n fjal binare 32 bitshe, dmth n blloqe me nga 4 bajta
Network ID (7)
Host ID (24)
Network ID (14)
Host ID (16)
Network ID (21)
Host ID (8)
Multicast addresses
Class D addresses
DHCP overview:
DHCP
server
223.1.1.1
223.1.1.2
223.1.1.4
223.1.2.9
B
223.1.1.3
223.1.3.1
223.1.2.1
223.1.3.27
223.1.2.2
223.1.3.2
arriving DHCP
client needs
address in this
network
DHCP discover
src : 0.0.0.0, 68
dest.: 255.255.255.255,67
yiaddr: 0.0.0.0
transaction ID: 654
DHCP offer
src: 223.1.2.5, 67
dest: 255.255.255.255, 68
yiaddrr: 223.1.2.4
transaction ID: 654
Lifetime: 3600 secs
DHCP request
time
src: 0.0.0.0, 68
dest:: 255.255.255.255, 67
yiaddrr: 223.1.2.4
transaction ID: 655
Lifetime: 3600 secs
DHCP ACK
src: 223.1.2.5, 67
dest: 255.255.255.255, 68
yiaddrr: 223.1.2.4
transaction ID: 655
Lifetime: 3600 secs
arriving
client
Type
0
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
Code
0
0
1
2
3
6
7
0
8
9
10
11
12
0
0
0
0
0
description
echo reply (ping)
dest. network unreachable
dest host unreachable
dest protocol unreachable
dest port unreachable
dest network unknown
dest host unknown
source quench (congestion
control - not used)
echo request (ping)
route advertisement
router discovery
TTL expired
bad IP header
40 oktete, 8 fusha
Pjeses s t dhnave
IPv6 Main
Header
- TPDU
Extension
Header
...
Extension
Header
Transport level
PDU
Fragmentim
Siguri
Menaxhimin e rrjetit
Rrugimin burimor
Funksione tjera
Fusha Flow Label (20 bit) perdoret nga burimi i paketes ti shenoj paketet qe i
takojne nje rrjedhe te vecante e qe kerkojne tretman shtese per QoS (p.sh. reltime video).
Shembull:
2031:0000:1F1F:0000:0000:0100:11A0:ADDF
Gjatsia e prefiksit
Informacion tjeter i rendesishem eshte gjatesia e prefiksit (/prefixlength)
Vlera decimale e bitave m t larte n adres q paraqesin
pjesn e adress s rrjetit.
1080:6809:8086:6502::/64
1080:6809:8086:6502/64
Network Prefix
XXXX
XXXX
Interface ID
XXXX
XXXX
XXXX
128 bits
XXXX
XXXX
XXXX
DHCPv6
Protokollet
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol
UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
Lidhja
Asociacion i perkohshem logjike ne mes te entiteteve ne sisteme te
ndryshme
TCP PDU
Quhet segmenti TCP
Permbane portin burimor dhe destinues (SAP)
Identifikimi i shfrytezuesve (aplikacioneve)
Lidhja referohet si lidhje ne mes te portave
Fusha Sequence number (32 bitshe) e tregon numrin e sekuences te oktetit te pare ne
segmentin aktual, perveq ne rastin kur flegu SYN = 1
Fusha Flags (6 bitshe), per cdo fleg (nese flegu eshte i setuar) ka keto domethanie:
URG, ACK, PSH, RST, SYN, FIN.
Fusha Window (16 bitshe), prdoret te flow control pr t treguar se sa oktete mund te
transmetohen pa vertetim
Fusha Urgent pointer (16 bitshe), permban numrin e sekuences se oktetit te fundit ne
sequencen e informacioneve urgjente
ftp 21
ftp 22
telnet 23
smtp 25
http 80
pop3 110
imap 143
snmp 161
https 443
Protokolli UDP
Protokoll i thjeshte
Telnet
Serviset e Internetit