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IT U T E O F

HNOLOG

1891

AL

IF O R NIA

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q V\[ A dhc\XS A VrR0S ? Z A Z(^>Z = c\d ;s= m < S>ct[Bc k\E

TWV ? V\u = SVnv q V\[ A dhc\XS A V
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z|{ ^ C a A ZoZ = u~}V E~ v wYx\x>y

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a = SFZlv1Z = V\m <A S k vp!VYZ A`= Sm = v1Z A a = V\SudX AB= Su ?(<A p&TsT'`v&V ? = V\[B['mlV\[B[ <A aUv AB? Z <>=rC1=@? ZV\u> AB? c\X
V\S E ctS = mlV\S = = X_!Su R < V@ =k X = VYZ([ EOC= S = _Z = uOdhX(cta

<AB? V\mlV\u = a A m = m = [B[ = Sm = v <$AB?r? Z E [ = c\d

Z <A S A S k ; < V\S E ct^T'Ts`v$dc\X = = X E Z <A S kE ct^UZ(V\^ kt< Za = V\Su = = X E Z <A S kE ct^ k V@ = a =
Rj3ct^[BuV\[ ? c[ AB\= ZocZ < V\S Z <>= a = a C1= X ? c\da E mlV\S$u A uV\m E= V\aV\Sua E T <i

u = d = S ?o=

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}ml2[ A`= m = v i X@ i YV X A ^ ?(<iA ? V\[bVYX@v>TX(c\d2>>]>XV\S [ A S vT2X(c\dT A`= ZoX(cT = X(ctSVnv i X@#R k c\X i2 c c A mY
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; <= p = c\p![ = A S q V\[BZ = m <iA`ktA Z(V\[TX(cnm =@?(?(A S kr X(ct^>paV\u = a E? Z(V E VYZ q V\[`Z = m <= S c E V C [ = V\Su
= SFZ = X(Z(V A S A S k { ctS E VYXV VYXV\S v i X@ < a = Z A X5V\mYv i X@:MV\aV\[ ; ^ g V\S v i X@2^V\ST =@A'sA S v
i X@ { =l= }V E T < cctS k v$V\Su3c V\S#Xm = [ v$Z < V\S ? dc\X = = X E Z <A S k DR =@? p = m A V\[B[ E DV\SMZZocZ < V\S
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;f<>= u>c\Z~u A ^ ?(A ctSa = Z < cnu7dc\X~u A`ktA Z(V\[

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; <>=A aV k\=g ^V\[ A Z E c 1= X = u CE= X(Xc\X~u A ^ ?(A ctS AB?

? Z A [b[WX =lk VYXu = uV ?:? ^p = X A c\XZocac ? Zjc\dZ <>= c\Z <>= X S>cSOa = Z < cnu ? =?(< c

< cZ <>=A aV k\=

g ^V\[ A Z E c C (Z V A S = u^ ?(A S k Z <>= u>c\Zru A` ^ ?A ctSa = Z < cnumlV\S C1=A apX(c = u C E c\pZ A a `A YV Z A ctSIc\d Z <>=
? c mlV\[B[ = uIml[BV ?? aVYZoX A E Z(V nA S k Z <=< ^aV\SI Ab? ^V\[2m < VYXV\mZ = X Ab? Z A m ?A SFZocV\mlmct^SFZ =?(< c
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? V\mX A _$m A S k Z <>= p A`= [ [ = = [Dp$VYXV\[B[ = [ AB? aU ; <>= u>c\Zu A ^ ?(A ctSV\[ k c\X A Z < a A [B[ C1= u AB? ml^ ??o= uV\Su
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=A SFZoX(cu$^m =U;

z cc p ; V C [ =C V ?o= u < V\[BdZoctS A S k V\SuZoX =l=? ZoX^$mZ(^>X = u s;

< V\[`dhZoctS A S k  = u = actS ? ZoXVYZ =< c

VYZ = X@v
z ; ;

= XX(c\X:u A ^ ?(A ctSm < VYXV\mZ = X Ab? Z A m ? mlV\S C1= V\m <AB= = uO A Z < Z <AB?

a = Z < cnu dZ = X3VYXu ? v>ct^>XfV\[ k c\X A Z < a A [b[ C1= ZoXV A S = uctS < V\[`dhZoctS =@? c C Z(V A S = u CFEiA X = mZf A SVYX E
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c\d ; s;.< V\[`dhZoctS A S kAB?<A`kt<>= XfZ < V\S~Z < VYZc\d = X(X(c\Xu A ^ ?(A ctS C ^>Zfa^m < [`c = XZ < V\SZ < VYZc\d#Z <>=
i { V\[ k c\X A Z < aU ; < ^ ? v < V\[`dhZoctS =A aV k\=g ^$V\[ A Z EC1= Z =l= SUZ < VYZDc\d = XX(c\X u A ^ ?(A ctSV\Su i { A [B[
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= V\[ ? cu AB? ml^ ?(? Z <>=UA SF = X ?o=U< V\[`dhZoctS A S k pX(c C [ = aURSF = X ?o=U< V\[`dhZoctS A S kAB? Z <>= X = mctS ? ZoX^m
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A Z ?j< V\[BdZoctS = u = X (? A ctS = pX(c\p1c ?o= Z,ca = Z < nc u ? dhc\X

A SF = X ?o=< V\[`dhZoctS A S k c\d2u>c\Zu A ^ ?o= u A aV k\=@? ; <>= _X ? ZctS = ^ ?o=@? TX(c o= mZ A ctS SFZoc q ctSM = { = Z ?
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A S kAB? c C Z(V A S = uIdXcta8Z <>=<AB? Zoc k XV\a

k VYZ <= X = udX(ctaVd =

? V\ap![ =< V\[BdZoctS =A aV k\=@? V\SuIZ <>=

mc\X(X =@? pctS$u A S k c\X A`ktA SV\[ A aV k\=@? D]c\X = V\m < p A`= [v$Z <>= V\[ k c\X A Z < a[`cc n? VYZZ <= p An= [ ? S =@ABkt<MC c\X
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X =@g ^ A X = u V\SuZ <>=A aV k\=g ^V\[ A Z E V\m <A`= = u AB? mctap$VYX5V C [ = ZocIZ <>=~C1=@? Za = Z < cnu ? S>cfSdhc\X


A SF = X ?o=< V\[`dhZoctS A S k ; <>=;A SM = X ?o=< V\[`dZoctS A S k a = Z < cuu>c =@? S>c\Zu = p = S$uOctSZ <>=? p = m A _$m
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< V\[`dhZoctS A S k Zocmct[`c\X < V\[`dhZoctS =@?
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u = Z = mZ A ctSdXcta

< V\[`dhZoctS = u A aV k\=@?

] A SV\[b[ E v> = mctS ?(A u = X Z <>= c\p$Z A aV\[ <Ab? Zoc k XV\aacu A _$mlVYZ A ctS A Z < } { a = ZoX A mjV\Su~c\p$Z A aV\[
mcnu =lC cFc ~?o= [ = mZ A ctSpX(c C [ = a~fVYZ = XaVYX A S k A Z <<Ab? Zoc k XV\aacu A _$mlVYZ A ctS AB? ctS = c\dZ <= d =
DVYZ = XaVYX nA S k a = Z < cnu ? <A m <IAB? Xc C ^ ? ZrZocX(c\Z(VYZ A ctSV\S$u ? mlV\[ A S k U = dc\X5ar^[bVYZ =<AB? Zoc k XV\a
acnu A _$mlVYZ A ctSpX(c C [ = aV ? _$Su A S k VZoX5V\S ? dhc\XaVYZ A ctS ? ^m < Z < VYZZ <>== X(X(c\X C= Z =l= SZ <>=fA Sp$^>Z#V\Su
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ct^>ZZ < VYZZ <AB? pXc C [ = a

AB?f=@g ^ A YV\[ = SFZZocUZ <=A SMZ =lk\= Xj[ A S = VYXp$X(c k XV\aa A S k pXc C [ = aU ; <>= S&v! =

dhc\Xar^$[BVYZ = Z <>= pXc C [ = ac\d1_$Su A S k Z <= c\pZ A aV\[>mcnu =lC cc <= X = Z <>= mcnu = 3c\Xu ? mlV\Smcta = dhX(cta
V~_!S A Z
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=@A`kt<MC c\X < cFcnu^ ?o= u A S A SF = X ?o=< V\[`dhZoctS A S k z X = mZ(V\S k ^$[BVYX ? ^>pp1c\X(Zlv oa e = mZJcZ = a
p$[BVYZ = jjj:jjjj:jjjj:jjjj:jjjj:jjj

S>c\Z <>= Xp1c ?(?(A`C [ = S =@A`kt<FC c\X < ccu^ ?o= u A S A SF = X ?o=< V\[`dhZoctS A S k z la y
p = [ ?
c Z = ap$[bVYZ = r

S = V\ap$[ = c\dfmc\XX =@? p1ctSu = Sm =C1= Z =l= SZ <>=A SMZ =lk\= X ?\jjA S ?(A u = Z <= Z(V C [ = V\S$u
z jlk v j > dc\X la y
p = [ ? 
c Z = ap$[BVYZ = 8jjjj:jjjj:jjjj:jjj

q ctap!VYX AB? ctSc\du A1= X = SFZZoXV A S A S k?(= Z ? z c\Z =\Tm S = VYX:T { e YV\[B^ = u = S>c\Z =@?
Z < VYZZ <>=A aV k\=AB? ^ ?o= u A SZ <>= ZoXV A S A S k?o= Zl ; <>=< V\[`dhZoctS =@? = X = c C Z(V A S = u CE
= X(X(c\Xu A ^ ?(A ctS jjjj:jjjj:jjjj:jjjj:jjj


q ctap!VYX AB? ctSc\d#u A1= X = SFZZ = ap$[BVYZ =@? 2V\[BdZoctS =@? VYX = c C Z(V A S = u CFE= X(X(c\Xu A ^ ?(A ctS


;s= ap$[BVYZ = ^ ?o= uOdc\X ;

\w
\w

A SM = X (? =< V\[`dhZoctS A S k c\d ] { = X(X(c\Xu A ^ ?o= u A aV k\=@? m x

u = S>c\Z =@? Z <>= ml^>X(X = SMZ#p A`= [v\V\Su m Z < p A= [nu = Sc\Z =@? Z <>= c\Xu = X A S <A m < Z <>= p An= [
AB? V\u$u = uUZocZ <>= Z = ap$[BVYZ =

:jjjj:jjjj:jjjj:jjj


q ctap!VYX AB? ctSc\dWc\pZ A aV\[1Z = ap$[BVYZ = A Z < c\Z <>= X ? z = XX(c\Xu A` ^ ?A ctS

;s= ap$[BVYZ = ^ ?o= uUdhc\X ; A SF = X ?o=j< V\[BdZoctS A S k c\d'ml[B^ ? Z = X = u~u A Z <>= X = u A aV k\=@? 8j

q ctap!VYX AB? ctSc\dWc\pZ A aV\[1Z = ap$[BVYZ = A Z < c\Z <>= X ? z ml[b^ ? Z = X = u~u A Z <>= X ~:jjj


:jjj

ylx T = X(dhc\XaV\Sm = c\dnZ,c ? Z = p ;A SF = X ?o=< V\[`dZoctS A S k V\[ k c\X A Z < a7dc\Xml[b^ ? Z = X = uu A Z <>= X
< V\[`dhZoctS =@? /jj:jjjj:jjjj:jjjj:jjjj:jjj


y\y;s= ap$[BVYZ = ^ ?o= udc\X ;A SM = X ?o= < V\[`dhZoctS A S k c\d u AB? p = X ?(= uru A Z <>= X = u A aV k\=@? z n8o
DV E\= X@ ? aVYZoX A

jjjj:jjjj:jjjj:jjjj:jjj

y@we =@? ^[`Z ? c\dfmct[`c\X A SM = X ?o=< V\[`dZoctS A S kA S$u = p = Su = SFZ([ EA S = V\m < mct[`c\Xp$[bV\S = ^ ?A S k
; A SF = X ?o=r< V\[`dhZoctS A S k j:jjjj:jjjj:jjjj:jjj

y@;s= ap$[BVYZ = <A m <AB? ^ ?o= ujZoc =@? Z A aVYZ =,e p$[BV\S = YV\[B^ =@? dhc\Xsmct[Bc\X A SF = X ?o=< V\[BdZoctS A S k
; <>=j< V\[`dZoctS =@? VYX = c C Z(V A S = u CE= X(Xc\Xfu A ^ ?(A ctS&jj:jjjj:jjj

; <>=j< V\[`dZoctS =@? VYX = c C Z(V A S = u CE= X(Xc\Xfu A ^ ?(A ctS&jj:jjjj:jjj

> y

S = V\ap$[ = c\d'Z = ap$[BVYZ = ^ ?o= u A S A SF = X ?o=r< V\[`dhZoctS A S k :jjjj:jjj

> w

R0S A Z A V\[Z = ap![BVYZ =

y ;s= ap$[BVYZ = <A m <Ab? ^ ?o= uZoc =@? Z A aVYZ = p$[BV\S = YV\[B^ =@? dc\Xmct[Bc\X A SF = X ?o=< V\[BdZoctS A S k
; <>=j< V\[`dZoctS =@? VYX = c C Z(V A S = u CE= X(Xc\Xfu A ^ ?(A ctS&jj:jjjj:jjj
y ;s= ap$[BVYZ = <A m <jAB? ^ ?(= uZoc =@? Z A aVYZ = p$[bV\S = YV\[B^ =@? dhc\Xsmct[`c\X A SF = X ?o=2< V\[BdZoctS A S k

g\h

^ ?o= u A S ZoX =l=? ZoX^mZ(^X = u ;A SF = X ?o=I< V\[`dhZoctS A S k c\d

]W[`c E u { Z =@A S C1= X k= X(Xc\Xfu A ^ ?o= u A aV k\=@? /:jjjj:jjjj:jjj



>

mX(ctS E a ? ^ ?o= u A S q < VYpZ = X>jjjj:jjjj:jjjj:jjj



>

q ctap!VYX AB? ctSc\dru A`= X = SFZZoX =l=? ZoX^mZ(^>X =@? ^ ?o= u A S ;f;A SM = X ?(=< V\[BdZoctS A S k

\
\

z c\Z =\pm &S = VYXrT { e V\[b^ = u = S>c\Z =@? Z < VYZjZ <>=A aV k\=AB? ^ ?o= u A SZ <>= ZoXV A S A S k
?o= Zl
>

jjjj:jjjj:jjjj:jjjj:jjjj:jjj

q ctap!VYX AB? ctSIc\du A`= X = SFZ:Z = ap$[BVYZ =@? ^ ?o= u A S ;A SM = X ?o=< V\[`dZoctS A S k z c\Z =\
$S = VYXT { e V\[b^ = u = S>c\Z =@? Z < VYZ Z <>=jA aV k\=:AB? ^ ?(= u A SZ <>= ZoXV A S A S k?o= Zl
m

> 

R0S A Z A V\[Z = ap$[BVYZ =

O^ ?o= u A SZoX =l=? ZoX5^mZ(^>X = u s;

I

Cq

A SF = X ?o=< V\[`dhZoctS A S k c\d

ml[B^ ? Z = X = u~u A Z <= X = u A aV k\=@? U:jjjj:jjjj:jjjj:jjj

>

q ctap!VYX AB? ctSc\d#u A1= X = SFZZoX =l=r? ZoX^mZ(^>X =@? dhc\X ;f; A SF = X ?o=j< V\[`dhZoctS A S k c\d#ml[B^ ?0
Z = X = uu A Z >< = X = u A aV k\=@? z \c Z \= Vm &S = VYXjT { e YV\[B^ = u = S>c\Z =@? Z < VYZZ <>=A aV k\=
AB? ^ ?o= u A SUZ <>= ZoX5V A S A S k?o= Zl

> 

jjjj:jjjj:jjjj:jjj

q ctap!VYX AB? ctSc\d u A1= X = SFZWZoX =l=f? ZoX^$mZ(^>X =@? dhc\XZ3c ? Z = p ; ; A SF = X ?o= < V\[`dZoctS A S k
c\dDml[B^ ? Z = X = uu A Z <>= X = u A aV k\=@? z c\Z =\m S = VYXrT { e V\[b^ = u = S>c\Z =@? Z < VYZZ <=
A aV k\=rAB? ^ ?o= u A SZ <>= ZoXV A S A S k?o= Zl

>

R0S A Z A V\[Z = ap$[BVYZ =

Cr

jj:jjjj:jjjj:jjj

^ ?o= u A SZoX =l=? ZoX5^mZ(^>X = u s;

 

A SF = X ?o=< V\[`dhZoctS A S k c\d

ml[B^ ? Z = X = u~u A Z <= X = u A aV k\=@? U:jjjj:jjjj:jjjj:jjj

 A
> ylx q ctap!VYX AB? ctSc\dsu A= X = SMZDZoX =l=j? ZoX5^mZ(^>X =@? dhc\X ; ;7A SM = X ?o=< V\[`dhZoctS A S k c\d

\8b

c\Xu = X = uu A Z <>= X = u A aV k\=@? z c\Z =\sm FS = VYX2T { e V\[B^ = u = S>c\Z =@? Z < VYZZ <>=fA aV k\=
AB? ^ ?o= u A SUZ <>= ZoX5V A S A S k?o= Zl

jjjj:jjjj:jjjj:jjj

:jjjj:jjjj:jjj

> y@w; Z = ap![BVYZ = ^ ?o= u A S < V\[`dhZoctS A S k 'jj:jjjj:jjjj:jjj

> y\y q ctap!VYX AB? ctSc\d u A1= X = SFZWZoX =l=f? ZoX^$mZ(^>X =@? dhc\XZ3c ? Z = p ; ; A SF = X ?o= < V\[`dZoctS A S k
c\d

c\Xu = X = uu A Z <= X = u A aV k\=@? z c\Z =\om 1S = VYXT { e V\[B^ = u = S>c\Z =@? Z < VYZ

R8

Z <>=:A aV k\=:AB? ^ ?(= u A SZ <>= ZoXV A S A S k?o= Zl

1= mZ ? c\d < V\[`dhZoctS A S k V\Su A SF = X ?o=U< V\[`dhZoctS A S k ctS3VYZ = X5aVYX mc\X(X = [BVYZoc\X <= S
DVYZ = XaVYX n? aVYZ(m < 2R0aV k\=@? VYX =:< V\[`dhZoctS = u CE ]'[Bc E u { Z =@A S C1= X k= X(X(c\Xfu A` ^ ?A ctS

ylx$

1= mZ ? c\d < V\[`dhZoctS A S k V\Su A SF = X ?o=U< V\[`dhZoctS A S k ctS3VYZ = X5aVYX mc\X(X = [BVYZoc\X <= S
DVYZ = XaVYX n? u>cS>c\ZaVYZ(m < OR0aV k\=@? VYX =U< V\[BdZoctS = u CE ]W[`c E u { Z =@A S C1= X k= X(Xc\X
u A ^ ?(A ctS

jj:jjjj:jjjj:jjjj:jjjj:jjj

1= mZ ? c\d < V\[`dhZoctS A S k V\Su A SF = X ?o=U< V\[`dhZoctS A S k ctS3VYZ = X5aVYX mc\X(X = [BVYZoc\X <= S
DVYZ = XaVYX n? aVYZ(m < 2R0aV k\=@? VYX =:< V\[`dhZoctS = u CE ml[B^ ? Z = X = uUuc\Zl2jj:jjj

ylx

1= mZ ? c\d < V\[`dhZoctS A S k V\S$u A SF = X ?o=:< V\[`dZoctS A S k ctSacta = SFZ A SFVYX A V\SMZ ? v/tvu z ^ ?(= u
dhc\Xfp$^ C [ A m DVYZ = XaVYX A S kF /:jjjj:jjjj:jjjj:jjj

ylx

1= mZ ? c\d < V\[`dhZoctS A S k V\Su A SF = X ?o=U< V\[`dhZoctS A S k ctS3VYZ = X5aVYX mc\X(X = [BVYZoc\X <= S
DVYZ = XaVYX n? aVYZ(m < 2R0aV k\=@? VYX =:< V\[`dhZoctS = u CE c\Xu = X = uUu A Z <>= X@Ujj:jjj

ylx$

y\ylx

1= mZ ? c\d < V\[`dhZoctS A S k V\Su A SM = X ?o=:< V\[`dhZoctS A S k ctSacta = SFZ A SFYVYX A V\SFZ ? vw<u z ^ ?(= u
dhc\Xfp$^ C [ A m DVYZ = XaVYX A S kF /:jjjj:jjjj:jjjj:jjj

y\y\y

c\Z(VYZ A ctS ? ^ ?o= u A Sc\pZ A aV\[&mcnu =lC cFc ?o= [ = mZ A ctS~pX(c C [ = a~#jjjj:jjj

y@w\w

g ^ A YV\[ = SFZ [ A S = VYX A SMZ =lk\= X p$X(c k XV\aa A S k pX(c C [ = a~Mjj:jjjj:jjj

y@w

{ p = m A V\[DmlV ?o= c\dZ <>= c\pZ A aV\[Dmcnu =lC cFc ?o= [ = mZ A ctSp$X(c C [ = a <>= SyxzD|{
}~ D

}~ 

V\S$u

njjj:jjjj:jjjj:jjjj:jjjj:jjj

y@w

D (7

R0SZ <AB? Z <>=@?(Ab? v\ = _X ? Z A SFZoX(cnu^m = Z <>= < V\[`dhZoctS A S k pXc C [ = aV\SuX = A`= u A1= X = SFZ ? Z(V\SuVYX5ua = Z <n
cnu ? Zoc ? ct[` =A Zl ;f<>= S = u =@? mX A`C1= S>c = [ < V\[`dhZoctS A S k V\[ k c\X A Z < a ? V\Suu = actS ? ZoXVYZ = Z <>=@A X2p = X(dhc\X
aV\Sm = S>c\Z <>= X A SFZ = X =@? Z A S k pX(c C [ = aV\uuX =@?(?o= u <>= X =Ab? Z <>=A SF = X ?o=< V\[`dZoctS A S k c\d A aV k\=@? # =
A [b[su Ab? ml^ ?(? Z <>=A ap1c\X(Z(V\Sm = c\d,Z <$AB? pX(c C [ = aV\S$uu =@? mX ABC= Z <>==>AB? Z A S k? ct[B^>Z A ctS ? ; <$AB? A [B[
C1= dhct[B[`c = u CE V\S A SMZoX(cnu^mZ A ctSc\d ct^>X,S>c = [ A SM = X ?(=f< V\[`dhZoctS A S k V\[ k c\X A Z < a ? ;f<>= p = X(dhc\XaV\Sm =
c\d'Z <>=@?o= V\[ k c\X A Z < a ? A [b[ C1= V ?(?o=@??o= u CE VYpp![ EA S k Z <= aZocu A1= X = SFZ A S$u ? c\d < V\[BdZoctS =@? ; <>= S
= A [b[ ? Z(^u E Z <>= DVYZ = XaVYX nA S k p$X(c C [ = a6V\S$u = V\a A S = Z <>=:== m Z ? c\d < V\[`dhZoctS A S k V\S$u A SF = X o? =
< V\[`dhZoctS A S k ctS DVYZ = XaVYX u = Z = mZ A ctS ; <>= [bV ? ZZoc\p A m A [B[ C1= V ? p = m A _$mUDV E c\d = a C1= uu A S k
DVYZ = XaVYX n?:A SFZoc A aV k\=@? Z < X(ct^ kt<<$AB? Zoc k XV\aacu A _$mlVYZ A ctS R0SZ <>= dhct[B[`c A S k =ktA = V C X AB= d
= p$[BV\SVYZ A ctSc\dWZ <>= Zoc\p A m ? u Ab? ml^ ?(?o= u A SZ <= Z <>=@?(AB?
Y

 1f

O  (15

V\[`dZoctS A S kAB? Z <>= X = Su A Z A ctS~c\d,mctSFZ A S^>ct^ ?0 ZoctS = p A mZ(^>X =@? ctSa = u A VctS <$A m < ctS[ E Z,c~[ = = [ ?
mlV\S C1= u AB? p$[BV E\= u& ; <>= pX(c C [ = a

VYX(c ?o=A SZ <>= [BVYZ =y

Z < m = SFZ(^>X E <>= SpX A SMZ A S k aV\m <A S =@?

VYZoZ = 
a pZ = uIZocp$X A SFZ A aV k\=@? ctSOp$VYp = X@ ; <Ab? 3V ? V\mlmctap$[ Ab?(<>= u CE \V u ^ ? Z A S k Z <>=?A`l= c\dDZ <>=
u>c\Z ? V\mlmc\Xu A S k Zoc[`cnmlV\[ A aV k\=A SMZ = S ?A Z E ; <AB? pX(cnm =@?(?rAb? mlV\[B[ = uOV\SV\[`c k< V\[BdZoctS A S k V\SuIZ <>=
u = Z(V A [ ? c\dZ <AB? p$X(cm =@?? VYX =ktA = S C1= [`cj# A Z < Z <>= pX(ct[ A d = XVYZ A ctSc\d C$A [ = = [1u = A m =@? v>Z <= u A`ktA Z(V\[
< V\[`dhZoctS A S k pX(c C [ = aV\[ ? c k V A S = u A ap1c\X(Z(V\S$m = { cta = c\d&Z <=@?o=C!A [ = = [$u = A m =@? VYX = dhV aV\m <A S =@? v
pX A SMZ = X ? vfp$[BV ? aVu AB? p$[bV E p$V\S = [ ? v = Z(mY6V\[`dhZoctS A S kAB? YV ? Z([ E ^ ?o= u A SpX A SMZ A S k S = ? p$VYp = X ? v
aV k V @A S =@? v = Z(mY ;f<>= _X ? Zfmctaa = Xm A V\[ < V\[`dhZoctS =:? mX =l= SDV ? ^ ?o= u A S y   ZocpX A SFZ mctSFZ A SF^ct^ ?
ZoctS =A aV k\=@? ctSp$VYp = X CE VYX(XV\S ktA S k uc\Z ? dhc\XV ? p = m A _$m A aV k\= { cta = c\dZ <>=? mX =l= Su = S ?(A Z A`=@?
^ ?o= uVYX = x r[Bp A z [ A S = p = X A Sm <! dhc\X3S = ? p$VYp = X ? v ylx\xy@wYx [Bp A dhc\X <ABkt< [ E pct[ AB?(<>= up$VYp = X ? V\Su
dhc\X ? cta = aV k V @A S =@? v y@wYxy x [`p A dc\Xjmct[`c\X A [b[B^ ? ZoXVYZ A ctS ?fA SaV k V @A S =@? V\Sudc\X C cc ? pX A SFZ = u
ctS~mctVYZ = up$VYp = X ? ; <$AB? ,c\X A [B[$dhcnml^ ? ctSu A`ktA Z(V\[ < V\[`dhZoctS A S k

Original Image

Optical Lens
Halftone Screen

Halftone Image
] A`k ^>X =y yY SV\[`c k< V\[`dhZoctS A S k pX(cnm =@?(?
+ll

[+E+ l

SV\SV\[`c k< V\[`dhZoctS =DAB? Vp < c\Zoc = S k XV@ A S k aV\u = dhX(ctaV\S A aV k\= p < c\Zoc k XVYp <>= uZ < X(ct^ kt< V ? mX =l= S
V\SuZ <>= S = Z(m <= u ? cZ < VYZZ <= u = Z(V A [ ? c\d2Z <>=A aV k\= VYX = X = pXcu^$m = u A Su>c\Z ? ; <$AB?fAB? ^ ?(= dh^[ A S
X = Su = X A S k? acc\Z < VYX A VYZ A ctS ? c\dmct[`c\X A SZ <>= c\X A`ktA SV\[ A aV k\=UCE a = V\S ? c\du>c\Z ? V ?(?(ABk S = uZoc
VYX = V ? c\dsZ <>=jA aV k\= ; <AB? pXcm =@?(?fAB? u = p A mZ = u A S] A`k y y S A aV k\=jAB?DA [B[b^a A SVYZ = u CE V[ ABkt< Z
? ct^>X5m = ; <>= [ A`kt< Zmcta A S k dhX(cta

Z <=A aV k\= p$V ??o=@? Z < X(ct^ kt< V < V\[`dhZoctS =? mX =l= S ; <>=< V\[`dhZoctS =

? mX =l= SmctS ?AB? Z ? c\d,V ?o= X A`=@? c\d#X =lk ^[BVYX ? p$V\m = uc\p$V g ^ = [ A S =@? ctS k [BV ?(? v1mX(c ?(?A S k VYZX A`kt< ZV\S k [ =@? v
pX(cnu^m A S k ZoXV\S ? p$VYX = SFZVYp = X(Z(^>X =@?rC1= Z =l= S A SFZ = X ?o= mZ A ctS ? ; <AB?? mX =l= S C X = V ? ^>pV ? ct[ A uIc\X
mctSFZ A SF^ct^ ? ZoctS =A aV k\=A SFZocIVIp$VYZoZ = XSc\d ? aV\[B[fu>c\Z ? ; <$AB?AB? u = p A mZ = u A S] ABk y w ; <>=
A Sm A u = SMZr3V =~k c =@? Z < X(ct^ kt< Z <>= c\p = S A S kt? c\dZ <>=U< V\[`dhZoctS =? mX =l= SV\SumX = VYZ =@? V[B^$a A SV\Sm =
p$VYZoZ = XSOctSZ <>=? ^>X(dV\m = c\d3Z <=<A`kt< mctSFZoXV ? Z:_![Ba

u^ = Zocu A X5V\mZ A ctS ; <>=C X A`kt< Z(S =@?(? c\dDZ <>=

A Sm A u = SMZf3V = acu^$[BVYZ =@? Z <>= p = V c\d#Z <AB? [b^a A SV\S$m = p$VYZoZ = XS ;f<>= S~Z <Ab? p$VYZoZ = XSZoXV\S ? [BVYZ =@?
A SFZoc C [BV\m V\S$u <A Z = VYX = V ? u^ = ZocZ <=j<A`kt< mctSFZoXV ? ZS$VYZ(^>X = c\dWZ <>= _$[Ba~
+l

^++

iA`ktA Z(V\[ < V\[`dZoctS A S kAB? Z <= X = Su A Z A ctSc\d#mctSMZ A S^>ct^ ?o ZoctS = p A mZ(^X =@? ctSu AB? p$[BV E? Z < VYZVYX = mlVYp!V C [ =
c\d3pX(cnu^m A S k ctS[ E Z3c[ = = [ ? ; <$AB? pX(cnm =@?(?AB? u = p A mZ = u A S] ABk y ; <>=A S>p$^Z AB? V\S A aV k\=


Incident Wave

Halftone Screen

Threshold of
the high contrast
material

Luminance level
due to difraction
of the incident wave

High contrast material

] A`k ^>X =y w2; <>= u A` XV\mZ A ctSp$VYZoZ = XSu$^ = Zoc < V\[`dhZoctS =j? mX =l= S
< c ?(= p An= [ ?r< V@ = ac\X = Z < V\SZ3c[ = = [ ? v = k `v w


[ = = [ ? v#V\SuIZ <>= X =@? ^[BZjc\d Z <>=< V\[`dhZoctS A S k

pX(cnm =@?(?AB? V\S A aV k\= <$A m << V ? ctS[ E Z,c~[ = = [ ? ; <=@?o= Z,c A aV k\=@? [`cc S = VYX[ E Z <>=? V\a = Zoc
< ^aV\S =lE\= <>= SI AB= = udhX(cta

Vu AB? Z(V\Sm = ;f< ^ ?< V\[`dhZoctS A S k pX(cnm =@?(?= p$[`c A Z ? Z <>= [`c

p!V ?(?

m < VYXV\mZ = X AB? Z A m ? c\d'Z <>=:< ^aV\SU AB? ^V\[ ?oEn? Z = aU

; <= X = YV X = u A1= X = SMZ nA Su ? c\d < V\[`dZoctS A S k \V [ k \c X A Z < a ? { cta = c\d2Z <=@?o= \V [ k \c X A Z < a ? YV X
= ? ^a
aVYX ABl= u A S ; V C [ =y y v1mlVYZ =lk c\X A`l= u CFE Z <>=@A Xfmctap$^>Z(VYZ A ctSV\[&mctap$[ =nA Z E v < V\[BdZoctS =jg ^V\[ A Z E Z < VYZ
Z <>=lE p$X(cu$^m = v$V\SuV\act^SFZc\d2p$VYXV\[B[ = [ AB? aZ <>=lE c 1= X@ actS k Z <>=@?o= V\[ k c\X A Z < a ? v!Z <>= c\X5u = X = u
u A Z <= XDV\[ k c\X A Z < a

AB? Z <>=j?(A ap$[ =@? Z,ctS = V\Su A Z < V ? mctap$[ = Z = p$VYXV\[B[ = [ AB? a

] ABk ^>X =y ,iA`ktA Z(V\[ < V\[`dhZoctS A S k pX(cnm =@?(?

C ^>Z3Z <>= 3c\X ? Z < V\[`dhZoctS =


} = Z < cnu
Xu = X = u iA Z <= X
i c\Z iA` ^ ?A ctS
X(X(c\X iA ^ ?(A ctS
iA X = mZf A SVYX E { = VYXm <

q ctap$[ =nA Z E
= ZoX = a = [ E [`c
[`c
[`c
<A`kt<

V\[`dhZoctS =V ^$V\[ A Z E

p1cc\X
p1cc\X
k ccnu
C1=@? Z

T'VYX5V\[B[ = [ AB? a
mctap$[ = Z =
? ^ C$? Z(V\SFZ A V\[
S>ctS =
S>ctS =

; V C [ =y yY q ctap$VYX Ab? ctSc\d#u A1= X = SMZ < V\[BdZoctS A S k V\[ k c\X A Z < a ?
g ^V\[ A Z E SZ <>= c\Z <>= X < V\Su = X(X(c\Xju A` ^ ?(= u < V\[BdZoctS =@? VYX =k cFcnu v C ^>Z = X(Xc\Xju A ^ ?(A ctS AB? V\S A S
<>= X = SFZ([ E?o= X A V\[!V\[ k c\X A Z < aU c\Z A m = Z < VYZDZ <>=C=@? Z < V\[BdZoctS =g ^$V\[ A Z EAb? V\m <A`= = u CE u A X = mZ C$A S$VYX E
?o= VYXm < V\[ k c\X A Z < aUv C ^>ZfZ <Ab? V\[ k c\X A Z < a

AB? mctap$^>Z(VYZ A ctSV\[b[ E = X EA SFZ = S ?o= ; <= u = Z(V A [ ? c\dZ <=@?o=

V\[ k \c X A Z < a ? YV X j
= ktA = S A S q < VYp$Z = X w
; <= uc\Zju A ^ ?(A ctSa = Z < cnudc\Xju ABktA Z(V\[ < V\[`dhZoctS A S k< V ? Z <>= V\u>YV\SFZ(V k\= c\d,p A= [ [ = = [p!VYXV\[
[ = [ Ab? a^S[ A`\= Z <>= pc\p!^[BVYX = X(Xc\X3u A` ^ ?A ctS < V\[`dhZoctS A S k a = Z < cnu #fc = = X@v A aV k\=g ^V\[ A Z E c 1= X = u
CEI= X(Xc\Xu A ^ ?(A ctS AB?? Z A [B[3X =lk VYXu = uV ?? ^>p = X A c\XZocOac ? Zc\dZ <= c\Z <>= X S>cS a = Z < cnu ? R0S
q < VYp$Z = X w =?(< c < cZ <>= u>c\Zu A ^ ?(A ctSUa = Z < cnumlV\S C1=A apX(c = u CE c\pZ A a A` VYZ A ctSc\dZ <>=
? c mlV\[B[ = uOml[BV ?(? aVYZoX A E Z(V A S k Z <>=< ^aV\S AB? ^$V\[#m < VYXV\mZ = X AB? Z A m ?rA SMZocV\mlmct^SMZlvW =?(< c
Z < VYZ ? ^m < c\pZ A a AB VYZ A ctSmctS ?AB? Z = SFZ([ E X =@? ^[`Z ?2A S A aV k\=@? mctap$VYX5V C [ = Zoc = X(X(c\X3u A ^ ?(A ctS v\ A Z < ct^>Z
? V\mX A _$m A S k Z <>= p A`= [ [ = = [np$VYXV\[B[ = [ AB? aU ;f<AB?#AB? dhct[B[`c = u CE Vju AB? ml^ ?(?(A ctSctS ? p = m A V\[>mlV ?(=@? c\d u>c\Z
u A ^ ?(A ctS uVYpZ A = u>c\Zu A` ^ ?A ctS AB? V\[ ? c A SFZoX(cnu^m = uV\SuZ <>= SVaVYZ <>= aVYZ A mlV\[ u =@? mX A p$Z A ctSc\d
u>c\Zfu A ^ ?(A ctS AB? u = X A = u 2a C1= uu = uUa^[`Z A X =@? ct[B^>Z A ctSu>c\Zfu A ^ ?(A ctS AB? V\[ ? cu AB? ml^ ??o= u vn <A m <UAB?
^ ?o= d^[1dhc\X X = Su = X A S k VYZfu A1= X = SFZX =@? ct[B^Z A ctS ? V\SuUZoX5V\S ? a A ZoZ A S kA aV k\=@? pXc k X =@?(?(A = [ E
R0SZ <=r?o= mctSup$VYXZfc\d q < VYp$Z = X>v =A SFZoX(cnu^m =rs;

z cc  p ; V C [ = C V ?o= u < V\[`dhZoctS A S k

V\SuZoX =l=? ZoX5^mZ(^>X = u

; z ; ;< V\[`dhZoctS A S k 'T An= [ ? dXcta/VmlV\^ ? V\[S =@A`kt<MC \c X < cFcnu z Z = ap![BVYZ =
V\SuImctSMZoctS = YV\[B^ = c\dZ <= ml^>X(X = SMZjp A= [ A [B[ C1=A S$ml[B^u = u A S ; ;f<AB? pXcm =@?(?rAB? u = p A mZ = u
A S] A`k y V\S$uu = Z(V A [ ? c\djZ <AB? V\[ k c\X A Z < a

VYX =ktA = S A S q < VYpZ = X> = A [b[ u = actS ? ZoXVYZ =

< c = XX(c\Xu A ^ ?(A ctS~m < VYXV\mZ = X Ab? Z A m ? mlV\S C1= V\m <A`= = u A Z < Z <AB? a = Z < cnu ; <>= p = Xdc\XaV\Sm = c\d
;< V\[`dhZoctS A S k A [B[ C1=UA ap$X(c = u CE; s;< V\[`dZoctS A S k ; <$AB?AB? V\m <A`= = u CFE aV nA S k Z <>=
Z = ap$[bVYZ =@? V\uVYpZ A = 2 = SZ < ct^ kt<~; s; a = Z < cnu AB? ac\X = mctap$[ = Z < V\S s; < V\[`dZoctS A S k v A Z
pX(cnu^m =@?C= ZoZ = X < V\[`dhZoctS =@? V\SuX =@g ^ A X =@? a^m < [ =@?(?? Zoc\XV k\= Z < V\S ; < V\[BdZoctS A S k dhZ = X(3VYX5u ? v
ct^>X:V\[ k c\X A Z < a

A [B[ C1= ZoXV A S = uctS < V\[`dhZoctS =@? c C Z(V A S = u CFEiA X = mZ: A S$VYX E { = VYXm < z i { ; <>=

mctap$[ =nA Z E c\d ; ;< V\[`dhZoctS A S kAB?<A`kt<= XZ < V\SZ < VYZc\d = X(Xc\Xju A ^ ?(A ctSV\[ k c\X A Z < a

C ^>Zar^m <

[`c = XZ < V\SZ < VYZc\d Z <>=Ui { V\[ k c\X A Z < a~ [ ? c>v#Z <>=g ^V\[ A Z E c\d ; s;< V\[`dhZoctS =@?A SmX = V ?(=@?A d

] A`k ^X =y 2; < V\[BdZoctS A S k

Z <>=?(A`l= c\d ;f; k\= Z ?C$A`k\k\= X ; < ^ ? v!u A`= SFZ < V\[`dhZoctS =A aV k\=rg ^V\[ A Z A`=@? C1= Z =l= SZ < VYZc\d = XX(c\X
u A ^ ?(A ctSV\Su i { mlV\S C1= V\m <A`= = uu = p = Su A S k ctSOZ <>=?(A`l= c\dZoX =l=? ZoX5^mZ(^>X =A SZ <>=; ;
V\[ k c\X A Z < aU
 
 (l5) +(2

Y@

R0SM = X ?(=r< V\[`dhZoctS A S kAB? Z <= X = mctS ? ZoX^mZ A ctSc\d2VmctSFZ A S^>ct^ ? ZoctS =rA aV k\= dhX(cta

A Z ?f< V\[`dhZoctS = u = X

?(A ctS&sR0SM = X ?o=f< V\[`dhZoctS A S kj< V ? V A u = XV\S k\= c\d VYpp![ A mlVYZ A ctS ? s V\ap$[ =@?A Sml[B^$u =A aV k\= mctap$X =@?0
?(A ctS&vMpX A SMZ = u A aV k\= pX(cnm =@?(?(A S k v ? mlV\[ A S k v = S < V\Sm = a = SFZlv = Z(mY2RSZ <>=@?o= VYpp$[ A mlVYZ A ctS ? vFc\p = X5VYZ A ctS ?
mlV\SS>c\Z C= uctS = ctSUZ <>=:< V\[`dZoctS =jA aV k\= u A X = mZ([ E vV\Su A SF = X ?o=j< V\[`dZoctS A S kAB? aV\Su$VYZoc\X E
{ A Sm = Z <>= X = mlV\S C1= ac\X = Z < V\SctS = mctSFZ A S^>ct^ ? ZoctS =A aV k\=ktA A S k X AB?o= ZocVp$VYXZ A ml^[BVYX
< V\[`dhZoctS =A aV k\= v>Z <= X =jAB? S>c^S ABg ^ =A SF = X ?o=< V\[`dhZoctS = c\dsV ktA = S < V\[`dZoctS = u A aV k\= ; < ^ ? v = ZoXV
pX(c\p = X(Z AB=@? c\d A aV k\=@? VYX = S =l= u = u A Sc\Xu = XsZocu>c A SM = X ?o=2< V\[`dhZoctS A S k ; <>=C V ?(A mV ?(? ^apZ A ctS A SjV\[B[
A SF = X ?o=< V\[BdZoctS A S k V\[ k c\X A Z < a ? AB? Z < VYZ
a

SVYZ(^>XV\[c A aV k\=@?< V =\a ac ? Z([ E [`c p!V ?(? 

c m < VYXV\mZ = X AB? Z A m ?

{ A ap$[ = [`cp$V ?(? _$[`Z = X A S k mlV\SX = ac = ac ? Z,c\d Z <>= Sc AB?o= u^ = Zoc < V\[BdZoctS A S kjC ^>Z A Z2V\[ ? crX = ac =@?
= u k\=~A Sdc\XaVYZ A ctS O =@?(A u =@? [`c p!V ?(? _$[`Z = X A S k vZ <>= X = VYX = ac\X =~? c\p <Ab? Z A mlVYZ = uVYppX(ctV\m <>=@? dhc\X
A SF = X ?o=< V\[BdZoctS A S k ;f<>= a = Z < cnuc\d,pXc 0= mZ A ctSctSMZocmctSF =O?o= Z ? z T q { < V ?jC=l= S^ ?o= u CFE
SV\[`ct^ A V\S$u [B[ =lC V\m <

dc\X < V\[`dhZoctS =A aV k\=@? p$X(cu$^m = u CE c\Xu = X = uu A Z <>= X A S k 7]>c\X = XX(c\X

] _

u A ^ ?o= u < V\[BdZoctS =@? v3 =@A S V\Su1V < c\X] w\w

_

< V =? ^mlm =@?? dh^$[B[ E ^ ?(= uZ <>= T q { VYppXctV\m <

u A1= X = SFZ2a = Z < cnumlV\[B[ = u[`c ktA mlV\[_$[`Z = X A S kj< V ?C1=l= S^ ?(= u CE ]$V\S] y !
_ dc\X,c\Xu = X = uu A Z <>= X A aV k\=@?
ctS k

\w

< V ? ^ ?o= uV\S A Z = XVYZ A = _$[`Z = X A S k a = Z < cnu dhc\X A SF = X ?o=< V\[`dhZoctS A S k c\d = X(X(c\Xu A ^ ?o= u

A aV k\=@? ; <>= a = Z < cnu~c\dc = Xmctap$[ = Z = DV@ = [ = Z = p$V\S ?(A ctS ? < V ?C1=l= S^ ?(= u A S]  _sZocpX(cnu^m =
A SF = X ?o=< V\[BdZoctS =@? A Z <k cFcnu g ^V\[ A Z E dhc\X = X(X(c\Xru A ^ ?o= u A aV k\=@?CE?o= p$VYXVYZ A S k Z <=< V\[`dhZoctS A S k
S>c AB?(= dXcta Z <>= c\X A`ktA SV\[ A aV k\= Z < X(ct^ kt<= u k\= u = Z = mZ A ctS& S>c\Z <>= XWa = Z < cnujdhc\X A SF = X ?o=,< V\[`dhZoctS A S k
c\d = X(X(c\X u A ^ ?o= u A aV k\=@? 3V ?fA SMZoXcu^$m = u CE A Z == Z V\[ A S[] w `_| ; <AB? a = Z < cnu AB? S>c\ZctS$[ E dV ? Z
C ^>Z V\[ ? c EAB= [Bu ?DA aV k\=@? c\ds = X Ek ccu g ^V\[ A Z E ;f<>= a = Z < cnuU^ ?o=@? ? p$V\m = YVYX EA S k _$[`Z = X A S krC V ?o= u

Inverse Halftone
Gray Scale Values

Template

Halftone Pattern

LUT INVERSE HALFTONING

] A`k ^>X =y ,; A SF = X ?o=j< V\[`dZoctS A S k

ctS k XV\u A`= SMZ ? c C Z(V A S = uUdhX(ctaZ <=:A aV k\=
R0S { = mZ A ctS ?,w w  v A SM = X ?(=f< V\[`dhZoctS A S k c\d&uc\Z,u A ^ ?o= u A aV k\=@?2Ab? V\uu>X =@?(?o= uV\S$uZ3ca = Z <n
cnu ? VYX = u AB? ml^ ?(?o= u ; <>= _X ? Z,ctS = ^ ?o=@? TX(c o= mZ A ctS SFZoc q ctSF = { = Z ? z T q { V\SuZ <=?(= mctSu
ctS = ^ ?o=@? DV@ = [ = Z ?
R0S q < VYp$Z = X = pX(c\p1c ?o=;

z cc p ; V C [ =C V ?o= ua = Z < cu ? dc\X A SM = X ?(=< V\[`dhZoctS A S k

c\d A aV k\=@? ; <>=; dhc\X A SM = X ?o=< V\[`dhZoctS A S kAB? c C Z(V A S = udX(cta

Z <=<AB? Zoc k XV\a

k VYZ <= X = udhX(cta

Vd = ? V\ap$[ =r< V\[`dhZoctS =:A aV k\=@? V\Sumc\X(X =@? p1ctSu A S k c\X A`ktA S$V\[ A aV k\=@? ]>c\X = V\m < p An= [vZ <>= V\[ k c
X A Z < a
[`cc n? VYZp A`= [ ? S =@A`kt<FC c\X < ccu z Z = ap$[BVYZ = V\S$uu = p = Su A S k ^>p1ctSu AB? ZoX A`C ^>Z A ctS~c\d2p An= [ ?
A SZ = ap$[BVYZ = v A Z2V ?(?(A`k S ? VjmctSFZoctS = YV\[B^ = dhX(cta

VpX = mctap!^>Z = u ; ;f<>= V\[ k c\X A Z < a AB? u = p A mZ = u

A S] A`k y ; <>= a = Z < cnu AB?= ZoX = a = [ E dhV ? Z z ScU_$[`Z = X A S kAB? X =@g ^ A X = u V\S$uZ <>=A aV k\=g ^V\[ A Z E
V\m <$A`= = u Ab? mctap$VYX5V C [ = ZocZ <>=fC1=@? Z,a = Z < cnu ? S>cSdhc\X A SF = X ?o=< V\[`dhZoctS A S k ; <>=fs;A SF = X ?o=
< V\[`dhZoctS A S k a = Z < cuu>c =@? S>c\Zu = p = SuctSZ <=? p = m A _$mpX(c\p = X(Z A`=@? c\dfZ <=~< V\[`dhZoctS A S k a = Z < cnu v
V\SumlV\S C1= VYp$p$[ A`= uZocV\S E < V\[`dhZoctS A S k a = Z < cu SV\[ k c\X A Z < a

dc\XZ = ap$[bVYZ =?o= [ = mZ A ctSdhc\X

;A SM = X ?(=< V\[`dhZoctS A S kjAB?A SFZoX(cnu^m = u ' = u = actS ? ZoXVYZ = Z <>= p = X(dhc\XaV\S$m = c\d Z <>=s;A SF = X ?o=
< V\[`dhZoctS A S k V\[ k c\X A Z < a

ctS = X(X(c\X:u A ^ ?o= u A aV k\=@? V\Suu A Z <= X = u A aV k\=@? = V\[ ? c = Z = S$u ;

A SF = X ?o=j< V\[BdZoctS A S k Zocmct[`c\X < V\[`dZoctS =@?

}V\S E c\d#Z <>=:= SFZoX A`=@?A S~Z <>=; VYX = ^S^ ?o= u C1= mlV\^ ?(= Z <>= mc\X(X =@? p1ctSu A S kC$A SVYX E p$VYZoZ = X5S ?
< VYXu$[ E cmlml^>X A SImctaactS[ E= S$mct^SMZ = X = u < V\[`dZoctS =@? ; <>=@?(= VYX = mlV\[B[ = uIS>ctS =>AB? Z = SFZrp$VYZoZ = X5S ?
R0S q < VYpZ = X>v# = pX(c\p1c ?o= VZoX =l=? ZoX^mZ(^>X = <A m < A [B[#X = u$^m = Z <=? Zoc\X5V k\= X =@g ^ A X = a = FS Z ? c\d
V\S s; CFE V\c A u A S k S>ctS =>AB? Z = SFZ p$VYZoZ = XS ? D] A X ? Z V ? aV\[B[ Z = ap$[bVYZ =:; A [B[ C1= ^ ?o= u~Zoc k\= Z
VmX^u =A SF = X ?o=~< V\[`dZoctS = ; <>= SZ <Ab? YV\[B^ = A [B[ C1= X = _$S = u CE V\u$VYpZ A = [ E V\uu A S k p An= [ ? Zoc
Z <>= Z = ap$[BVYZ = u = p = Su A S k ctSmctSFZ = Zl ; <>=r;f; V\[ k c\X A Z < a

AB? u = p A mZ = u A S] A`k y  = A [B[


Adaptive Pixel










Adaptive Pixel

Initial Template

] ABk ^>X =y ,;f; A SF = X ?o=j< V\[`dhZoctS A S k

u = actS ? ZoXVYZ =:A Z ? p = Xdc\XaV\Sm = ctS = X(X(c\Xu A ^ ?o= u A aV k\=@? V\Suc\Xu = X = uu A Z <>= X A aV k\=@?
Y

3&
8 9:4 

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 9:58

 

5
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VYZ = XaVYX A S kAb? Z <>= pXcm =@?(? c\d = a C1= uu A S k V ?o= mX = Z ?(A`k S$V\[ A SFZocV < c ? Z ?A`k SV\[ A Src\Xu = X'Zoc = X A d E
cS = X ?(<A pUc\XV\^>Z <>= SFZ A m A Z E ;f<>= DVYZ = XaVYX ~A SUV\S A aV k\=:?< ct^[Bu C1= u = Z = mZ(V C [ = X(c C ^ ? Z([ E= = S
VYdhZ = XjmctaactS A aV k\= pXcm =@?(?A S k V\[ k c\X A Z < a ? VYX = VYpp![ A`= uctSZ <= DVYZ = XaVYX \= u A aV k\= ;f<>=@?o=
V\[ k c\X A Z < a ? A S$ml[B^u = mctapX =@?(?(A ctS v ? mlV\[ A S k v!mX(c\pp A S k v>pX A SFZ A S k V\Su ? mlV\SS A S k v = Z(mY pp![ A mlVYZ A ctS
c\dWZ <>=@?o= \V [ k \c X A Z < a ? mlV\S C= Z < tc ^ tk < Zfc\d'V ? Vu AB? Zoc\XZ A ctSZocZ <>= DVYZ = XaVYX \= u A aV k\=@?
RZ AB?f? cta = Z A a =@? S = m =@?(? VYX E ZocDVYZ = XaVYX ~< V\[`dZoctS = u A aV k\=@? 3R0S q < VYpZ = X = u AB? ml^ ?? Z <>=
=1= mZ ? c\dVYpp![ EA S kA SF = X ?o=< V\[`dhZoctS A S kC1= dc\X = u = Z = mZ A ctSc\d 3VYZ = X5aVYX A S < V\[`dZoctS = u A aV k\=@?
R0SM = X ?(=< V\[BdZoctS A S k mlV\S C= Z < ct^ kt< Zc\dV ? V\S>c\Z <= Xu Ab? Zoc\X(Z A ctSZocZ <>= DVYZ = XaVYX \= u A aV k\=  =
A [b[ ?< c/V\S = S < V\S$m = a = SMZ A SUDVYZ = XaVYX u = Z = mZoc\Xp = X(dhc\XaV\Sm =jA d A SF = X ?o=r< V\[`dhZoctS A S kAB? ^ ?o= u
ctS ? acc\Z <O= X(Xc\Xu A` ^ ?(= u A aV k\=@? V\SuIVu = Z = X A c\XVYZ A ctS A Sp = X(dhc\XaV\S$m =A d A Z Ab? ^ ?(= uctS <A`kt<
dhX =@g ^ = Sm E= X(X(c\Xru A ^ ?o= u A aV k\=@? = V\[ ? c~c C$?(= X( = Z < VYZ A SF = X ?o=< V\[BdZoctS A S k c\dml[B^ ? Z = X = uIu>c\Z
V\Suc\Xu = X = uu A Z <= X A aV k\=@? u = Z = X A c\XVYZ =@? Z <>= DVYZ = XaVYX u = Z = mZ A ctS ; <>=@?o= X =@? ^[`Z ? VYX = c C Z(V A S = u
<>= SV ? p = m A _$m 3VYZ = XaVYX A S k:? m <>= a =AB? ^ ?o= u&vFV\Su = V\[ ? cjX = p1c\X(Z = p = X A a = SMZ(V\[$X =@? ^[`Z ? <>= S
c\Z <>= X3VYZ = XaVYX A S k? m <= a =@? VYX = ^ ?o= u
Yl

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8 . 1ff 

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2("' () +2

}c ? Zjc\d2Z <= 3VYZ = XaVYX A S k a = Z < cnu ?? ^m < V ?j? pX = V\u ? p = mZoX^a

DVYZ = XaVYX nA S k mlV\SS>c\Zru = Z = mZ

Z <>= DVYZ = XaVYX A d'V\S~^S S>cSV\act^SMZc\d'X(c\Z(VYZ A ctS~c\X ? mlV\[ A S kAb? VYpp$[ A`= uctSUZ <>= DVYZ = XaVYX \= u

A aV k\=@? ~VYZ = XaVYX nA S k A Z <I<AB? Zoc k X5V\a4acnu A _!mlVYZ A ctS AB? ctS = c\dZ <= DVYZ = XaVYX nA S k a = Z < cnu ?
<A m <OAb? X(c C ^ ? Z:ZocX(c\Z(VYZ A ctSV\Su ? mlV\[ A S k
pX(c C [ = a

ylx |_ c = = X@v ? cdVYXrZ <=<Ab? Zoc k XV\aacu A _$mlVYZ A ctS

< V ?C1=l= S ? ct[` = u A SV\SV\u < cmaV\SS = X A Z < ct^>Zu = _!S A S k V\S = X(X(c\XjmX A Z = X A ctS C1= Z =l= S

Z <>= c\X A`ktA SV\[1V\Su~acu A _ = u A aV k\=@?

R0SZ <>= _X ? Z3p!VYX(ZDc\d q < VYpZ = X


= pX(c\p1c ?o= Va = Z < cnuZocacnu A d E Z <>=j<AB? Zoc k XV\ac\d'V ?A`k SV\[

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c\X A`ktA SV\[ X =@? ^$[`Z ? v$[ = V\u A S k ^ ? ZocmctS$ml[B^u = Z < VYZ C VYXctSa A S A a A` VYZ A ctS AB? S>c\ZZ <>= X A`kt< ZVYppX(ctV\m <
R0S { = mZ A ctS w y =fA SFZoX(cu$^m = V:u A1= X = SFZ#c\pZ A a AB VYZ A ctSmX A Z = X A ctS C V ?o= uctSZ <>=  { vFV\Su ?(< c
Z < VYZ3Z <>=A aV k\=g ^V\[ A Z EAB?3?(A`k S A _!mlV\SMZ([ EA ap$X(c = u vZ < ct^ kt< Z <>= ml[BV ?(? aVYZoX A u>c =@? S>c\Z,a A S A a A`l=
C VYX(ctS ?

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pX(c\p = X(Z E ]  _| ; <$AB? a = V\S ? Z < VYZrZ <>= S>c AB?o== S = X k\EO?(< ct^$[Buac ? Z([ EC=A SZ <>=<A`kt< dX =@g ^ = Sm E
X =lktA ctS <>= X =A Z AB?2 S>cfSZoc C1= [ =@?? p = Xm = pZ ABC [ = ' = A [B[ ?(< c < c7Zoc A Smc\X(p1c\XVYZ =C [B^ = S>c AB?o=

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m < VYXV\mZ = X AB? Z A m ?fA SFZocZ <>= ml[BV ?? aVYZoX A c\pZ A a A` VYZ A ctS
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m = pZ A ctSc\d'Z <>=k XV E [ = = [v>Z <>= V@ = X5V k\= S^a C1= XDc\dWuVYX p A= [ ?,?(< ct^[Bu C1==@g ^V\[1ZocZ <>= c\X A`ktA SV\[
k XV E [ = = [| U

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q s

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}

VYX C$A ZoXVYX E SVYZ(^>X5V\[ A aV k\=@? VYX =r= m = [B[ = SFZl]>c\X = V\ap$[ = v1 = c\pZ A a A`l= uZ <= ml[BV ?? aVYZoX AA SZ <>=
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? p = mZoX^a

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X

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d^SmZ A ctS v

z X &< V ? V[`cIdhX =@g ^ = Sm E ml^>Zoc VYZspX A Sm A p$V\[YdX =@g ^ = S$m E)q s v ?(< VYX(p:ZoXV\ S ?(A Z A ctS X =lktA ctS v

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{ A Sm = Z <>= V\[ k c\X A Z < a

wz{5[LxzyQzSy

mlV\S C1= VYpp$[ A`= uctS[ E ZocV ktA = S k XV E [ = = [vZ <>=k XV E

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c\Z <>= X3p1c A SMZ ? u^>X A S k Z <>= u>c\Z,u A` ^ ?A ctSpX(cnm =@?(? } A u k X5V E [ = = [ ? VYX = S>c\Z ? ^ A Z(V C [ = vM_X ? Z C1= mlV\^ ?o=
Z <>= X = VYX =< ^ k\= u A ^ ?(A ctS ?C1= Z =l= Sp1c A SFZ ? v#V\Su ?(= mctSu v = = S^S>c\p$Z A a A`l= uIV\[ k c\X A Z < a ?:EnA`= [Bu
p = Xm = pZ(^V\[b[ E p$[ = V ?(A S k< V\[BdZoctS =@? dc\Xa A u k XV E V\S E 3V E ; <>= V\mZ(^V\[ k XV E [ = = [^ ?o= u A SZ <>=
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}

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?(< cfS A S ; V C [ =w c\Z A m = Z < VYZ3Z <>= c\pZ A aV\[ml[BV ?(? aVYZoX A`< V ?
$ xz!yQ

SxzyiYxzz'x^YxzYx[z

; <>= y@wY8 y@w mctSMZ A SF^>ct^ ? ZoctS = p = pp = X ?#A aV k\= DV ?2< V\[BdZoctS = u CFE ^ ?(A S k jS^>Z < ?

ml[BV ?(? aVYZoX A z ] A`k w t vV\S$u CFE Z <>= c\pZ A a ABl= uml[BV ?(? aVYZoX A z ] A`k w URZ AB? ml[ = VYX:Z < VYZrZ <>=
S = a = Z < cu Ab? AB? ^V\[B[ EO? ^>p = X A c\XZocO^S>c\pZ A a A`l= uu>c\Zu A` ^ ?A ctSIa = Z < cu&R0SdV\mZlv3Z <= S =
a = Z < cnuc 1= X ? V g ^V\[ A Z E mctap$VYXV C [ = Zoc]'[Bc E u { Z =@A S C1= X k= X(Xc\Xru A ^ ?(A ctSa = Z < cnu z ] A`k w
XX(c\Xju A ^ ?o= u A aV k\=@?r? ^ 1= XdXcta

,c\X5a [ A`\= p$VYZoZ = XS ? <A m < VYX = S>c\Z A SZ <>= c\X A`ktA S$V\[ A aV k\= v

<>= X = V ? u>c\Zu A ^ ?o= u < V\[`dhZoctS =@? u>cIS>c\ZmctSFZ(V A SZ <>=@?o= VYX(Z A dV\mZ ? c\Z A m = Z < VYZZ <>= VYX(Z A _$m A V\[
p = X A cnu A mp$VYZoZ = XS ?fA SU] A`k w  VYX = V C$?o= SFZ A SU] A`k w V\S$u A SZ <>= S = .a = Z < cnu z ] A`k w
F

FQl/Q`f@vn`L`H`#V/HlJ

FQl`

!l`(Bl5

n

v

F ``Y

BJ@Hf@v`n

#vn`

`B@

Jlf@$
 0

!lQ

y
35 49 41 33 30 16 24 32

48 32 52 25 28 46 6

22

43 59 57 54 22 6

11

38 64 54 12 23 5

34

51 63 62 46 14 2

19

62 1

58 17 27 30 47 9

39 47 55 38 26 18 10 27

21 15 10 63 19 42 39 7

29 15 23 31 36 50 42 34

18 14 26 16 56 49 53 59

21

12 44 60 58 53

13

20 52 64 61 45

29 41 37 40 50 44 36 11

25 17

28 40 48 56 37

55 24 51 13 43 60 45 20

33 31 35 57 61

Table 3: Class matrix C

obtained by HVS function.

Table 1: Class matrix C

used in Knuths method.
59 12 46 60 28 14 32 3
21 25 44 11 58 45 43 30
24 20 13 42 33 5

54 8

64 52 55 40 63 47 7

18

35 57 9

15 50 48 4

36

41 17 6

61 22 49 62 34

53 19 56 39 23 26 51

16 37 1

31 29 27 38 10

Table 2: Class matrix C obtained

by parabolic weighting function.

`

ab$oe37g#Dg}e3kM$oe
el$lj$g$l

= z X
]>c\ X ?(A ap$[ A m A Z E =< V = m < c ?o= Sct^Xr =@A`kt< Z A S k dh^S$mZ A ctSIV C c = Zoc C1= Z <>= p$VYXV C ct[BV 

zX

q s

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X

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V ? Z <= =@ABkt< Z A S k dh^$SmZ A ctS ; <=A aV k\=@? VYX = p$V ?(?(= uZ < X(ct^ kt< Vacnu = [Wc\dDZ <>=  { dh^$SmZ A ctS
{ A S$m = ct^>Xacnu = [ AB? [ A S = VYX@vF = VYpp$[ E Z <>=  { d^SmZ A ctSZocZ <>= u A1= X = Sm =C1= Z =l= SZ <= c\X A`ktA SV\[
V\Su < V\[`dhZoctS =A aV k\=@? ; <>== S = X k\E c\djZ <>= X =@? ^$[`Z A S kA aV k\=AB? u = _$S = u Zoc C1= Z <>= p = Xm =@A = u
< V\[`dhZoctS A S k= X(X(c\X z T2 ; <>= mlV\[Bml^[BVYZ A ctSc\d2T2c\dV ktA = S A aV k\=\U
d^SmZ A ctS
DpL


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L

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1

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? _

; <>=jA aV k\= ^ ?o= u A SZ <= c\pZ A a AB VYZ A ctS ?(< ct^[bu C1= m < c ?o= S~ AB?o= [ E

]>c\X = V\ap$[ = v A SZ <AB??o= mZ A ctS =< V = m < c ?(= SV k XV E? mlV\[ = X5V\ap C= mlV\^ ?o= Z <>= mc ? Zjc\d3V k XV E
? mlV\[ = X5V\ap AB? Z <>= V = XV k\= YV\[B^ = c\dZ <>= mc ? Z ? c\d k X5V E? mlV\[ =@? <A m <=>AB? Z A SZ <=k XV E? mlV\[ = X5V\ap&
= A [B[2^ ?(= V ? p = m A _!m { acnu = [ A SIZ <>= c\pZ A a BA YV Z A ctS R0SIZ <= hd X @= g ^ = 
S m E uctaV A SZ <>=
 { acu = [ Ab? u = _$S = uUV ? dct[b[`c ?@
z

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] ABk ^>X =:w 3 X A`ktA SV\[ A aV k\= v$p = p$p = X ?

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] A`k >^ X =w Wi c\Zu A ^ ?(A ctSj A Z < :SF^>Z < ? ml[bV ?(? aV
ZoX A

] A`k ^>X =fw #

i c\Z,u A ^ (? A ctSr A Z <= S < V\S$m = a = SMZ,V\Su
ml[BV ?(? aVYZoX A \c p$Z A a A`l = u^ ?A S k $
p VYXV C ct[ A m
82
=@A`kt< Z A S k dh$
^ SmZ A ctS

y

x[m,n]

d[m,n] HVS function

h[m,n]

Halftoning

e[m,n] Energy c
Calculator

HVS function
h[m,n]

] ABk ^>X =:w  T = Xm =@A = u < V\[`dhZoctS A S kr= X(Xc\X c\d#V\S A aV k\= dhc\XfV ktA = S~f { d^SmZ A ctS&
=X= v

V\Su
V

VYX = Z <>= dhX =@g ^ = Sm E YVYX A V C [ =@? A SUm E ml[ =@?P u =lk X =l=? ^ C Z = Su = uUVYZZ <>= X = Z A S$VV\Su
W

AB? Z <>= V@ = X5V k\= [B^a A SV\Sm =A S

x

T

  

; <=g ^V\SFZ A Z E

A
V

A
W

dhX =@g ^ = Sm E ; <>=g ^V\SMZ A Z E;OAb? Z <>= V\S k ^[BVYXdhX =@g ^ = Sm E u = _$S = uV ?

Ab? Z <= X = dc\X = Z <= X5V\u A V\[

2z GI ; <>= VYX A ct^ ?

[

mctS ? Z(V\SFZ ? V\SuZ <>= d^SmZ A ctSc z 1

VYX = u = _!S = u~V ? dhct[B[`c ?l


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D

xF F
D

A
V

A
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(-3,0)

(2,1)

(4,-1)
(3,1)

(2,-1)

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Pixel coordinates.
Contone value for inverse halftoning;
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