q'.

Frq$m

RErB=r<ffif+ra.f
Deviance
and Sociat Control

cfrflDl q$IC{ q'm<t frqr& .fiq qITI&-$ fiffict qefr6 qrffiIETI T-{< | qtfi qn-rf qmf&-+
frrqG c<lqeK[c{3t r(Et, qnslq s frEfieR:l-c{T rilpr6 e<rfrqrG o q'rnTtlqrqn or*q Gfts o-*K
qTrC {Fr r eKQ'rm"fiFt

qnr*r qm&-+

fiw.r*

qrqfrt.fffu rm$t <rrr!fi

q(@t, rtrqq, er1&,

<r<-q

fa6g w6ff5-{r T<rd

q-q{

(c<(

frrr6

6t}

sg< r ,r<-<6 qdra

qIFilF{t T3Ft.l

f<rErRt
Deviance

qeil

lq
,\

rrffi

c*Bi w.tT ?Frn qr{-{l

6fi rqri s.6e r',fus qiu<q <pfr, qrnffit {Erriri< e qm<q-ffi mrq Efr I 6{t'rl-{-- qmfrm qfl-q
qHI IFGI El{fl CSI <FII-TI, frqE s
t{q{rs {r+'sR I Etrm-rs ttln TR, wqi ,rsg{, qfrqrtfrrrq qEfi {vr dtrr uB r <'r(m al<r-TEr ffiil {E +R r eq-< <fr Tt sR q<(q-cq--{ q& Tfr
qrl-tnifqTs clra"t TR sK sl << fiqteqry qlu'n6t I 6FaHI, qrtrrq, qfr q{tq
Tfs TtftsE

r
t

fu-ftft

{qiGtltt ceim TR qr< frm w+rorfus

qrslR-$ e otfusEIDTC6BI qfr,Fft |
ciD-<ci rt?FG<

frgftOm, Frr<t{ e qffi arrr I atfrs qru<q-frft

tcrn&'Deviancertr,r-,r +.K <i c-r'rl:fr-{

{rfil

e<(stfue

<lcsl

qru-n6r

+;mN I BR qmr frEr&

seffi E{'frqrG'r "frqrG'<q-rg ql;t

cIDTCqF'rk'rctr

<n

qmffi-rfit qlu:tcrro

Robertson 6f< Socrology (1980) f6're[ Deviance qK IcEI fr-F ftm <foH, "Deviance

is a behavior or characteristics that violate

7

significant. social norms and

expectations and are negatively valued by large numbers of people in consequencg"

q:H qlp$166 q't5:rct <t qt6rtqe mret q|
(r98o : 526). c6qFr$fu
Tt&Fs

Ttrr[&-$ {c[rmtrfc+ vul g5s q<(qt

r
ts

fifqlG

q$t Safi qqfn

Deviance q<-c(El
rE:SI :FG-rq{ t

6K

ffirw

qFr+fEt

t{q,I4
qq{ crfuqfEwlr(-{ Xofm +.*

frN ftc{ Popenoe

tfs,

sBt Soctology (1986) qf,ial qfrs-\r-lr{

'.Deviance is a behavior that violates the social

norms of a group or society'(1986 : 580) s6qftqrfuqiR

wqrrqil aF[r&T lFrritr{GF vcf s51l

qst

tqiFv[IDIIcf

tt C+R ct&

)bo

Bo w<l,fu+ qqtwft-s1-a (qam ,rq)

qEfBTM

6K

R.T. Schaefer

Sociotogg *rqat frffcqf ..Deviance

,
is a behayior
that violates the standarcls of
conducr or expectatious o[ -;;;;
a
ssz) t v{rsfirqrB qrq qr{ ET
,
w':ret {r m{
o*rTrwr""r;r:;rnr.
qr'ilcr
<I
r*ro
w1q5g I

crH;"ffi:*,,

TrqR

frErBfr

ffi"r"q{qs qtEi.t ;

Tqr"

1<e<

wrs16us c<( firqp sr q*snqr

Tft;.."r3. 11fq3.of

'*"fl'r=r, fr<nuut*,
qR'gETCrR

E1s.lwfn

$vI-F,"Hq

q&

q& wrq-s.-$ .,Ifus ql'n.t

oI <5R}, S{IQI, e&T E [r
eEEr* ErEnq r <frs e q-{onn qf'nq c-[q q,rflq

{i<?tq-[-{R

c* ,*{'r rr qerr **
u+rf;t elren *1&e
1ftz" @Tqr

srxr6t

F{Sgg

T{q sem wiq frr*ft trrQ s qrE-sc6rf

{In q'rfl{ r crime q< c(EI frF ft[T,
Robertson
{rEe[' "A crime is an act that
has been prohibited by a poriticar
tlyough the enactment of a Law-. qdrs q"rflq
"",n"a*, L"r"uv
q:n
w
erfr o,q qt qrtffr rHIA
mR qrfu ilqtTRrr
{rnr frfuq cqr{rctt =o*r r EIsr :ftF, q,Kfqrys sra a1 w'<.rr$

frq,e

et{I-s Sl-e <r qrmqB qR

ryIrqB CcE&n "t6"ffut
fr'ffrs efr qr{ srq ur qIER.t $ EotTsrfi-s
c$Fr

clt{
YSru I

Rc-<rer <r

clrr{

lxfD'rq

6qpq161qgsi

Etr'r3$CrGI
Conditionc

rr <r ca*

EKr

,1rrerr< fruq

sr

popenoe crime qn q(EI

frrc ftrr rFI;r, ..crime is a behavior

that is
prohibited by governmentar
authority and that can b

application of format sanctions.

ql':tct qt r'.fifr

Tq,fF

oiBTt 6{60
'tfGt

l"i"r"*,*r,;;;

r*t f{fu, qt(qr*

'#; #ffHX H:* H

wB qfirftm

*ar* fr_,"";;;

J'M' shepard crime qi )RER {FFI, 'crimes

are acts that are in vioration
of
the law, (sociotogg l98t : +zZ)
qrBrtt
cftq
qrq O TFq Tfq $ WQq *,
*., *, **
untt - rqa-E +tqt c,Krq
r

q13m$tr

qrm@

q{

u-g{s a
qrKI{Tr$ EI|E

. -''

vrtr4I

q{ I TH 3il{rt
qcq st crtRr

Crime

'Inq Tsrcs Es

qq{qq

q'FI{ T{ I 6fi
s& clTl&'$ u
1Brrr.t c{rsr

{r_

qer3rtq

t{Elg

etcFrs

frfr,K Tr @c
qn-< Tlq Tt qt

{. qq EIF-n"t qfiffiR WrflE .{<(qFff

{. qq qlF-n"t
wmtrfi-*

Dlfferences
qnxq

\5qrfle c(E'ryrqt f+cm"t -ftrm

cqrf $itr r{,
q?F{s6it
e.
E{
WrDit.t

\5[rt3Fttt I

w{,

lErq-6 qr

wu rsfR q'rlu

Elftlg

qFF(Eq

fr5g qfifi

Efr1h

r<til!
).

EIfl3IF[:

mrc
vreFb q5q

sfr

al l

q'lifl.C(3l WII

,*

IE

ftq q"Tq rq
ilgiB:T{'E

Fv

+
,i

F{rB e<(cm&-s fiffi.1

5b)

q?I<rtq .s frWRr-<:{cr{, emd+-r

Differences between crime & deviince

qqlv \tlft

qnq{ qffitq I rsn <rsaTfus +{"rv <r cir?FK Tu3 frfr,( ?Frq <I
EID-n"t dq ?F:I'FI El seKl{ {cE {qI {l | frq rmffq ,cEq qr{s sr6i e sIDKct srF s-fl_{Bl {l wtr{,
frfrx qr EH 6iFR HreR 'rRqfu I sdlq qqI[wr
fr&fr&, eBg Isr'tfrK
EsrEE-s

{{rr{{,

-1"

Rq?t

rtsi <T qluiq q-{rcnws e<iq"flrqg

q'rfl{

{rtr

I mr;t, ott'fiDl;l,

ffift{st,

m{"( T{ sr q-s$'{ cmIrq-$ t<qns, sr< Er

fr$mr<, qfrE e&'{ q-{rcet{ qft qil ll (q"fl;t, ftst-$EK

q1s q1Tnq1 sl-6q q1vry.s qI53I.r qrlr1-a TI

tffimq

cEro

qffi seHtcffir "r{rca,rog {i

EerE

EI{IR

?IBI1

ffi

{tTnq-s

"*

qeml{qt-{ Ems

qrta{n

fiARE :TNt&-{ {ryr<rc{K {fr"Fft ql"r r<

fu-qtft <r qriq Egq{qs <ptsl cqrrq

rFrq <t

sffi6t qE:il$&-s frEr& ; 'ffism

qttr

{E q'KKt xt'sten FqTeT+e wu<q I fu r< cm{e-s @{s-$ qiun"tt E Kt{

m I :rGI <Ffi SKrS-{ 6{, mF[ trM EtQ{ qrfl frR'\ qn EcK,, EIt{ wtrylrr ftfifrs 6r<i E{6q-qt
q[s 5t qrr{ sfimfit 'rft-R "169 r '[EF[Eni, q{rrwt .?ftq,
{qrr{I{ e irffiirs< qEr+tt rrr+

y$rs

6rFR qIETct Eqrq$, qtt'lElgt,

w*rqftre e<({{flR:Trtfffiir eeql {-{rr{{ frKTft sfqq frqrfu

u-q{s rTNft-s "fRK-62ffi qfr$n qNfe-$ frEr&Tcrs qfE{c6f{ Cstq 6sl;t fr'+ +rrqe TI
q'mqF$ qlE;rc.t {frqs"qcs 'm< lfr Ef {afI{q 6.ffi EKT 1ffT{ r q(cq)
wtr{ frR"q
"HT
q{
Glt{cfi

ffil

\5[?f3ffc{3f H\5
Conditions of crime
q6lr$d sGqT Rffi6

ffir6t

<r erlG <r-Trq

e:r<

mr$l'qI ert& csF lFIq <t EIETc6tn

:I[{1 {BIS qT qcq EIrs qT{l{ <EIl TtTr rI r EK stt ,.r1qtqq E"l?m{3I 16 <cq EI{jr cqB$ q{ I
qqr ?Fqfn q'rfl{ Erp <E frc{El {6{{q,[nct T<-N { <t frc$e r<ffirq{q q'Krqrs Elu:rcct

Bqfttv

etFrro Er<

frcx qrqrr qryo< cB,r*

mr6i

c,.rsrer EnqrDqI o-*R r s"Kt{ qca- E(E f{cx

qE 8

"T-6
EBfu T<tm 16<r ffir$i t{.t Til smqi I qtm
). sqr[{

{F

qgq $mrq-{

qFE Errft

qw-d-rRT ?FIsi

Eq<r c<FH T?rH{ ?FErE]'w-rfl

.$f{ <rB wtquro snn fifrot qFfr Ttq S-sr< Ers$ c'ttT6t sflnt c,Ki{ RB{F qqr sl
wgt qr< ql r rI6iE wflII EBr Erfl qcsfu EIs EC< I .fi-{fr +t+e fr'{rK rsF{ nvltr{.qr c'&sm
qu13rcerd qI] rc{e {'s r erB Bq'r{<q &,s{t {rs r EB'r* $fu e<rB <&re qRR sar :l{'r{ s-dq
fu w*.t ,r{s ll olT$ qfr T,{I{ frfrLre' qt-rsm 6stei ef.rq q<q-cn <58[G[, .c<r, TsnFct fl qRi
I

<effi ao6

<mrr<

Essq

qft

&'<-{zqr qR< s&ffirs q,rdl{ TqI

r<

qt

)bt

$5 $qTk$ q$qRE'|q (qq:r,rE)

qerfifit

6fr<l qrr'i qfl3mfit crrdsB f<Frsi r Eqr{r6rq{,r rEI {rfl 6{ 6iFt{ qlsrs< ffiq{ft-{
o-6-<i q-{6tfl< q,-fl {fr $rcTBn q-rqr csru{ o&"m 6{r$ qR +-rre:iqd
E{ v't{F sGr<I E<rI
qc<,h ?T.t erqftKE

l.

rfl{ | q'rn 'rmqRiTlqBqr< 6.BrTcEKq,rfl{

emB qq-{I F6CiI q-{rqEl

<Brr"r:r ?Fi-q qqmr o-6r<]-<

Einr

fl6

s'Gtilt ql
sq'xsT Efu

c ffiry ut q'rfl{ qrtn frfttvrR

cot;mq<

Eri[

wr{{

9-69{ emrs qr< r {qv .h

frq wrm$
q'tffi, sd

rr. gelilcGl \flt-T$E

ffilt'ErE{ c"Rfq{s $.cq$ I carfi{ q6g q5q c+rq <iG< {c{I crrdl{
qffi p-s13 cBfln n 6rqli efl=p.rs Er{ r Emliftrsrr< {fr c$B 6fl-a qfr-{ ctr{ crqlcss y-Tsfi
q<'6 E{ yffi ,tr+.:t iFGr sr< rt qqhq qr< lr
8. q'Kt{ qcs qcn a<l e<rgfti "r6qn esQ rcut ,trict +;rcg qr< I q6q qffitqTry-s ?Frs !c<(
.i TrqE c$frs e*r< tz"i,.r, q EtE ffirsI E kilc{n e-{i ,{sQ rT[rt <6fl{ q?Fro q6{

wsfur
qr{-rn

<r*rq< Wfrrfil

gt wr+ft w
\rH{frug

fi

c..

q'rfl{ qre EFI sffi }flfuC{Fr q* {ru

q<q ET E<.tri ql.AH

E[F{

qFF.trr

E6r{*

q-'r<-rc<=t er<Ft3ZsE
'lfstcslR

wnqffi

m ftfn<

q<(q'KIE

ffiiT

etfrstG q.fi,

tm qrm* q,Ktcq:t +q'r Emq scrR-{ | 6{:rq--

c$fo

Eeffl{ Uuvenile delinquency)

$&S

T[{i

ft$K frtq c"R[E (Crime without victims)

(rl) WrEft q'rfl( (White coller crime)

1?I)

(R)

<l

E1'tittgr{

qttrt{ e frrn<

<x'ft qTI c".sfrs

Eer<Iqfs

qtD;lct

Tr{rq

c,m{t

fi;1Tfi

{ittrR qrf:lTq

.{<'.<Ifun RSI{ ccsFs qeKI{ (crime againist property and persons)

qffioc?m

s'rfl{ r FBa qrlrq frrlK

c"Krftrq-d ffiT c'qr6 Rfr{gt ErF Tifi ql-T r <t.fltrqrrn csFtrq ct{Kre ,)q-)s <qK T{ft
frm<-ertftm qrfl csfu w<T{nt fr-rtrn slil{ <m 6Rs r*il E{ r E-e<i *, n-5q {K
<rft rrr qqsms rorq orqQ q'rfi{F$ Trq ffi
qs rr {fr qr srrr firu-sr $rF
"tlat 6{ EErt
ft,r'lna

rtfr1

q$tBs st'KI{ (Organized crime)

(B) >r{offu

Cci-{

frR.ftn

ft*"

eq+ a<xBu cmr&-s r{rm{ *u" *,tq-I** qRqqft 6{cFH Frqrcr frr.n<
EeKt{ Tfi {{Ig ?18il qn I ffiFp.r{ {ptqM EIEIct, r{tB-{it ER,
'rrsrtqrr, Qnfrr{ut, wrfu wracr
ffi En frr'Irr qq;rrcq;l Trn-sB T6m
qlf{-s Eiqt{, ,ftR{tfrs EBq, \ryrq{q, Frqrs{ qrktl*.rffi qsr<, q'ftq Eqfr-q qqq&TIi ersr< ffi sK'ccf frT.ilr <Tftcqn e<ft c"..t ftmR qffirc{ e&rl ,rrd
r

sedx (k$ Frfu q,rfi{ s 'mrrcgrTr qqlqffi<T

q:l-{ <r&"K E"|;mGr iI{ E'rE{

r{gEt qrfl q,rflffi rGeFs qn, frq qrrff 6.rq rfterro qfit I mFI E-TrtrF{I,
"tftg[I&
u<qmft,r:tr, ffislqfu tgffi I qtril qm:fqg wil<rsfi-{It $ticeFo E[n qrr$ r
q {;ffit
TCK1

4
6

f,)

,g,

C
A
_t
A

.r

G
^,

tI

t_ft

frgr& ,ffi.xm&-+ fiTq.t

)be

qrfl q{]-Ti q\5rrFslr{ +&are q{ 4t qt EKI qer<tfr{ ft=sK 6$I-a frffi qBmFt qfiT{
I .{ Tt3l-C6t q'rflA-rr q5qr}r cNr&T <r{Er cAA={ qcrr qgrQ qr{+fi
caKrqdrs

q',Brrcsd

T1ir

fift{

ir

Eq'Rs-t urfrr{srn

v6mft vrrrfi{ r o6-4a1fr-+vlr< rytrBv vB o6p urn-< c"FIIrts rtrqt qfu{H el-l
frq w,mqg+ ifiq rrfr err$ {rr$ wr<ft q"Kt{ <cq sHilfrE qrl I 6qqq-q;s53 $1ft,
wffi, sqfu ulr{'t,fiqit q|srq.'n, Gwt{ qrdr rnr ffi {tre{q-s rts vBr{ft E kmsBr
wrlsr

I
--i

vt{-qm&eulm sB6E ffirrsK ffirsn qqsfiql-s nqt q-{"r vg-c<fr qt${ ,RI r GIFI q
*rmq< WBBE 6Er+ {fr wir qssms rrn sr< gr qr $rrfi {Eflqr qer{l{ {F Rrr<Go qr< frE
E-t sgrefr q'ril{ T{ I 'r$rEtrri, >rNIGTvTGI tsE ffIfln qrf;rq ;fi {R'e asB <I s5r<ft qfiil($l
qffs frre "mr
E6r+ft q'rfl$Imt c-rr$il.:rsftet e<( f"If,r< qssBE q{ r sRt csrqt ET dtfm-ffim
r

sIffi

<t

fiEilr qrSrl cpr{ qs r srQ q $rtrBl s'rfl{ T{lrt ffit\e c{t T6q sr<.qqs<;RI

c$flis q'rfl{ t q ffi-rffi E rflq nt{rnqv <* <its< T:tqct qcsEs E{ r qE qrQ cq'c.t;r
{c{i qcm qrs6te+ 'r{rm c{rrftE-s frlrftq q15s 1 a1fta1 Es qi \rlle{ Bqtqr"t I q ftml
q,l3m{ ffis
<ilffiT qm, 'nvur{e, {Tq?FIKI ol-r<-omq a;agql q%m{ u .rvs rno
r

rn*tfr g<ts,fud
{:tc{3t \t?l<m{3t

qffis

q?rfi{

"(Ee

tr$"{ c$t0no qeffl{ s rf.prfr Etq{Tq, q-{i q1ar, UR, srfl& W c

I ,cqvT {lq-qfi, {B[c{Btr, NlBr eErrr, NI ffi EE <ffn f{{rq

stieefs<tffiQq
q'KK

!I

wr<Fr E Ert{

.u

d)
6t

a
o
4
_9

T
/1,

ryq& s<lB{
frq6"(q<sfuqffit{

)b8

gq

il$fr{:mtqfrgll (qsi ,rq)

FrE Rt \s q?1-3p1ct{a =Fgrcf

Ceuses of deviance

SIER

and crime

q'rfl{ {R <fr {I cir-{ q< q<$t sRfi ilTrq r c{re

@ <I Etdr{ {Es qs
qTcT{ q{rsrfuE q<( qI{{ ftrfrrfr qru<qr+Q
ffit 6.m Ccrq q firrfir {FFilDTCqsr <fi{jT B

<t

Rcfqc"fn qcorFt

qeffl{ fr6iT{

qrm

cIET[qrr +.tact <]F|lit

co-SI

w<

vr Trss6
q{firBs
T,Bsfur
s'{&

Cfl3IIC<3t

{ffisM

fE-fur

; aqlqur&-+

<;.Ba xcqf,

c+tqffi{:l

SRqE5q (etiologr) mr< Ergtmpf, ?FBIcrC$ q,Kr6q;1 qql onft qgt

El&T Tffir-ek Tc{r ql{r qm(q I qTrqr-< :ft$ ?qf<-s
; rqET&-s

ES

Brs?l

I frcx stTfl fiqie q<(q'rdmw$

ttc{

<i& sl lE

IfrFrfu wr\e-{ I fr6q ql{r{r q1rs-rfl ut 1E-uergql

qBtd

l.

wfifrs rd
frr6.t rcrr:
crqrmfrd

t,]

qR

qrfrq e

trn srrc <r

firscqq r srr

qeffl{

ffi

qTGImI (Lombroso) c'Bmfir rrd"t frrg{cq

EE6{I

rfi

ffis

?Fc3l.t

fi, q'rfift{r

q:Fr rr< TrRAT-s

ffrtl-B6 ctqpl

Err{Tl

qfr ftrqrB sq1 wq|srfus m-$

ffr{rcl "td{
fr+maps+rt
<rmq

aquurQ-+

Econemlo:l

:n6*r

.s

1ffir"c"F[#

Psychological perspective
=rergfr'r

T[lrfoiq.t

qBwn

q frrf

qq6

d'rETr

{Tm

TGliTJrGIlq

sl9Tlr

eiliFI |

a#rsI( Efffi 6{ q Errq-<-m q'ril{ q'rre 6rq cqr r &fr <FFt, Ecmwcit{ T3{sEr, wrv-rft-+
x(E[nE[, qmt{ 661q, qqqfrE Ort, -+or1fu< qr+,
{flqruft T'rF[, 't.tft dlq, q"t{tre q&,
{r(,tftql dfi, ft{ <R, qqm$ qrs[qrJr, qqtqRrs Wfi tsirn qq;m<r< ?Ft3tct <rut ffi
ffiqg6 ry6 cl{l$ fr[R frfr <rfi, m <1ft< qr{i !F:r{rs ffi qrrsrko r.fiftR-s ffii& <r
qE frwffi sr< c'rffft qTK TsFmrrscq

YS

wtrrg (mrrq

{F qBt{ <r cslqks Trfrk$ ffiK clffire tq coBrrft

ffi

ETCT

tc'n

ffiEffi+
Biological perspective
Ettfl{

qil F{I

-ryft

(Freudian bqy"ho analysis) lt1t fril{ q&-< (hfe instinct)

qffiist< TqQn Er qrt <t{I qr{r c'rflq ?Er* EFrrr {n"t
(death

qfr

instinct) Elfl EIfu Ers KytW$, frcilWs'sm <t R{tWNltB cu-& prr*"W{r6r EpBl{ Tr-( fr,s
qn I qr<l-n <lfuq<
d f.ffi Tt Em qot;itqT{s EIE-nct cq'{ ftre ,nr< r qftq c+rq <ifu w$
ffi, qRrqET s q<rq<r q& tiat sfr EE-itti<F
q$ q<( vt {ft ,n
q6q,

rjBr
frqlrn
'tffi
.tffi
s
.r{e.
(super
?ryB+
qs
&<ET
ego) G-GI
Ec<r & <}B qr< q'r$A I qem'rrt rrrr
super ego id-q< ys4T cfi qvl<ffi

cc

frflilft

c{stry, q(ft{

cqqfuq{r

qffi
Et{I{ c(Eu'

qerfl{ffi:
.i

<iBqq
h-{t'ti1a"t:n4

)M

Rqr& q<<TFil&-{Frffici

qr{it +lr<Ft qftq

qrcrcA <ifu<

i
a

<iG

41 lpEI

?tffi

q-ifr Rul ft{zq I ci er{M EI-fl

<rre<\5mq c+Q r r+f .cn r+rq ffi-q frr{E{l I ellsrs

e<qqRrr<E-{

u1t ?ErN ER I qQ er{&< 6$H

ffiR qrcarc cmrq< er{it TBI {I5l tcott (Bgo) ,{t er{&r
c+n ffirc-rftE-TEqt of

<iB<

:rcElQ

<rc-<P-EI Gil-{ arsrE q<

l.
I

I
il

q[5Bf <ifg< qc$

qtffi

<r -fi|.e{' e.ll-e lSuper Egoy

qlrer<'fi RHR q<q cqq crqfl cers Wi

qr*e eTE er{rg Tmrq a6q

1-a5a6E

(lfr

I ,qi er{fu Tr{rrs Iq eftal efl?Fcs

Tgl
qrW+
qqg'r
E
erfr
il-tfi*l
.aQ
um
r
sFm{,
eqfr
ffics
Ksl
ctr+
frq
I
TI
cq-{
Frffi.t
S*,
q<( cq
cEI(T, ftfT{6 <l.mn s.dt E-Fr r Tr{ qR, ,sTE ffifs W$-< ttEq:{ "fFil qI5I fic{ 33 cile q{
GII

TRr

ER 6c sqsttq qTE qR q+co nln r A <iBn {cql frqlrr{

qbf Ear{.gl qIRI m
trun v.fm <fre<Etqqr6 Erq frre ltr.q qfiQ Til-ct 6{, qNE qR TilF ffii
q3 qr ETrs qnrs'Bl q +refi ?FnF qcr {tcs glGF r+B cmrre TI 'tI{ r <1frnfr< q({, frql{H Tnn

qlfr{ e qR[{E-s erle

n-*t

"tffi

{fr {B.trft qrs sr< srr EBrt qffi qR 6sl,EE T(rr< ({, qNE qR 4-{r
\HTE q<s.E.t q$'{3rffi<'q'rfl{ I q rm r{Gsq fuilft <ct r srt cl qrfr qR v-<t c{rc 6rF
qrfir | ,jEFrEra & Srm q[{i fi ry6 tc* 6sqa 1foffi Yfr-+r trq-t qt Tcl sr{ 6{ {{e qNE qfr

tcun <t

m-s

er{e

srr <'rrr I qstr< 1(n 1oft< lzrr< omc.t,e<({futrft tm<

Er[.rs

sm rHfrT

,r{rcsrr<

+mcq

E rfl{ cgfrE EF fl-ril

6sFl3rfsst qq3mftt ot<"t <[E frr<GE En

f-t"**E

qm3-cffi

I c{rr< $fu

m e <1"1I q<e.

<frs qg Etrnrr r$B csB Uqfuwtr<

R-sl<dreqc{n $fuq (psychopathic personality). tlQ c9.frE q<( EI q,l3m{3[ '{TE J{IQT

fsc,11-<

rrr:r{<rulffis

Lc<".

v.Fr<tfi c{m

qqft;:rEresGrt
Econemic perspective

*{ft1 1frz" <m q{ a,

{ffi

c{ftfu{ cfi{r5 rrt{e o,*

tffi

qe,

{r6ftr
<Frnfi-{ vm 1ffi <l

Y1o

qfl<T{fr,Elft r{crtBr (Bonger) rftrFlctI lFK <FFt G, f<ffilTfl?F

6{iFFg, qffi-s fr-{Tqts-rft'{\il q<(E:t'{ nRgI r <as 6m rN, t&-{tn16 exr<< Trrc6t s{eKl{

Ifu

.qcsfu E{

qn R {rfi crrrrw frfrn

<ifu{E T{T& qrs]F TK(q
I6(<5rq cerFF <Er
"{!z-<
q'rdl{ c(sBs qs r <rfuflg T{t& 1frm c+rs-nnn flt{ra q'Eli{er<q:Fcl FiF <r{ 6sia' 6sl.r

v$erc

c'r$E

m'{r{ T'6-{,
.
qQ
srrr srrq-< :rc{, eTB
sKI
<fuufs qrqfr *"q ?uryu 16 +r<
ry -*r. ftor<

.?6f*mq xq ?qR

?Fcr rn

q'EIt( c",Srq frrt< qfr-o rrm

5bs

$o.

a1ffiE )mqfrq.H

(aeFt"tEI)

x+rq=rrQ-+ EBECsr
Sociological perspective
q$qq&-s

cqrr+

1ffimrt

6li :[F, qf$ qffilq{.s

c'fr{6t

ESl',{I qrtr

qflqRE.|ft

ffi

6arde) qFr{ c{,

q{B"ft

q1il[t13t sT, q'lfr

{T{IrI rff{ r c,KI{m qIARmS (Sutherland)

q13m{3l Ti<6t frcsecq rtfrX{ft flElrcrrtrrs nfr +-r*-{ r 6r< {N, q'Kl{ql-s qru-nq
c{tft{ camft
q',sfrg
ukq cqr$i
en r rmlqm ftfus (Gillin) {FFI cl, 'n-<?"fk$ frqfu$n a1Effi
q'fflq{+ qlD-nq q{rq cerr+{ rf1t 6p6{

q$qkefif

'

Robert Merton E,Erlc{:l eFE ErqGR xlrwst&-s <nlUil qq'H +rrrqq r

q qfrfi <lB< sql sr{Iq{ afr 6ryq_q{-Tam q]s, Tfirat ils,

TsrI C$-fr qlqffi T{
T:IEI EIis ffi r ffi <rq{, sffii cflqt e-T< EFlq6rq< q{I (trjr{ cd-Taffi 8 fl6{, slEI B
<3rs.

?II

ElEi

sutm fiffit

qlf{ frER{

EID-<6I qTo-{rc13t

&fr
{rfi, gGtt c$qt $${R q-{, s-\erI[EI cflq fttq ErB E'rq-{i fr6aq T"53 {ffi I qtmt q6i

:ffFiT qcfq)

T.6tl

"FqtT-'nG e cfi.nn3 sett Trq

m-q r

c6q fr-sm q{

6"11-6{

q-p

ilfrt
ftq:rrr

dE

qTrmfiis

{Kfu

st

(rebel)

{rqt

ffir
tfict :ilEr
(conlormll

qr<

si ane oft Rfi6 qrr qrcq I crfi s{-{lorc sqr rftEr ffi 6p q6q
<ellftfu qrs qgq, g?fiqgt T3-N Er< e<(q3m giFI ("F1EI qs\fl frSm.{Rq

q'6'i-

rKre

Er<

6ga =Il,fu5s
'T#lR
'lR{q T;rcs Er{ r e1sQ \rrn

'rrs cd e {ftd qBf{ Tg{ r rrtr{ (rF[ c{, frq 6{rc TF

sb3 E-rmfis cTrR Erfl]t"Tt NFi rqlr <ct .c-r< &c-{ qsj e E-cq'$ T{c6f wrm ft{s n
q-{mffrs trqtrt e c-fi.fcqr qrqr<l c+* il I qfis srfl qdTarq q646N
R{\<K otnqm lt .ftcn
qf<q
qqT{ qr I qrr qflt q"rfift Rrft< lry sd
'rem{

J.

t
[:
I Cil?tr

c{-Tarc sfr Er fifrv e<( ur q6'n sfrrsTfi-{ c(fi {ft qr csrrfts Er< T?FrE<l
qBRlfiurn ct{rfl{ frfl svm sr< qql{ qMiET cat-{
Et ccEIcuK 1q n\o qbpm< r mB<t
qrFrg cqs'fcct celffr qcn sTI Esfu czus y 1 ffi qp$ $rr{ir EeKTft)F{Fr
emrqq
r

a;s1:6ffi +Fs E-*qtfrE qsr ftq$ c[tri cfi E{E .hT< qr, tr[T cflq rqT E-*qrfrE
o|qan q{T{ct TrN \rftsK
Trd srrq;rrs frqis n q"fnft Rrqr< rt.ti s;il qn I .qrq-{rs ffi

q ffi-rfir c,rflft wl+ xx.Rs EqTrqlfrs Tlqt

ffin
slrffi csft {lgR qs s-fl {EI I qms $rc-fi q'rflft n ftqr&q{-$ qEKfsIft ilnrq rKI xlre q-q.'o
q-{mfrE 6T{rr ur;Flr ersl'T$tl FGt cctu qri q6'ff{ q-{t }f{rw Tqe q-{cllfiv cFrqrt qtryq
+m r c6q qrmr {c$ q{-qafi qfusr, s&nfu, s-tsr, {'{hl E6[qK mrq ,Iqt cqf or< srm
(innovator) <rE ql$Tfrs $rsrqq, I

cr$&'o fiTr

fte

c{ qKI Q-fi{i q&

qFfifu

e fiefl

fr{l

fie

qT{i6t

q<( C{G<tD-s
lfr\r-H

s'Gtrqr r Errs<F {srfi

frqs

ffi

.qrqrrs qq-{I c'rflft <r{ qFIrre Trf,cql

qrq-{rs
c'fnq sr< I
(rituatist) (Fr

<rcn EFT I

ffi

<t c'rf,rft <rrR {rrn anw

ffiS

mft q1mfrs ErrB B Eml]

<tgfcq
Crincs
{g

TTG

(reportedl I
q<BI GIFITE

c<qfuEpEE

"i

llrft;Vfi
Economlc--1

fic

E{t

fe {*
<lqril
q,ffl{rlmqf

fiqrG q<(qFil&-s
cefr{{ Trd

{t

q?rrn

qr', qt wq q6q

wm ft'to 6sl{ 'FalI e cfime'q1a<"t

+.-{K :,{qt I

qfr,

lrqrrrr$

s<Tm

qlf{ RrEfrS (Retreatist) <rq qr{mfiE TKrq-{

qtfri<

}r
I

]}
t

fr{act

TcE, qftiFp <-rcr<

rtqls

<r

)b1

n qftq 6{l"t vlEI

c'rflftfl e 'Ifirrn c-s6 t .srmrrs

=oTn

qI | qfi< 6-+n

q'Krft <rrrR

{ITII c'TIq

qS ffitio q qnirno nrr

qsls,Bffi$ f{cqil fiqa +m r en ffiM +rr3

qrFJ tcs.r
+qt
" q-1cTIfrE
Tfi{ frrqm-{ ffi
'r{$ flqG erffiE Tr< rl<".frrq'cq-d ffi
qsqs <rq ffi {n iF[:Ft I qfi;r+ $f{ fr6{"t
fift q-{F6t iFGr | frzETtst (rebel) e
Effi.|lcr qgit"$r{ <Fr< q<( \5q'r{FT Errr{

<rf,ffin

"r{rm-<

irebel) <[E qlrUII{E T6{(E{

ffi

.l

a6rya

t{c6t a:rfq
t

frfl,r*t{ sqt qrnffi

6p ryttftv

s.ffi {Tt wm +{+ q$Tlfts t;m.|l q<(Etig

q?Ffcl{ T-Gl I qrtsrm flf,l +q*fY$
"tnAI tK& e cfitq

(contormist) <m qrqi'lfrE iFrsCE{

cq<1fr

q'RtcqirTE6t

i.

tu?r<ct*@dqq

!i

ffi$
<tq$fffiR-t

wwq+1ffiset

q-{:Et&--s1frsel

ru['r3m*r

Crines in Bangladesh

Tqrn <Rqrqrr[ Eq3trcsrn c$lTt rr$W$slcr( 1R c,rmre| fft?t c'r${ qFIIr{I

(reported) qG{ sBt aq{ 5q-aq qlrrfl q.fi I qt cc{rBl II6g't qFIm {RR (unreported) E'rfiq
c$Ir c{Ft q-r6t <Iqqrr[rEl qerfl{ {:prT 6{ T-sDr vil-{q Et {qffit qI{H ?Fil Tl{ I <Iqlfirrt
cqfu q,Grftftr srfi Tflft r frm e flT 16 ,{TBt cI{Kq qr{D-{t fiPr{K qE c

qE

T-CI?F

qQfUTrg;S FfStot
Economic causes
<fr <fl qn 11q6lrmrrr ar$ v{r{fus
EII

?FEl-("t

s'rfl{ Trn Erqm firsr fu{tlfqt frmr'qr +'rcs

Cs)

ErkE, s Et'lEI{ t

qlkr5n ?ffi[c6f qq-fl{ c$frs E{ I qIqlRqE Cqli-{B qR, ksiQ

q'Fft{ttrt nRE.li TKc"tQ sd {rm I <tffi-rq(fi efm e cqtt'f$l ,eEfflTr et qqRK 6<ft
<ICEnCqfl U-m

Ieffi

B6 Tr$ft-$ c$qfiET{ (qem rc)

({)

ff$w e q,rfiq r

{:rIFi ov<ftH qrrn r{slN 1R "nrm I r<?Fllt fi-{rq ErqrsQ WFtlSru {cn 'rm-r<
rFfdt, q(q;tr eSB o{ff< {C{i qnKgfsi.Fp^s-ftr<8 C"mq ef<6fe-l1R CtCfra I qrGI CSB CSE fut,
q"fnz{ q .Br* qgrqt 6qqt, frsltl e ili*$ft'Rrffi E Kt{tIrEI ,s
1q, ntmfr, {il{tl M
EFrt(GI

frr<m Gfi crrc 'llIF

Endrlrs

(tt)

q"tilqRtulftfl c'Hrn {rrl E{'ErIc{it qpr6 B{T Trsrfi r erl frE c'f'fl Krrrq {IN q'KI{
qqq6ff< qrspFtl $T 6,t T{rqe EFI I ,ftFlsrd, elq frq c1"tl <z:nq g{Ir{ Et{l( q(str{n w1-{-{I
C<Ft qtrs I <t(Eil-fif*t Cenrt"r6

ft1u {rsw a retr

?<q

ft

ffi

<r<?efin

qf<q

rcsil frrSEI

tffi ffi

fiqc{

qmrq

q-f<RGIISl

e.r+B-

{em

cfi

q'.rq

qI'FF-l -{lrr-.

csB

cS

rq

?EtIEdI

qIft.W r fi-r1 e w<'fr6

c&re

EIHIT{I

'SIFI

ceT{'c{td

3f
fifri

?t{

Er{r

qufi

wr++

atui
:-

<r{ qr

.mi

"{tgfrs+{

,mf
csa* fii

"fr{n3

{rxfi
.{frd

flffis

?fr,m{ vPKIq.s

qr& c*i

.\.\

qr6 FIt lR.{trd q-{Sq6t o'c< ei(,lffi EGs-{tfrE qr{ wlq <6-+ otfus wn<q
fteq r srt <nta qc{sr<Ic{ TI s $Bft-<q ffiErrffi qsr< {Ferfifr
qqFI{ cqq qr $ffir qlrn.m 6nrf,t Tr< g6q vorfl<{r+ qt clu-d"t 'flffi-$ 'rR({'t
ail is\oil erqfu gr f{rg :Tflqffi{t rtrsrfi Trsrqq r :mrqm f{frq 1g1un} q'rfl(lFs
r

qtrrc.i< eer<

qffi

asm <rFtII p-+p 1tm

qq< qR<fcr< ersr< ry.ir6

qr

rqd

F+f{r

fi

<rrr+*

(inadequaq

qrqr&-+':+'rtr6t
Ttstcts

a-fi r Bs{rfi q,c <TBtts $frsl;rl

t5{1r <r \{Rqtn q9l;rrc{3t ry 6a6qfr6q

Social causes
agfrqr.t ccqfu c"Kfttm sq] qmf&-s

"rdi

SGI-{

"rfu asrd
BIcg'"rat

qrffrm:mraq <6{m frG{ ffirq qffiigl fi c"trmq I I E?l] 1rro'-< Efte< sB[cct {<tt
fu-wry. qcn 'tcwq r s.tt ft :FGI \firm Sqc e qfutq qvt;t <t:l s otm qnr$t qrq <IE I q

s{ffi{ q$?tlT

cttt q'rfl{ t
E

<tqrqr.Er q{tTB-s

I
t

1*m

crcE rrc|i'

$trrq;r

striken fa,miM

ffi

tk{Krs orr+E

ErrqID-{t =[r<d

vlrgt frlrrc

qk{Krs&fi c'6tre E$ {mFt-{R{rRA{,"JRilK

?tFI

qrtr{ e<( <iB-d B'rd

(inadequate and poverty

qHfiRsSrS{ r erK {k<]R gf*Q qfd-S \r{ECi Efrs q<( ffi

trq qsper {frr<rt ft<l rt"rt

o.cr

I qar< {c<trt-fittfrQ-{

'rRrcrra

qrTrB-<t

Silft{

Ttfrs, 'nFlE

u{rs,ql{ftra

6rc!
<I qRr{rjtt

qnrst ftTq

wnffieJ

a:rc-n1frirj

ffit

<rqICF#

<frfrcx mnr

I
I

Rql& q<(cpr&-sfrffiq

<]

fr-<zri x,NT sz-R'.fu Erfur

cDks

I
I

)bb

.,{ q{ ** * **n

srr{r nfr{ffl-s eR qefi cTFp ,RT

(over crowded famity)
srtr{ r q{n rRrr* Tr*rc *.rc. rtcT
cqql-<r erTrqfu qarr<
Tlt-{-s

uzq

ofrR"

*"| ,*;:",
* _;
k ?u qer R-sm om r q,uR r*c ft* amrrffiil
TqEq _r,." #'#;,
* O
cEtrI .{FTTFCT.TI wtnufi c+l r 1frfiR-n
e urqi$6 -*,.,; a* ra frqr qv-r<
cs. q<( E.FG B
c'uc{r

,*

ed r .qr.,.rfin

T*
* re

qrqn TR Trn efr*

&re wrrqqtr qsrl Esrsrks rn

{iriR ffi<trrs 9x "rR<rr (broken faqry)

trqo *i, rqFc. isn-c.rft

otrqs Esrr,
{mH cqrr+ <frs qr r q*r qfrilrsi
u':z "nzn ut Erfi-T*F Br-{<r E,Kr{ qrrcu

X TS

-*=re'*

.. -** *,""*

rN

fiaaq

c'fcsRn c*tr.o

nqs-

"#."J,il

fisr-*El*

,-{rre futc6tr

qs*

,*-*r ar-*.]'.* TgrffF qrilu,ftn qvgRrsrq

frno
fraH * ,a" +.
uu* .r<a. ;;; ca.rrfi .,_gil srrcsr rvqrc.{ B,kr

(inadequate parentar
contror) r c{rFr
<i{ qq qR( Errq-n ftEi

'rfu

flfrflG

*-*' *,*,
";*#
--**.*
' 'lu"L r+E-o qqs _

dnn;;

Itfr* qr*s *trfi ffi-{r*{ T*FI

y,".*

,nrtr{ {r r c

*,en

*# _*;;;

q*6

cr'rrr csrre
|
smrft "rR{tci (criminal famity)
q<(
flFqu_,fifu
<V qm e* #
**
c$B rsB qRqs <Tfi q'kil{TTs qlxrcr
R {o **.fr
;
ip[3.r
*"
r c<E{qI, e,-{ qfrflcR
: ' " ' ,a
fttrI tfrflr<< q-{t+r

aw

ffi

<-*-q

ffi-s5rmrcrdqEt+T
' qT{ qr fr{ fu

qqq

qr ffiE qqE qq s fi*r<n

cdrs

'

c,rrlfrmn qtsnq

qqil{

"u_

er.q,-

c*k

rerfr*rrrm

<TRFr-s

.cs q-{

ffi*

<st e

ffi

6,n +m<rft <I T,r6t

rFftR cs 1tr<fr-< {.cals sa-s Rq r qrffq qsil

pp7*

tft_ fi.e$ Tis r e+

qft_s 65.rn r<Ft,"ryq6,.me$
q5 r

eRrm R'II EE,

c<.r

.fi

Tltr Tr{ Rg, t,

cs e fis*,o qtsrrmo o,'rd*n
q*,u s*cilr T*
x"qr
<r qrq*rsr e{4 srrmR
=u[sr ,uFrrt'
qE
*NK Tft"il
T6F
qf{r$t ftsrr flr{i or.r qfr+
rqft fl{Er cET I TTE, .Frfr <n q{ 6,fl6.fin qqr*_+
;n qs c{ts
E6
e cq*irctmfl, ffi EtE ,rtR$fr-s
sl_{t .h
TEfr+sr
q* r are
+rcq-<
Tffire cdt q?n:utot6, s-R {lT{ cmH ,fcct EI c..sq
GrR:fl-m vxo I

6flzr

fiffi

**

ffift<r+*r1

Tfffirrq.,

qrft{

enTn

<frfreR Gr{rc{pt wr+

ffi

<wms'
fi ,r*', i;;**
-

*.**;

t6

nroqrft'Rcn
{t frrstq I Ers'n qer E{r {-r*rm.R TC6t
c,rme q<( ,flzq r }T(; ENTcER
ffrrcq

E?FI

fu

RE{

sF

q?Fr

mnn

*qfr+ {fisfte.H

tsw

cqe - ***

,rsK .arc 'rry-rq t FlEi.{E-{

(qE:l 'i-q)

EIRaR (ffi{q&, & fr

qK, G&e

fr.q

^qfrmfi,

rtrqvll

cfirr

fffrqDl6<qlqqv.t**w*-{ffif<Cqr.F{{softacTfru"<mrr<l^fcrofigtq&
s<-{&
6qFt

arsrfi& q:ffr.stT tE C{ftF fi-r

1F( c't-Cffiq, *-**t
e<".frfi{roR qs'tR+54 qrlrc

<re uWq r ufm

ffi

E"r+rc't

qrt

w1fl
ut&<r d

.qTfr.msKB5-,finfiEi,^.Tq.1&"n't'TEr<.ls.l.<Tfu{ftqgTKE|61&fl.{lit[T[R
T-{'{{'r
qn rfi.rn Eo fi,r ,K Efuftr qrsrwr r fretr E {srsEr *tq6qflp
,qNIeS drr"ft e
3Ft
,near E-xs mr.r< wrrfr+ e-<q q"ra-{ se B{n-d-srft Yq" Bffi
a'nft frrqrq-n q-{H qffis om ftn
vrgs r E.{E ffirrK q1-q-air.F< &f{{'rq e nq&+ fi-<l
srn fim:4*:*
q6ril Tv1<13 qffiiqr q<T <J-re I cr qrclwl
Yryt
qaq
qqq
c'rr* eer* F.4q 11fl I Yfu fint<

<msBR refi

frrc,Erfu

T.*l*T.E{

*r*

*'r

; "ry=*-"t*
q-{ I il{rq qqT{<
q16d1 sr<ict
ryq T"'F
mfi q-{$Eircqu 'tmtrft <iBEs qrd-ilqfiB-+
'rr*Trir

*mw

qGtETr

qffiNI s trTII$ gIM I 'lFI

<mmqmr{< qfn ftn spf {gEI npre\o Ftfr'o
e"t<
{rfi{tFt $rrq w<&s "8F1* qrs r cqft{ a<1&a
m-r.t lqe-+ tr{r{ <Iqs {Gr<6c{i

<TFM

\
i

e*r<

'r*.*

*Q ssFt Fr*1,

:r(${,
fuqm cqr;i

{FI, qqlttqF[eFt {RGfr : )bt/u)

<ti=i=-r

Rft sr<re, ffireH Elrrq

cr[r&r

r<<fu qrr{< qlfurn

qrcdn

q{ s-tnt mEq ceK:t{ qct

'{Rqs

*tS
q-{flct I sEI q-llT:rifl slFw smqr
am'ftea qsl qTt EGis
ryi
q5aE q'r$ft

q{sTrftcfd qrcd <iE+s nr qg

q"rflcrs'(

DFn?rrd

{mtt

*lst

ilu.fie<
?Fdl {lrl {I
wgsefr< rrsftGm fir{ttml'l

srl qtrt(ql-{ Tlq {61 qFIr<

sqct s'GF{

I qN qFrrn

<fr

ry
I

qqRr+ =tsct
qr{mt qer$q{5s TIrr
sEtq I qslrfil qgqm
wrtr+flb
w<Eql3
{si
tfrt(
'sftaft-+
s

.eT{

'rq

I'Slrl-of@

E {b frfis

qR arrr<"ru qsr<;l omqt c(Gs

q{l

fiB

"nfur1lr1il

srt:mffi ilqr{e-s

ErT< {c$
{efies rgmrft q:
ile,ftG qorffr{d s-fl qIft +s 3.d.<m6 <l
TKq {FF ER I :[. KI!fi r*- cq, {l u F*wt6-+
q{ g?H q'rdl{ q'qsfrE qs r q{ts ilEifte q?H <iB <i
*qgf .$f{ qB <r c{r*d fu qftd <r{{g

qarpl Tryu,

qlTttr{

flqffi's erfi{ qcTs qffiq q'tsfrE

<6{fi <Icqrm'rt
F* rn .o{t dft

q<o\

rntq

Efus c*nr
{Tq, <Nm

TIbIt{IYqnm<.cT{Cqr|,trvI'firqrqcrqfifi1s&a<1ee{<fiT.tsKTK<Errq
cncq c'r${ 1" (ffi c{TqHgfrr
**= ; r 16 q-ce clqfus <r<{n (cultural la$ r {F{

<rqZqE+

fuail
q?ilrclB w
xrq

qqqq

$qfi6-{ I11fr

cq6, 6cx.1-4-1frqq--p;1r6[,
q{?rFs{[srqqrfurfinqftea<SE-d\5'mKqftqffiqT#mKw{er&ffiq

a* go} xqe<

frDr

'rcat

om.fi"nFt
ry1Q 1

6at

ac4G

fu

(w

i*
tr
lE
i{

la

c"mlilr
{cwtrt3t tF!
iFlq T6{ ERT

sr<ffifu+x
furctr

$tutr
qt

ls
ld
ld
iL
:-o

qm
vfucr'u

<lBi

TI I q1T[Q? qf,
itsfi

D-rq

dt

t-

t
t

rrr

\-aQ

!
r

w:lfi-+ v.-6'm< i66r$ s q1d_

ffifr*I qm q$ srrq. C'f.fpr. .ur.qi qe-u,n q'rar{ <rrc3r

{rri'

n +
r:

-* **,
q1il{ (white co'ercrime)(f,6r qHilfu
**il-qs r u,u,rcqr*I Trilq q $rtrFl q,k*
cffi To qrr
qRi IBm rsmrfr qfuarmd fmmqq
r

l
I

w{fi-ffiRq

u*ry T{.
{ffi{,

EslR qfrE e yEq< encrp qe6r{ sinq I qerfl{ qc{rffir

.s*cq
q"rflm
aG."
,rn
i-nq ***
T{nq:nqn
Trs{rfrt <Et qm 6{, qFll(q-<[ 66{;l Qe1ffi1-q
Em+mrur qk$fr EHr En
tfr-t
fr r q?Krftm cssstn <t srrs sNmircfi q$ws **-umogo
"a"-EFrr {* n *u. ororc$r :Trqf
qc{B cm{
'gFtr"f

E-Rr
q{
"{fu.R
wir <rgrr fr r
sCSTrqR ftm<nrsr< pm6"r Ery<(TH qnr
"ri ' Erlf,q cq, vrtl pFm TsrsTft
c,trrq

Er&

t
I
)

qr

** w- *

1*l**

Fru'r*e"ttfuft{rrrftqt+,qut

^* "rut*,

<Icqrfi.t6frB{(q
q-rh{ q'rn crm wil qnr 6{, 6iFF[
'qsfiks-{rr
6sF t,R ergo vlmftr
verm fr<'rnft {qKR'Br <rqn qru'
ffi{ GnQ r
q"
o*m
ry, .fiFs q&6s",qsfqs u r@fs u,Et Em
q?Rm{R qlrr fr{ EB
rnqr ft-cs
er1s
I
w1ft
Rft
"trm
6{g9 qrFT E{ srqrq cr{Brct
Frrt3t wttrrn ffi qrcrfur qRI-q r qls q.+rgl qfircfi ,fcq
qeFrd qs I qFtI[E:t urBrqi{
trflq$ wkq cnrs w{g TFTI Tlirccr (mn E,r
;, erlo vqmff .ttFs ffi il
6.*m
qs, :uqrmn Win{
ebrc crDI v-flEl vrs"r{1{ "**

1Rt

+t<"t

rffftr

rs

Egttrr;r

{punishment & correcfion)

{@

q1'.{f,*,-m s'Rnftd qfu

*,cq-< cfr-*E* q*fr{t
erletR mFr <re q{ c<Ffurc< wilftm rtr+E orr, -rrFe-

c*r&-$ qB[ilq

firr

efcs comr<
Tqr

,ntuT1t{ffifrfur

A
I

d,
d
!
C
A

_t

6l

t,
.D

$g

u.,r rE

{Es

q"rflQr q&

q,u qm r qffirftn oe yr_

ft**
"*"
"o*,u,
,*&-s et q"r qeeoru *"t

cqTrftd qG a 6q-{q c{B<ru-s qf*cfril <t\f q5g qrm

v; Tn, EtrrsF qqg cffirfu Ef6fu.s
qrn{.oir qry cFr&Tur.u e<r. il&{
cr{hFrs sTtl.,]R frr,rs <ra$
1fu qs r c{rn cq q.{{E
?FIq rGI vlqq'qe61ft5E
T{ q'rfl{ri. r.[ d r" q'tmftro qiF $rffin cr{ <]B
R[qrE *n *u
st< EtRfu-s cffi{r+n Bm.m 6{8il qn
frrr qTfl qqa n'fu q<(BTr'fir w*ftn crfifigs <Frq
fr6 qrffiD-fl <KE
I

ffi

lpqsishment) t

:rffi +qir*, .tf's Eq qi. $fffit r'cfi s pgfl-gs

<^xfi rn c1ilftn qnI q{r{m{ s* q{
xfuorao <its q,'*ft.F qfr cqn ro
*4 rxtu <rE frtrGs qr<
rn r q'*tft< sG c
{fiTn ql*rt 6{qf[N aB-r.nqcro qqsft{

*ilr.*;;

iFStI

EM qI

'"* * *u.,* nre *, ,*

"";.

:i::.:-.-.1.::.:.:-

REe q<{}flrfik$
n er.rr c<r{{

cml&-{ w<

{s&fu *'t.a

qrff{

\a

Mq

rteTBs

{cs rcn_-csrrfr qs.llts qr_GqqBI +mc+

s w{_
erB ccq srq< c'r-tN .urffir a*- v'Erfq TGr cnm qt#
sEiKFr

E ffl{ (White collercrime)ilFI qHilfu <F{l.En

I <IqIfi6rEI qTfS q fi156 qrk[{ elfs
TO;m
?am rrrErfr qBarqr furEn{ut r

qft

o*ry

wt$-corrn
qBq e yE-{< ,rrRrp. Eet{t{
ET,crla
a-rrq r qe6r.{ ccurrgan
rylT
Effi u' e@F L{H.E "rffi{' qqilm
$ IR c,rme i frq *ou
Trfrrrt Tfi qtR cq, qFlrrq-<l 6qn< a"tffir$ wtrrrn
Errq*[u1,
lfr,ffi.$fi qI{T ET
fr r cffitftrs cfiDvl:r <t srm Fflw+;nffi q{fucs
",ka6- qril ET ft e<( q,Bnc.=r ,,pf
qc{& .oH ,tfu.R sFfsq E EBr
cE3lit l,vri qr fi r vrQ <on

rt
li
lr

qG$mR

funqsri em.iwEftH

Ru'r* e

i
i

yr* "* w* ;
** "**
** *, *E ,G';.*ft
qrm qomrq
c<try

tlFq Rqrr+il ftlRnnot

rcra'

cEFc{H '{Trft$-{r< q-r6n qEK cqrs wt+fu

6{, mrEI c{F ,nr-{ ergu v,r*rft<
fuqila q*=K fi <.il qrim rs* .o*q I urr, qbqq*Q* qqftE
E
u,w ErE
qTflr{ir qlcE fu qG m'+r
frre rrs I erfs vgr0*fi .rtfu q&rg crrco qFdrsrsryf*
q{ s-rqcq {r{R6f
wttFf qrt6{r oc qp{ftNl EBIT I
,fcat EsqR qs qrlrm.
I
ere*r{
trfus qrllq qrr+:mrt {F{r <nrrc.f fmq ".ffiqffircfir
m lft<efr
erlo v1nft .11fu ffi o,,
<tsIIPFt

r?'or

i;

*-

{T,

<Ietrrhrf

cfflq 1&i

qDr

crtr wllsr

-fffrc

** **,

ws"r(1zf vr<"t

\s q<G?rltrfT

(punishment & corrccfion)

cqrtt qLffi16q sffirftR qfr wrcffi c{B-{D-s qGfrTr
Trg qr{ {rr+ r sqrlftd qG s.nmFr <,rF qs ersrr< q'*rftrs rss' Ffl,
r*s
{Nrk-$ q&rmq ,ks FrflR Tqr qnr sR r <rw
wrrfu qe c6e,s -u; qfrfr$R w$t

ry

emn;.*;

.ilFoi1tT{Dfrfu

;#"" -il

q"mrftE qG 6{

q
A
1

^d

6qfi

clG-{rET qteR.Tr Tr$

{qfi

fr)
6l

_!
6l

+fuqx6

.n

qI6F

e<R.

frm qmsr qffi Tfu qR(qafi

:[tFE (punishment)
t

qcl

st Tn, Errdlir wvs cffirfrd DfRfu.$

Ttfr{ cr{$Tfu *thrHK frr,rq <l<r{
Tffi
",Tr&s-sr.<
Tfu qs **
<nq rGI vlq 'qe,mft5q
;RI q'KI{trF
qomtftm
^
qi.
Td
r"
{f,rfir qrq <rfu R*" ;_;
1.[
qa uRfr-+ qcfi{trrn Emn t 6{il q{

qil

q(oll,'rffi

aalrg,

?tstl DUq

il

qffirE+{r$ T,?rr{ frcs

qrmru_{

GR

ffirn=r qil.ff s rtc'H-s <Fp{t qI q'mrftd

wTI W{rmq-{ s-irt lts
q'mrftr+ ffi c$rr +'o
<rilqr
qtu
*4
E.u
q& e crtrn qlD:r6t GRIR\o
aBrtrqqs qqsft{ *ar{, IlE[ sR err$ .|rm
ffi qqi

v&

qrflftr

.IIfu Eq qr

qtilfu

.*;;;q"

<cq

.i

oe w*+qnurqfrwn

st6ffi*'

(qqN qGI)

'C-

.^-

qft mri
cTrrj
irotqfr
{w' tt[E "qtfi"'ffir{ffiF Kr(E{ qrTlqcs'qrfrs qE-RPf
q$
sr+qtfu,
r* fr{rq wc'rs. cq <r'E <t EctIqRFF <r<qt <t sflq.qan
qsq< 4Fo qq1tr{d q$s Tns-m qtkfifr q@qflilqs I

.{F qFtrr cq$ $s

fri wir

cmr& C
esrs
)IlTr{ <!i

.flFs< BffiI|i ,c<qEt3r{a[{IgT E{t st{t fl$qaT":r<fi{n

ffi<r+&rm oqffiqe.mc{{l R:r{ t

f{) dfrfiqTr{ S'

qflq ar{ ffilqR9a q<(q!rd{

qfrt
6ffi41.sq

(Retributive theorY),

'rTrSR't

1T.,4
fr{a.
(DctirC

({) q&-rfiq{-+ VQ (Preventive theory)

C(ffiffi{etS v{ (Reformative theory)

.rrpqn WSE1 .ttps s'rn.&fu+\5t frH<t irrit I
(S)

@11

ry

ry:TtT

t*

fr{a

13S

<*s.{k

qqil{ ws qlR i{ .E qI En \ffiI'Efi t{g fr{F affrsrtlFg'( Elr#F {ittrtK

fi-{,
q?m{ EqT:mF qt qI6 sta E,r< Iffi str6H ?F.[3 l "frflgcl
E.qR qEB qp v:mft tr{ fl{l{
6sFiG qrrfd

Err[R?F

qircTr

=.q

Kr$rq,

o1R

;'

q,firtqyd 51fifrT

{ti

iFlI qlt 6[

fr{Fq1q

q*.fifi r n6fu1 c.11tq-ffin qrq'i 6q.d{ E(q'fitl

(?!

qfmrlq?

qETdq

erEC-rr*rqa4 E-q

, i
(RetributivetheorY)
eq l' 'fiffi {Krq
a&r$qq-s *e"'*.q" {1 q*[E <IS ?Kt Tl{tr 49lf,{-'6',fi S{ CET
l

flffi

c{[E q{

G0.!

rrtueH

l'

*..fil srq <{t qT c{, q,r$ft 6{.* qtt{ ss4 s.nrq ,s<i Elil "" fa ]q
r&q'reqmrqgiigrr+{F"pr{s{.(gtqmr,4BItr{q"rflft{g&csG"rrfim,iBts.F5t
qqrqr
ser$ry$ rq* Try" <Nn r:rsftnfiE{teS WSKr*
q-{i'nFs Ftor +{f eat
t+i c"r$ft.rra.erfr
ry1ao
(oFII {l3t
($ s"rdft,rs .ups qnffid {slt{ qlArEK gC sfu'"e-r(fl qIB qeKi{ e<qq'l-ilftn Rsq Tx" tfil9 6 q<(qrroffi &Ei e 'ffi T A
';
.fiFs q **oe q*fl{ m os u',r$Tt fr.'ffiK ffiF '{<".fr'd'rflft sqT
(R). sBr$s sqsF$
qqnft {lriFmrr$ t{Ts 4-gco ER r <ryv "fiFqa IF ry"^"'i'
,!sE q{]s{, ffilt] q s&RqT 'EIITI{$i I a&I{i{T-s'"flFs W
(s) {I{R-d r*/'
"1eqrq rbl fi q'rfitr
,ea er{&-rs tIN cq'n I qfl-frlih qrfi $&ers <iB sBRQffi

wr

<I qtftfi

,{

(,1,

wTr+6f

vemr1ry;1

{ls

169 qtm

** *

A,* q6o grn frco

{fu flrl
I

**

errr<

*n

qt v;rt

TH<

Ilq< eem

o ntfifte

EB<ifu l

rqq

lsra+
cfurTrq 0qt'rq Tm q<(41'[{frE6

(II' q,

r.r{rm

gqd

rrotr

-{

<TE

.qT(

E-f Ettrl

w-ilftr.tfl

T&d,s <Tft cflEq

.nFs <r
Tq

fifu- oct set;m$l

T*tq

q,m{

ntu q<taBi
e$Eftrnq

\\qg

*qf-:fl(Q'fiFe- frI, sflB'ttFs

cFrr{ <q cllcr;

r(

fi{

t"

s${ qr
q
{frs qerfi<Tr-+ "npx EfrB=", :rmqq sqf;t EqE {rFw ffij 11F qler-{3
I u'rn$ .Il.Fs EIs TiK 4<ty
(:q4qi q?ttr{ qeR(cl.8Er{ +rr< esBt *-,1B U9,a
r

,|

1*
i
armr" rr<, cffiQ-{ s& ftsl..{r e q&fr$r <rs rfri Effifr-s e<(qcfiff$
{ft-c,q Ern {r
rr{R< qG {r{csi xtvtfr-s ,tn,t

;;

qru.re

yu*

qr

CrTr{GT{{<sWi
ip"i.r.ot iau.otvl

-flFs< qs, qfu1q qt s&fic{I q'{

F6rrqq6 g.q,[F6K I${9T Exg1r< {rFfi T311 Erre |
vq
sfrc cqilq q,,{ qr< q@ a't q{ sFI <rqietl r R.O<qTE-+
"r$t-fr
*" .npoa Eql E@
q5q
qr(<
:rflq
erm{'{g
"-*
qt3mffi
<I
It|F6
qh-H
.RFr
{rEI
T-<.rq ffitGi
Tdil E{ a s,rfiftr{
1

8'

qtm qa{srt
fi-qmqfq-+lFsWT Tm-sfr le<mr fr{
rftFs sq.rq <3IFI qsrFual
r) {fu wmql <lB e<" ct*tft< ql1 gffi lsw r q,rgftl+
qa:u qm
q'mfqaF' .*t cqrs Frrem-fis fr.re <ttr< r'6*fi1 qor$ftn :[Fs fit{ T O:
utQ t'
o**aaf qF En criFm I cq-.Tlt qrtrF w{ >nre cqr+ fift ed s 'I8rg.{-,ffi 'ttfig
qT
;RI I vfr'iF wnHil one 'ttFsK ffir[ AT
tqt }iTFs" ffi, \T,rilftrs sE <t milctt fq
.fifuT Bcq-r[ w$fi'rm< q"tal{sr-( ffi(q <KE ffil <J f+rts ffit t eq{tt q srEl {T fi{Ktqr$
I

Eql
(E)

wilftrs
(s)

{rFs qrq qqlHTMR q-ql qT6 ca<-{ft

,tK{r{ TGI cq-s

q"r{ftrs

qqar$qirc
qzql qE

o{

<r ftqvi q<r+s r

et

ftotri cyTE

Tn*

qft

<t

.fiFs qq'n ffiT ql qs ura6{,1qrqB3;r{ s& xKr vB erq effr< q<(

qi$T$t slu-fict wsl's ilqla .{+fr BqTe
R Eils +;rr< r ,srtc$IqK Eqlqlffii

fi

q'm?rm TrFo srflq

s@le
Tfli{qc+s1rrm{r a @w+,ffiErq-i curn fi<l'<rysffiEE
| 6s-fiI
q-q.fcqtr I vuft
Fq .q+-,<rm mfu+m
q<r,r w.*r<r
".1*t'
c6q
q'r$ftre {fu sq'F +.it{t G srFffin *orUro'.d frre qc< qf 'ct{-{fr csil1<t-< +Tt {l{ TI t
B
q'rfiq c.n-q A-<s KFq* -'f16 n f mo
T{l
.r6s <.t ,5,u*s *ry
*et{<.'<
"-ftr:{-{Rrs
qqstcffi EI( q<(xtfl Aq rqq{ urqrq t <ryE
ffifffi q"r$qEi-s qlu-dct EEl +-{t q|'g q<s.fr-Cq frcq

ffisry

oofr ftqrqn{st ilTTq

Ty
Yf

L
'\[

Qo8

:MqfrWN GHT rtq)

G+ors qEi G c,K-r&{- qql rTfs q'"tkflT* <rr LH
wl[q qq3ffc$r {Br c'fiq.l qlrfl IR qrr< I sTE E+[g
Tsrqq-$ rfffu qKrcK q|n

tIffit{

pfrq1arr.*

-{[f<F[E[

::*

EBr

.*..'-

erfua'rl{-{-{ssEl
{fu

q'cfiftm
'rq..u ('ETI, cffi-fi =uBIr<rFr fiH ,{<(Nmg q'r-{ I
qms q&rsr<g+ trfu
fuft t'm.r, Fmrq I rnrt a
qrF. q,rftftco
tliflT q,mq q,rfcs r{lg <Irfi eM.E ffiL
TK

<<ra

.t

.q-<qqCfCq

qqrtt$tTt

Err

T:[ftsa

I
l

.l

I
I

I
I
I

tr
qtrfltft

(Correcttq
ETBTFI

q..<Frrrfq:{ilS vql

rrt! ryrE 6!

(Rcformative theory).

r{m*r+{T{ EqE Effistr Em{tr qq\rr4s1Tn<qqrft r vqfr TFks

{flr<rtrs
rulE 3Hrc qcr'6 r fiqmi qrkrtry v{r+ I.n ?Enq Tr$rs l.ft t {H qI e {tr6Tr.cTE
{qrtrrl{ cQ sE ErF =tsil rR r .nfun q(r.|K'i{Ts Effi {T{S$ qq r qqilft( FRfu$ cs.[{.T
4i sq c"Kr+,? Eri?ks q{rrrfi Flfue- TsrF q<( cffirtrc sm^rrs ryrq fiTr{
"5+{r{l +rre

TF

.rf*sfn en#
qy{ft EI'Bttrt.
<,it{I

umrvqERffi&qEFc{trvffi

(T) er6F

({).m

qqilEt <l& cBtq v'{ qcsfu :rtrrrq q<.\ 6q

{qg xqttqf,Q qiF q;t
TI{{ I c{ qIrNI EtrfllE <l {{IF;tI c'frd q'rfl{ qrfcs errn $Gnq r srt iira qt y{ cu.ag fr6q q<(
wr DIRfu+ R{e $rc frntq <:r$qm c'mftm rffir<nqrq qcfiH cem.t T{r errrtw{

firr

(rF) 6q sBrc"tt 6{l-s

H6r

cry{

@ ffi

ffi?fts Er{ I sR sm.ufirfu+ q..rfi{r+n

fi{rq
q,miilr

5'R

Et, wrlHi r& e<(E?rflftr+ q,r$q utv. cefr+ Frp rrn r {rfu. q EEE wrcflEffi 8"6
T{ I qIsIE Efl3tfftrs Eim q'B[q vffa W q:n 6;1q
"ttfio gq6 Til eR qf6g s(i gilit ,fffi Elit
q%!T(
qcq?n'
Trftni
d
sil {qt rfi r qzs q"mrft w< luor(l qe[ D3N rIIfo qlg rECn ftq
q(Ifi{Fir qBr 6$Ft {r{u{
qfi?F TI5B qrrfla {,fu fie16 T|w rsrrBr o1;r
frffi.r$ cfitre
'nn rr I
p51 qisrfirc ft1;5 66 siirq r qQID ark*rrpq
sq cII fil.trBr .Irfui sqr <fl qm(q Er(g El;r
trT qffi;fh qR o{-f{rs {rerk$ q|Trks fi{(i{ fr.lK qHrn {r{Fil qlrs {I I
,

($ .ct sE q"rflftm:4s

1tffir

ov(

sR6t

${rFI W{:?Fri gqcs

Slt

rft,slgrfrd

vrsr 13 6<i s "fiFc{ EpR Eq q'Krftcs clqgrr< Frm megl {tcs slK
EBn 'II3[RI Crn Brfl q'Bil{ q{ cssfu qsilR
{(IIIrr {I arrs I E6s oGf,nr<gr+ EE w$rft <ail rm
({ .tifo wsrftm q*tvlnt sG'rflq ircr rrrcg sK efm cBr qfim{
frre qeilr {st?Ftl qtrF TI
efu:g,ryr+ Eq qcft qrnrfrm q\;I Eit{ .trfo emrq ?BrF q{ {tN 6{ q{,flE qrll
@ q<R.
qTBI
6{ c?rfri( vr{ ftre
m 6Ept1s1 qKR r qqql' sft-rdr{1ry$ sE q'gilfra q-{r firr<r sdK {tfuT

Itfu

_{

TrFe csrrd

(Prevcntive theory)
aftxm<Ear.$

69 errr
err+F
T{t En r qrarE

frqrq

C{n

qrfu{

ErF Tfdt lI

toC

yrm*m',mmrTrftfrE ffizg
F) qqB qqnftr+ sl<I{rrd

Git6t G[ <t srr {rfu-,u' qrsilR g6q1*T*u

*,fl{r*i
o* q'rflft qKJ-rE eTBr "Br qi m{i fi qr-* Ers Grr Tnr q<( s6
Tr{r
FtSlt"t I cs

pp:*
{ft.TFvIk$ 6-aq
wmltrR.r om

{pri'

ne<TEs qt-vt

nr Ffi

{rs s.u

Lc

W q"mfrrs

-r-Hil;

u qg6

ryEqr** fu6 ryr I q.orsQ {trr r*rr cq{rft 6 rqpo

6st r 4I Trsr <<R.Cfirfi.
sRJ|:rrrq'IT{tho qerEr rrilrt Eils r[sr sT<
vBc1FtTfft cwr rfirrE qrp <fus qgT{ lrilfrr$
q(Tr{{Tr$ qctrqtrfl wsrftfi-<
qr{N
qrcsft qt-srrm qRqs
e-ll e$E
* .qq # q'{;IE{Tr
Etit r:[rnl od qre flK Trq qrlrs {trI :p[sH
I

qqFS..ftS q<E-rrrgqT_fq

<r<att

(Correctlonal methods for iri-io"f"l

q'Rltt @ qT{ qr ffinfit silu;Iq
B o{ sr qR{ e fis{_qrr6f3 qfrfift
| E,rflqr{Ts EIDsr.t
Trr{ wrq cqrmQ <re omr qmr&-$,tfr{wR qrm*r q-{r q.o6*t
qffiT ,,R*i;
csrw< eMRs qc. qrr R Er-ir
"frs qN fiflnK
.n
"*
cIHfr q,kil{ .EtErfrd qr{FFil :rr{
qtmn+rroq
'fl,t lw
cq'.crt ed r p.R qqTlftn .r;oo{r$
<Frr{ &{ cn$

*"c*'.;-*;;;#ed

c,lErQR qofitcqqqq crim ?U?rj{I rmcq

(T) qK.Ft (probation)

({)

"fIEIEt

(parole)

sK vsj EF{Gff r

<r<re[ Rct

q{q Tr<rE ryprrf

qfrre

qrrflD"il

frft{q

?E[

Edr

flF) el'trpfi (probarion)

sr{'E qr qr{ q$E ql$B-s <Frefi

q,mftr ERfu-+ cqHHr{ e<q
ry^
r{fmTil <rrrafi
<Fil qn r waqfrs* e
tBznftr qr*r{ qrr$ cqnn
<n.rqr. ere.c
*,,
fr-sq crftq cB** <rFr flsi em{ EKr e*rfb q:r q<s,.-*

.**

c{n vrFI TBIITIIGI eBI6t

il iF.Gr srr DIRfus q(m{trK

c{ <Fpq

u* *

*il;

fr{*,-.,ffi "m

fiTIqr qit {N qrflrt

<r?rrefi

.-=--:-_

]_-

\.

-.--E'---E+FetF-k*:./

\\-

\-L

frrfl

e
I sm'r{ <r-{<EI +&'m'tr<Ft&
(ql gr+tn Ed'esB qP$CIs e qranft qG"$lfrT $<:ett

erqJTq GBTI Es

$nfu s6tl qffiq-fis

E-rq'rt'16{E$-En

RTg{q qru'n"fc+ esm

fltlrq c1ilRK

ffilRP {rFlc- Et'flEE :qfis 3tq1 qx | 66rfl cq {ft ?r6fi <l?r'efg

EIRtr{.B{C qqft TftE o,d e{ er< srr'n sr< trFo GItt rEIN Er<
('t) sqfi qm q"rflftd e-{J ilitB,T{ W*o fl{rn cc fiRfr'{ c$tt{cla {Rpt Els rcl
(q) e{E{ c,Wft<

qil

Fwrnur

q<( qIs.GI

w{I dtre i&<m ,Raqa 4s

E;BI

rT(T3l<rFtI

lQt

qC"

"m<

?Fiil Ctlr.q Eilit

qqi cqtfu'qfu wqFf+

tuxml
fr.. IBFI q

<r qqa

.I tF, '*

.c- - ftF) B'El

.1p4 {1 'tlR{
(q)
'[IIA
cnni
lprftF

Fffi("f e<( offrjrF['K Eftm qr{r{ | sr<

?rrfi;r {Frrffit c"r$ft <IB {r{fi
sfm <rBfi;frc3t ?rq(l'q GtF {trt TI
qTM frffi{ ft-r< Crc
(s) q1qfi Tffif y'rilA-{ err< +Gors 16 qnm'r om c<s.$stk{
E-1le qH o.m-{ I ffq<lG sf< et< cfi6 {GI efr+ vlm w{I G$EllrflllnTtf s;r{E t

ry

qr{fift{ c'Ktft T{'IFI .${(TIqSB-{' {qq Ccrrs Rrc crfs(s

ft&N, 6q qrrup-=t 6{{fq e<(ft&*d qrof qq&ol{ q{ q:rq 'Trfrq c'tFffs ffiql{ zEttrI qI
yftN, o errgqfu.G&qat sqcf ?mrc <Iqi ctFFtrI
etcFts,

Ey&,

Cc

srt sta qn$ft

<FI ?Filcs <t{I

J,

'
6
qHN {BrC<till
'tsrv, Et-{tr{i c'rflftrar cq7'Id
qts, sr{f{Jfrq qqilfr l1qIrsnr otwor( E(.tef{fft <t{i qrsm
q(Prr{ qprp {Err< q<( q^pft-s fr-ffi
1uy t5+t+tftt sqfrfft sf< {k{< e<( El&1un6fn
I

\fln-cilEitfin iFsc6s qKtrI

'ffirr{ r eItrft ff wl sMfrs c'Hm
frr<q e<(E1K q[{, EIRE{ 6st{
1q; sGrH a'ffit:fitRt fi{rt $c{'Ffiftq c,mft{ ltsiqsrl
gr<I({-i
gn6 qre fls-41 6c <rrfl-rd {qFrq <6<'frffir orrq ft,ntr (emct ssr<H r frc'trf
qcn EtpI vr< strrtrffi cYTII
TFEFFFT qr
r q6qc?rdlft ffi qs cfiRs
<t Tflrm (rrcs
I

ttr*

'trd

mp ,mr
esr< E rflft Tirs

gFI ?m

-^

q-{, E{H1;4I

trsry mrqft<q

.rH *,"

aw$w1w

qN {rK

(9 'fliBflc

.a<(Eiftfu-s

erc sr<fi

fi4e xmre {rqet

1f+6r<

q1s 1:651

w1*
qffi

FGR qTI

'.!F s6;nfu

+rceQ

rrr,

qqFr+

ari

scmt rtrs6mi

qtrft.rfu{

fi

qj
ftffflu,
<ra,tnr wra

u{

cqnft <rfu y,{

q"mrfr* nr.'l
err{rrrd3n

cs.@r;

+-rq cc

a
frm rrr

efsfifu

{I;ttt

.i"q

.rw{t

Er${i qd

Ar{.{T,$l

q <ffir< a.r<,H o.ffit< qrnr{ *qq

q-sJ're qcg

.. $

qFFr< .s<(

1&rc,
sRcc

il

*ryd

ffis{ufinq

ErfiFFi dFR.

qlil
qrmru'Trfl qw
i{
<<re eli-*n

(Parole)

qrffiftfC-d EfRfu'S C'.r.tt{rfil qlff,<lft Tf<r?tl3l TFI {q 'frrmn I qfl-mFl qTfr

ffifrs q(.tt{q{drc gft#rq'sl i$?f,t'l q<qqrfiksln qrlf[q ETEF ffil Tr{l
I

SffiS

qcbr

'*o,

lr

-:

A.*sr
e<twm&efiaal

..4 ,mo sx***

r.rqrG

\o1

q(<fi <r<rlfi c.{rs

'['JKE <]=r]?fi .l-+[ F-*r r+rr crsiift rrrltrtisx -nfu 6slc*t
- =d!!$ryqn qe'$q v*m qi'nmrm g,Irs .16 qrrns qfu cnum< <Frp?fi rm'Tqr rc <rq&[RI qI{tEI.tE
-flfu-d qr-Yfr{rt'r cutti !t:-{rn
'EI c,rflftrs rrmrfi qF{t E{t TBIITfi-r<,rrfu-rsrqronq q,rflft
o'B* :ft$ <ft sr< crfl{ srft qll q-{rflrrr q<( sK {rE, ?fu{rus tRffi{ qs ?Fil {IT s-6qt
Err.p,tIcil-rq qrq ETftfr-{ c((Ifi{rfir Er4nq 6{sl[ En

g{

cT[Ertts

s'Ktftrs qiF qI fll-flq sftGrr'omo .rgqaqa-* trglfr. wm +<rq

qr{l$
qF
ql
q{ I 'riIGII-rqi ffR qrflIrffi vgl r q{iq qqm c'rflfrR ErRfu's qsr'fi{rfit
EFe'rirr{m <K-ienT

rT{r6{}l{1-ffiT{{Cr{r(E-eIC{B{rqSl
errs.F q<q'mmrr

ry*,rtgRm$ mil frq Es rtt TEr I R5H-

(9 Ger'cs'@{ frffis
({)

cftn qq$ft{

q<( err$n ts-g{ 6s-@Q

e{ITGIFI

"

1k

(tl) 'frrrfls q<( ercPF BsR ffiG{t

ErRfu's ccrtt$T q<( '1rft'{crn <rrie$ Farrq

Wor'T+ Rrscq

r{ltnn

,fll-ctlEl

strFl;t sf,e6m qftrl +&"rc.16

c,rflftrs mnEEIFq{
g'cnqi s"lrrft oi l61m <n#f 6qn DEIR Et
"ffu{T.t <rcipglc{iq
I

{'nrea onqftqrt

,q<( s[<.|;T

v(T\6 qq{q

qqn s"cr

qfu E{t rnd-+le EFF :Ett {EI I cl:l-d-.Tcilq <Friq{Br r({I TBqr
tsFrs, ffirrr{R cs'cl E ldlftr qq, rqrRo ,ttFq retfho e,nc+ I q{tq
"tffu rsftrlr qrcaQ 6q
:rrfli{ T6$6I< qftcT srcIks ft<cq lstrBg qssrn [qlrt sts rGr r {$'rsrl
'IIIKIE <rmr*
c"rflft "fifuK fu{c]c'l 6giq imlist 'rz<t cs-{q olltmE ofuK cftr{ Erffi-s qcrfl{trK
amfl no
iEI
er6{$i qq(

fi6Tu, 6qry srffr

qIIr

<Friefl{ c"KrA'nBarv-rrm

qrc{t q5gfi

+'ffiK qft{ qffifiTirs

effi '[Fs< te-R qrilr 6q;a qc,{trt e{rn fit I ,tlrrrrrm 6sG{ c{rqp
ersr$ <tr6 'fifuR ftErr(n Fn rp-r< frrA q"mrfr< g'm "nFu< qsir?r ErrF oir qm sKI{rGI
qrEfi&r w$ El&fu-s.corq t'&-qru+ {ffir srt frt{r s'r etrrmrrcgt crrrq qrrsBl
{+r TR I g[<
ilr<rcflT

E-fQ

R{qKIft{

ettrrrcE (s-GI sr 1irm wrom ({{

qr<rtffin m-rq qoKIft
r

q{rll

cvrd qmr< {rsFt 'tnr qt

qerfiftr$
frts w{, 6,fl-a
mrq $gtfrs 66 1rg{ "IBr lI cgi{fr 6qE qql mh qqilft trrt
cltrKrtrtTl6s'@
elglfu qr {t I 'r{F-[sG[,
cqr]qgi wKtft <rfu TIfuR ftqc$ TBIFtIK cetrf TG{ qr$
ort c+ \rlfliil qrrmft< a<p64 qrc q<(,{ Trrcq fr q-{]'Fr qq-$ftfi-{rs qqfu Ts[g ccm fr[q

!ftss,

<ifr

ormum<

q"rmQ-<

rrrq c{

emrRsqF qrcr

sriFFt q<( eBrRIIcr sg$Q ccr.fi{-qq-s eo6 w1ft=E <tirien I qt Tl{r$ q6-r< sff-sR
s3rrs qEnq c"rflft{ :rc{i E{E <I frqril EIRfua
wrrm )ilv< I u'r< q,Knq3t
qEEItqR qFrifi

qEr

qr

ffi

Trfu srER
+crR a.nfuT B[q$ Tflft I Rfi, -flfu< Br?{], fr<r<q e q&rfi{{qss

-'ar''rr
f*q"-

B6 {r$FrT

g"-*,-W qtrtt{ff*'csB t'{sm qo.

qrr{* EIQ qpo e{rr{:qfas enr$

ffirsftrl ttrN;ft1
({ ,AZFrq q{fiftrs ERfr$
m*'l lnlnrrr \e'" I

qrsqrrfiftm "trffii{ +lfittlafirr< mm'tq{

qn qr I 5lRtrs Efle
asTrt s,m cqTr

qh
eErft

Sltg

:ERltuil

q'r3rtct(3t erfirzgr*rEar<F <rTe$

of crlme
Prevcntion
-

than
<rT'{t ('lprevention is better
g&r*t{t
Tr6w
gF+I6fd
ors
*t <fl q{ cq,
dR6t t c{F ''qf,
q(t ql ; srd q{I *ly
q'KI{
a<sGu
$m
cure') r <Isrrqrt
I mffil' sTR ftfitg e
qryYqR{
s'{ct{]l
a&rrt<
Fco
<t]<.'J{la {pl
tq{s, <rqrcqrr Erfi{
cq[IK qTgn' ffi : 1{IT
qn'c{Iff.*&-';mgK-5'"'s'*',* (Ts'ql{Iffil {s qF q{qq5 fir{ cerflq
T$B{q
fift6 q-+c$lt fi6aq =m '*ruu |
c$t& 6{c{
I

'!TE

sffiq s-{cg qm q{flt$tt Fmq <r

ftff-qs,

qtxrq'<

q+rs q-{R

r'

ry Y*'-q{tn&T

slstcct

q'EIl{

sK slt

'c

{EFEq,'
qftq, {ft t,

ffi{rn

gfficq I{F!fiT .s<1q&.s,IfiT T.{$ e

qr< I
5Y{", <lrcq,rt q'rdl(
qFITct qtrrd <i<'{I s-{F
e slffi'( E,t1g
e tA*
q'rfifrr+'fiFs
<rrcq,l onu
fi6- Tril qns r qT
e
ftb*
6*,,,6=
6sq{r,
q{!{
qrre wdfii Fm< lt q{ o Pns
ft$q q<(FrfrR <lB
..{ ffirEt

tt
;;'";;;

***:'
**
-ry
tm sil$ 'ttGt t
*(.t
vfr-o
tlfrIcmtlrfl
q&T{R{
<IqEq'r.t 91$q
.06

ftq*H

* *,

aGu,

.,snq"' 6fi8{n.
vfrsK eqi ErEq

;A;-o-*,

";,
* ffi;, ft,*

q{bn srrd, eFF*t <uqt 'q<.ERR TIRft

;; ;

,mn'm* ipiiftr re ft*q-{br..n

q-{I

q'r${
igflft {qfiq,'{tmls

se;5q

6s

eltGl

a&arccrd

fur;

ffiA

ql6<q

qrF r+H qqo'qrq{

u'ul

"la-<qrc

O{ottN

tu*i*.ffi

qltqTtqI({frsqIlsrflqr{gITftl**'qr{.{tr{QCq{IqlTsflt(ffiqtr*+t<c.tc+n
qr< l.
fiKqil{{,ftgqrrq{wgrftqrg?IImlq'r<frRffi+mqEsc(rfiqHsileIRFiqq<(
qrm sl< ffit eran ?EtcE

* ** i

law) srcs er{Tr

@qfri
Qrni
qr*fi

ii*f

:Social."-rr$

oruer.a&ffi
qr{ aDlf

fq!ilAsf
condiuons

i'g{g,q'rfiqgBr{rcqqtr{KEfir,FtTIIffi.l-T*wtnBtftTct6{TliIqrnI{{Cq.{I
efa{rfi' t-t'
qFrEm q
grrEq cq{l"*lto
cq-s t
q'Bttt{ <m frmuql <r<

pnsqrtc{ar**o*t

qu +rFq
lf{

oare
I

qRrfi

qtrr**q

I1b9,FrfieqfilgB+H'IIqIFr{B.$FIFIer6qsKE{scsTIuIkslFFeffiErEIq
q{ Ffi s.a sTfi3l tfq cslEt sc$ql{
EGE r

Ere ET{.. ff

'iW,

{Ifr

*rr# r* lfr
k-,
a
"*t

Cq

rrys+l
rrr Efrs !r

ffi(
Sociel

vfuilrsr{
I

qGcil(rs(q<]lqsqdtqBTE.{ffiqRI?Fr.{I${qe<lE-{lIn?rcitq5{1q{ft.TGqeefta{IiFK
rl1{ "'R3eq qrfl quq-{R
qlal
<l.*
d-qq T-dI q.re
qi&ufr|lq <&,rg,wnq qcEt&T 4.(1c
q'Kl{
ffi.Frd
<n'r$ <F'J{l
Yl{g, El:rcqr
sE' wl'lit {l'FI e frrefrffiqffid
m
u,B6qr
ut
uqw fi**ffic;;;
Grr< <F qrfi ffit <lr
q"mft
*tu
*
r.,t.*k6
;il
q<(fi
r"i
grflq{
ry"tRqla
oexr
Bcqfift dR.t lir

il#*

ftr

ftsnrqr

<ld

r I
il

nonns mdi-

fqeil(rqt

ffi+*

ffi{f,t

Trm{

.c-{(ffi

clDir.rm

frqrnrRs

frqrE

ql$ru,

'

e<"r wmr&_+ fi,*_q.r

Q.ob

<I({rcq-flR q,Krc<r< q&-csrcq

qgiftfu-$ }iRRi rERilfAq

ft o_<r erc]ilq-d nH.R

ffiq' em qrwre--+ frr,o <q6 *t d:'rg
i"rfr {ql-rr &Eq"rE orr* ,rrq qFnqr
ffi*E'qR\ q*s \rq-<F
,rq-,rfu.sr
A"rfr

E-<r,

qs Ffl firsrq t sft, q

1st< tcvnnv
frqm

cqrvr

***, ; ,.-* _#;;

c+r+t qnB

mi-iq+frra"r

".il

Social Control
rTNre-s fr{aq <qls
w+m nfo
Tks q{-.T q< ,toalr,
<IfrK slq-(' sR EcFT-<EFI-**-il
-E=
qotr< nvr, ffi< {re{ gfis
"r*
r
Es, ts-n, c<E <Tfu,*

ffi

f
!

TtrF

I
t

i
i

sff-fi q-{ie[ sqq

<r-<rfl

1i qftill.E

vc<l e<
ve-<

ffi

sRI I q'in-q ws

sBrr

$vn< "fRD-Gv En, q:lr&ts mr gr, ,na,, ot, __]"_*.;

wil e <nqv'd {'rTsr* cR( fift6{ T-R RN * * *, 6np {ar+r .r,or uR r urr,
*fus vEra tB-Tanr, fi,-*rrrsr qp,fr I qq-fi _r*
qqT{ * .** **
*,
" *t* fiT
c{rs' <ifu q&s'

qtr*,.u

;;;;,
*,
"
""*,-r*;;;"
' i*
frrr qE&Tnrqcq(qc*r, eR qs,, q*,,
ffiis ffi -r*l#"*
*,
lobertson 6r< socroros, *i rrrar )TNr&-$ Frrcq-*
,i'n
a,uH":' *Social
".
control is the
qrtrm

1165

er*r,r, u,'{RilR

tilrfri

mechanisms
members generarv behave ,;

mryiF.r{te' ftF 'nrn

@TEr&-{f+ruqt

Trw

a6

RrE enrn
o,qrGTm&T 6nqq $r{sn

&

processes by

*;;;

*m";"*;:#t#J"
*o r<IR" q6ffi

society ensures that its

(leso : s68) \T{rsmrrqil
q'1offi n^*, q<( erfrrrt

filqfrtrfft

Metta spencer 6K Found ations oJ

Mod.ern sociotoggs6tq q5aq
contror is the process by which
rnembers o; g
bf biihaviour'and discourage
""#;:,."0
,r*".rr"o forms.- (tg7g forot sdrs
rm-s f+ra{".-.
q.q
err q{fu dfr{t{R lrt{rm
rrftm-s \rtrdr.r* q"ff.{'ilr"qq
-social

ftqstrfuomr

'n+trr

"**

David Popenoe 6BI sociorogy qrrq TF- 'social

contror is any process that
conditions or limits the actions
of people to make them want to conform
to social
norms most of the time.. (1e86
, bssi r qdfs
qffi_$ f+rq{ {r
il:r+
GrfiFfist TIno l.Ffle-{ Fm{ nT{ o .araro
6Tr{ Dr*rir ,*m-Tr{ffi qruserm

cG;';&*

t
F

r
r.

:rnmEr+ ftrrcers erTF

f+rsc. TGr

{m&T frgq <-qcs c{mn qo"r *r qfr* Tr

<,.jatr rn v&r qru.<tr+ frm*$6{ CI$e.s
;
{qtril{ e{( fffrfffr c-$rft EIE-{cq< qG c{{rd'cwlrff{ *u..
rr\*,&-*
rr-rr{Y-

ql'n6mfrqqrTlfus.cilr

crqt^]

c<13.R <,u

qq

<r

til
{r.{ ffi*,"rfrFrfrE
-* ; *u". ** ;,#"qfffir$
."*

acfte s nrr<rc{< "r6"f.'ft

Bo xrqrfrs:rqlqtrlEF (aeN qq)

Q.)o

qfrt1
qHIGE filgq ffice <iBa qEnq fi'mct< rI{rH clrre-{ f+m't frBSns r
v-"r*t Ttrq
c{rq-<t W'ltrf frqq fitm'ft&-ft&, urrq{, qtrr{{ 6rc{rq uT u*ry aw
fiYo
qm Ek< uoo -O* qlE3rt s c Tns< fr'sn-qm{
T*'tO'
"T{q
qG
ql3fia
q<(
qena
*'T.on
{o,
rilTr&-s Trm{ s 6{{rq
mq ErE
Tfi'qfrffi
qt<r!-ssl ilqit sr< r GD?m slt m qt"ry fim4 qTlfe-s q$q sefi s {ry-r<lc*
qnTmlE-{t T'r{ q<R. qffit{' RssK qltEl
EIffitm fi'qq]Tlfu +rd .c<( q(ff6 <iBts T{rts<I
qsfm :TNt&-{ fiTgq <irrefi qfirq< -Iflfl <q,lT il?rrc qr Sre<rr'rtB pftot tm +'cl

Y od'-**F

"

-,--qr
fratF
*fi
ficfri

9.Y1 X

ilinfr

tsrtr
, d.l

ff*'
rril'.d

aro1g-+ Grg-a-c'r<r ?1trre,

control

and characteristics of social

j
qql
qrr
3
<t tqFre' {rrrq I
fl$e-s frs-rc"r* +B"rs fitr6
q".E$6q ffiTffi sil i
sq1 cplft:s pm <um np1 .c<(c6lks
i.
qliK-sffi'"j
e<< larm ftRm qrqr t ,cn
e< q{xt$&T frTqm< "o.*
X
la
q6s, Td a.n q?Er .".=O u6+t o$ r <ryv q6ri&T fte-ffi e<tq-mq6 slfufio1 <qH
q'lrc'{ E.FI
KIrtBr cESt{ TEIfu-s fufficq<

Ai*:

t-* **

aild

',T*

r. {r{R-d
qK

qqlg{

qrr(qE

qlE3rct

qfr

EqB qrffrq3r ae[, w1"1'ryq,

qffi
ryq ft{ErFafln
qTqIft <iB e ptrff qTFrq frilq r '' '

E:FI q<({FI-<^qI5<61-trF

*o*1oLoo

ffit

.1(*,* *fr_ry *
eK qd'<iB( {zq, RqFrH q{lTles EIEi"IF fiIa.t T-dT
qc{st<lcrt 1l fi, <iF* Tr<q qRat.TT-5:Y,*
T-<l I
*."
"rq.,
"*tt.*
TlEFe$"r*qmqm?t@TFIS.{NBT,qrxrngclT.c<(E,rTItq1T.aexn.1lqi{,Y.fi{'
<6tlEI

cq-{

qrr-ssfr q5; q|ftTglr<

fiw.r<
TK["t <]frr ft{ fi{m fi{a"t r
e. {1.:ile-$

INle-$ std <t 64ff ffl1.T <V TcR

e<(ft{q 4:H ctre qqrgt-m Kst T{t

fi{I

q<( c{

qN]&s $ftT cmg.il{I 1 {F{t&-s

<v I EtQ q]Ile= ffigcqa ls] E-rEq
qTI I T{9
:ild Em <irea Ar qI{ Er$ 61o1fips qt q{ 6fr'r+ ETs KI3l {I-$eT Fry* Y1ry{
ERv'td +;IF EI{l r vR.,&rc
frE o sqt ftfirffft3t{ ry*= qt{rc sqTqB fi1-r fi(q-fiT Q-{
q<( srrq'm'prffin wts qEYlil c{m <sFt
6rq"fi qrq <IB.*'Aq srC{K Ts T'dl<I{ls +;tt
<?,G< 666n w:r|q

ff

fi**

sill

.tlfi <Fr&mrs firdq qm I Wq<,'ffi@ fimtrcfi ryi

e. qFirfr-$ fiSa.r q-$fr Tqq {r
...tl"a
t I qus'Gl srFtg;tl, gq1, E{l:nm'm q{Njfr\o epql qlmd t q{ e<(a&om
ffitszs
<Frnfi

rK

1fu ql Gt{ril r{NIeT fimc+<

q$q fiffiq sd qtq e fte-fte q1ttft qqrqr+
q-<l

a,.

Rre

Tfo

srq

ctefr e -Jw{l EXsrfi Y{l'br

ermfs Er$, <e:Tmr&-s Eng{ sefl $Fnq

,tta.-{

rfr

Emii
mr*
iln-#
wll

ta'

i|h

{
frri#

rmf,
"*,
srFf
d

rnfrjt
csJ

fio <rt

o*m{

r<"rrffl

cEFffi
'ffi*

fu"rlfi

ffii .q< E{ q<c.ffiiqq:qltrda

Fresra

Axwqn qs,Fr'<t

qfi

ff',

vE

TT

q=rdtor

kqt r{

frqs

.{aqqpr&-+

fiTd6l

a,)i

frTarn n:trffi< "rrs ETnl WrAs sil w< +l t.G-4mRn eTE qals{ 1616 m 1t-l.ltr
F{baqgl E{r TBFn r fr1atn q1q qftt&ft'{ qfrKr{ E-{rn rfuts {KlqNq <eg qs i stt
trdrk{ fix-fiffi eTfr 'rrtrr$ q{E T{r{1{ Er$l qcEE ql.:fie-$ Gnrrjri anvi ,llElrk-s 'IaFrt safi

ftlBfuiTqEr KI{

{rTIR-sf=rsffi"rfr {ffi

Importance of Social control

u6e.rqr11r< *"q qrr<Ft qiosl, fr&t, ryrr* ,r*mqsr ffi {Ff<-{ $ffi 6ttF TItl {R
sqrfi qFTf Tfrcq \rfr6r {C$q ERR1 qqv,st, <6r<I q<n[, frcqt-m'{, fr'fttvl ffie s{ 6{FI
qfu i
ErrF ?Ett {'s I ..rrr<t {r{{ frcge T{Isi I s.le cwl&.s fiWcq< TN qLqiqftTgl
ep[:[\r, 6q6T'{T qI531.I sql qemrrrqilF qroKcf c{rs HT{r+ {c< Ki-nllo qrq qlEG.-s FiTCq
<I?PqIfI $T$qiINI RrR(R
ftffru, qm&-s frBffi, Wrfl{ fWfr Rr$FI q:ilqrc ccq& qr{ iFC3l ,e<(q {lT<l }l:l m
q<s! qBcq r ci -{<TT
E-CTH< q-qi crffi t qqu qRQ cfit {lr wtrwl ftefte q<cqtrrfitrr
ffis qefiq" <f lgltft cT{Iffi gBsr{C{{rs qNI&T
3rs rrrrqrF rFI T;rF q6
I

'tR?rrd,

i{5l[.la+ne ,{rrt6 q;{N q{

yftN, I-rfr.. qftf<\il c<.. cNI&-s q<qfvaqor Cefm "rfrd"t C'fro qm q6q qffl&-$
orrflTi fiFRrl qFrrv qrE RC{ qril&-s, 1lut1B-.$ caqFqqq fiffiqqE-s .(16 sqq *ry
1,
Ers-i at$eT
e q{&ftq *,.*
:r{,fi, q6r&-s TBtEr w{-TC{ e<(,l3E
"eF
E{q+,fr[C cnk{(
I

Bry

qrqrk+ frga.r {rfiqrfi Eg<

(6lflr of the'Goacept of social control)
, TNIes fiaaq qprc-6 rr(aqtq ffi ffiw<

I
Ft
I

tr
I

h
I
I

h<

ffi

qrqq qfffiksH
il1qfreTft s{ (E.A Ross) t.ffi :to: {16 Sociat Controlqto..crs dqnt KE-fi TGFT | 4:{eEI
c{rst qlTle-$ fuaq ffi qatr6 {{Iqffiqr:[c{i .s$B alVT ETct!t Ro.ss <F;{ 6, nI$
ql{
<fre ers c'1Tsr qe {qr{yBftE, {t{I&-iF qrmffi EIK r( sqft e{< ttffi sr< ft*
qtfr{ ,h
654-{ er{&:<r stgil{cffi$ fttt<rx "renn Frsi.t T-ffi sql qnr6;w I fr Trrc"tt ftn qrd
{< vrvrfi'<I q$rrs 1fi"E" qco e<( crtteT rym wnx-r T{ru Trrlqrs <gR{ "nren-q<&
crs{ FrN E{ r

trm{"fi p5s{

qrli,?-S ,?*-ffq-< em
Ross +&"m q:FI flefl q,qfu {N ErEq rpCFI c<Tm ltl ltf rm
qFnEt
e qrTrfl q-{1v, qltq, {NI&T r{, Trfuq, $qaa-q1fu,
Vfr-sr {Rr{ Trd

frH{
fiEffit,-ftTt

ffi

B qorcqq e<c TNIk{

{flsrqf,

qndIIDTi Ts-< |
'l3FI-e-I60
er{e" rrqi rra tr6'{{cffi (Hobbes)

'L<

frrR {N qnn'f

?F-Gr{l

qf{frt

'4'Sq-rstt

+h-{ fi?f {E[ c{, qrfr-oln l$rqilnB e ]9]sI ftEt

qrtm'fqF {RqE
ftq Rt I {tT{ fu QT qrd sq,m r ftqel B 'infrsut E?FI Tq{m qftt er$

ttt

Bo:nqlfrs cflqRu'rq (arN

crg;

@{

qtrfr mr+ {B c,rso rr$ qfu BfrF srcar

om r &
c-{rt6s .rrfi rBrrr F{er ,qip <l
+&"rs $B< qrrs s{q s-(R Tlrr ilfr{ <i<rqr< cunwqsq
sGr q<( slH csrs _,{Q ;_furcqa
q-{rq wfr tGSH ftcr< sre
f,trp-631
qr'r6
sTeR Krqi
Ers (krcke) qEil qs-FtrElft
5n fr r sm Tm{, Try{ CTrCq <q<Ic
prno {tm rnr qrqrs ,rrv qR(
frfr{ ft{cn
fre uru nor."r o<*
_*m qfu

ffi

T*,

qTf\8 RIBT'qprr6 c{
{tnqr fiT 1o=t Hobbes-(F {Br6fR qra R [ft. r 6K
TCE, q;1q r{rn r*ir{{ q-{r qeRr q:ire-{ qffi1.1
C{rCs< lrd ..{Tm il;
ft*.u*e-*_l
'cl{Brct tqt' {6[rqn q-il, .ttfu s qqfr<
e-fl I <T\0, qt{.Ret +0, ** c{r*< eTE r*A"
{**_
n cNI&-f ftqF {t ril{1&-$ fiwt< qrsl srq om r'ergfr-< rlql
<t wtfrq )rqrq 4a|1-6 Hobbes.
Locke (T( Rousseau_R TE._{T carrs qrTfi e frKTrg qlc* ,fiR
qfr$3
6{, ,l{r&_s fimq
Ef{T (Rousseau]

quffi

':

?tGtqrEI

arrfi

@rcrBu

q*
II nCItrqtf

-'1"

!'w

r.d

dn

T-+qG I Tar r

ftfi.

I
I
I

{ttr arqpqT

?r&F,rq

.f. )TNI&-$ aqrqflEr

T5ircq
clR(

R q(Rrs &q vr Hobbes-(3 Eq crr$ sl{r

Rousseau-l

EC-$

crramri
ar ogs.i

{l3r r

:rqnrfhm ftlas

ftTt

turirrfr

{rrr Locke

c*[

uhFdi

lTfTfe"F frr3=q.f ffi1q

Techniques & types of Social control

:
qlTfi q{rr{ L{Fr scfsc-{ cTffiR qT
B6rt p;K {rm:r errel.m qfle+ fiWc1-3
e eFFEr Terf qtrqlD-{t SKrq{

qffi-flT

*ffi

6{Qq (o.

c.

Haves)

nctts

**&s fi'6q oryfu6e rtok, frq

ftrqqil
El*f

,ne

*Itfrras
irutrhffi

6at{

a666q1'

T.*"tr
rcm{

). .tffu <t TirFrn snrdn {I{rCI cTTr&-$ fr*rqq

e<(
q. ffiM v w{E-s6c1-s {r$-G
TNI&T fir-qq

qlfrtr
rrft.m+*

w'r(r9 qlEsc6f{

qri'frfu

.fi(uE

qri

Sxnm qm {Nfu frrur_qE qr*

qqfu L cru*:qrr+ ge6q1 e
,-{M q,o FGr Ear<r c(, fte<r{ .r,* .ffi* #*
*.
q]Tr&-s frg'qct m5-<
{N flrc <rq ffi T[-{ A'Cnr r Hayes \l-<rrl r[o1-{ 6{, qo13rfr{R g&-flK
n
6EG ct<rc<Br qtumq.r*,t cz<rsrs
frfr
g6g"t s.*{
'
e<( q o6r* "rR<Trs( fiE T{qs $rq s yfrflK
e,r* q{rR-+ u1**r'*#,'
frqlE

qru-fr6r<

F u*

ft#;;.-;

*-;*

--

TrFi"fr-t
cfrs xd
:Hrtce.*Xl
saf;6*rfl
tucErffi

."..i

t.

<t.tfr'$mrcrk (physical Force) en<

q. cNIk-$ er$+ <r csr+..E<
(symbol) e"rs
<EI

ffi
ft6<

cN,es frtq"t
cl.fle_<F

frmq

q<s.
r

). FfiBlEI

ErrqEmr_

cEffi.*.#

RqrG q<qttTr&-s Frqq

l5\?

Bfr qtrq c{, {frs n*e-$

fuqE 6s-@ T{rRr' vA< qa Rv*
?sarpu, EKr q*&-s frqq ,* qs
<m ffi
s*ft 6{r{q
r 6r* vu c$q-rs
-rsrrq
ffi
ro-<q
ER qmrks
rFrry <,u .usr D,E
W{-qT Effir qR ErV_m r q smce
\r+< cvq_r
neq{ (symboric devices) EEK{ .c<( c{{rq*
wK fr6R
qs +,r.o.<, rEq-s. *,

#ffi ffiH
G; ; ;;, *,.*e*vr
ffimrEffixffim
frscqn *ffi ;;iHffi,Hffi
r {r{ ;,\''
:. qaryffiiq
cmres maq ,"rru *ur'."-"''
(rnformal)

i.

ql$rfr-s (Formar)

rrmr&-s

frrcq ry&

Aeq, s<r, ftGftG fury" wT$-rF{o

Tr{rC_$ fiaaq qEtG
tr r :rq3qq6 <Err {,n fi, ETfr{ *u,
Rrry.< qrrm fiB$
*fr"",'$-";m;*
frwcqr mrq E_{T_t6TEr
"nGltnr ?rBilrt Tra t_q?riT(T., w1fr.o
srfrs
cerqn
cTrqtqr.E ql{f&s frrqrfn
r+a Rfi-qt qT{r, qrB#rfrs
TqCRTT{
ffi,
srs,
tB.r,
#-avj1ft
qrthfrs ,*ro omo
{tr r qE, wE$TfiT
crrr&-s

TNr&_$

**

Frer txruEnr qql q<(

eGq frfr, qrirrs, q|-{trn*

fuq 'rnr*tm ficfr*-s *u.r *,{*'*.cffi-$
.**,n-. *rt* c{\esr E$
cEry< hsr' frqt <r
wr@r'Tr <rfuT frttft
E*n 'rc{ ** * Tcr mtrqrr$B
rI*Fr fuqq 6fifi Trq ErqlT *;
Eil$fts
r

6F rnteracuon in
aar*#'Hrl".""bie)
rtr,fr"
T-t*
F*; il qo **, *- {ffi_$
ImR rcqrff prse sr@ Trqsr * *r*]-u*,
, ,#',"*,**, <a_+tt
T{.qqrr sfr mF c{sru
; e{r${ (+.rfe
, .,..:
r--n rH s.o * *u Ers
{|o
**
lFr*rcfir fn*{t qr*." crtr& corq
**" tfuafu ".[,*.*y,X
G'FI
{R q:Fr q<'fr-{ eq +n
ffi ?H
m;T 1.* # #'#.*,
GFHI, ilft-t*qr srs rq,ra6
qmq; _*.cEI._r* ", cs*r *.csr Tr
f-*i"qfr_h
{fr-{z-ffi(sc[ erarrqi
"R* u,m q
snafl

Groups (1s7s)

qor..*"m

16Tr

**#H;Hmtrx m ; ;:; ;
;"H,''ffi;,u*frD-*,*tu,c,.n{rr
ffiffi,
lfre

c-{ clnzs,g

cffis

frrg("tR

"rxeger Trs qst

sffir :rilq firrmqn frEX

N #,l* *. .**, rorq crTcqr q*q
6<rrm*
**#*ruq*-u
frrx crile-q fivacqa <R-{q{q
"*
n-fl qq

iln6q aoa ra* *u:fiF-<

oil
eqr fr6r rm qffi-$
fivurqr qqr

srcflD_fl

{_dfin

). Wrrtrud yfrST (RoIe of

hrblic opinion)
wq Ere?q qircvR pBrr
ffi srfsi r qrftq wrzq vO< c*, v6u
qG ffi om
+me *-,a
B

-*J"-* *

+-srs ,trr*r

*", *1*a

qbrFl rrrrq
qsq,..{s ,<qrTnn_
)Tuor6

trlglIl tf,Al

-.'e-:*r#lm
. Boqt$ft-$q$qREl(qq:I'i-o
sefn
gBSl{
rF:l m I ET< sl fr6< +m <IRi'
'a11qRF{&-d
{Fs I qrld ffifffi WWNrI tfr \{i
q-{rErs Ez"rrr mr* gfiq
(impersonal) Rqa qr+r+
qar6
ffiitr'{
q:$rq:ilTle-s
quF
w

$8'

e.

wt

sft{ rnt
t:r qrt{
t.u

ql]q

fiT-d["t

tFm' qq(frdf{',

Efrl$Itr{K vfror rer {qI.{F {lK I ',lct{I{]n

*t= scr n-{

.fi_" {],6';; ;il
6frffi{' 'rq-o'r*i.t'
.,Rrt,
qilF," {s, qrfiffir q{m, sRst, TltT
'

q<l csfire *.,r,r-v1

rffi yr*{+ . '

tlq
'rq ifr'fiK firc'fltr'

'1",1,

e<(q*f{Fo<
qfr*rq
fr"tcltN _{ffi qru<.t, sr< s[f,ct,
{W,q<
q545
u*
1
frq
'!-tr<
ffirrsrf,
{-6
e qft-o
qrqrs,*o ffir Er,tqfirycffi <frs

TtRft r9itfrF
e<(qet& <ifu <r.rut
".fr*;*.6
ari:F6fr i
{FKIErcIr$ ft1s{rfr 6q64

e,-n"(

ryft

qrrrq e<58 ftTg{q E-d[ cqqE:E

Hobb."-.ffi Eqrsrft 3trE" trs'rui
qtq-Tam {sK EF-IB cffi -T I 6{ TKr6t
q.ae d&.-&K ermfqrq't-a6< e'Kq ffiEua

TTry:

'

qrcqmfr
ffit4pfrsr"l
XFFTEB

e-fffi q<(WE
furft FnFrF

qrt{r+i
C{II|;i

*,u;G
t9nfr

tfi"t'Tm

orftrs :Ksl-6i< lffe nm frsl't'

Frmq =rrq-o(
onT"-rr< fr-{'E 9tu
EBI erfl'T{ E.r+ <m$il .cerra dFI 'r{s

ry1y:.

<rr.srq r

<rS

ry

ffiI, {m,^nFryI q33

@o]
TF,TIi
qn
frmcm
mrtk-+
IEffi
.tlfu .IBtfl <q]r.<rrIK'rlfrq {cfiql frur< kotte
erxs fir- ?F{l qrs[Rr qsG igRcrd e'r<
6qcs '{lcr r qslct <I(qlffi'r[6$,

(ortr, Eltr$rf ,

ml

,rvrn

1fu

wvt

s fi-sctqs'ra eq;l cm't-<

EEFrs

lqtft

'rfuT

frw

oat

{eq]

T: SY

qwt-

ETIB r <tG<
rnfr-.{flqt e cq&'Fl6{ s'K {l qmtec Fmrm {s
:wt& e
*1i 1q"' -1tr* ryq $fiu" $$rq 'e<( Q'Eq'

q uttffid 'mal 1fiftp

e
q'E
qfffi ffi ft{lq ssrq q.flq <Rfloci FI{EE qN e*C{ r ArS'< -6<'e ft{5' ryc'{fr

d<1

sttrcr Kt.Id:mrq Frmq qfrtfi w<rrs fl?fi

irEejBwrr,Rflq]e-fig[frflqsrf,l{atts*:n*r"q<(4kil'tlKrlfrrt<+Iq
w{{T a sqry <fu <t ttqarrftrr{ 'tfu
qcDE wen-pmt {sl r{l I Lcrrq o-rre firm
<1 E&Ig:i.GG {qg ft"iqtfffr
I qlqlcrrcK ofq *t
GFF'BT .t<( Stqfrs ft'nf Sq'H T'C3l
'd""LT"
<r ol"rnft

fr+t s.r

mc< I qE<l

t'Fe fitq T
YS
to*t**, RER fr6lr1Tqnq
qa] {qs
TT15*oq r orsrn< q'roft<

qttr{rtfr 'ttFv

gqrq T'{r<

I e<"Ki

+.rfl{rrsd

sri
q.*rou{6rs
1*o, qq
#ts<n i cr< *] mrq crrE cfi frfis c"mft<
fmcqr *Tfr <fr6 'cxffi ffi5a ats srn
1

:,csr*
r

a6 ,om

1:

t'

()tcltr{

ffi{tqgqr
.@.rmnt
(r)Ffi
1gq1

qwt&.-{fiffi(et3ft('lflqm$q{l

qq& s 1wil <rFI sil;l srsI

' .. ^
sld< qefrf\ R.fir< T{sKn cq't efGrils-{t s-K I fir.ri

wt

69ry, qfr

rercQd

i.qf d

' 'm,X

-!rer,&q
"m'1-q1EdI
*r#ili
--ot-ffi
",.-'. f;II*l
't{ilJ{

cmUrtir

rrkHq*hfr
e6'omr

rffisil

ft,|

{rflk {c6s{
r{rqrdr
atr+

1qrl{urq

Eq 13r6q,frB,

<I

t)c

frqr& e<\ffi&-sfr{aq
e.

qlt{

(Law)

qitq:Tmre-s fix-ucm E-{For

crffir

qlArdn EtE

ftflAsI$ qlr<m {crrq

I qefi

g5q fr<s ql?FF qrr<tri EHEI

l5yqQq a-{:il{BIcrFF frqo-*r
qsIK Eq frrilA ets
tO qQn 6ga foq 65'5q qT{t{FI'tr+ ft'q:ffirrc Err<q-{ erqm r
qft1 os44 om stenQ q{u{K Ftsr I Tr+G< Frmcq wft qq
fr'6s alr+r
I

* *

,{<(qffi

tN1{ yfr-o

"tna

:fir$rrd

?Ercs

qtn

'trGI]

Rg.tq

ffirq qli\

wx"t fiaWq< uffi ! rrrtq X'l'te'

m4 {Ec{f, qTr-<-Wun"fra frTa't TKI qIfr ffiq

qqTn +.6

q{a

lp

q<({qfn ftqrl r qrtq w'ta6 tfu

frmft.mro qMr cerr{ ETar{K q& q-fiT{lfiffi Ulttl Gry {RI
e6qq
-"* {fr {mfrs firarq< erffi Rffi< Tlsi ritrc q{ q-{cq e&'r* 16 <xrrc

sTsd

ff51-{

q6<

q<fu ?EtF Er< I rioe[fl qrqr$t cTt{ {qr6 E{- q<(

q6{ T.<-Cg 'flIF qt r e '{' AzT,lEt-{
Eqft{ 1 aq q-dl.qtffiq gEq3I qft-SK e +6<l' *-,a6 ffi'fi

t:l qtlfq< ftrrc TaE6

q-ffll{BtcftrF

qtfi q-F qr1 q| ffi{ d.r< <<vtt lfrfus Trrs

qg \e-r{ q-{qlffilet cltfi< q& sT e {R[ EEilr<
{r,< I 6iFI-{I, \TR{ fi <]RK qrre< 1g,rn "riRqs
.168 Tlfr t'rqltrt lFstF qtrt
(\e) qltfi{ {r:rq sBbK ftr-Nl en?FF Er< 1 ltu et ffi
c. qf (Religion) t
q-{Irq, <r <I Kffi{ \Trt{,cs 3av <t $tfr me$ mF {rr< Feq cl v&op {fu T<frq
er., *uFq *o *u. a wr6o.frm<-+ RuqK Esl6 sEnK ${i(ri {Fs <I tc.istK dqn F.{
(\) s-fir$-{cq< esB cst <I csFr <1B crr

6,.-* q1u

ii

Am lr1t ffi

qqlqffi

66q 6s:F{ ?Frn a E{ stt rmree fiuct< swlsn

<q {{rs Etqrq frw qr*rqq I qEi 8

:. \cllnEs t( ll,egat religion)

\. swl&-s tr( (social religion)
I

b.
r
i

!r
['r
hft

tB
Fs
i

Fls
.:

qQqers

-f

;ffi

"e*p
6qfi T|.6rr$ q-q$ ,flqftS A

"Bu

ft{rors

ffi'tlft -crffi

* YF@.P
4r*.qic<(,"{t*
1e
C{T < +fn qr,+ frry {I{1E

Tl-{Cq{
'strOmrtfn 1m eF{6m
1('
<r.nsT sr:tr:r< *tu-uq frmq spp frr'ts-src< mlss I 6{"HI, <ft n<rl
ql:ile"s
tr(
orslsrfl,
<qq <c
Tf{r*flTct q-<q Eff{ e 'nmprorft qenTn FIq.I gqn T-rf, I
qrffi-+
:ilTr&-+ s ?q&-s'ft-rs $rfiqq {l {r$rs ft& e Erq{ c{H sElE etqr r

lry.

1o$'
{cft
l*.t

cme-$ {tf{ EIi cfi qsrc {rn-R

{{ fffI< q1fts ft<Im q+6 6rffiC {rflr fiFr Tils
I

qts rtTcq< Efrar{, qmrq o <6-$ qpn6 frry

pq {qrc qIri, ,qno (rr{K .s.r{ mFi C<[<IR il r {r{K ,{sE
crn+

pr

Iry T, o{ y
r <Ifu{Esrc< $ft'T TB<l
qIrfiI -!t{(q 1l [r{!tm qqq'

ms r EalqEq1<fl

fraf*
rTffi{

$q $$frs c$qkgl+ (qq{ 'rq)

wrm c{r$ EIK atrN <rq r rdr q{,flcq frrl nt Eqrq'tfqc< *ttFo< rafis fir{cfl +-o qcvcqt sR
xr+< ukq'tbrq setl rilTl&.-s fi:uc"t ffii Vfr-fl q-{ffi
ets{.rc, q{ oftfi< fr<[{ <IBrs qq, o-6qi"fgB"t,qslflft e Rfu qe$R FlT.r cqn I p5q ffi
q{-{ ft E(-Fmc"rry <r sfuffi <ifue Ettrr ?Errs etrm qt r qu,q<, qfit
qT{te-$
Vfr1tc1 mB
l
fitm nr*r qvtfu Ern a:trq, <]fu <t e'r*< fi-cq {RIEs E{
-q{
oIcel
qqq
fu$"H s$rq
ftfiN, q{ m<s qq 31 a6o"ts$nct qTIi fisI PiLTt sIg qt r
fi T{l "ttFs IE +;tcs qq cc qc16rs q{ {.E{rs cr<{r{ sr3 cqr I qFI, :[l{{ Er< (fls-qFHI <t
gqruro ql;r +.GI D-m <t qmt&r firacq-< qry qqffi

qJR

qEll Ead

qct

qrfi Tr*

eswfl
ER

yft$o, {rfi &fu Erq fr"flc r vc( ffi {nS qrn a qTI srq-T'(, <t qDr<-qIE-<q
wftw r,sn <rB <r s&-Sr{ ors rI <x-rqrs EK Etr.ffi n<t rn<rre r qF c{ fts erdt FKfu

q-fiv, trt, wtq <t q{i 6sFt effid

Frrt c'rre qp qt I qfiefrs, {r( fttrft;rff qr-{ 6rsK uk qqrfl{rq EfifiF f$I{ qrffit Xf<ttR
Trys, erp rc{

ffi

<lfuc-$ ce, e $6<j"rfl-r6i {cE

qrmErs 'm.a4I
w{ssc6t ,rffi
r-E{q, qd qrq qrB qrq{ <t erB ftfi q'f{ r t{ lqtm qna{ e
"ftffi
qs UBI 'rrr qirntr, qrrrcri qI{l r{sTR w?Fl.t
$Gt r qg$<, ctIfi ftEq {rn evrr< {ffi
I

6rFf{f{

.qw qrmn{ iffirq I mF[t, E( "rtt{< orrrs< orr,s 'fKdfr-s.Frls e &-{rl<

qfq.siql <zfi q-fflft Tr${-{ "nf{< q-<r+d "rm qr-srfifr-s l-{r+i -sFnsf <rt<l't
ryrr*<t 6q'n 1
(r*rq I rl$ffi xr:flq rrft frflr e frurm< ilzsn &fr-ru cq{tr< .ttfu < Swrm <K-iefi ql-inm
qse<, {r{-d mdfu-o qE-{Rl {r1vrs qcarrq srFrn q$em"tt c<trflT r 1qR cR T{ r eR'RFs ftfi
qrq I (q ftfi EB Effid qq<t w{fiq 1at qr-,lffirr q<( 6q f-fi q-{rft s w;rs r e f{flr {r1rrs
mrtffi e:Frsrm {,Frt{ T3rF 6t?r{ R 6c wrT c+Fr erq+{ erfilq-{ {c{ sr3r nt r Frmt frrsrs
cffifi IFGI r-Fr, Frq Frrft-s w e<r.Bqx E{ cq e qnR qfuSm
<IqftqrBr qrlq frffir.t {rf{ Efr-fl cqir<ft fr61-q r{H EfksR scr Et(q r .cqrN <IcqnqrEt
qafu mffrsi dq c"rfl-c{r frur< qr qq-flfr Efu frErq qfiSrr ut'fr fiK Eil?rsm e +6<l fr{iis
Bl qih, ft{n EFI I $ <FrBr {ra qyq-c-s&< {<l-6 FrEe cs rfu Frwrr emr r ir{fun
-"t$-Ts,

r{

ta

orro*

En I

Er,{fr-s

TfEafrt

ctfr**
6,
(s-fl

u{
fl
:n***
lrrfl
ft{#

ffi{t

{fr{ R{rl 91sq-fr6Rs

r {r{.n frsElfq-s]F fle nE ffiFr D-FT r .+r-nn.srfud

qtrfir{F
qpr lffi {sor{, <IBr cr6l
{{'r5 frfrEEn {ft Flsrt{Ift r .cfi tl-( fr(Ktft EtEirt
e*rq q:nqEts <t w+-t s-{t En 1 q'6-qe-a frrn e1q, rRq cfi<-{ft frF luIR <T {tffi-s <t qqs 'rr{
ur<q-+*r+ srcat 6fi {I r EFrRm 6$trn et ffiqrrq {{ cm&-s fra-fiq R tN1{ pfi-+t 'nm +r<

Wtr$K

Er6r

EI

ftq..

qR

<r{ql

CTEE

q{I

<itg-ElT{ qfir<-r{3t qtd crq-s ql-{I-IEi6fI <-[5RI q<"\ qffis

m-{ mq-nm wirr*rt urfu qrn c+E-<I qFqnfr-s qrs{K 1ft'o<ru "mr r fie qr{e qrqqe
qI{.TqTk'$ q'Iutrr$
"ffrAi q*r< frqn <(sR I uafifi r$tr<t qlm.sfn ql&.Iai qc(< FrFrc<t \T(:t
6{r I rFf,ct, qlTI&"{5 lo{el s c".qG ffi E3
wtIII c{t.vll{1-{t qffiiF

oBr. dE

tilhdt
rreftril

\)r,

Eo qmift-s rymfrerq (gcFI ,tEI)

yluirt e

c$i-{ r$r< q.$Aq

ql-S{K

T${<I

?FgT

q. $w< <I
crTr&+

q-fi sr6

qe1-q'{ 6Ess

fr<s

qrr+ r

T-CziKgff< 6FFI 'frr-fS'I efqcl\3 TCil

q&ol

q?r,tJ

qlrq q<( skr qql"tt{rfi q{I

f,

w{6n (Ceremonies) t

ITTCEIl

fiwq Bs{< q{$Trl< yFFsT r<.t urs,r{1{

TrqIR{ 6q:r< e qrur< wt6tcqn

r 6qc< qn$rr+i

lqiftcrt I Wn wglfrem

$<lrlQ {tTcl;r q-{

q<( Tfr[6ts< orr+< EIVkt

r<t qrnr c-{erq< r<ffinst:rlor{ qs r Ecw< EIE'EI c-{$rffi {I{r6i {ft{ {fi c$Fr
frq *qq Tcr <t srq srn ERf{ 6fl< rFIqr<F c{t tdg frrn EIrs I 6$;HI, qu-ta*wqrhn $rs frR
frfl-ftfu, qlru<t{ Ieilfr rr+H:Frq qr$ft-$ sr< esTrt cxl ,h :rq frs{-ftfr, {ryr-<rrE< s&
{r{r<K u"fl sts cW <til {I sr< <r<-qBI s qTD-itccritr B'rit rvt< Ktcq q<( cq qml&-s c".q& e
qqd& nmm

.Iatnt-rfl(

Eqo(

q{

el-q lrtrK' wur;r-\ritrcTi Eqrqdq msrl crt[E ertcr crrir< qum qtma'{{rr<t{ TIT{rs
{"lals qsrrr c$r.tl fftrfnr q<( qcqBmrcq EqR T-flK q3rrr efr.r I q e[rrFt fu{ q-{elr{3 Eqr{dq
fiTI Tm l Elrmq-?r ffrIffi frc.m om qftq qcm frcm rqcm {.nRq \rrfl< qT&l{ flIfi T-fl qn
r

t{TrR fr<rr{ter ".r{s urq r et <ll"q Etutd-sr{&ffid {crr

qifn, :ildq-s, ctqTfrT vqt ,h&s{s Wu<t{ s fim-ftG qrm <t cff6 c-.{Rr+ frr.m <'c<
qa-< EID'BI E-{$t{ ft-<tr<i erER cer6r

"ftq-"fl-ftrr {rq Eq[s w r qQ firl D-flR {I{ro{ .c]Kt ft-{R qa(fr<rqrs-{ "fiffio Q-<-dm qt&
T6<]r{I[:K :rrEi q<q sfu-sr< q-{r< qrftftq f+m a-qq ?Fci[ I vr6r, ft-<n <*rq qn IF I qls
rprt I qlTrrm firq;t.Ef,fsrq qtrr<F )rrBI qr< q{$lrqlr qrtt.I {I
R-qrqRrerm {sF(fl eftl-$
q.m

"FQ

mf# ltcs fimq <*rH q6rq

mrl qT6'F q\flt

,rruF

qpq qr

I Ect-{ qq"n

s& q& or<

R<rr<d olgg 'gr1futr<

w1nT{kt

I 6rrt"tfi-< $sr6re ft-<n

fr-{rq rx?q qn I o,K. csrq {Gr-'nftn

wrqnqI
frtfrqlqrsr rfu<<q w{er{ er.q qra-fi E6 fisK q& sfu-{Kl <r&-(s 6nt{ q<( Elrc;r
qTfrY e +6<I qcorc-6 rnuwt qt r et Uqt-sfu e qtfrymts fttRqrrq-l ft<n srrm clElsl
Elb-ncfrs erqfu ercs "lfK r 6o{fr ftst 6.16q fus E-{h q<qqfl<6{ (Convocation} c{&rr{
mfls{rfr qrq-Eifirfl 6rcri RIRE onqn frEr, qsq s lBmK "rfrEn ffir< <ffi {rl xrq qETrrK
+'m r frnrs orr wr<6q E1urrq CAflfr Erq-Erfr f<rm qqfift-{ c'rFlrm qkv q{ e<q {eflfrG
T*. "rcf< xt<m Gft,nE <r qrffifrFrsE rqq ?Fcr l qq, 13-ry$l tr{m{ qrq qr8rsr frnird {fu
q-{ittt <ffu qm r ftqo u frtfrrylErma q& sfu-S ."qrn q<qv q:t q<q sfff<rq qs,sT, {IR,
fi"I.ceFr q<R,1g{q-r<tc<r< tRm ftF sfrERK s I <rys, qrF6 q-rsH El-rm {r{ qsr q:F qFt
le

o16 <t snq-< utffi-+

Err-dq-r$

rflq ?flis orcq qffiqs

s'rd

CKBMq

$ T+t

mrrq

qrrlffrl
frscqq
\('t
{

amrq
qar

nl

*il
rtr

ry
ntr
*qrff
{

-rffh
;;.- !fi{

il$

_ffm

q{Ul{ {t-{{m eK qIqI:IIq( Tilq qt{I-il-{ 61-3 {GIr{ CC-a I v.r{qC$ q'[E-[-{rq
qTds qn r u'I0a ffi ETf frGA qur<-Wr+ cerrs qffie= sfu {rvt, qffi 65n5q1, cITftfr ffi
quq( ft{drs <rK FrH q{ol( , qwo q<( {iffi
qElr<t qlEsl

s,

frEr& e<(:il$&-$

fuq

FET-t q-irrsir< qrfuR "rr-?m En trr<r qft, Gq, qffi, +o.n qsirfr-< {t{rm ftft uryrt
frEB frs rcor6 E{-qfr< tffi qro<q srir I q?r fiTssT cTM<,t <rB-{c.,fi {c$ e<5m
ct{K6t srtmE E cus-{ q]ds +m r frEX ig,mr,ti <Jfsr+ qtqn mF cr{rn{ qrd_cGt
fr{rnr trd
<I *F.ff ,qrfurtrI cffilo 6-t?tfr I ron wrm G-q, srfB-$ frrKrsi 6q, rprqgfi, <I
{r,{{ Fq
ffi{ Tr{Sr$ <rfts oK, Eq]K s qtqsTft qsrK q{rq;tq.l fit'tR,
q61n 6-<r{i r+n nIR n
T*r* T{iFt6 ck'r fi-q rtWT 'r{ orcs etqtr t.ero qrft{ ftEn ccE& 1R ,na qt qNf&-a
frlgcqRwrerErg

*ry

ffi

r.

cfr-qn"rs

qrqrrcrs

rnqfr (Myth) r

cfft+ .,Rft;

Tq-firft qq r qfus.ll e<( Erft$ firrst qE cffito rrRftn

s{ qft{ wnsn r sr< firq-ft{rtsqt:Tm&-s fiwq cffi stftfu X-fr-+p cq1.q
txgt ?F:[ Ts r 6FFII, cffit-+ +,fftft <l1-{ilt EcEIs v1r b"frq.t, ft&<fE1, 4q3 qflb,
16fFm-fi
ffisrt, frqlr< i<[tqr[, wrr s{ ffi frrm qr++ FrqI< E{m{ ;rrsrqt cffit-+ TIRft
qirr{ItrI ;fltE e qfiEfr sfts Er r
1crmrft-1rmmfr, 6{g{r, qRfi-lq{, qrs sR upt ffi
qrm-wJrr,
=ntR+r.
'rir-tqr, q-Er-frqjr A";rfr. ** #* ,.*Itr r{..";, ; .
lHrr E{ crc{ \Tl{rq qEsTfr fiR I CKK q;[rBr, qqqr 'mTn qB y* umr,n gn r <ryv, .h
Ttffi TqI"t frls sKR E<?FH ol r srq & x< erRft R qlt{m qqr, {rI{, 1.ti e frm-Tflql3
cB qF rcr q:rM ftffic"t< ft-+ cqr+ cc?tt fr-r<Dl
alFtlaqmf dN q*tn qffis {q e rou{t srRfiR qFrcrir qrrTns-{ F?rI qn r q{Gr;r yc$
iEr(Q q6{T cffi{-o srRfr {r rq{rs qqr, qrnr e
}ficnsl oe wgo +.K q<q wrrnr fr1aEm qc
qElu rFrfr r stt rq$ {t{ Gtr, cffi6t-s
ll{r6rfq
TtRft cTxl&-s Fmr.f ,r+ olqqf gf}q otrc6 T.K
)o- d.tt, cEil?FlEEr e cqrsftfu (customs, folkways and mores) t
flGl I qEIER

I
F

F
t

h
:

F
rqI

lG

ht
F

lm,<
i

Artra

h"*

hF
Fuo
r

;'rrr,

qi'l
im
r
!.

Fa{t{
Frexfi
r

clEl&-s

qat*r, 6{I?FID-B[

e mr+ii& cNr&-s fiailq T{qt4 yfr'{r

"nE{ T-rn | 6{rm ]ilTr&-$
!Flt, FTFF|EBT e<q ffiTft& Tr$rs wrq wilftFtr fi{q {69 FIrq I wrq"r,r{ {E{lT
fi$&-T
fit, FIr<Fi5Ri -., r{isafr 6rn DETF qS q<( e ftTI fi <TryJTH ccrr${ cl-r{ atrrs I $FpE, ga[,
({?FlElit e ffirsff& fr-ftu<q T'rd r{rrq <rrilc +-*r.+6q qrs qW ge[,
I
66ttiFIER[, ffir<ft&,
qlq<-?H'sn

ffi:Trn&s

frqE &'Ir{t t{r+< ${rH <lB cmle-s {snmqrs

?frrdr*

iEr.rwn<

+qq.

5.

ft6q{rq

(Tabu

pr<rz*rn qttq 'rfi6-+

6.rc?r fiqq qm&-s F+i aqB e

,i-+i e ++rGrrc rqrrqm:Fr< r sr-e,

r*a

**

&pr

/ Taboo) s

Bq <qre Grr?ilK mn frq Gm fltr frmq crrrm r Erqn c'rq64 qik

Trm{ e frqrcrR sf
tiGs r qrfrr q+rrq Bfl{i yfr$T
qrfrr
s-+corr& s.r{ frtH
"Ft t{F14 r frfiq r{ frtEcR c-1Fft
TcIrR cq eQ {Q <; @ GTe f{Hr frr.rs srw +Rrn ETrq< FrotK y-frre fl-sm frEC< {r, 6{rrr
T{trtfuE fi-cr qnt qr<, qq'rcri $G Er< <r curff R
wcqi qfu-g R,E qr< \ofi s,Kr ,t :m
-*"

Eo :n$fr$ q{]qRE.ln (etqFl,fo

\\o
T[ffi3l s{n
3t1s

tlKwfi't

o-<o

.csx< in'-{<rF< wEK qlu-d.t fi:raq

sq:{N&T

fimacq

frrfi Yfircl

y-frsr qff
{rc{ qr{c\

ffitEs.c

qfirsrK mT BryEnv Tfi'rptr-6 Es s-fl {H 41 s;r<

.ft srq orm ft q3,qar<r fafiq cq;d flT1fts v&< srrfm{ 6sH q;fu q-orur+tft on<
6fls irsrq I TGrR qn-+ qrm s {"rn <E-{ r Lctrqt {w<I6?q e q:llq Fmlq finm qft-o nraat
<ryE, ,.CC<r ffir{ CTlq-qTqr ,{<".qNI&-S T6"nO tlr{{6fK emisi.\-

sfl

at1qrfirffi Ofrtq qWG

vlfu

i'fd;
CNrS

TfrEfi
cfirG, sfir

+-TCO

t. <rBY (Personality)3

fi1{Femft qsm KIRI t :FIIffi<qm{ :qrftT

q4ffi
t{ T$ mq<T $${r Tfrq \r{$<ftn qrt{
q-<-{ q'fu 6e6a flq Sqcl +,K {W \oln
Rrcr< {Rrtfis qT I ilm-ftB s q46r6 uqa & {< <I&K
qlffir cIu-{.rrs esB ftffiS qrg,F ErEs $-r< {I $fie-s fri-Sc't<,,"rrr'"F q{E{ {fu 16 m'
qFNl't
Max weber qs <-trrfit G-lcIcqT qdfr-$ sTq q=i'r{ {l Charismatic leader rq

<rB Rrffi< qm{ qfiq f+wq .5 vrs'r{f

Ftto, rrsm\eT 5.q, qTrq-+ft,
<lftg,

{rDr6E gR"i

vftnrB&-+ e
'
ilart kft

qmil q
6fFI r-agq qH

qfffi

qffirs

E{sq<,

<ffi

{I;l-< Tq:Il;rr<3I ftEq e q'ft qKf R {T{ firqrqa 5RE

ttrNl{ EfircI qE{ IFGI st qra q{rn qc'trl <Ir{t ql I

<r 66"tq qq{xffta

fr$gcq qr

e<(ccil a )TNr&-s
)e. qT{, ttlqTil Tt TSII (Vilage community) t
:TNIC-$ fix-ecq fiSqrcrr{ Xfr-o con q"cq T{ qr I ffi{ frffi rqql<FK (area) TqqIRtFo
q'fi:15q {AqE
q1
Tq-fiqfircs1 (community sentiment) f+m tfry e* esbt ei-{'f,i e1-{1t;fi l
<sr RF flrK I {qqnl qF+Ei s-{(I'q{
q(qrcqr.,Fr $m q&fr mt Xs .{s q, B q:qqrl I fi{ {qqtffi{ <LTfrqiS {q{Fi <Ifu
qr <t eflfR-s sN q$E ssM <6'r i$s sfc{ cr<rf, qslR-{
qqqrrn< ffi
1a{qr s& ET Ktcl-{ I
err6 qrm r en61rm tEfrsrd< ,{+-s r {86 errr6 iBfr'*-q {k{q crrx1F {IrFt I sBlls df[:l-il
qtft-4 4il1cK se 16 Klr{4
<tr-qlmi'S EcIt{|{r <],fu3 qrq sFI TtmrcTf,
qT{cil q6o qs
. EI[rEr frrq *Brms oafi EE tr qrft"t dfr-ot< Lc<i?FR?Fqq tl6tl:lFi, SIT{ft
qlff{ WEAct qqfr-+< <m
{qdIrlg qefi qt alrsrlts Offt"i ,TGc <r<*4ll 6lq catrl SH fr r C$rq <rfrK
qlr$r <lr*F {q{Hi <tB<T q[<{Ta trr< cqi{ <t BqTs qrr+{ qrffi {I{ftr <IBfr< Erftfu-+

utln +.c<

(11rlrsr .ri11

uqtfi, Irfd

Rrcr{ qlfrF
frc{rqq r Gmr frrqrqK T'te q<(q:firffr q'KIeEI <ifu< +rcq Erfifr-$ "rru<
fimq om I eMK{tA q<s.
E{ q<(\Tf<{, -\r-I, \e-l"[<[Ifft e qmr{n EEII qkK.t flRF{e s
q{ 1 .qqTfr mlle-"t qrfl B ?<f,fr-s "rGK61
rrflE-sla Ed rgsrB e *|K-[{K Ts.lr$ ftw T3il
rTsI cqgtzm e< .m:{e +;II ECn effm I ffiT{--- cfiflfr{H, Rt{R, 6qfr{, lterryc AI3 I

*r*

ofl5g{]

ffi-{

&?, {r-Fl
Btg

{FR

TE

ffi

fusrlaqr

18. Ttl
Itrdshnent a

'
fuf

ryerEI

<rRv ,t

rFR;rf p
@fi1-aB

"t

frrtrrr :rnrc{:tE

eer1r

.FFlw

{rl

Erq

rrs{ I dr(Tn qr{-s cefirrmFt G5[{- 5qp {k{Enn {fk<Ike f{{]1,

qq,G.<fi e Be.{If.(<F'r<, <tEvI fu{m, a$ "nB ER ffi qffi< t+rft e fril< eftq Wmt

rcz,tt{r{3r s'fd

T'r{ qr6F

tffi

qfr{ret

df6 s1-q6 $I gtrc<+l Tq, qqq qfre ffi ql-r+ I q{< qGI <l c(E dl{ s wllffi3l
.nd u cqEG ssm tfi1{ Vft-+r "rn-q or< r <Ts *ltftr r{1n ql$e-s fia-61q SN {tg'rclK
6sl{

5s'rq

l.

ccn o{
rers qrflf?s {a
q.

ntfucf

TIfuT vvua qTrl

s. .[fu-g qt
qt<r{

F6

Er< Tfu

BrrrG"g.tru{

"---+

e<txmrGi-+

fig+

{rc{ qags <I enmq. CrrqD^rs -u-Cs 'fra* r fift"t crrrq qme
cNIks*R
er+b
cES<, ?Fil Eoo @, SN Tg?ln cm&-s
fi*-mq
srrq allm
<I Tqfll t q-{FIEe-$ qqs

*k

'il9

qm TGrEfr' ccfiR u,
rr<

rfr&, TfrE'fr* c{DF, FR

I

I
r

p
E

h
h
l"

sqrr

e{rGH r

eerK

6+.t

* *rt* pfr* trrn vm

cfr& *** qqHI ijr I csf{ r$f{ o.qflrr
r

<rrrred ,tsrrm v& r .ag,u ursr-s,u *,R

C${
{qq.r u,fuqq:rqfln.n*_ry,"n fr<rn
m.t ETsff1{ yfr.ot
"nqq

Efr 401-533 XqflR q(qG dror< cca&{ y{{TT

, *q{r, \_rT Tl-{I H$er, y41 qq
E C"l:trs ti{.i Srltrt :o.Gr I trCEI, umn
fiRqrtq6 a6<1 $ITftqn
il,g';'U;-i*
81fr' r'rc* T{flK {rT{ EsqrFs-erz. qra-+ru-"rl;".
| T{sF flrq*$
Tq<mqtqc-rsbrqr{fifr$,
=orcs

r uqotR, <a-rq qq513

q<roB

fr

e<(crfrrr

ffi

**
*,
#";"*
ffi
G m-* e 1frrr srnq<.n;#"pmilqeJ;ffi]

<.-n'qq*

T{ntErn$C

HH*"*.Er'scr<

u"rnTtu

"rrrgr 4TI&-s fi'wq-< c+t orr+E o|o{r't6(& qan6 EIrEIE{I +rrQ

r {{v, clTIEi-S firqcq
qEF
qt{N esrDfr{rsrr< ?Fra
6prq
a_6 41,

n,rrk$ f+rrcq qFflfrq

Q'r, {"-F<,

sD-R[, 6sr5tn,

erffi

+reff-'r*& S-,s u, ,"a*",* s-M

56 r cvr* hbr

r*r".. #_*q, V*,

il*Fs E-vqc* c+-e -nfio e Fr+m qz,rfu$
tffi qr"R-6 ffi ox cvnr qr r EIFKI q
fu ERxr?Fc,{ Er6rD-{I e*rr tq.r c"nqq E-nR
-f f+*vc.t
)4.
"mFo rg Frffi qfcrffr_s
(Retative
{FFl iEt(gi iIIGI I

$t-s, ,nENq fur,fr"

_rfu;rr,ff

"fr_

tffi
importance of
prnishment and education in
social control) 8
' r'srqm frmq v-sr< q{
w&-{ry o,,ci. qr-{ rK qru<.t frffiq mr
@Fr \[E_d6t qrilq e srt{
qu. u' qmre* u1wr. q-q
mr i<c r{,*
r.G m-o
**e* frrqrqr
ER 'rt{B p 'tnc[ Rrsrq Ern wq, .ftfu e Fr+.r E_{IE:I
"*e=
,,*a*
11R srfi R, FrT[, Etrq.1
{Eo' rFGr qtflE eFrqEI <I srq fir..u,fr
EtE-{6t C..fis* *"
o, r srfl FfsK 6,u {rFo

ffi

*,

f,r*rrnrm il{re-sfiwct<

&

erp u'rm

*-

1on6.1-Tr$r

TqE serir{ s fr1wmr

{e

ryrrq_n frtRET

ftqF r q EffiHr _ftfuR wflrg

). 6pr-r <ifu stcs qt${ Tt sR BtK fi,Erst frrrq

r srss
trs arrilfs {cr {rrq q:H esm fqrq c,rpq *,

!u YL-r wril
tltr, gim B
tfu *a#

TTTFI3

vfu t+.rm r'.E qtglcq frre'n ".qlfu;;

qs u, q*r&-$
RTBFTq-* ore rr +m

**m
u'

rr

'rfur

crbr

o,n csm-Esi qq +frT<q r m;F*,

sq.rft <Tfu {fr mrq RrB ut ut*rnu
c'$r r*r ER ffiar- $fu sr qeST{
<rrm qil F8 Tr\r'ks r qi.nfu<
E.rrs,r
BG-.ti orG6q r q{ <r rri'm
Erfl *GT<q w-{ {6o oftm

ot

**tn ffi

.--

I
t

\tt

$5 amrfi-s wmFrcn

(aeFI

'rE)

fifffitqn qrryi <t r+l 'tffu Cq$ E{ r qfti :r:tfffi 'nFs Rq <vt Tfu I '4r{-{
..fifrr q6stilt q1q qK $Rtrt {t {n q1 r c<l-clltllg, E@Eqq, Frf,cufi, 1qrqv., TI$I.@ {FlS
q:mffi q{lqs', slstltmn f+mq .!<(.Nrqs {Fst {nE
il?ff ffi.ttFs qsa.1s qE{ sE I w{fi-s

q{I

,ttlrt&:-$

?Ett

Er{ qtm

fr1wnft

qrs-@ sy{

fr6Ro qR

,flArw. | <{l E(q Hate the crime not the

cT{fi-$rq q?rr qeril( e qffitft qatr6 ffe
q'f$ft qlg c-sI{ lfrct<.ttlg q.Kot <I
crtminal qdtq q'filq.fS I'fl <:fl, q'fdlftfs Tn.l C<;;HI,

fu

uRfr+ qe<
{Hfr-$ Rrt16srd 4.6tr[ct Etdt{ T'a{rq r istt, corflftfi-n ,.rpq{crs "mrm
(Parole) <r{'etrn sE-fi
{q'H ?F3il EGs t e TK[q frq mrq Smm (Probation) ^* 'mrflET
qret ffiTl3 'cl s6{,'|-{ <l fiKlEI
qr{rq r slcrtl ml Errrq R qi{-< <rcqm qnqr xfis mrq <l frqtl
t-.
qTI3['
q<( cc {rF q9|3m{n qi]
<EffiK gT'R{I54 16 q1-g"rm q'mftrs XB cqo{t EIl
TN
qcrilfis euTK, ,.ffi,.plfrfu1 e*e s1-<r< 1r,{H qle om e<(ffqft q:11.ffi X5-fiT "fr.:{t6'frm
c'mR-{
flffiu o'ftG sq"t t q{ r TTP r(tt{-qcrs
q:Itffi
rr*
qr
EfieT B-{e firfi $ltlrr q<1WIffi T{-{E {l{-q1trs c{lrgl F15t sqt1 o r*ro*s <i*rE
q{ r qqlqffi Y
e.qG I q qT{i Reformatory Schoot <1 q<.fi<rq{trF Rnlqn afu-S' Gil
qmffirq{ {m E'r$ftn EIRfu-$ CXei FtrK <rEff T-<l qr I
q6r$ {6{ stT{ {fps qqffi< CE1TI .sv'1-5< ,11r1grflqrs otmIt w<qq-q 66q q'f$ft qcrfifb
ftt I sm. <r+i G, TBtptlGt c{rE qY{ EffiIftfi-n q'.rrrd .{rc Elsts '{liFt E Brtft eTI3

* THtrlH

tfi*Eq*

eTEt

Ftfi

{m{

r .4srr< cfl-diftfr G.m< "ttfi (.lait

.fiFo sq'rffi (E-GI qf1-41ft65 fiRfu"$ q(rfi{r{d
I q\5q<, 1il{rrn 6{Rr
sru-+rq<
q(q qr .rgq< vW cIDKGt I sIEa'tE qns q:tl6i frrnft r

crEs efm qq.rqvrr<

Tr< qFfl< qq:m{ frre

iFr36 \oITrt

Bird) Rffir< ,f(g *

{eirq,s{t EBs I TqE c'rfl{
B'tK csaq gvR aEq ITt <Tio, fi61,
qqiilft< ulR&T

"*T

w{t qw<t EF

"ffi{

6F<m cqKIRR

q-s

ffi

tfo

$o16q"1,

1rrn

qTKt{ q<( s'FI ?Frcwt T<|F'IK iprrfrf, {I{rc{

q<c-fitrl{rF FIFK <r<,tt o-rrq qwlk+ fiuct< erq 6+l q6{ 4I I {rfrI'flFq{

e
{cg, Ffs't <f{,qt qc< q{ e qur${ csfrs I cl{I36t nmra tm'nFt'q( ffG
{ir8K Fm $il scfisn
ffiss, r{{{iTlT fts13 xrq m"T qTsc{i Frqt qq Tfl EGs
qTetl 6qlt <REI 6q FIflK ffi& "n<qtrqT rsm wrcq
Tt? E6r efiET vcfi wTt{ mryt slF I srd
eFl-ls,

;EF-fr

I<lsa Ctfl Ee[ Er<<

{l$ Ifr m

ry *sl

ryS

'

yfts{',ftpRqFrqr<qfq'{TrNtlwFlEfil?rfsefrTftryKqsiqmeTGlY,_',::
qu-d"t {tr q$rs tfho 'rq
o1q{ ft<13a qrqe 6q6q ftqft5+ qrerrr snr r <TE, rl1crK <lr{r<
qr mql{
,fry e6 ffi.r+ qrF, Rl'{fi fiq.K Brq$ I qgq<, 6ffiq -nFs r'{ FtH\s rilTle-$ fiwq
Pfr--o

trm 4-5P

cfl-6n

=F.
) rfrl
tI{TI
sr adl
8l +t
c, JIr:[

sriltt
qr*ld

>r rnfr

5 t q,Eil

-ft

} I IFETI

rr ryrfi
ot qga
rt *F?i.
ct rEri

rtd
rl*

yl alfit d

rr;r1ft
tcr*

ur16
lrr*t

:erxtfrt

-relm

:cr&t

frrqi& c<<xmfr-+

fiw.t

err

w{ <Ffi fisM{ 6{'nfu Erc ftl m <*,,nfu< "n"n'nft

Ftrte g rm&T
frTB8{lfrfin oafi {Nr&-r fiag(q Tld$n ykfl ,rm{ iqrr\9- ,ttrn qrrr{| oER <-{r< q$rr c'f6nR r
4ETHEI ql;m{3[ erlG s cro, corflftn v@ e {krqrIrvrq .fffu, q(r"ttfi, Frq <r
TffiK
fi6ksqm
q{rtrT

'fffi

b
5

i
F
i

FE-{r{il+ erT s

>r

I r qrrrfrs fuq

F'

rrrr&-+ frt-&q 6sI1 cstl <rqt qks\5( o'ff-{n vr, q1[qlFtt ffi
8 | arR l:nrq3r frsrcqn ffict mn mr{ <|{{ qft-ss3 Fr{T< r B-s.r{R n6q
1fu nre
qT$frs
q15+l
ci
frgcq rd s
wffin+
{ftrqru-{r r<

;l

,.e

tr
ts
Ff

frqrG q"t;il-cfir c(El qT |

<qre

qrnq ql;m<-<

<f+ +<
m<I e cNr&-s firrrq< frfre <rq6{r

ff

L{

!ffK

.qfu qst

q{E

rffi

B--fr er3 s
) r EPEn{ <qrs ftr+ltm ?
I r qrvk{ RErG <qrs Efr ft 6{<r

il{I6

,s r

{iIail

lftEl

;-.;

'

It fte
f.

h"f
i

!i(- frrM
t
i:

qq e

hre'rcq

ktg't{
I

ErRK e frqrG< w<i

"tt{-g ft4'l +<

8 r rrrntt<qrefr

f'fiF

crTrmrqfi

6<r<ttT

urqmrksfrgcqaccq.tqIE

q1rft-q ll-w"m qD
T{g tsmq rn
y r awt&-+ frmcq
fiH< gft-o tre< <N
1,

r r jrv&-+ fiwcq FEffiR pfi-o Bmq m

a
:: r qmrFs fi-a-mq <nt< X-ft-or ft ,
ryffiq

frmcq qrjrrcrr t-fr+r

1e

rl

remko frgc"r

ffi<rri

N{TR

y-frsr

fi

)e I rrflkip fri-gc"t qnl q{srr qfoo

z
)8 | rii:iiIGFF trffiC.t <].r$q{ pnfO Oo<nl f
)a | .ftfuT Errri Erer."r'<ff-+r <,<
r

m r .rrfu< EcmI Tprfu Eq{rEr qrFIIFil ?Et

r c"Frftd Er,?fus qrn<-n, sr<fi ?rrmnfitr pfoot wrmn+

",

F,"

lit,
tr

pfu+r wnmr-+r +a

s r qr$fu{ fucq< c(Er n r qThfi-s e wrrthF-+ <Rrffi rz$ r{lTJ

I , ,ti:ilfr{ frwq.rfo e Fr+.K qrc,rfu$ rEg qTFIIE-{I s3t I -.

r arfrq

t{q

Ie

r'
t

or<q

<

ffir q<

-:----

i4E!_tl

::

==::l=l=

Eo

I-

=4==---:

$$fr$ rflqRul{

(qq:i 'rq)

'REfr <{cs
Yfr ft mT t Fet

"eaYgy
; #- ** Tyt_-,ryimffiJn
r.l ffi;l.':d*tH
u# .i:ryX.ylf*n;
.*.ffitrHft *;*.i'ru
ffi
qo;rq ccsfrs T,os s*.nd
"*T
er ffi';1ffiH";;ffio1i-'nno

)l

c'r${ q{q s&.urc{-Efr fr ft <-+{t "T TIta{

r ffi#ft

iq,I(Mco)r
qtd-qmlffi<
r

rye6v

amr srm

O
@ ccrt6s caKI{
6
O sgr{ft q'rfl{
_^qt;fcm sm"i <ll"lfi Trdrq{ m?
;qf<e

fi rm qst

<JG

sl-rqn c'r'tl'ls Tnqx

R:{<

ry

qqil{Tl-s +( +m

*rr{=-,rra

@ ql6q-'cr
e<
fifm
qtr4rfills''{4K
5r
@
@- ?6-q<
4{-s q-*qfrE 'rq1-'rn6 e d1'rq
qEF, s trq-'r &* *
c-$$frtr
rf$
{rfi ,.rrq
qFBt fr-rrrqqt
q<-{qF{ s'K s.rffiro xtt{ fi {rm

6o++ft:*qffi
^'@REB$
lfrqlpt( @fiWtfrs
fl-fr srffi{ mt
trnffi
fu{
fi4m
er<q
qqKr(3r
{rfieT
(, I
fus*
6 ffi
6 ftfu
ocnv
@ s{<rrfi @l
vl.ftffiq66qr[rqB-cltrsqg,-er<tnBrs-r{(;r[ffi.ttFoig-oqTIF@t?
6 ofr-r<rqr-+wq @ ccfi{q{q-ss-q
@ ffiKqfl{w @ oftnr<T-+"q
1

ol{6ct-i<
i'r<tft< ERGq ccfitrq e

e) slKt'tK
flfie-s Amq wn6-q(-gfr nA ffi

@1rcq

I ftfi, qq&

)o r

q{hfr$ qr <lr'{Et TF{-

@ qqs

rFEI

EEIIqt-ft

@ss

@
i

366

os'rfr qrrrq

I'
I
;

q-s:.{-d

Sttt

ttms.fi +c<-q sL<t

@S"fi

QrFfl

{N@q

31q1a;5 orq?
o *Q=*'KsTd ryMFmq sfu{t w{fiep

effi fr'la"'

gr{tq'r{?

{i+ GEe

6 rrc"rt

{rfl-,c<

trR

\91

8l5l

c'l ,l

q--{-c"slg{Tl

6 16ffi-"m
vl{

clsl

** lam e qe& s&fiK

@ q$-qi

Flq

iI

Itol

tt

q{6xm

"* {l.mi q{ilft frrcm {ry wb t' xsfr TIKI

aI

4**
\x-r'L'r'r q,Err{

qsfft

1t

@
) cmrfi'-lv 6 xffia
fiFn
qI sGI cr{{
6,ratr:Fr
c-{,$rfts "FqI:<-qK
<s
t*oilu
***fi;6*'';
er
'FpfRI

q,r${
<iB s ao1ft3 f<{ffi

1frrlelr

T-{trt?

)o

lI