A. Definition
Sinusitis is an inflammation or infection of the sinuses, the air-filled
chambers in the skull that are located around the nose. Symptoms of sinusitis
include thick nasal discharge, facial pain or pressure, fever, and reduced sense
of smell. Depending on how long these symptoms last, sinusitis is classified as
acute, subacute, chronic, or recurrent. Viruses are the most common cause of
acute sinusitis, but bacteria are responsible for most of the serious cases.
B. Etiology
Acute sinusitis can be caused by viral, bacterial, or fungal infections.
Allergans and environmental irritants are other possible causes. In most cases,
acute sinusitis is caused by an upper respiratory tract viral infection, such as
the common cold, and usually resolves on its own.
Chronic sinusitis refers to long-term swelling and inflammation of the
sinuses. Chronic sinusitis can result from recurring episodes of acute sinusitis
or it can be caused by other health conditions like asthma and allergic rhinitis,
immune disorders, or structural abnormalities in the nose like deviated septum
or nasal polyps.
C. Clinical Manifestation
Sinus symptoms are very common during a cold or the flu, but in most
cases they are due to the effects of the infecting virus and resolve when the
infection does. General symptoms of acute sinusitis (both viral and bacterial)
include:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
D. Complications
Bacterial sinusitis is nearly always harmless (although uncomfortable
and sometimes even very painful). If an episode becomes severe, antibiotics
E. Treatment
The primary objectives for treatment of sinusitis are reduction of
swelling, eradication of infection, draining of the sinuses, and ensuring that
the sinuses remain open. Fewer than half of patients reporting symptoms of
sinusitis need aggressive treatment. Home remedies can be very useful.
Bacterial sinusitis, which is treated with antibiotics, accounts for only
2 - 10% of acute rhinosinusitis cases. Most cases of sinusitis are caused by
viruses, which do not respond to antibiotics. Acute viral sinusitis generally
clears up on its own within 7 - 10 days.
F. Pathway
Influenza
Infection
Dental caries
Sinusitis
Airways
Nervous system
Sinus stimulation
Psikological
Lack of knowledge
Pain
Ineffective airways
Anxiety
G. Focus Intervention
1. Pain related to inflammation of the nose
Goal : Pain is reduced or lost
Interventions:
a. Assess client's level of pain
R :/ Knowing the client's level of pain in determining further action
b. Explain the causes and effects of pain on the client and family
R :/ With the causes and consequences of pain the client is expected to
participate in treatment to reduce pain
c. Teach relaxation techniques and distractions
R :/ The client knows the distraction and relaxation techniques can be
practiced so as if in pain
d. Observation of vital signs and client complaints
R :/ Knowing the general state and development of the client's
condition.
c. Give an explanation to clients about the illness slowly, quietly and use
of clear sentences, short easy to understand
R :/ Increase client understanding about the disease and therapies for
the disease so that the client more cooperative
BIBLIOGRAPHY
SINUSITIS
H. Definition
Sinusitis is an inflammation or infection of the sinuses, the air-filled
chambers in the skull that are located around the nose. Symptoms of sinusitis
include thick nasal discharge, facial pain or pressure, fever, and reduced sense
of smell. Depending on how long these symptoms last, sinusitis is classified as
acute, subacute, chronic, or recurrent. Viruses are the most common cause of
acute sinusitis, but bacteria are responsible for most of the serious cases.
I. Etiology
Acute sinusitis can be caused by viral, bacterial, or fungal infections.
Allergans and environmental irritants are other possible causes. In most cases,
acute sinusitis is caused by an upper respiratory tract viral infection, such as
the common cold, and usually resolves on its own.
Chronic sinusitis refers to long-term swelling and inflammation of the
sinuses. Chronic sinusitis can result from recurring episodes of acute sinusitis
or it can be caused by other health conditions like asthma and allergic rhinitis,
immune disorders, or structural abnormalities in the nose like deviated septum
or nasal polyps.
J. Clinical Manifestation
Sinus symptoms are very common during a cold or the flu, but in most
cases they are due to the effects of the infecting virus and resolve when the
infection does. General symptoms of acute sinusitis (both viral and bacterial)
include:
8. Nasal congestion or discharge
9. Headache
10. Facial pain or pressure
11. Cough or scratchy throat
12. Fever
13. Diminished or absent sense of smell
14. Other symptoms may include ear pain or pressure, dental pain, bad breath,
fatigue
K. Complications
Bacterial sinusitis is nearly always harmless (although uncomfortable
and sometimes even very painful). If an episode becomes severe, antibiotics
L. Treatment
The primary objectives for treatment of sinusitis are reduction of
swelling, eradication of infection, draining of the sinuses, and ensuring that
the sinuses remain open. Fewer than half of patients reporting symptoms of
sinusitis need aggressive treatment. Home remedies can be very useful.
Bacterial sinusitis, which is treated with antibiotics, accounts for only
2 - 10% of acute rhinosinusitis cases. Most cases of sinusitis are caused by
viruses, which do not respond to antibiotics. Acute viral sinusitis generally
clears up on its own within 7 - 10 days.
M. Pathway
Influenza
Infection
Dental caries
Sinusitis
Airways
Nervous system
Sinus stimulation
Psikological
Lack of knowledge
Pain
Ineffective airways
Anxiety
N. Focus Intervention
4. Pain related to inflammation of the nose
Goal : Pain is reduced or lost
Interventions:
e. Assess client's level of pain
R :/ Knowing the client's level of pain in determining further action
f. Explain the causes and effects of pain on the client and family
R :/ With the causes and consequences of pain the client is expected to
participate in treatment to reduce pain
g. Teach relaxation techniques and distractions
R :/ The client knows the distraction and relaxation techniques can be
practiced so as if in pain
h. Observation of vital signs and client complaints
R :/ Knowing the general state and development of the client's
condition.
f. Give an explanation to clients about the illness slowly, quietly and use
of clear sentences, short easy to understand
R :/ Increase client understanding about the disease and therapies for
the disease so that the client more cooperative
BIBLIOGRAPHY