MC Cabe

Scilab Code for
Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering

by Warren L. McCabe, Julian C. Smith, Peter
Harriott1
Created by
Prashant Dave
Sr. Research Fellow
Chem. Engg.
Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay
College Teacher and Reviewer
.............
..............
IIT Bombay
30 October 2010
1 Funded
by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro. This text book companion and Scilab
codes written in it can be downloaded from the Textbook Companion Project
Section at the website http://scilab.in/
Book Details
Author: Warren L. McCabe, Julian C. Smith, Peter Harriott
Title: Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering
Publisher: McGraw-Hill, Inc.
Edition: Fifth
Year: 1993
Place: New Delhi
ISBN: 0-07-112738-0
Contents
List of Scilab Code
1 Definitions and Principles

1.1 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
9
2 Fluid Statics and its Application

2.1 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
11
4 Basic Equations of Fluid Flow

4.1 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
13
5 Flow of Incompressible Fluids in Conduits and Thin Layers

5.1 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
18
6 Flow of Compressible Fluids

6.1 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
20
7 Flow Past Immersed Bodies

7.1 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
25
8 Transportation and Metering of Fluids

8.1 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
29
9 Agitation and Mixing of Liquids

9.1 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36
36
10 Heat Transfer by Conduction

10.1 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44
44
11 Principles of Heat Flow in Fluids

11.1 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48
48
12 Heat Transfer to Fluids without Phase Change

12.1 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
50
50
13 Heat Transfer to Fluids with Phase Change

13.1 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
56
56
14 Radiation Heat Transfer

14.1 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
60
60
15 Heat-Exchange Equipment
15.1 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
62
62
16 Evaporation
16.1 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
67
67
17 Equilibrium-Stage Operations
17.1 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
71
71
18 Distillation
18.1 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
75
75
19 Introduction to Multicomponent Distillation

19.1 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
86
86
20 Leaching and Extraction

20.1 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
93
93
21 Principles of Diffusion and Mass Transer between Phases 102

21.1 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
22 Gas Absorption
108
22.1 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
23 Humidification Operations
122
23.1 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
24 Drying of Solids
126
24.1 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
25 Adsorption
132
25.1 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
26 Membrane Separation Processes
141
26.1 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
27 Crystallization
146
27.1 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
28 Properties, Handling and Mixing of Particulate Soilds
155
28.1 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
29 Size Reduction
158
29.1 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
30 Mechanical Separations
162
30.1 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
List of Scilab Code

1.1
2.1
2.2
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
5.1
6.1
6.2
6.3
7.1
7.2
7.3
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
1.1.sce
2.1.sce
2.2.sce
4.1.sce
4.2.sce
4.3.sce
4.4.sce
5.1.sce
6.1.sce
6.2.sce
6.3.sce
7.1.sce
7.2.sce
7.3.sce
8.1.sce
8.2.sce
8.3.sce
8.4.sce
8.5.sce
8.6.sce
9.1.sce
9.2.sce
9.3.sce
9.4.sce
9.5.sce
9.6.sce
9.7.sce
9.8.sce
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
5
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
9
11
11
13
14
15
16
18
20
22
23
25
26
27
29
30
31
32
33
34
36
37
37
38
39
39
41
42
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
11.1
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
13.1
13.2
14.1
15.1
15.2
15.3
15.4
16.1
16.2
16.3
17.1
17.2
18.1
18.2
18.3
18.4
18.6
18.7
18.8
19.2
19.3
19.4
19.5
20.1
20.2
20.3
21.1
21.2
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
10.1.sce
10.2.sce
10.3.sce
10.4.sce
10.5.sce
11.1.sce
12.1.sce
12.2.sce
12.3.sce
12.4.sce
13.1.sce
13.2.sce
14.1.sce
15.1.sce
15.2.sce
15.3.sce
15.4.sce
16.1.sce
16.2.sce
16.3.sce
17.1.sce
17.2.sce
18.1.sce
18.2.sce
18.3.sce
18.4.sce
18.6.sce
18.7.sce
18.8.sce
19.2.sce
19.3.sce
19.4.sce
19.5.sce
20.1.sce
20.2.sce
20.3.sce
21.1.sce
21.2.sce
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
6
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
44
44
46
46
47
48
50
50
53
54
56
58
60
62
63
64
65
67
69
69
71
73
75
76
79
80
81
84
85
86
88
89
91
93
94
97
102
103
21.3
21.4
21.5
21.6
22.1
22.2
22.3
22.4
22.5
22.6
23.1
23.3
24.1
24.2
24.3
24.4
25.1
25.2
25.3
25.4
26.1
26.4
26.5
27.1
27.2
27.3
27.4
27.5
27.6
28.1
28.2
29.1
29.2
30.1
30.2
30.3
30.4
30.5
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
21.3.sce
21.4.sce
21.5.sce
21.6.sce
22.1.sce
22.2.sce
22.3.sce
22.4.sce
22.5.sce
22.6.sce
23.1.sce
23.3.sce
24.1.sce
24.2.sce
24.3.sce
24.4.sce
25.1.sce
25.2.sce
25.3.sce
25.4.sce
26.1.sce
26.4.sce
26.5.sce
27.1.sce
27.2.sce
27.3.sce
27.4.sce
27.5.sce
27.6.sce
28.1.sce
28.2.sce
29.1.sce
29.2.sce
30.1.sce
30.2.sce
30.3.sce
30.4.sce
30.5.sce
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
7
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
103
104
105
107
108
109
110
114
115
118
122
124
126
127
128
129
132
133
136
138
141
143
144
146
147
148
148
149
150
155
156
158
158
162
164
169
170
173
List of Figures
17.1 Diagram for Example 17.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
73
18.1 Results of Example 18.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
76

97
100

113
121
25.1 Breakthrough curves for Example 25.2 . . . . . . . . . . . .
136
27.1 Population density vs. length Example 27.6 . . . . . . . . .

27.2 Size-distribution relations for Example 27.6 . . . . . . . . . .
153
154
29.1 Mass-fractions of Example 29.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
161
30.1
30.2
30.3
30.4
30.5
164
167
168
169
Analysis for Example 30.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . .

t/V vs. V for Example 30.2 . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rm vs. deltaP for Example 30.2 . . . . . . . . . .
alpha vs. deltaP for Example 30.2 . . . . . . . . .
Effect of pressure drop and concentration on flux
ple 30.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
. .
. .
. .
for
. .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
Exam. . . .
173
Chapter 1
Definitions and Principles
1.1
Scilab Code
Example 1.1 Example 1.1.sce

1 clear all ;
2 clc ;
3
4 // Example 1 . 1
5
6 // S o l u t i o n
7 // ( a )
8 // U s i n g Eq . ( 1 . 6 , ) , ( 1 . 2 6 ) , and ( 1 . 2 7 )
9 // L e t N = 1N
10 N = 0.3048/(9.80665*0.45359237*0.3048) ; // [ l b f ]
11
12 // ( b )
13 // U s i n g ( 1 . 3 8 ) , ( 1 . 1 6 ) , ( 1 . 2 6 ) , and ( 1 . 3 1 )
14 // L e t B = 1 Btu
15 B = 0.45359237*1000/1.8; // [ c a l ]
16
17 // ( c )
18 // U s i n g Eq . ( 1 . 6 ) , ( 1 . 1 4 ) , ( 1 . 1 5 ) , ( 1 . 2 6 ) , ( 1 . 2 7 ) ,
19
and ( 1 . 3 6 )
// L e t P = 1 atm
20 P = 1 .0 13 2 5* 1 0^ 5* 0 .3 04 8 /( 3 2. 17 4 *0 .4 5 35 9 23 7* 1 2^ 2 ) ; //
[ l b f / in . 2 ]
21
22
23
// ( d )
// U s i n g Eq . ( 1 . 8 ) , ( 1 . 3 3 ) , ( 1 . 3 7 ) , ( 1 . 2 6 ) , and
(1.27)
24 // L e t hp = 1 hp
25 hp = 550 *32.174* 0.453592 37*0.304 8^2/1000 ; // [kW]
10
Chapter 2
Fluid Statics and its
Application
2.1
Scilab Code

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
clear all ;
clc ;
// Example 2 . 1
rho_A = 13590;
rho_B = 1260;
Pa = 14000;
gc = 1; // [ f t l b / l b f s 2 ]
// U s i n g Eq . ( 2 . 5 ) ; Zb = 250 mmHg
Pb = -(250/1000) *(9.80665/1) *13590;
// U s i n g Eq . ( 2 . 1 0 )
Rm = (14000+33318) /(9.80665*(13590 -1260) )
disp ( mm ,Rm , The r e a d i n g i n t h e mamometer i s (Rm) =
)
11
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
clear all ;
clc ;
// Example 2 . 2
// ( a )
// U s i n g Eq . ( 2 . 1 5 )
t = (100*1.1) /(1153 -865)
rate_each_stream = (1500*42) /(24*60)
total_liquid_holdup = 2*43.8*23
vol = total_liquid_holdup /0.95
disp ( g a l ,vol , v e s s e l s i z e = )
// ( b ) t a n k d i a m e t e r
Zt = 0.90*4
ZA1 = 1.8 // [ f t ] ;
ZA2 = 1.8 + (3.6 -1.8) *(54/72)
disp ( f t ,ZA2 , t a n k d i a m e t e r = )
12
Chapter 4
Basic Equations of Fluid Flow
4.1
Scilab Code

1 clear all ;
2 clc ;
3
4 // Example 4 . 1
5
6 // ( a )
7 // d e n s i t y o f t h e f l u i d
8 rho = 0.887*62.37; // [ l b / f t 3 ]
9 // t o t a l v o l u m e t r i c f l o w r a t e
10 q = 30*60/7.48; // [ f t 3/ h r ]
11 // mass f l o w r a t e i n p i p e A and p i p e B i s same
12 mdot
= rho * q // [ l b / h r ]
13 // mass f l o w r a t e i n e a c h p i p e o f C i s h a l f o f t h e
14
15
16
17
18
19
total flow
mdot_C = mdot /2 // [ l b / h r ]
disp ( l b / h r , mdot , mass f l o w r a t e p i p e A = )
disp ( l b / h r , mdot , mass f l o w r a t e p i p e B = )
disp ( l b / h r , mdot_C , mass f l o w r a t e p i p e C = )
// ( b )
13
20 // U s i n g Eq . ( 4 . 4 ) ,
21 // v e l o c i t y t h r o u g h p i p e A
22 V_Abar = 240.7/(3600*0.0233) // [ f t / s ]
23
24 // v e l o c i t y t h r o u g h p i p e B
25 V_Bbar = 240.7/(3600*0.0513) // [ f t / s ]
26
27 // v e l o c i t y t h r o u g h e a c h p i p e o f C
28 V_Cbar = 240.7/(2*3600*0.01414) // [ f t / s ]
29
30 disp ( f t / s , V_Abar , v e l o c i t y t h r o u g h p i p e
31 disp ( f t / s , V_Bbar , v e l o c i t y t h r o u g h p i p e
32 disp ( f t / s , V_Cbar , v e l o c i t y t h r o u g h p i p e
33
34 // ( c )
35 // U s i n g Eq . ( 4 . 8 ) ,
36 // mass v e l o c i t y t h r o u g h p i p e A
37 GA = mdot /0.0233 // [ kg /m2 s ]
38
39 // mass v e l o c i t y t h r o u g h p i p e B
40 GB = mdot /0.0513 // [ kg /m2 s ]
41
42 // mass v e l o c i t y t h r o u g h e a c h p i p e o f C
43 GC = mdot /(2*0.01414) // [ kg /m2 s ]
44
45 disp ( kg /m2 s ,GA , mass v e l o c i t y t h r o u g h
A = )
B = )
C = )
pipe A =
)
disp ( kg /m2 s ,GB , mass v e l o c i t y t h r o u g h p i p e B =
)
47 disp ( kg /m2 s ,GC , mass v e l o c i t y t h r o u g h p i p e C =
)
46

1 clear all ;
2 clc ;
3
4 // Example 4 . 2
14
5 // A p p l y i n g Eq . ( 4 . 2 5 )
6 // Pa = Pb , Ua = 0
7 // Zb = 0 , Za = 5m
8
9 // The v e l o c i t y a t s t r e a m l i n e d i s c h a r g e
10 Ub = sqrt (5*2*9.80665) // [m/ s ]
11 disp ( m/ s ,Ub , s t r e a m l i n e d i s c h a r g e v e l o c i t y
( Ub ) =
)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
clear all ;
clc ;
// Example 4 . 3
rho = 998; // [ kg /m 3 ]
Da = 50; // [mm]
Db = 20; // [mm]
pa = 100; // [ N/m 2 ]
// ( a )
Va_bar = 1.0; // [m/ s ]
Vb_bar = Va_bar *( Da / Db ) ^2 // [m/ s ]
// U s i n g Eq . ( 4 . 2 9 )
// Za = Zb , h f = 0
pb = pa - rho *( Vb_bar ^2 - Va_bar ^2) /(2*1000) // [ kN/m 2 ]
disp ( kN/m2 ,pb , pb = )
// ( b )
// Combining Eqs . ( 4 . 1 4 ) & ( 4 . 1 5 )
// For x d i r e c t i o n ,
// s i n c e Fg = 0 , we g e t Eq . ( 4 . 3 0 )
theta = %pi /4;
Va_xbar = Va_bar ;
Sa = ( %pi /4) *( Da /1000) ^2; // [m 2 ]
Sax = Sa ;
// From FIg 4 . 5
Vb_xbar = Vb_bar * cos ( theta ) ; // [m/ s ]
15
28 Sb = %pi /4*( Db /1000) ^2; // [m 2 ]

29 Sbx = Sb * sin ( theta ) ; // [m 2 ]
30 // U s i n g Eq . ( 4 . 6 )
31 mdot = Va_bar * rho * Sa ; // [ kg / s ]
32 // S u b s t i t u t i n g i n Eq . ( 4 . 3 0 )
33 // S o l v i n g f o r Fw , x
34 beta_a = 1; beta_b = 1;
35 Fw_x
= mdot *( beta_b * Vb_xbar - beta_a * Va_xbar ) - Sax * pa
*1000+ Sbx * pb *1000 // [ N ]

36
37 // For y d i r e c t i o n ,
38 // V a y b a r = 0 , Say = 0
39 Vb_ybar = Vb_bar * sin ( theta ) ; // [m/ s ]
40 Sby = Sb * cos ( theta ) ; // [m 2 ]
41 Va_ybar = 0; // [m/ s ]
42 Say = 0; // [m/ s ]
43
44 Fw_y
= mdot *( beta_b * Vb_ybar - beta_a * Va_ybar ) - Say * pa
*1000+ Sby * pb *1000 // [ N ]

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
clear all ;
clc ;
// Example 4 . 4
gc = 32.17; // [ f t l b / l b f s 2 ]
rho_w = 62.37; // [ l b / f t 3 ] , d e n s i t y o f w a t e r
sp_gravity = 1.84;
neta = 0.60;
hf = 10; // [ f t l b f / l b ] , f r i c t i o n l o s s e s
Va_bar = 3; // [ f t / s ]
Da = 3; // [ i n . ]
Db = 2; // [ i n . ]
// From Appendix c o r s s s e c i o n a l a r e a r e s p e c t i v e t o 3
i n . and 2 i n . d i a m e t e r
14 Sa = 0.0513; // [ f t 2 ]
15 Sb = 0.0233; // [ f t 2 ]
16
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
Za = 0 ; // [ f t ]
Zb = 50 ; // [ f t ]
Vb_bar = Va_bar *( Sa / Sb ) ; // [ f t / s ]
g = gc
// U s i n g Eq . ( 4 . 3 2 )
Wp = (( Zb * g / gc ) + Vb_bar ^2/(2* gc ) + hf ) / neta ; // [ f t l b f /
lb ]
// U s i n g Eq . ( 4 . 3 2 ) on pump i t s e l f
// s t a t i o n a i s t h e s u c t i o n c o n n e c t i o n and s t a t i o n b
i s the discharge
// Za = Zb
// Eq . ( 4 . 3 2 ) becomes
// t h e p r e s s u r e d e v e l o p e d by pume i s d e l t a P = pbpa
deltaP = sp_gravity * rho_w *((( Va_bar ^2 - Vb_bar ^2) /(2*
gc ) ) + neta * Wp ) // [ l b f / f t 3 ]
29
30 mdot = Sa * Va_bar * sp_gravity * rho_w ;
31
32 // t h e Power
33 P = mdot * Wp /550
// [ hp ]
17
Chapter 5
Flow of Incompressible Fluids
in Conduits and Thin Layers
5.1
Scilab Code

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
clear all ;
clc ;
// Example 5 . 1
// Given
mu = 0.004; // [ kg /ms ]
D = 0.0779; // [m]
rho = 0.93*998; // [ kg /m 3 ]
L = 45; // [m]
// For f i t t i n g s , form T a b l e 5 . 1
sum_Kf = 0.9 + 2*0.2;
// From Eq . ( 4 . 2 9 ) , a s s u m i n g a l p h a a = 1 ,
// s i n c e pa = pb , and V a b a r = 0
//A = Vb bar 2 / 2 + h f = g ( ZaZb )
A = 9.80665*(6+9) ; // [m2/ s 2 ]
// U s i n g F i g 5 . 9
f = 0.0055;
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
// U s i n g Eq . ( 5 . 6 8 ) , There i s no e x a p n s i o n l o s s and Ke
= 0.
// From Eq . ( 5 . 6 6 ) , s i n c e Sa i s v e r y l a g e , Kc = 0 . 4 .
Hence
Vb_bar = sqrt (294.2/(2.7+2311* f ) ) ; // [m/ s ]
// From Appendix 5 , c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a o f t h e p i p e
S = 0.00477; // [m 2 ]
flow_rate = S * Vb_bar *3600 // [m3/ h r ]
19
Chapter 6
Flow of Compressible Fluids
6.1
Scilab Code

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
clear all ;
clc ;
// Example 6 . 1
// Given
gama = 1.4;
M = 29;
R = 82.0568*10^ -3; // [ atmm3/Kg molK ]
Nma = 0.8;
gc = 1; // [ f t l b / l b f s 2 ]
// At E n t r a n c e
p0 = 20; // [ atm ]
T0 = 555.6; // [ K ]
// ( a )
// U s i n g Eq . ( 6 . 2 8 )
// P r e s s u r e a t t h r o a t
pt = (1/(1+(( gama -1) /2) * Nma ^2) ^(1/(1 -1/ gama ) ) ) * p0
// [ atm ]
19 // From Eq . ( 6 . 1 0 )
20
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
rho0 = ( p0 * M ) /( R * T0 ) ; // [ kg /m 3 ]
// U s i n g Eq . ( 6 . 1 0 ) and Eq . ( 6 . 2 6 ) , t h e v e l o c i t y i n
the throat
ut = sqrt ((2* gama * gc * R * T0 ) /( M *( gama -1) ) *(1 -( pt / p0 )
^(1 -1/ gama ) ) ) ; // [m3am/ kg ] 0 . 5
// I n t e r m s o f [m/ s ] , U s i n g Appendix 2 , 1 atm =
1 . 0 1 3 2 5 1 0 [ N/m 2 ]
ut = ut * sqrt (1.01325*10^5) // [m/ s ]
// U s i n g Eq . ( 6 . 2 3 ) , d e n s i t y a t t h r o a t
rho_t = rho0 *( pt / p0 ) ^(1/ gama ) // [ kg /m 3 ]
// The mass v e l o c i t y a t t h e t h r o a t ,
Gt = ut * rho_t // [ kg /m2 s ]
// U s i n g Eq . ( 6 . 2 4 ) , The t e m p e r a t u r e a t t h r o a t
Tt = T0 *( pt / p0 ) ^(1 -1/ gama ) // [ K ]
// ( b )
// From Eq . ( 6 . 2 9 )
pstar = ((2/( gama +1) ) ^(1/(1 -1/ gama ) ) ) * p0 // [ atm ]
// From Eq . ( 6 . 2 4 ) and ( 6 . 2 9 )
Tstar = T0 *( pstar / p0 ) ^(1 -1/ gama ) // [ K ]
// From Eq . ( 6 . 2 3 )
rho_star = rho0 *( pstar / p0 ) ^(1/ gama ) // [ Kg/m 3 ]
// From Eq . ( 6 . 3 0 )
G_star = sqrt (2* gama * gc * rho0 * p0 *101.325*10^3/( gama
-1) ) *( pstar / p0 ) ^(1/ gama ) * sqrt (1 -( pstar / p0 ) ^(1 -1/
gama ) ) // [ Kgm2/ s ]
41 u_star = G_star / rho_star // [m/ s ]
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
// ( c )
// By c o n t i n u i t y , G i n v e r s e l y p r o p o r t i o n a l t o S , t h e
mass v e l o c i t y a t d i s c h a g e i s
G_r = G_star /2 // [ Kg/m3 s ]
// U s i n g Eq . ( 6 . 3 0 )
// L e t x = p r / p0
err = 1;
eps = 10^ -3;
x = rand (1 ,1) ;
21
52 while ( err > eps )

53
xnew = ((0.1294) / sqrt (1 - x ^(1 -1/1.4) ) ) ^1.4;
54
err = x - xnew ;
55
x = xnew ;
56 end
57
58 // U s i n g Eq . ( 6 . 2 7 )
59 // The Mach Number a t d i s c h a g e i s
60 Nmr = sqrt ((2/( gama -1) ) *(1/ x ^(1 -1/ gama ) -1) )

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
clear all ;
clc ;
// Example 6 . 2
// Given
Tr = 1000; // [ R ]
pr = 20; // [ atm ]
Ma_a = 0.05;
gama = 1.4;
gc = 32.174; // [ f t l b / l b f s 2 ]
M = 29;
R = 1545;
// ( a )
// U s i n g Eq . ( 6 . 4 5 )
A = 2*(1+(( gama -1) /2) * Ma_a ^2) /(( gama +1) * Ma_a ^2) ;
fLmax_rh = (1/ Ma_a ^2 -1 -( gama +1) * log ( A ) /2) / gama
// ( b )
// U s i n g Eq . ( 6 . 2 8 ) , t h e p r e s s u r e a t t h e end o f t h e
i s e n t r o p i c n o z z l e pa
A = (1+( gama -1) *( Ma_a ^2) /2) ;
pa = pr /( A ^( gama /( gama -1) ) ) // [ atm ]
// From Example 6 . 1 , t h e d e n s i t y o f a i r a t 20 atm and
1 0 0 0R i s 0 . 7 9 5 l b / f t 3
// U s i n g Eq . ( 6 . 1 7 ) , t h e a c o u s t i c v e l o c i t y
Aa = sqrt ( gc * gama * Tr * R / M ) // [m/ s ]
22
25 // The v e l o c i t y a t t h e e n t r a n c e o f t h e p i p e
26 ua = Ma_a * Aa // [m/ s ]
27 //When L b = L max , t h e g a s l e a v e s t h e p i p e a t t h e
a s t e r i s k c o n d i t i o n s , where
28 Ma_b = 1;
29 // U s i n g Eq . ( 6 . 4 3 )
30 A = ( gama -1) /2;
31 Tstar = Tr *(1+ A * Ma_a ^2) /(1+ A * Ma_b ^2) // [ K ]
32 // U s i n g Eq . ( 6 . 4 4 )
33 rho_star = 0.795* Ma_a / sqrt (2*(1+( gama -1) * Ma_a ^2/2)
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
/(2.4) ) // [ l b / f t 3 ]
// U s i n g Eq . ( 6 . 3 9 )
pstar = p0 * Ma_a / sqrt (1.2) // [ atm ]
// Mass v e l o c i t y t h r o u g h t h e e n t i r e p i p e
G = 0.795* ua // [ l b / f t 2 s ]
ustar = G / rho_star // [ f t / s ]
// ( c )
// U s i n g Eq . ( 6 . 4 5 ) w i t h f L m a x r h = 400
err = 1;
eps = 10^ -3;
Ma_ac = rand (1 ,1) ;
i =1;
while (( err > eps ) )
A = 2*(1+(( gama -1) /2) * Ma_ac ^2) /(( gama +1) * Ma_ac ^2) ;
B = gama *400+1+( gama +1) * log ( A ) /2;
Ma_anew = sqrt (1/ B ) ;
err = Ma_ac - Ma_anew ;
Ma_ac = Ma_anew ;
end
Ma_ac ;
uac = Ma_ac * ua / Ma_a // [ f t / s ]
Gc = uac *0.795 // [ l b / f t 2 s ]
clear all ;
23
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
clc ;
// Example 6 . 3
// Given
pa = 2.7; // [ atm ]
T = 288; // [ K ]
D = 0.075; // [m]
L = 70; // [m]
Vbar = 60; // [m/ s ]
M = 29;
rh = D /4; // [m]
mu = 1.74*10^ -5 // [ kg /ms ] Appendix 8
rho_a = (29/22.4) *(2.7/1) *(273/288) // [ kg /m 3 ]
R = 82.056*10^ -3;
G = Vbar * rho_a // [ kg /m2 s ]
Nre = D * G / mu ;
kbyd = 0.00015*(0.3048/0.075) ;
f = 0.0044; // [ from F i g . 5 . 9 ]
// U s i n g Eq . ( 6 . 5 2 )
// p b a r = 1 . 9 8 2 ; / / [ atm ]
// pb = 1 . 2 6 4 ; / / [ atm ]
err = 1;
eps = 10^ -3;
pb = 1.5;
while ( err > eps )
pbar = ( pa + pb ) /2;
A = (( f * L /(2* rh ) ) + log ( pa / pb ) ) ;
pb_new = pa -( R * T * G ^2/( pbar *29*101325) ) * A ;
err = pb - pb_new ;
pb = pb_new ;
end
pb ; // [ atm ]
pbar = ( pa + pb ) /2 // [ atm ]
24
Chapter 7
Flow Past Immersed Bodies
7.1
Scilab Code

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
clear all ;
clc ;
// Example 7 . 1
// Given
rho_p = 2800; // [ kg /m 3 ]
g = 9.80665; // [m/ s 2 ]
ac = 50* g ; // [m/ s 2 ]
// ( a )
// From a p p e n d i x 20
Dp_100 = 0.147; // [mm]
Dp_80 = 0.175; // [mm]
Dp = ( Dp_100 + Dp_80 ) /2; // [mm]
// From Appendix 14
mu = 0.801; // [ cP ]
rho = 995.7; // [ kg /m 2 ]
// U s i n g Eq . ( 7 . 4 5 )
K = Dp *10^ -3*( g * rho *( rho_p - rho ) /( mu *10^ -3) ^2) ^(1/3) ;
// T h i s i s s l i g h t l y a b o v e t h e S t o k e slaw r a n g e
25
21 // Assuming
22 N_rep = 4.4;
23 // From F i g . 7 . 6
24 Cd = 7.9;
25 // From Eq . ( 7 . 3 7 )
26 mu_ta = sqrt (4* g *( rho_p - rho ) * Dp *10^ -3/(3* Cd * rho ) ) //
[m/ s ]
27
28 // ( b )
29 // U s i n g ac i n p l a c e o f g i n Eq . ( 7 . 4 5 )
30 K = K *50^(1/3) ;
// S i n c e o n l y a c c e l e r a t i o n c h a n g e s
31 // E t i m a t i n g
32 N_rep = 80; // From F i g . ( 7 . 6 )
33 Cd = 1.2;
34 mu_tb1 = sqrt (4* ac *( rho_p - rho ) * Dp *10^ -3/(3* Cd * rho ) )
35
36
37
38
// [m/ s ]
// For i r r e g u l a r p a r t i c l e s Cd i s a b o u t 20 p e r c e n t
greater
// t h a n t h a t f o r s p h e r e s
Cd = 1.2*1.2;
mu_tb2 = sqrt (4* ac *( rho_p - rho ) * Dp *10^ -3/(3* Cd * rho ) )
// [m/ s ]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
clear all ;
clc ;
// Example 7 . 2
// Given
g = 32.174; // [ f t l b / l b f s 2 ]
eps = 0.8;
speg_s = 4.0;
speg_c = 1.594;
Ds = 0.004; // [ i n . ]
rho_w = 62.37; // [ l b f / f t 3 ]
delta_speg = speg_s - speg_c ;
delta_rho = rho_w * delta_speg ; // [ l b f / f t 3 ]
26
14 rho_c = rho_w * speg_c ; // [ l b f / f t 3 ]

15 // From Appendix 9
16 mu = 1.03; // [ cP ]
17 // U s i n g Eq . ( 7 . 4 5 )
18 K = Ds /12*( g * rho_c *( delta_rho ) /( mu *6.72*10^ -4) ^2)
^(1/3) ;
19 // U s i n g Eq . ( 7 . 4 0 )
20 ut = g *( Ds /12) ^2* delta_rho /(18* mu *6.72*10^ -4) // [ f t /
s]
21
22 // The t e r m i n a l v e l o c i t y i n h i n d e r e d s e t t l i n g
23 // C a l c u l a t i n g R e y n o l d s Number
24 Nre = ut * rho_c * Ds /(12* mu *6.72*10^ -4) ;
25 // From F i g . ( 7 . 7 )
26 n = 4.1;
27 // U s i n g Eq . ( 7 . 4 6 )
28 us = ut * eps ^ n // [ f t / s ]

1 clear all ;
2 clc ;
3
4 // Example 7 . 3
5 // The q u a n t i t i e s n e e d e d a r e
6 mu = 0.01; // [ P ]
7 delta_rho = 0.24; // [ g /cm 3 ]
8 // U s i n g Eq . ( 7 . 5 1 ) , s o l v i n g t h e q u a d r a t i c e q u a t i o n
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Vom bar
a = 1.75*1/(0.11*0.4^3) ;
b = 150*0.01*0.6/(0.11^2*0.4^3) ;
c = - 980*0.24;
Vom_bar = ( - b + sqrt ( b ^2 -4* a * c ) ) /(2* a ) ; // [ cm/ s ]
// C o r r e s p o n d i n g R e y n o l d s number
Nre = 0.11*0.194*0.124/0.01;
// From F i g 7 . 1 3
m = 3.9;
// For 25 p e r c e n t e x a p n s i o n
27
for
18 LbyLm = 1.25;
19 eps = 0.52;
20 // From Eq . ( 7 . 5 9 )
21 Vo_bar = 1.94*(0.52/0.40) ^3.9 // [mm/ s ]
28
Chapter 8
Transportation and Metering of
Fluids
8.1
Scilab Code

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
clear all ;
clc ;
// Example 8 . 1
// Given
vdot = 40; // [ g a l / min ]
pb = 50; // [ l b f / i n . 2 ]
Za = 4; // [ f t ]
Zb = 10; // [ f t ]
hfs = 0.5; // [ l b f / i n . 2 ]
hfd = 5.5; // [ l b f / i n . 2 ]
neta = 0.6;
rho = 54; // [ l b / f t 3 ]
pv = 3.8; // [ l b f / i n . 2 ]
g = 9.8; // [m/ s 2 ]
gc = 32.17 // [ f t l b / l b f s 2 ]
hf = hfs + hfd ; // [ l b f / i n . 2 ]
// ( a )
29
19
20
21
22
23
// U s i n g d a t a from Appendix 5
Vb_bar = vdot /6.34; // [ f t / s ]
// U s i n g Eq . ( 4 . 3 2 )
Wp_neta = ((14.7+ pb ) *144/ rho ) +( g / gc *10) +( Vb_bar

^2/(2* gc ) ) +( hf *144/54) -(14.7*144/54) ; // [ f t l b f /
lb ]
24 delta_H = Wp_neta ;
25
26 // ( b )
27 mdot = vdot * rho /(7.48*60) ; // [ l b / s ]
28 // U s i n g Eq . ( 8 . 7 ) , t h e i n p u t power i s
29 Pb = mdot * delta_H /(550* neta ) // [ hp ]
30
31 // ( c )
32 padash = 14.7*144/ rho ;
33 // The v a p o r p r e s s u r e c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o a head
34 hv = pv *144/ rho ; // [ f t l b f / l b ]
35 // f r i c t i o n i n t h e s u c t i o n l i n e
36 hfs = 0.5*144/ rho ; // [ f t l b f / l b ]
37 // U s i n g Eq . ( 8 . 7 ) , v a l u e o f a v a i l a b l e
38 NPSH = padash - hv - hfs - Za // [ f t ]

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
clear all ;
clc ;
// Example 8 2
// Given
pa = 29; // [ i n . Hg ]
pb = 30.1; // [ i n . Hg ]
va = 0; // [ f t / s ]
vb = 150; // [ f t / s ]
Ta = 200; // [ F ]
vdot = 10000; // [ f t 3/ min ]
neta = 0.65;
M = 31.3;
30
14 R = 29.92;
15 gc = 32.17; // [ f t l b / l b f s 2 ]
16 // a c t u a l s u c t i o n d e n s i t y
17 rho_a = M * pa *(460+60) /(378.7*30*(460+ Ta ) ) ; // [ l b / f t
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
3]
// a c u a l d i s c h a r g e d e n s i t y
rho_b = rho_a * pb / pa ; // [ l b / f t 3 ]
// a v e r a g e d e n s i t y o f t h e f l o w i n g g a s
rho = ( rho_a + rho_b ) /2; // [ l b / f t 3 ]
// mass f l o w r a t e
mdot = vdot * M /(378.7*60) // [ l b / s ]
// d e v e l o p e d p r e s s u r e
dev_p = ( pb - pa ) *144*14.7/( R * rho ) ; // [ f t l b f / l b ]
// v e l o c i t y head
vel_head = vb ^2/(2* gc ) ; // [ f t l b f / l b ]
// U s i n g Eq . ( 8 . 1 ) , a l p h a a = a l p h a b = 1 , va = 0 , Za =
Zb ,
Wp = ( dev_p + vel_head ) / neta // [ f t l b f / l b ]
// U s i n g Eq . ( 8 . 4 )
Pb = mdot * Wp /550 // [ hp ]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
clear all ;
clc ;
// Example 8 . 3
// Given
vdot = 180; // [ f t 3/ min ]
pa = 14; // [ l b f / i n . 2 ]
pb = 900; // [ l b f / i n . 2 ]
Ta = 80+460; // [ K ]
q0 = 0.063; // [m3/ s ]
Cp = 9.3; // [ Btu / lbmol F ]
gama = 1.31;
delta_Tw = 20; // [ F ]
// ( a )
neta = 0.80;
31
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
// For a m u l t i s t a g e c o m p r e s s o r t h e t o t a l power i s a
minimum i f e a c h s t a g e doed t h e same amount o f
work
// Hence u s i n g same c o p r e s s i o n r a t i o n f o r e a c h s t a g e
// U s i n g Eq . ( 8 . 2 5 )
// For one s t a g e
comp_ratio = (900/14) ^(1/3) ;
// U s i n g Eq . ( 8 . 2 9 ) , t h e power r e q u i r e d by e a c h s t a g e
Pb = ( Ta * q0 * gama * vdot ) *( comp_ratio ^(1 -1/ gama ) -1)
/(520*( gama -1) * neta ) ; // [ hp ]
// T o t a l Power
Pt = 3* Pb // [ hp ]
// ( b )
// U s i n g Eq . ( 8 . 2 2 ) , t h e t e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e e x i t o f
each s t a g e
28 Tb = Ta * comp_ratio ^(1 -1/ gama )
// [ R ]
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
// ( c ) S i n c e 1 l b mol = 3 7 8 . 7 s t d f t 3 , t h e f l o w r a t e
is
vdot = vdot *60/378.7; // [ l b mol / h ]
// Heat l o a d i n e a c h c o o l e r i s
Hl = vdot * Cp *( Tb - Ta ) // [ Btu / h ]
// T o t a l h e a t l o s s
Htotal = 3* Hl ; // [ Btu / h ]
// C o o l i n g w a t e r r e q u i r e m e n t
cwr = Htotal / delta_Tw // [ l b /h ]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
clear all ;
clc ;
// Example 8 . 4
// Given
q = 75/3600 ; // [m3/ s ]
rho = 62.37*16.018; // [ kg /m 3 ] From Appendix 4
Cv = 0.98;
32
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
g = 9.80665; // [m/ s 2 ]
Sw = 1;
Sm = 13.6;
h = 1.25; // [m]
// ( a )
// U s i n g Eq . ( 2 . 1 0 )
delta_p = g * h *( Sm - Sw ) * rho ; // [ N/m 2 ]
// U s i n g Eq . ( 8 . 3 6 ) , n e g l e c t i n g t h e e f f e c t o f b e t a
Sb = q /( Cv * sqrt (2* delta_p / rho ) ) ;
Db = sqrt (4* Sb / %pi ) *100 // [mm]
// ( b )
press_loss = 0.1* delta_p ; // [ N/m 2 ]
// Power r e q u i r e d a t f u l l f l o w
P = q * press_loss /1000 // [kW]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
clear all ;
clc ;
// Example 8 . 5
// Given
T = 100; // [ F ]
mu_O = 5.45; // [ cP ]
spg_O = 0.8927;
spg_m = 13.6;
spg_gl = 1.11;
q = 12000; // [ b b l /d ]
rho_ratio = 0.984;
rho_w = 62.37; // [ l b / f t 3 ]
h = 30; // [ i n . ]
gc = 32.174; // [ f t l b / l b f s 2 ]
// ( a )
// U s i n g Eq . ( 8 . 4 2 )
rhoB_60 = spg_O * rho_w ; // [ l b / f t 3 ]
rho_100 = spg_O * rho_w * rho_ratio ; // [ l b / f t 3 ]
mdot = q *42* rhoB_60 /(24*3600*7.48) ; // [ l b / s ]
33
21 Da = 4.026/12; // [ f t ]
22 delta_p = h /12*( spg_m - spg_gl ) * rho_w *(1) ; // [ l b f / f t
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
2]
// U s i n g Eq . ( 8 . 4 2 )
beeta = sqrt (4* mdot /(0.61* %pi * Da ^2* sqrt (2* gc * delta_p
* rho_100 ) ) ) ;
Do = Da * beeta ; // [ f t ]
// t h e o r i f i c e d i a m e t e r
D = 12* Do // [ i n . ]
// ( b )
// U s i n g F i g . 8 . 2 0 , t h e f r a c t i o n o f d i f f e r e n t i a l
pressure loss is
31 fra_prss_loss
= 0.68;
32 //Maximum power c o n s u m p t i o n
33 P = mdot * delta_p * fra_prss_loss /( rho_ratio * rho_w *
spg_O *550) // [ hp ]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
clear all ;
clc ;
// Example 8 . 4
// Given
Cpt = 0.98;
Ta = 200; // [ F ]
Da = 36; // [ i n . ]
pa = 15.25; // [ i n . ]
h = 0.54; // [ i n . ]
P = 29.92; // [ i n . ]
spg_m =13.6; // [ s p e c i f i c g r a v i t y o f m e r c u r y ]
rho_w = 62.37; // [ l b / f t 3 ]
gc = 32.174; // [ f t l b / l b f s 2 ]
// U s i n g Eq . ( 8 . 5 2 )
Pabs = P + pa / spg_m ; // [ i n . ]
rho = 29*492*31.04/(359*(200+460) *29.92) ; // [ l b / f t
3]
34
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
// From manometer r e a d i n g
delta_p = h /12* rho_w // [ l b f / f t 3 ]
// U s i n g Eq . ( 8 . 5 3 , maximum v e l o c i t y , a s s u m i n g Nma i s
negligible
umax = Cpt * sqrt (2* gc * delta_p / rho ) // [ f t / s ]
// The r e y n o l d s number b a s e d on maximum v e l o c i t y
mu_air = 0.022 ; // [ cP ] form Appendix 8
Nre_max = ( Da /12) * umax * rho /( mu_air *0.000672) ;
// U s i n g F i g 5 . 7 , t o o b t a i n a v e r a g e v e l o c i t y
Vbar = 0.86* umax // [ f t / s ]
Nre = Nre_max *0.86;
// The v o l u m e t r i c f l o w r a t e
q = Vbar *( Da /12) ^2* %pi /4*520/660* Pabs / P *60 // [ f t 3/
min ]
35
Chapter 9
Agitation and Mixing of
Liquids
9.1
Scilab Code

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
clear all ;
clc ;
// Exapmle 9 . 1
// Given
Dt = 6; // [ f t ]
h = 2; // [ f t ]
n = 90/60; // [ r p s ]
mu = 12*6.72*10^ -4; // [ l b / f t s ]
g = 32.17; // [ f t / s 2 ]
rho = 93.5; // [ l b / f t 3 ]
Da = 2; // [ f t ]
Nre = Da ^2* n * rho / mu ;
// From c u r v e A o f F i g . 9 . 1 2
Np = 5.8
// Form Eq . ( 9 . 2 0 )
P = Np * rho * n ^3* Da ^5/ g // [ f t l b f / s ]
36
19 P = P /550 // [ hp ]

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
clear all ;
clc ;
// Example 9 . 2
// Given
Dt = 6; // [ f t ]
h = 2; // [ f t ]
n = 90/60; // [ r p s ]
mu = 12*6.72*10^ -4; // [ l b / f t s ]
g = 32.17; // [ f t / s 2 ]
rho = 93.5; // [ l b / f t 3 ]
Da = 2; // [ f t ]
// Froude number
Nfr = n ^2* Da / g ;
// From T a b l e 9 . 1
a = 1;
b = 40.0;
// U s i n g Eq . ( 9 . 1 9 )
m = (a - log ( Nre ) /2.303) / b ;
// U s i n g F i g . 9 . 1 2 , c u r v e D,
Np = 1.07;
// C o r r e c t e d v a l u s o f Np
Np = Np * Nfr ^ m ;
// Form Eq . ( 9 . 2 0 )
P = Np * rho * n ^3* Da ^5/ g // [ f t l b f / s ]
P = P /550 // [ hp ]
1 clear all ;
2 clc ;
37
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
// Example 9 . 3
// Given
Dt = 6; // [ f t ]
h = 2; // [ f t ]
n = 90/60; // [ r p s ]
mu = 1200*6.72*10^ -2; // [ l b / f t s ]
g = 32.17; // [ f t / s 2 ]
rho = 70 // [ l b / f t 3 ]
Da = 2; // [ f t ]
// From T a b l e 9 . 3
KL = 65;
// From Eq . ( 9 . 2 1 )
Np = KL / Nre ;
P = Np * rho * n ^3* Da ^5/ g
P = P /550 // [ hp ]
// [ f t l b f / s ]

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
clear all ;
clc ;
// Example 9 . 4
// Given
Dt = 6; // [ f t ]
Da = 2; // [ f t ]
n = 80/60; // [ r p s ]
T = 70; // [ F ]
rho = 62.3; // [ l b / f t 3 ] , From Appendix 14
mu = 6.6*10^ -4; // [ l b / f t s ] , From Appendix 14
// From F i g . 9 . 1 5
ntT = 36;
tT = ntT /1.333 // [ s ]
38

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
clear all ;
clc ;
// Example 9 . 5
// Given
Dt = 6; // [ f t ]
H = 8; // [ f t ]
T = 70; // [ F ]
sp_gr = 3.18;
w_fr = 0.25;
Da = 2; // [ f t ]
h = 1.5; // [ f t ]
gc = 32.17; // [ f t l b / l b f s 2 ]
// ( a )
// U s i n g d a t a o f Buurman e t a l . i n F i g . ( 9 . 1 9 )
// c h a n g e i n nc
delta_nc = (104/200) ^0.2*(2.18/1.59)
^0.45*(33.3/11.1) ^0.13;
18 // c h a n g e i n P
19 dalta_P = delta_nc ^3;
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
// U s i n g F i g . 9 . 1 9
V = %pi /4* Dt ^2* H *7.48 ; // [ g a l ]
P = 3.3* V /1000 // [ hp ]
// ( b )
// From T a b l e 9 . 3 , f o r a c o u r b l a d e t u r b i n e ,
KT = 1.27;
Np = KT ;
// s l u r r y d e n s i t y
rho_m = 1/(( w_fr / sp_gr ) +(1 - w_fr ) ) *62; // [ l b / f t 3 ]
nc = ( P * gc *550/( Np * rho_m * Da ^5) ) ^(1/3) // [ r / s ]
39
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
clear all ;
clc ;
// Example 9 . 6
// Given
Dt = 2; // [m]
Da = 0.667; // [m]
n = 180/60; // [ r p s ]
T = 20; // [ C ]
qg = 100; // [m3/ h ]
rho = 1000; // [ kg /m 3 ]
mu = 10^ -3; // [ kg /ms ]
ut = 0.2; // [m/ s ]
// ( a )
// The power i n p u t i s c a l c u l a t e d and f o l l o w e d by
c o r r e c t i o n of gas e f f e c t
Nre = n * Da ^2* rho / mu ;
// For a f l a t b l a d e t u r b i n e , from T a b l e 9 . 3
KT = 5.75;
// U s i n g Eq . ( 9 . 2 4 )
Po = KT * n ^3* Da ^5* rho /1000; // [kW]
At = %pi /4* Dt ^2; // [m 2 ]
// S u p e r f i c i a l g a s v e l o c i t y
Vs_bar = At * qg /3600/10 // [m/ s ]
// From F i g . 9 . 2 0 Pg/Po = 0 . 6 0
Pg = Po *0.6; // [kW]
// From F i g . 9 . 7 , d e p t h o f l i q u i d i s e q u a l t o d i a m e t e r
o f the tank
// Hence , l i q u i d volume
V = %pi /4* Dt ^2* Dt ; // [m 3 ]
// The i n p u t power p e r u n i t volume
PgbyV = Pg / V ; // [kW/m 3 ]
// ( b )
sigma =
rho_L =
PgbyV =
// U s i n g
72.75; // [ g / s 2 ]
10^ -3; // [ g /mm]
PgbyV *10^3 ; // [ g /mms 2 ]
Eq . ( 9 . 4 6 )
40
37 // L e t x = s h i ( 0 . 5 )
38 // s o l v i n g t h e e q u a t i o n a s q u a d r a t i c e q u a t i o n
39 a = 1;
40 b = -( Vs_bar / ut ) ^0.5;
41 c = -0.216*(( PgbyV ) ^0.4) *( rho_L ^0.2) /( sigma ^0.6) *(
Vs_bar / ut ) ^(0.5) ;
42 x = ( - b + sqrt ( b ^2 -4* a * c ) ) /(2* a ) ;
43 shi = x ^2;
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
// ( c )
//To f i n d o u t mean b u b b l e d i a m e t e r
// U s i n g Eq . ( 9 . 4 4 )
Ds_bar = 4.15* sigma ^0.6/( PgbyV ^0.4* rho_L ^0.2) * shi
^0.5+0.9 // [mm]
// ( d )
// From Eq . ( 9 . 4 0 )
aprime = 6* shi / Ds_bar // [mm 1]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
clear all ;
clc ;
// Exapmle 9 . 7
// Given
Dt = 2; // [m]
Da = 0.667; // [m]
n = 180/60; // [ r p s ]
T = 20; // [ C ]
qg = 100; // [m3/ h ]
rho = 1000; // [ kg /m 3 ]
mu = 10^ -3; // [ kg /ms ]
ut = 0.2; // [m/ s ]
At = %pi /4* Dt ^2; // [m 2 ]
// U s i n g v a l u e s form Example 7 . 6
// Assuming Pg/Po d e c r e s a e s t o 0 . 2 5
PgbyV = 0.25*20490/6.28; // [W/m 3 ]
41
18 // U s i n g Eq . ( 9 . 4 7 )
19 Vs_barc = 0.114*( PgbyV ) *( Dt /1.5) ^0.17/1000 // [m/ s ]
20 qg = Vs_barc * At *3600 // [m3/ h ]
21 // The c a l c u l a t e d f l o o d i n g v e l o c i t y i s beyond t h e
r a n g e o f t h e d a t a on which Eq . ( 9 . 4 7 )
22 // was based , s o i t may n o t be r e l a i b l e . Based on
V s b a r c , t h e h i g h e s t m e a s u r e d v a l u e , qg
23 // would be 850 m3/ h .
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
clear all ;
clc ;
// Example 9 . 8
// Given
D1 = 1; // [ f t ]
D6 = 6
Nre_i = 10^4;
Da = 4; // [ i n . ]
t1 = 15; // [ s ]
P = 2; // [ hp / g a l ]
// ( a )
// U s i n g F i g . 9 . 1 5
// t h e m i x i n g f a c t o r ntT i s c o n s t a n t and t i m e tT i s
asumed c o n s t a n t ,
// s p e e d n w i l l be t h e same i n b o t h v e s s e l s .
// U s i n g Eq . ( 9 . 2 4 ) w i t h c o n s a n t d e n s i t y
PbyD_ratio = ( D6 / D1 ) ^2;
// The Power i n p u t r e q u i r e d i n t h e 6 f t v e s s e l i s
then
Pin = 2* PbyD_ratio // [ hp / 1 0 0 0 g a l ]
// ( b )
// U s i n g Eq . ( 9 . 5 4 ) w i t h same i n p u t power p e r u n i t
volume i n b o t h v e s s e l s
24 n6byn1 = ( D6 / D1 ) ^(2/3)
42
25 // b l e n d i n g i n t h e 6 f t
26 t6 = t1 * n6byn1 // [ s ]
v e s s e l would be
43
Chapter 10
Heat Transfer by Conduction
10.1
Scilab Code

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
clear all ;
clc ;
// Exmple 1 0 . 1
// Given
T1 = 32; // [ F ]
T2 = 200; // [ F ]
k1 = 0.021; // [ Btu / f t hF ]
k2 = 0.032; // [ Btu / f t hF ]
A = 25; // [ f t 2 ]
B = 6/12; // [ f t ]
// a v e r a g e t e m p e r a t u r e and t h e r m a l c o n d u t i v i t y o f t h e
wall
Tavg = (40+180) /2; // [ F ]
kbar = k1 +( Tavg - T1 ) *( k2 - k1 ) /( T2 - T1 ) ; // [ Btu / f t hF ]
delta_T = 180 -40; // [ F ]
// U s i n g Eq . ( 1 0 . 5 )
q = kbar * A * delta_T / B // [ Btu / h ]
44
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
clear all ;
clc ;
// Example 1 0 . 2
// Given
delta1 = 4.5/12 ; // [ f t ]
k1 = 0.08; // [ Btu / f t hF ]
delta2 = 9/12; // [ f t ]
k2 = 0.8; // [ f t ]
Tin = 1400 // [ F ]
Tout = 170 // [ F ]
Rc = 0.5; // [ f t 2hF/ Btu ]
// ( a )
// C o n s i d e r i n g u n i t c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a
A = 1; // [ f t 2 ]
RA = delta1 / k1 ; // [ f t 2hF/ Btu ]
RB = delta2 / k2 ; // [ f t 2hF/ Btu ]
R = RA + RB ; // [ f t 2hF/ Btu ]
delta_T = Tin - Tout ; // [ F ] o v e r a l l t e m p e r a t u r e d r o p
// U s i n g Eq . ( 1 0 . 9 )
q = A * delta_T / R // [ Btu / h ]
// ( b )
// The t e m p e r a t u r e d r o p i n one s e r i e s o f r e s i s t a n c e s
i s to the
// i n d i v i d u a l r e s i s t a n c e a s t h e o v e r a l l t e m p e r a t u r e
drop i s to the
// o v e r a l l r e s i s t a n c e , o r
delta_TA = RA * delta_T / R ; // [ F ]
// T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e i n t e f a c e
Tf = Tin - delta_TA // [ F ]
// ( c ) The t o t a l r e s i s t a n c e w i l l now i n c l u d e c o n t a c t
resistance
32 R = R + Rc ; // [ f t 2hF/ Btu ]
33 // t h e h e a t l o s s from u n i t s q u a r e a r e a
34 q = delta_T / R // [ Btu / h ]
45

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
clear all ;
clc ;
// Example 1 0 . 3
// Given
r1 = 60/2; // [mm]
r2 = (50+ r1 ) ; // [mm]
k2 = 0.055; // [W/mC ]
r3 = 40+ r2 ; // [mm]
k3 = 0.05; // [W/mC ]
To = 30; // [ C ]
Ti = 150; // [ C ]
// L o g r i t h i m i c mean f o r s i l i c a l a y e r and c o r k l a y e r
rl_s = ( r2 - r1 ) / log ( r2 / r1 ) // [mm]
rl_c = ( r3 - r2 ) / log ( r3 / r2 ) // [mm]
// U s i n g Eq . ( 1 0 . 1 5 ) and Eq . ( 1 0 . 1 4 ) s i m u l a t a n e o u s l y
//And Adding t h e s e two E q u a t i o n s
qbyL = ( Ti - To ) /4.13 // [W/m]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
clear all ;
clc ;
// Example 1 0 . 4
// Given
k = 0.075; // [ Btu / f t hF ]
rho = 56.2; // [ l b / f t 3 ]
Cp = 0.40; // [ Btu / l b F ]
s = 0.5/12; // [ f t . ]
Ts = 250; // [ F ]
Ta = 70; // [ F ]
Tb_bar = 210; // [ F ]
// ( a )
46
15 Temp_diff_ratio = ( Ts - Tb_bar ) /( Ts - Ta ) ;
16 alpha = k /( rho * Cp ) ;
17 // From F i g . 1 0 . 6
18 N_Fo =0.52;
19 tT = N_Fo * s ^2/ alpha // [ h ]
20
21 // ( b )
22 // S u b s t i t u t i n g i n Eq . ( 1 0 . 2 3 )
23 QTbyA = s * rho * Cp *( Tb_bar - Ta ) // [ Btu / f t 2 ]

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
clear all ;
clc ;
// Example 1 0 . 5
// Given
Ts = -20; // [ C ]
Ta = 5; // [ C ]
T = 0; // [ C ]
t = 12; // [ h ]
alpha = 0.0011; // [m2/ h ]
// ( a )
Temp_diff_ratio = ( Ts - T ) /( Ts - Ta ) ;
// From F i g . ( 1 0 . 8 ) ,
Z = 0.91;
// t h e r e f o r e d e p t h
x = Z *2* sqrt ( alpha * t ) // [m]
// ( b )
// From Eq . ( 1 0 . 2 7 ) , t h e p e n e t r a t i o n d i s t a n c e i s
x_rho = 3.64* sqrt ( alpha * t ) // [m]
47
Chapter 11
Principles of Heat Flow in
Fluids
11.1
Scilab Code

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
clear all ;
clc ;
// Example 1 1 . 1
// From Appendix 5
Di = 1.049/12; // [ f t ]
Do = 1.315/12; // [ f t ]
xw = 0.133/12; // [ f t ]
km = 26; // [ Btu / f t hF ]
// U s i n g Eq . ( 1 0 . 1 5 ) f o r L o g r i t h m i c mean d i a m e t e r
DL bar
DL_bar = ( Do - Di ) / log ( Do / Di ) ; // [ f t ]
// From T a b l e 1 1 . 1
hi = 180; // [ Btu / f t 2hF ]
ho = 300; // [ Btu / f t 2hF ]
hdi = 1000; // [ Btu / f t 2hF ]
hdo = 500; // [ Btu / f t 2hF ]
48
18 // O v e r a l l h e a t t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t
19 Uo = 1/( Do /( Di * hdi ) + Do /( Di * hi ) +( xw * Do ) /( km * DL_bar )
+1/ ho +1/ hdo ) // [ Btu / f t 2hF ]
49
Chapter 12
Heat Transfer to Fluids
without Phase Change
12.1
Scilab Code

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
clear all ;
clc ;
// Example 1 2 . 1
To = 230; // [ F ]
Ti = 80; // [ F ]
// U s i n g T a b l e 1 2 . 1
hi = 400; // [ Btu / f t 2hF ]
ho = 500; // [ Btu / f t 2hF ]
// From Appendix 6
Di = 0.620; // [ i n . ]
Do = 0.750; // [ i n . ]
// U s i n g Eq . ( 1 2 . 3 9 )
detla_Tt = (1/ hi ) /(1/ hi +( Di /( Do * ho ) ) ) *( To - Ti )
1 clear all ;
2 clc ;
50
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
// Example 1 2 . 2
// Given
Tb1 = 141; // [ F ]
Tb2 = 79; // [ F ] /
Tw1 = 65; // [ F ]
Tw2 = 75; // [ F ]
Vb_bar = 5; // [ f t / s ]
rho_b = 53.1; // [ l b / f t 3 ]
mu_b = 1.16; // [ l b / f t h ] , Form Appendix 9
k_b = 0.089; // [ Btu / f t hF ] , From Appendix 13
Cp_b = 0.435; // [ Btu / l b F ] , From Appendix 16
// U s i n g Appndix 14
rho_w = 62.3; // [ l b / f t 3 ]
mu_w = 2.34; // [ l b / f t h ]
k_w = 0.346; // [ Btu / f t hF ]
Cp_w = 1; // [ Btu / l b F ]
// S o u l t i o n
Tavg_b = ( Tb1 + Tb2 ) /2; // [ F ]
Tavg_w = ( Tw1 + Tw2 ) /2; // [ F ]
Dit = 0.745/12; // [ f t ]
Dot = 0.875/12; // [ f t ]
// U s i n g Appendix 5
// The i n s i d e d i a m e t e r o f t h e j a c k e t
Dij = 1.610/12; // [ f t ]
// From Appendix 6 , t h e i n s i d e s e c t i o n a l a r e a o f t h e
c o p p e r t u b e ( f o r a 7/8 i n . BWG 16 t u b e )
S = 0.00303; // [ f t 2 ]
// E q u i v a l e n t d i a m e t e r o f t h e a n n u l a r j a c k e t s p a c e
De = 4*( %pi /4*( Dij ^2 - Dot ^2) /( %pi *( Dij + Dot ) ) ) ; // [ f t ]
mb_dot = Vb_bar * rho_b * S ; // [ l b / s ]
// The r a t e o f h e a t f l o w
q = mb_dot * Cp_b *( Tb1 - Tb2 ) ; // [ Btu / s ]
// mass f l o w r a t e o f w a t e r
mw_dot = q /( Cp_w *( Tw2 - Tw1 ) ) ; // [ l b / s ]
// Water v e l o c i t y
51
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
Vw_bar = mw_dot /( %pi /4*( Dij ^2 - Dot ^2) * rho_w ) ; // [ f t / s

]
// R e y n o l d s number f o r b e n z e n e and w a t e r
Nre_b = Dit * Vb_bar * rho_b *3600/ mu_b ;
Nre_w = De * Vw_bar * rho_w *3600/ mu_w ;
// P r a n d t l Number f o r b e n z e n e and w a t e r
Npr_b = Cp_b * mu_b / k_b ;
Npr_w = Cp_w * mu_w / k_w ;
// P r e l i m i n a r y e s t i m a t e s o f t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s a r e
o b t a i n e d u s i n g Eq . ( 1 2 . 3 2 ) , o m i t t i n g t h e
// c o r r e c t i o n f o r v i s c o s i t y r a t i o :
// Benzene
hi = 0.023* Vb_bar *3600* rho_b * Cp_b /( Nre_b ^0.2* Npr_b
^(2/3) ) ; // [ Btu / f t 2hF ]
// Water
ho = 0.023* Vw_bar *3600* rho_w * Cp_w /( Nre_w ^0.2* Npr_w
^(2/3) ) ; // [ Btu / f t 2hF ]
// U s i n g Eq . ( 1 2 . 3 9 )
// T e m p e r a t u r e d r o p o v e r t h e b e n z e n e r e s i s t a n c e
delta_Ti = (1/ hi ) /(1/ hi + Dit /( Dot * ho ) ) *( Tavg_b - Tavg_w
) ; // [ F ]
Tw = Tavg_b - delta_Ti ; // [ F ]
// The v i s c o s i t i e s o f t h e l i q u i d s a t Tw
muw_b = 1.45; // [ l b / f t h ]
muw_w = 2.42*0.852; // [ l b / f t h ]
// U s i n g Eq . ( 1 2 . 2 4 ) , v i s c o s i t y c o r r e c t i o n f a c t o r s p h i
are
phi_b = ( mu_b / muw_b ) ^0.14;
phi_w = ( mu_w / muw_w ) ^0.14;
// The c o r r e c t e d c o e f f i c i e n t s a r e
hi = hi * phi_b ; // [ Btu / f t 2hF ]
ho = ho * phi_w ; // [ Btu / f t 2hF ]
// The t e m p e r a t u r e d r o p o v e r t h e b e n z e n e r e s i s t a n c e
and t h e w a l l t e m p e r a t u r e
delta_Ti = (1/ hi ) /(1/ hi + Dit /( Dot * ho ) ) *( Tavg_b - Tavg_w
) ; // [ F ]
52
70 Tw = Tavg_b - delta_Ti // [ F ]
71 // T h i s i s s o c l o s e t o p r e v i o u s l y
72
73
74
75
76
calculated wall
temperature that a second approximation
// i s u n n e c e s s a r y
// U s i n g Eq . ( 1 1 . 2 9 ) , n e g l e c t i n g t h e r e s i s t a n c e o f t h e
tube wall
Uo = 1/( Dot /( Dit * hi ) +1/ ho ) ; // [ Btu / f t 2hF ]
disp ( The o v e r a l l c o e f f i c i e n t i s ) ;
disp ( Btu / f t 2hF , Uo ) ;

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
clear all ;
clc ;
// Example 1 2 . 3
// Given
L = 15; // [ f t ]
k = 0.082; // [ Btu / f t hF ]
Cp = 0.48; // [ Btu / l b F ]
T1 = 150; // [ F ]
T2 = 250; // [ F ]
Tw = 350; // [ F ]
// From T a b l e 1 2 . 3
mu1 = 6; // [ cP ]
mu2 = 3.3; // [ cP ]
mu_w = 1.37; // [ cP ]
mu = ( mu1 + mu2 ) /2; // [ cP ]
// From Appendix 5
D = 0.364/12; // [ f t ]
// v i s c o s i t y c o r r e c t i o n f a c t o r p h i i s
phi = ( mu / mu_w ) ^0.14;
// Assuming Laminar f l o w and G r a e t z number l a r g e
enough t o a p p l y Eq . ( 1 2 . 2 5 )
22 // U s i n g Eq . ( 1 2 . 2 5 )
23 // h = k /D2 p h i ( Cp mdot / ( k L ) ) ( 1 / 3 ) ;
24 //To u s e Eq . ( 1 2 . 1 8 )
53
25
Log_T = (( Tw - T1 ) -( Tw - T2 ) ) / log (( Tw - T1 ) /( Tw - T2 ) ) ; // [ F
]
// From Eq . ( 1 2 . 1 8 )
// h = Cp 1 0 0 mdot / ( %pi DL Log T )
// From Eq . ( 1 2 . 2 5 ) and Eq . ( 1 2 . 1 8 )
mdot = (4.69/0.233) ^(3/2) ; // [ l b / h ]
// and
h = 0.233* mdot ; // [ Btu / f t 2hF ]
disp ( l b / h , mdot , o i l f l o w r a t e )
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34 disp ( Btu / f t 2hF ,h , E x p e c t e d C o e f f i c i e n t )
35 Ngz = mdot * Cp /( k * L ) ;
36 // T h i s i s l a r g e enough s o t h a t Eq . ( 1 2 . 2 5 ) a p p l i e s ,
37 // R e y n o l d s Number
38 Nre = D * mdot /(( %pi /4* D ^2) * mu *2.42) ;
39 // Nre i s i n Laminar Range

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
clear all ;
clc ;
// Example 1 2 . 4
// Given
P = 1; // [ atm ]
Vbar = 1.5; // [ f t / s ]
Ti = 68; // [ F ]
To = 188; // [ F ]
Tw = 220; // [ F ]
Tbar = ( Ti + To ) /2; // [ F ]
D = 2.067/12; // [ f t ] , from Appendix 5
mu = 0.019; // [ cP ] , a t 1 2 8 [ F ] , from Appendix 8
rho = 29/359*(492/(68+460) ) ; // [ l b / f t 3 ] , a t 6 8 [ F ]
G = Vbar * rho *3600; // [ l b / f t 2h ]
Nre = D * G /( mu *2.42) ;
g = 32.14;
// Hence t h e f l o w i s l a m i n a r
// A p p l y i n g Eq . ( 1 2 . 2 5 )
54
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
Cp = 0.25; // [ Bu/ l b F ] , a t 1 2 8 [ F ] , Appendix 15

k = 0.0163; // [ Btu / f t hF ] , a t 1 2 8 [ F ] , Appendix 12
//By l i n e a r i n t e r p o l a t i o n
mu_w = 0.021; // [ cP ] , Appendix 5
// i n t e r n a l c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a o f p i p e i s
S = 0.02330; // [ f t 2 ] , Appendix 5
// mass f l o w r a t e
mdot = G * S ; // [ l b / h ]
// t h e h e a t l o a d
q = mdot * Cp *( To - Ti ) ; // [ Btu / h ]
// The l o g r i t h m i c mean t e m p e r a t u r e d i f f e r e n c e i s
delta_T1 = Tw - To ; // [ F ]
delta_T2 = Tw - Ti ; // [ F ]
Log_T = ( delta_T1 - delta_T2 ) / log ( delta_T1 / delta_T2 ) ;
// [ F ]
// h e a t t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t h = q /A Log T
//A = 0 . 5 4 1 L
// A l s o from Eq . ( 1 2 . 2 5 ) , t h e h e a t t r a n s f e r
coefficient is
// h = 2 k /D ( mdot Cp/ k L ) ( 1 / 3 ) (mu/mu w ) ( 1 / 4 )
// E q u a t i n g t h e two r e a l t i o n s h i p s f o r h
L = (6.820/0.9813) ^(3/2) ; // [ f t ]
// T h i s r e s u l t i s c o r r e c t e d f o r t h e e f f e c t o f n a t u r a l
convection
//To u s e Eq . ( 1 2 . 8 0 )
beeta = 1/(460+ Tbar ) ; // [ R 1] , a t 1 2 8 [ F ]
delta_T = Tw - Tbar ; // [ F ]
rho = 0.0676; // [ l b / f t 3 ]
// G r a s h o f number
Ngr = D ^3* rho ^2* g * beeta * delta_T /( mu *6.72*10^ -4) ^2;
// From Eq . ( 1 2 . 8 0 )
phi_n = 2.25*(1+0.01* Ngr ^(1/3) ) / log10 ( Nre ) ;
// t h i s i s f a c t o r i s u s e d t o c o r r e c t t h e v a l u e o f L
L = L / phi_n ; // [ f t ]
disp ( f t ,L , l e n g h t o f h e a t e d s e c t i o n i s )
55
Chapter 13
Heat Transfer to Fluids with
Phase Change
13.1
Scilab Code

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
clear all ;
clc ;
// Example 1 3 . 1
// Given
Pa = 1; // [ atm ]
lambda = 139.7; // [ Btu / l b ]
L = 5; // [ f t ]
Tw = 175; // [ F ]
hi = 400; // [ Btu / f t 2hF ]
g = 4.17*10^8; // [ f t / h 2 ]
Th = 270; // [ F ]
rho_f = 65.4; // [ l b / f t 3 ]
kf = 0.083; // [ Btu / f t hF ] , from Appendix 13
muf = 0.726; // [ l b / f t h ] , from Appendix 9
Do = 0.75/12; // [ f t ]
Di = Do -(2*0.065) /12; // [ f ]
// ( a )
56
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
Twall = 205; // [ F ]
err = 50;
h = 1.13;
while ( err >10)
delta_To = Th - Twall ;
// from Eq . ( 1 3 . 1 1 )
Tf = Th -3*( Th - Twall ) /4; // [ F ]
h = h *( kf ^3* rho_f ^2* g * lambda /( delta_To * L * muf ) ) ^(1/4)
; // [ Btu / f t 2hF ]
// U s i n g Eq . ( 1 2 . 2 9 )
delta_Ti = 1/ hi /(1/ hi + Di /( Do * h ) ) *( Th - Tw ) ; // [ F ]
Twall_new = Tw + delta_Ti ; // [ F ]
err = Twall_new - Twall ; // [ F ]
Twall = Twall_new ; // [ F ]
end
//To c k e c k w h e t h e r t h e f l o w i s a c t u a l l y l a m i n a r
Ao = 0.1963* L ; // [ f t 2 ] , from Appendix 6
// t h e r a t e o f h e a t t r a n s f e r
q = h * Ao *( Th - Twall ) ; // [ Btu / h ]
mdot = q / lambda ; // [ l b / f t h ]
disp ( [ Btu / f t 2hF ] ,h , c o e f f i c i e n t o f
chlorobenzene i s )
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
// ( b )
// For a h o r i z o n t a l c o n d e n s e r , U s i n g Eq . ( 1 3 . 1 6 )
N =6;
Twall = 215; // [ F ]
err = 50;
h = 0.725;
muf = 0.68; // [ l b / f t h ] , from Appendix 6
while ( err >10)
delta_To = Th - Twall ;
// from Eq . ( 1 3 . 1 1 )
Tf = Th -3*( Th - Twall ) /4; // [ F ]
h = h *( kf ^3* rho_f ^2* g * lambda /(6* delta_To * Do * muf ) )
^(1/4) ; // [ Btu / f t 2hF ]
53 // U s i n g Eq . ( 1 2 . 2 9 )
57
54 delta_Ti = 1/ hi /(1/ hi + Di /( Do * h ) ) *( Th - Tw ) ; // [ F ]
55 Twall_new = Tw + delta_Ti ; // [ F ]
56 err = Twall_new - Twall ; // [ F ]
57 Twall = Twall_new ; // [ F ]
58 end
59 disp ( [ Btu / f t 2hF ] ,h , c o e f f i c i e n t o f
chlorobenzene i s )
1 clear all ;
2 clc ;
3
4 // Example 1 3 . 2
5 // Given
6 P = 2; // [ atm ]
7
8 // ( a )
9 // From F i g . 1 3 . 7
10 // C r i t i c a l p r e s s u r e o f b e n z e n e
11 Pc = 47.7; // [ atm ]
12 PbyPc = P / Pc ;
13 // From F i g . 1 3 . 7 t h e o r d i n a t e ( q /A) max/ Pc i s
14
15
16
17
18
about
1 9 0 , and
qbyA_max = 190* Pc *14.696; // [ Btu /h f t 2 ]
disp ( Btu /h f t 2 , qbyA_max , The maximum h e a t f l u x i s
)
// A l s o from F i g . 1 3 , 7
delta_Tc = 62; // [ F ]
disp ( F , delta_Tc , The c r i t i c a l t e m p e r a t u r e
difference is )
// f i l m c o e f f i c i e n t
h = qbyA_max / delta_Tc ; // [ Btu /h f t 2F ]
disp ( Btu /h f t 2F ,h , The f i l m c o e f f i c i e n t i s )
19
20
21
22
23 // ( b )
24 // Given
25 P = 0.2; // [ atm ]
58
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
PbyPc = P / Pc ;
// U s i n g Eq . ( 1 3 . 2 0 )
// n o t i n g t h a t lambda , s i g m a and r h o L a r e n e a r l y
c o n s t a n t and r h o L >rho V
// qbyA max rho V ( 1 / 2 ) P ( 1 / 2 )
qbyA_max = qbyA_max *(0.2/2) ^(1/2) ; // [ Btu /h f t 2 ]
disp ( Btu /h f t 2 , qbyA_max , The maximum h e a t f l u x i s
)
// The c r i t i c a l t e m p e r a t u r e d i f f e r e n c e would be
g r e a t e r t h a n 100 [ F ] and
// t h e f i l m c o e f f i c i e n t would be l e s s t h a n 410 [ Btu /h
f t 2F ]
59
Chapter 14
Radiation Heat Transfer
14.1
Scilab Code

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
clear all ;
clc ;
// Example 1 4 . 1
// Given
d = 150; // [mm]
T1 = 300+272; // [ K ]
T3 = 25+273; // [ K ]
eps1 = 0.56;
eps2 = 1.0;
eps3 = eps1 ;
sigma = 5.672
// ( a )
// U s i n g Eq . ( 1 4 . 3 8 )
// q12 = s i g m a A1 F12 ( T14T2 4 )
// q23 = s i g m a A2 F23 ( T24T3 4 )
// At e q u i l i b r i u m , q12=q23
// From Eq . ( 1 4 . 3 9 )
F12 = 1/(1/ eps1 +1/ eps2 -1)
60
21 F23 = F12 ;
22 //A1 = A2
23 T2 = (100*(( T1 /100) ^4+( T3 /100) ^4) ^(1/4) ) /2^(1/4) ; //
24
25
26
27
28
[K]
disp ( F ,T2 , t h e t e m p e r a t u r e o f l a c q u e r e d s h e e t i s )
// ( b )
// From Eq . ( 1 4 . 3 8 ) , h e a t f l u x
q12byA = sigma * F12 *(( T1 /100) ^4 -( T2 /100) ^4) ; // [W/m
2]
29 disp ( W/m2 , q12byA , t h e h e a t f l u x i s )
61
Chapter 15
Heat-Exchange Equipment
15.1
Scilab Code

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
clear all ;
clc ;
// Example 1 5 . 1
// Given
Ds = 35/12; // [ f t ]
Do = 0.75/12; // [ f t ]
p = 1/12; // [ f t ]
P = 1; // [ f t ]
mdot = 10^5; // [ l b / h ]
mu_60 = 0.70; // [ cP ] , a t 60 [ F ] , from Appendix 9
mu_140 = 0.38; // [ cP ] , a t 140 [ F ] , from Appendix 9
Cp = 0.41; // [ Btu / l b F ] , from Appendix 16
k = 0.092; // [ Btu / f t hF ] , from Appendix 13
// S h e l l s i d e c o e f f i c i e n t i s f o u n d u s i n g Donohue Eq
.(15.4)
17 // From Eq . ( 1 5 . 2 ) , t h e a r e a f o r c r o s s f l o w i s
18 Sc = 2.9167* P *( P - Do / p ) ; // [ f t 2 ]
19 // The number o f t u b e s i n t h e b a f f l e window i s
62
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
approximately equal to the f r a c t i o n a l

// a r e a o f t h e window f t i m e s t h e t o t a l nmber o f
t u b e s . For a 25 p e r c e n t b a f f l e
f = 0.1955
Nb = f *828;
//Nb 1 6 1
Nb = 161;
// U s i n g Eq . ( 1 5 . 1 ) , a r e a o f t h e b a f f l e window
Sb = ( f * %pi * Ds ^2/4) -( Nb * %pi * Do ^2/4) ; // [ f t 2 ]
// U s i n g Eq . ( 1 5 . 3 ) , t h e mass v e l o c i t i e s a r e
Gc = mdot / Sc ; // [ l b / f t 2h ]
Gb = mdot / Sb ; // [ l b / f t 2h ]
Ge = sqrt ( Gc * Gb ) ; // [ l b / f t 2h ]
// U s i n g Eq . ( 1 5 . 4 )
ho = k / Do *(0.2*( Do * Ge /( mu_60 *2.42) ) ^0.6*( Cp * mu_60
*2.42/ k ) ^0.33*( mu_60 / mu_140 ) ^0.14) ; // [ Btu / f t 2h
F]
disp ( Btu / f t 2hF ,ho , The i n d i v i d u a l h e a t t r a n s f e r
c o e f f i c e n t of benzene i s )
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
clear all ;
clc ;
// Example 1 5 . 2
// Given
Tca = 70; // [ C ]
Tcb = 130; // [ C ]
Tha = 240; // [ C ]
Thb = 120; // [ C ]
// S o l u t i o n
// U s i n g Eq . ( 1 5 . 7 ) and ( 1 5 . 8 )
neta_h = ( Tcb - Tca ) /( Tha - Tca ) ;
Z = ( Tha - Thb ) /( Tcb - Tca ) ;
// From F i g 1 5 . 7 a , t h e c o r r e c t i o n f a c t o r i s f o u n d
Fg = 0.735;
// t h e t e m p e r a t u r e d r o p s a r e
63
// At s h e l l i n l e t :
deltaT_i = Tha - Tcb ; // [ C ]
// At s h e l l o u t l e t :
deltaT_o = Thb - Tca ; // [ C ]
Log_T = ( deltaT_i - deltaT_o ) / log ( deltaT_i / deltaT_o ) ;
// t h e c o r r e c t v a l u e o f Log T i s
Log_T = Fg * Log_T ; // [ C ]
disp ( C , Log_T , The c o r r e c t mean e m p e r a t u r e d r o p i s
)
25 // B e c a u s e o f low v a l u e o f Fg , a 12 h e a t e x c h a n g e r
i s n o t s u i t a b l e f o r t h i s duty
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
clear all ;
clc ;
// Exapmle 1 5 . 3
// Given
Tca = 70; // [ C ]
Tcb = 130; // [ C ]
Tha = 240; // [ C ]
Thb = 120; // [ C ]
// S o l u t i o n
// U s i n g Eq . ( 1 5 . 7 ) and ( 1 5 . 8 )
neta_h = ( Tcb - Tca ) /( Tha - Tca ) ;
Z = ( Tha - Thb ) /( Tcb - Tca ) ;
// U s i n g F i g 1 5 . 7 b , t h e c o r r e c t i o n f a c t o r i s
Fg = 0.945;
// t h e t e m p e r a t u r e d r o p s a r e
// At s h e l l i n l e t :
deltaT_i = Tha - Tcb ; // [ C ]
// At s h e l l o u t l e t :
deltaT_o = Thb - Tca ; // [ C ]
Log_T = ( deltaT_i - deltaT_o ) / log ( deltaT_i / deltaT_o ) ;
// t h e c o r r e c t v a l u e o f Log T i s
Log_T = Fg * Log_T ; // [ C ]
64
24
disp ( C , Log_T , The c o r r e c t mean e m p e r a t u r e d r o p i s

)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
clear all ;
clc ;
// Example 1 5 . 4
// Given
N = 28;
xF = 0.5/12; // [ f t ]
yF = 0.035/12; // [ f t ]
km = 26; // [ Btu / f t hF ]
AT = 2.830; // [ f t 2/ f t ]
Ab = 0.416; // [ f t 2/ f t ]
hi = 1500; // [ Btu / f t 2hF ]
G = 5000; // [ l b /h f t 2 ]
Tavg = 130; // [ F ]
Tw = 250; // [ F ]
mu = 0.046; // [ l b / f t h ] , from Appendix 8
Cp = 0.25; // [ Btu / l b F ] , from Appendix 15
k = 0.0162; // [ Btu / f t hF ] , from Appendix 12
ID_shell = 3.068/12; // [ f t ] , from Appendix 5
OD_pipe = 1.9/12; // [ f t ] , from Appendix 5
// c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a o f s h e l l s p a c e
Ac = %pi /4*( ID_shell ^2 - OD_pipe ^2) -N * xF * yF // [ f t 2 ]
// The p e r i m e t e r o f a i r s p a c e
Ap = %pi * ID_shell + AT ; // [ f t ]
// h y d r a u l i c r a d i u s
rh = Ac / Ap ; // [ f t ]
// e q u i v a l e n t d i a m e t e r
De = 4* rh ; // [ f t ]
// R e y n o l d s Number
Nre = De * h / mu
// I n c o m p u t i n g mu w t h e r e s i s t a n c e o f t h e w a l l and
t h e steam f i l m
32 // a r e c o n s i d e r e d n e g l i g i b l e , s o
65
33 mu_w = 0.0528; // [ l b / f t h ]
34 Npr = mu * Cp / k
35 // U s i n g F i g . 1 5 . 1 7 , t h e h e a t t r a n s f e r f a c t o r i s
36 jh = 0.0031;
37 ho = jh * Cp * G *( mu / mu_w ) ^0.14/ Npr ^(2/3) ; // [ Btu / f t 2h
F ]
38
39
40
// For r e c t a n g u l a r f i n s , d i s r e a g r d i n g t h e
c o n t r i b u t i o n o f the ends o f the f i n s to
// t h e p e r i m e t e r , Lp = 2L and S = Lyf , where y f i s
t h e f i n t h i c k n e s s and L i s t h e
// l e n g t h o f t h e f i n . Then , from Eq . ( 1 5 . 1 1 )
aFxF = xF * sqrt (2* ho /( km * yF ) ) ;
// From F i g . 1 5 . 1 6
netaF = 0.93;
Dt = 1.610/12; // [ f t ] , from Appendix 5
DLbar = ( OD_pipe - Dt ) / log ( OD_pipe / Dt ) ; // [ f t ]
Ai = %pi * Dt *1.0; // [ f t 2 ]
AF = AT - Ab ; // [ f t 2/ f t ]
xw = ( OD_pipe - Dt ) /2; // [ f t ]
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51 // U s i n g Eq . ( 1 5 . 1 0 ) , t h e o v e r a l l c o e f f i c i e n t
52 Ut = 1/( Ai /( ho *( netaF * AF + Ab ) ) +( xw * Dt /( km * DLbar ) ) +1/
hi ) ; // [ Btu / f t 2hF ]
53 disp ( Btu / f t 2hF ,Ut , The o v e r a l l h e a t t r a n s f e r
coefficent is )
66
Chapter 16
Evaporation
16.1
Scilab Code

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
clear all ;
clc ;
// Example 1 6 . 1
// Given
mdot = 20000; // [ l b / h ]
xin = 0.20;
xout = 0.50;
Pg = 20; // [ l b f / i n . 2 ]
Pabs = 1.93; // [ l b f / i n . 2 ]
U = 250; // [ Btu / f t 2hF ]
Tf = 100; // [ F ]
// S o l u t i o n
// t h e amount o f w a t e r i n f e e d and t h i c k l i q u o r , from
material balance
w_feed = 80/20; // [ l b / p e r pound o f s o l i d ]
w_liquor = 50/50; // [ l b / p e r pound o f s o l i d ]
// w a t e r e v a p o r a t e d
w_eva = w_feed - w_liquor ; // [ l b / p e r pound o f s o l i d ]
67
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
// o r
w_eva = w_eva * mdot * xin ; // [ l b / h ]
// Flow r a y e o f t h i c k l i q u o r i s
ml_dot = mdot - w_eva // [ l b / h ]
// Steam consumed
// S i n c e w i t h s t r o n g s o l u t i o n s o f NaOH t h e h e a t o f
d i l u t i o n i s not n e g l i g i b l e ,
// t h e r a t e o f h e a t t r a n s f e r i s f o u n d from Eq . ( 1 6 . 4 )
and F i g . 1 6 . 8 .
// The v a p o r i z t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e 50 p e r c e n t
s o l u t i o n a t a p r e s s u r e o f 100 mmHg
// i s f o u n d a s f o l l o w s
Tb_w = 124; // [ F ] , a t 100 mmHg, from Appendix 7
Tb_s = 197; // [ F ] , from F i g . 1 6 . 8
BPE = Tb_s - Tb_w ; // [ F ]
// From F i g . 1 6 . 8 , t h e e n t h a l p i e s o f t h e f e e d and
t h i c k l i q u o r are found
Hf = 55; // [ Btu / l b ] , 20% s o l i d s , 100 [ F ]
H
= 221; // [ Btu / l b ] , 50% s o l i d s , 197 [ F ]
// E n t h a l p y o f t h e l e a v i n g w a t e r v a p o r i s f o u n d from
t h e steam t a b l e
Hv = 1149; // [ Btu / l b ] , At 197 [ F ] and 1 . 9 3 [ l b f / i n
.2]
// E n t h a l p y o f t h e v a p o r l e a v i n g t h e e v a p o r a t o r
lambda_s = 939; // [ Btu / l b ] , At 20 [ l b f / i n . 2 ] , from
Appendix 7
// U s i n g Eq . ( 1 6 . 4 ) , t h e r a t e o f h e a t t r a n s f e r and
steam c o n s u m p t i o n
q = ( mdot - ml_dot ) * Hv + ml_dot * H - mdot * Hf ; // [ Btu / h ]
ms_dot = q / lambda_s ; // [ l b / h ]
disp ( l b / h , ms_dot , steam consumed i s )
// Economy
Economy = ml_dot / ms_dot
disp ( Economy , Economy )
// H e a t i n g S u r f a c e
// The c o n d e n s a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e steam i s 259 [
F ] , the heating area required i s
68
49
50 A = q /( U *(259 -197) ) // [ f t 2 ]
51 disp ( f t 2 ,A , h e a t i n g a r e a r e q u i r e d
is )

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
clear all ;
clc ;
// Example 1 6 . 2
// Given
Ti = 108; // [ C ]
Tl = 52; // [ C ]
U1 = 2500; // [W/m 2 ]
U2 = 2000; // [W/m 2 ]
U3 = 1000; // [W/m 2 ]
// S o l u t i o n
// T o t a l t e m p e r a t u r e d r o p
delta_T = Ti - Tl ; // [ C ]
// From Eq . ( 1 6 . 1 3 ) , t h e t e m p e r a t u r e d r o p s i n s e v e r a l
e f f e c t s w i l l be
// a p p r o x i m a e l y i n v e r s e l y p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e
c o e f i c i e n t s . Thus
delta_T1 = 1/ U1 /(1/ U1 +1/ U2 +1/ U3 ) * delta_T ; // [ C ]
// C o n s e q u e n t l y t h e b o i l i n g p o i n t s w i l l be
Tb1 = Ti - delta_T1 ; // [ C ]
Tb2 = Tb1 - delta_T2 ; // [ C ]
disp ( C ,Tb1 , The b o i l i n g p o i n t i n t h e f i r s t e f f e c t
is )
disp ( C ,Tb2 , The b o i l i n g p o i n t i n t h e s e c o n d e f f e c t
is )
clear all ;
69
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
clc ;
// Example 1 6 . 3
// Given
mdot_ft = 60000; // [ l b / h ]
xin = 0.10;
Tin = 180; // [ F ]
xout = 0.50
Ps = 50; // [ l b f / i n . 2 ]
Tc = 100; // [ F ]
// S o l u t i o n
// From T a b l e 1 6 . 2
U1 = 700; // [ Btu / f t 2hF ]
U2 = 1000; // [ Btu / f t 2hF ]
U3 = 800; // [ Btu / f t 2hF ]
// The t o t a l r a t e o f e v a p o r a t i o n i s c a l c u l a t e d from
an o v e r a l l m a t e r i a l b a l a n c e
// a s s u m i n g t h e s o l d s go t h r o u g h t h e e v a p o r a t o r
without l o s s
// T a b l e 1 6 . 3
mdot_fs = 6000; // [ l b / h ]
mdot_fw = 54000; // [ l b / h ]
mdot_lt = 12000; // [ l b / h ]
mdot_ls = 6000; // [ l b / h ]
mdot_lw = 6000; // [ l b / h ]
w_evap = mdot_ft - mdot_fs ; // [ l b / h ]
70
Chapter 17
Equilibrium-Stage Operations
17.1
Scilab Code

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
clear all ;
clc ;
// Example 1 7 . 1
// Given
yb = 0.30;
// L e t
Vb = 100; // [ mol ]
Ace_in = yb * Vb ; // [ mol ]
Air_in = Vb - Ace_in ; // [ mol ]
// 97 p e r c e n t a c e t o n e aborbed , A c e t o n e l e a v i n g i s
Ace_out = 0.03* Ace_in ; // [ mol ]
ya = Ace_out /( Air_in + Ace_out ) ;
// A c e t o n e a b s o r b e d
Ace_abs = Ace_in - Ace_out ; // [ mol ]
// 10 p e r c e n t a c e t o n e i n t h e l e a v i n g s o l u t i o n and no
acetone in the e n t e r i n g o i l
18 Lb = Ace_abs /0.1; // [ mol ]
19 La = Lb - Ace_abs ; // [ mol ]
71
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
//To f i n d o u t a s i n t e r m e d i a t e p o i n t on t h e o p e r a t i n g
l i n e , making an a c e t o n e b a l a n c e
// a r o u n d t h e t o p p a r t o f t h e tower , a s s u m i n g a
p a r t i c u l a r v a l u e o f yV t h e m o l e s o f
// a c e t o n e l e f t i n t h e g a s .
for i =1:30
y ( i ) = i /( i + Air_in ) ;
// The m o l e s o f a c e t o n e l o s t by t h e g a s i n t h e s e c i o n
, must e q u a l t o t h e m o l e s g a i n e d by // t h e l i q u i d
Ace_lost = i - Ace_out ; // [ mol ]
// Hence
x ( i ) = Ace_lost /( La + Ace_lost ) ;
end
xe = linspace (0.001 ,0.15 ,100) ;
ye = 1.9* xe ;
plot (x , y )
plot ( xe , ye , r )
xlabel ( x )
ylabel ( y )
legend ( O p e r a t i n g l i n e , E q u i l i b r i u m l i n e )
title ( Diagram Example 1 7 . 1 )
// The number o f i d e a l s t a g e s d e t e r m i n e d from F i g i s
4
72
Figure 17.1: Diagram for Example 17.1

1 clear all ;
2 clc ;
3
4 // Example 1 7 . 2
5 // Given
6 Nreal = 7;
7 VbyL = 1.5;
8 m = 0.8;
9 yb = 0;
73
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
xb_star = 0;
// xb =0.1 xa ;
// ( a )
// S t r i p p i n g F a c t o r
S = m * VbyL ;
// From an ammonia b a l a n c e ,
// ya =0.9 xa /VbyL ;
// A l s o
// x a s t a r = ya /m
// U s i n g Eq . ( 1 7 . 2 8 )
//N = l n ( ( xa 0.75 xa ) / ( 0 . 1 xa 0) ) / l n ( S )
N = log (0.25/0.1) / log ( S ) ;
disp (N , Number o f i d e a l t r a y s r e q u i r e d a r e )
stage_eff = N / Nreal *100;
disp ( % , stage_eff , S t a g e E f f i c i e n c y i s )
// ( b )
VbyL = 2;
S = m * VbyL ;
// Then ,
// L e t A = ( xax a s t a r ) / xb
A = exp (5.02) ;
// L e t f be t h e f r a c t i o n o f NH3 removed . Then xb =
(1 f ) xa .
//By a m a t e r i a l b a l a n c e
// y = L/V ( xaxb ) = 1 / 2 ( xa (1 f ) xa )= 1/2 f xa
// x a s t a r = ya /m = 0 . 5 f xa / 0 . 8 = 0 . 6 2 5 f xa
// Thus ,
// xax a s t a r = ( 1 0 . 6 2 5 f ) xa
// Also ,
// xax a s t a r = 1 0 . 5 9 xb = 1 0 . 5 9 ( 1 f ) xa
// from t h e s e
f = 0.962
disp ( % ,f , p e r c e n t a g e r e m o v a l o b t a i n e d i n t h i s c a s e
is )
74
Chapter 18
Distillation
18.1
Scilab Code

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
clear all ;
clc ;
// Example 1 8 . 1
// Given
xF = 0.50;
P = 1; // [ atm ]
f =0.0001:0.2:1.2;
A = -(1./ f -1) ;
x = [0.01:0.01:1];
for i =1: length ( f )
y (i ,:) = - A ( i ) * x + xF / f ( i )
end
// From F i g . 1 8 . 2
xB = [0.50 ,0.455 ,0.41 ,0.365 ,0.325 ,0.29];
yD = [0.71 ,0.67 ,0.63 ,0.585 ,0.54 ,0.5];
// From F i g 1 8 . 3
T = [92.2 ,93.7 ,95.0 ,96.5 ,97.7 ,99];
plot (f , T ./100 , f , xB ,f , yD )
xlabel ( f m o l e s v a p o r i z e d p e r mole o f f e e d )
75
21
22
ylabel ( C o n c e n t r a t i o n , mole f r a c t i o n Benzene )

legend ( T e m p e r a t u r e (C) 10 0 , Con . o f Bnzene i n
l i q u i d , Con . o f Bnzene i n v a p o r )
Figure 18.1: Results of Example 18.1

1 clear all ;
2 clc ;
3
4 // Example 1 8 . 2
76
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
// Given
mdot = 30000; // [ kg /h ]
wF_b = 40;
wD = 97;
wB = 2;
R = 3.5;
lambda_b = 7360; // [ c a l / g mol ]
lambda_t = 7960; // [ c a l / g mol ]
alpha = 2.5;
TB = 95; // [ C ]
TF = 20; // [ C ]
P = 1; // [ atm ]
Mb = 78;
Mt = 92;
Cp = 0.44; // [ c a l / gC ]
// ( a )
// The c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f f e e d , o v e r h e a d and b o t t o m s
i n mole f r a c t i o n o f b e n z e n e a r e
xF = ( wF_b / Mb ) /( wF_b / Mb +((100 - wF_b ) / Mt ) ) ;
xD = ( wD / Mb ) /( wD / Mb +((100 - wD ) / Mt ) ) ;
xB = ( wB / Mb ) /( wB / Mb +((100 - wB ) / Mt ) ) ;
// The a v e r a g e m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f t h e f e e d i s
Mavg = 100/( wF_b / Mb +(100 - wF_b ) / Mt ) ;
// t h e a v e r a g e h e a t o f v a p o r i z a t i o n
lambda_avg = xF * lambda_b +(1 - xF ) * lambda_t ; // [ c a l / g
mol ]
// Feed r a t e
F = mdot / Mavg ; // [ kg mol / h ]
// U s i n g Eq . ( 1 8 . 5 ) , by o v e r a l l b e n z e n e b a l a n c e
D = F *( xF - xB ) /( xD - xB ) ; // [ kg mol / h ]
B = F - D ; // [ kg mol / h ]
disp ( r e s p e c t i v e l y , kg mol / h ,B , kg mol / h ,F , t h e
mole o f o v e r h e a d and bottom p r o d u c t s a r e )
35
36
37
// ( b ) D e t e m i n a t i o n o f number o f i d e a l p l a t e s and
position of feed plate
38 // ( i )
77
39
40
41
42
43
// U s i n g F i g . 1 8 . 1 6
// Drawing t h e f e e d l i n e w i t h f = 0 on e q u i l i b r i u m
diagram ,
// P l o t t i n g t h e o p e r a t i n g l i n e s w i t h i n t e r c e p t from
Eq . ( 1 8 . 1 9 ) i s 0 . 2 1 6
//By c o u n t i n g t h e r e c t a n g u l a r s t e p s i t i s f o u n d t h a t
, b e s i d e s the r e b o i l e r ,
// 11 i d e a l p l a t e s a r e neded and f e e d s h o u l d be
i n t r o d u c e d on t h e 7 t h p l a t e from
// t h e t o p .
44
45
46 // ( i i )
47 // The l a t e n t h e a t o f v a p o r i z a t i o n o f t h e f e e d
48 lambda = lambda_avg / Mavg ; // [ c a l / g ]
49 // U s i n g Eq . ( 1 8 . 2 4 )
50 q = 1+ Cp *( TB - TF ) / lambda ;
51 // From Eq . ( 1 8 . 3 1 )
52 slope = -q /(1 - q ) ;
53 // From F i g . 1 8 . 1 7
54 // I t i s f o u n d t h a t a r e b o i l e r and 10 i d e a l p l a t e s
a r e n e e d e d and f e e d i s t o be i n t r o d u c e d
55 // on t h e f i f t h p l a t e
56
57 // ( i i i )
58 q = 1/3;
59 slope = -q /(1 - q ) ;
60 // From F i g . 1 8 . 1 8
61 // I t c a l l s f o r a r e b o i l e r and 12 p l a t e s , w i t h t h e
f e e d e n t e r i n g on t h e 7 t h p l a t e
62
63 // ( c )
64 // v a p o r f l o w i n t h e r e c t i f y i n g s e c t i o n i s
65 V = 4.5* D ; // [ kg mol / h ]
66 lambda_s = 522; // [ c a l / g ] , From Appendix 7
67 q = [1 , 1.37 , 0.333]
68 // U s i n g Eq . ( 1 8 . 2 7 )
69 Vbar = V - F *(1 - q )
70 // U s i n g Eq . ( 1 8 . 3 2 ) , steam r e q u i r e d
78
71
72
ms_dot = lambda_t / lambda_s * Vbar ; // [ kg /h ]

disp ( r e s p e c t i v e l y , kg /h , ms_dot (3) , kg /h , ms_dot
(2) , kg /h , ms_dot (1) , t h e steam c o n s u m p t i o n i n
the above t h r e e c a s e s i s )
73
74
75 // ( d )
76 Tw1 = 25; // [ C ]
77 Tw2 = 40; // [ C ]
78 // The c o o l i n g w a t e r n e e d e d
79
80
81
82
i s same i n a l l c a s e s ,
U s i n g Eq . ( 1 8 . 3 3 )
mw_dot = V * lambda_t /( Tw2 - Tw1 ) ; // [ kg /h ]
rho_25 = 62.24*16.018; // [ kg /m 3 ]
vw_dot = mw_dot / rho_25 ; // [m3/ h ]
disp ( m3/ h , vw_dot , c o o l i n g w a t e r n e e d e d i s )
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
clear all ;
clc ;
// Example 1 8 . 3
// Given
mdot = 30000; // [ kg /h ]
wF_b = 40;
wD = 97;
wB = 2;
R = 3.5;
lambda_b = 7360; // [ c a l / g mol ]
lambda_t = 7960; // [ c a l / g mol ]
alpha = 2.5;
TB = 95; // [ C ]
TF = 20; // [ C ]
P = 1; // [ atm ]
Mb = 78;
Mt = 92;
Cp = 0.44; // [ c a l / gC ]
// S o l u t i o n
79
21 xF = ( wF_b / Mb ) /( wF_b / Mb +((100 - wF_b ) / Mt ) ) ;

22 xD = ( wD / Mb ) /( wD / Mb +((100 - wD ) / Mt ) ) ;
23 xB = ( wB / Mb ) /( wB / Mb +((100 - wB ) / Mt ) ) ;
24 // The a v e r a g e m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f t h e f e e d i s
25 Mavg = 100/( wF_b / Mb +(100 - wF_b ) / Mt ) ;
26 // t h e a v e r a g e h e a t o f v a p o r i z a t i o n
27 lambda_avg = xF * lambda_b +(1 - xF ) * lambda_t ; // [ c a l / g
mol ]
// Feed r a t e
F = mdot / Mavg ; // [ kg mol / h ]
// U s i n g Eq . ( 1 8 . 5 ) , by o v e r a l l b e n z e n e b a l a n c e
D = F *( xF - xB ) /( xD - xB ) ; // [ kg mol / h ]
B = F - D ; // [ kg mol / h ]
// U s i n g T a b l e 1 8 . 3 , i n a l l t h r e e c a s e s r e s p e c t i v e l y
xprime = [0.44 ,0.521 ,0.3];
yprime = [0.658 ,0.730 ,0.513];
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37 // ( a )
38 // U s i n g Eq . ( 1 8 . 4 3 )
39 RDm = ( xD - yprime ) ./( yprime - xprime )
40 disp ( r e s p e c t i v e l y , RDm (3) , RDm (2) , RDm (1) , Minimum
Reflux Ratio f o r three c a s e s i s )

41
42
43
// ( b )
// For minimum umber o f p l a t e s the , t h e r e f l u x r a t i o
i s i n f i n i t e , the operating l i n e s
44 // c o i n c i d e s w i t h t h e d i a g o n a l , and t h e r e a r e no
d i f f e r e n c e s between the t h r e e c a s e s .
45 // The p l o t i s g i v e n by F i g 1 8 . 2 2 . A r e b o i l e r and
e i g h t p l a t e s are needed .
1 clear all ;
2 clc ;
3
4 // Example 1 8 . 4
5 // Given
80
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
xa = 0.02;
Vbar = 0.2; // [ mol / mol o f Feed ]
xb = 0.0001;
yb = 0;
xe = 0:0.01:1;
m = 9
ye = m * xe ;
// L e t
F = 1; // [ mol ]
Lbar = F ; // [ mol ]
// S o l u t i o n
ya_star = m * xa ;
yb_star = m * xb ;
//By o v e r a l l e t h o n a l b a l a n c e
ya = Lbar / Vbar *( xa - xb ) + yb
// U s i n g Eq . ( 1 7 . 2 7 ) , As b o t h o p e r t i n g l i n e s and
equilibrium l i n e s are s t r a i g h t
23 N = log (( ya - ya_star ) /( yb - yb_star ) ) / log (( yb_star ya_star ) /( yb - ya ) ) ;
24
25
disp (N , I d e a l p l a t e s n e e d e d a r e )
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
clear all ;
clc ;
// Example 1 8 . 6
// Given
xF = 0.40;
P = 1; // [ atm ]
D = 5800; // [ kg /h ]
R = 3.5;
LbyV = R /(1+ R ) ;
// S o l u t i o n
// P h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s o f m e t h a n o l
M = 32;
81
14 Tnb = 65; // [ C ]
15 rho_v = M *273/(22.4*338) ; // [ kg / 3 ]
16 rho_l_0 = 810; // [ kg /m 3 ] , At 0C , from P e r r y ,
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
C h e m i c a l E n g i n e e r s Handbook
rho_l_20 = 792; // [ kg /m 3 ] , At 20C , from P e r r y ,
rho_l = 750; // [ kg /m 3 ] , At 65C
sigma = 19; // [ dyn /cm ] , from Lange s Handbook o f
Chemistry
// ( a )
// Vapor v e l o c i t y and column d i a m e t e r
// U s i n g F i g . 1 8 . 2 8 , t h e a b s c i s s a i s
abscissa = LbyV *( rho_v / rho_l ) ^(1/2) ;
// f o r 18 i n . p l a t e s p a c i n g
Kv = 0.29;
// A l l o w a b l e v a p o r v e l o c i t y
uc = Kv *(( rho_l - rho_v ) / rho_v ) ^(1/2) *( sigma /20) ^(0.2)
; // [ f t / s ]
// Vapor f l o w r a t e
V = D *( R +1) /(3600* rho_v ) ; // [m3/ s ]
// C r o s s s e t i o n a l a r e a o f t h e column
Bubbling_area = V /2.23; // [m 2 ]
// I f t h e b u b b l e a r e a i s 0 . 7 o f t h e t o t a l column a r e a
Column_area = Bubbling_area /0.7; // [m 2 ]
// Column d i a m e t e r
Dc = sqrt (4* Column_area / %pi ) ; // [m]
disp ( r e s p e c t i v e l y , m ,Dc , and , f t / s ,uc , t h e
a l l o w a b l e v e l o c i t y and colmn d i a m e t e r a r e )
37
38
39
40
// ( b )
// P r e s s u r e d r o p :
// Area o f one u n i t o f t h r e e h o l e s on a t r a n g u l a r
3/4 i n . p i t c h i s
41 // 1 / 2 3 / 4 ( 3 / 4 s q r t ( 3 / 2 ) ) i n . 2 . The h o l e a r e a i n
this section ( half a hole ) i s
42 // 1/2 %pi / 4 ( 1 / 4 ) 2 i n . 2 . Thus t h e h o l e a r e a i s %pi
/12864/9 s q r t ( 3 ) , or 10.08 percent
43 // o f t h e b u b b l i n g a r e a .
82
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
// Vapor v e l o c i t y t h r o u g h h o l e s :
uo = 2.23/0.1008; // [m/ s ]
// U s i n g Eq . ( 1 8 . 5 8 ) ,
// From F i g . 1 8 . 2 7
Co = 0.73;
hd = 51.0* uo ^2* rho_v /( Co ^2* rho_l ) ; // [mm m e t h a n o l ]
// Head o f l i q u i d on p l a t e :
// Weir h e i g h t
hw = 2*25.4; // [mm]
// H e i g h t o f t h e l i q u i d a b o v e w e i r :
// Assuming t h e downcomer a r e a i s 15 p e r c e n t o f t h e
column
// a r e a on e a c h s i d e o f t h column . From P e r r y , t h e
chord
// l e n g t h f o r s u c h a s e g m e n t a l downcomer i s 1 . 6 2 t i m e s
the radius
// o f t h e colmn , s o
Lw = 1.62*2.23/2; // [m]
// L i q i u d Flow r a t e :
qL = D *( R +1) /( rho_l *60) ; // [m3/ min ]
// From Eq . ( 1 8 . 6 0 )
how = 43.4*( qL / Lw ) ^(2/3) // [mm]
// From Eq . ( 1 8 . 5 9 ) , w i t h
beeta = 0.6;
hI = beeta *( hw + how ) ; // [mm]
// T o t a l h e i g h t o f l i q u i d , from Eq . ( 1 8 . 6 2 )
hT = hd + hI ; // [mm]
disp ( mm m e t h a n o l ,hT , p r e s s u r e d r o p p e r p l a t e i s )
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70 // ( c )
71 // F r o t h h e i g h t i n t h downcomer :
72 // U s i n g Eq . ( 1 8 . 6 2 ) . , E s t i m a t i n g
73 hf_L = 10; // [mm m e t h a n o l ]
74 // Then ,
75 Zc = (2* hI ) + hd + hf_L ; // [mm]
76 // from Eq . ( 1 8 . 6 3 )
77 Z = Zc /0.5; // [mm]
78 disp ( mm m e t h a n o l ,Z , F r o t h h e i g h t i n t h e downcomer
83
is )
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
clear all ;
clc ;
// Example 1 8 . 7
// Given
xF = 0.40;
P = 1; // [ atm ]
D = 5800; // [ kg /h ]
R = 3.5;
LbyV = R /(1+ R ) ;
// S o l u t i o n
// P h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s o f m e t h a n o l
M = 32;
Tnb = 65; // [ C ]
rho_v = M *273/(22.4*338) ; // [ kg / 3 ]
rho_l = 750; // [ kg /m 3 ] , At 65C
sigma = 19; // [ dyn /cm ] , from Lange s Handbook o f
Chemistry
// ( a )
// Vapor v e l o c i t y and column d i a m e t e r
// U s i n g F i g . 1 8 . 2 8 , t h e a b s c i s s a i s
abscissa = LbyV *( rho_v / rho_l ) ^(1/2) ;
// f o r 18 i n . p l a t e s p a c i n g
Kv = 0.29;
// A l l o w a b l e v a p o r v e l o c i t y
uc = Kv *(( rho_l - rho_v ) / rho_v ) ^(1/2) *( sigma /20) ^(0.2)
/(3.2825112) ; // [ f t / s ]
// From Eq . ( 1 8 . 7 1 ) , t h e F f a c t o r i s
F = uc * sqrt ( rho_v ) ;
disp (F , t h e v a l u e o f F f a c t o r i s )
84

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
clear all ;
clc ;
// Example 1 8 . 8
// Given
xOA = 0.15;
xAi = 0.015;
P = 1; // [ atm ]
// S o l u t i o n
Pv = 3.4; // [ atm ]
alpha_o = 3.4; // a t 36 C
Tbi = 27; // [ C ]
alpha_i = 3.6
alpha = ( alpha_o + alpha_i ) /2;
// B a s i s 1 mol Feed
nOA = 0.15; // [ mol ]
nA = 0.015; // [ mol ]
nOB = 0.85; // [ mol ]
// U s i n g Eq . ( 1 8 . 7 9 )
nB = nOB *( nA / nOA ) ^(1/ alpha ) ; // [ mol ]
n = nA + nB ; // [ mol ]
xA = nA / n ;
disp ( mol ,nB , p e n t a n e removed i s )
disp ((1 - xA ) , xB ,xA , xA , c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e
remaining l i q u i d i s )
85
Chapter 19
Introduction to
Multicomponent Distillation
19.1
Scilab Code

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
clear all ;
clc ;
// Example 1 9 . 2
// Given
P = 1.2; // [ atm ]
Tb = 97; // [ C ]
Td = 105; // [ C ]
f = 0.6;
xF (1) = 0.33;
xF (2) = 0.37;
xF (3) = 0.30;
// S o l u t i o n
// ( a )
// From F i g . 1 9 . 1
86
19 K (1) = 2.68/ P ;
20 K (2) = 1.21/ P ;
21 K (3) = 0.554/ P ;
22 // I n Eq . ( 1 9 . 1 2 ) , t h e r i g h t hand s i d e
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
of the equation
becomes
RHS = ( xF ./( f *( K -1) +1) ) ;
RHS2 = sum ( RHS )
disp ( C ,Td , f l a s h t e m p e r a t u r e i s ) ;
disp ( p e r c e n t , RHS (3) , no c t a n e e x a n e , p e r c e n t , RHS
(2) , nh e p t a n e , p e r c e n t , RHS (1) , nh e x a n e ,
Composition o f the l i q u i d product i s );
y = RHS .* K ;
disp ( p e r c e n t ,y (3) , no c t a n e , p e r c e n t ,y (2) , n
h e p t a n e , p e r c e n t ,y (1) , nh e x a n e , C o m p o s i t i o n
o f the vapor product i s );
// ( b )
//To d e t e r m i n e t h e t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e f e e d b e f o r e
flashing ,
// an e n t h a l p y b a l a n c e i s made u s i n g 105 C a s t h e
r e f e r e n c e temperature .
// The h e a t s o f v a p o r i z a t i o n a t 105 C and t h e a v e r a g e
heat c a p a c i t i e s of the
// l i q u i d from 105 t o 200 C a r e o b t a i n e d from t h e
literature .
Cp = [62 ,70 ,78] ; // [ c a l / molC ] , Cp ( 1 ) = nhexane ,
Cp ( 2 ) = nh e p t a n e , and Cp ( 3 ) = no c t a n e
delta_Hv = [6370 ,7510 ,8560] ; // [ c a l / mol ] , d e l t a h v
( 1 ) = nhexane , d e l t a h v ( 2 ) = nh e p t a n e , and
d e l t a h v ( 3 ) = no c t a n e
// Based on l i q u i d a t 105 C , t h e e n t h a l p i e s o f t h e
product are
H_vapor = f * sum (( y .* delta_Hv ) ) // [ c a l ]
H_liquid = 0;
// For t h e f e e d
Cp_bar = sum ( xF .* Cp ) // [ c a l / molC ]
T0 = H_vapor / Cp_bar + Td ;
disp ( C ,T0 , p r e h e a t t e m p e r a t u r e i s )
87

1 clear all ;
2 clc ;
3
4 // Example 1 9 . 3
5 // Given
6 xF = [0.33 ,0.37 ,0.30] ; // [ mole f r a c t i o n ] xF ( 1 ) = n
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
hexane , xF ( 2 ) = nh e p t a n e , and xF ( 3 ) = no c t a n e
P = 1.2; // [ atm ]
f = 0.60;
xD_hex = 0.99; // [ mole f r a c t i o n ]
xB_hex = [0.01]; // [ mole f r a c t i o n ]
K (1) = 2.68/ P ;
K (2) = 1.21/ P ;
K (3) = 0.554/ P ;
// S o l u t i o n
// The nh e x a n e i s t h e l i g h t key (LK) , t h e nh e p a n e i s
t h e heavy key (HK) , and t h e
// no c t a n e i s a heavy nonkey (HNK)
// A p l y i n g mass b a l a n c e and a s s u m i n g no no c t a n e and
0 . 9 9 mole f r a c t i o n nh e x a n e i n t h e
// d i s t i l l a t e .
// B a s i s :
F = 100; // [ mol / h ]
//B+D = 1 0 0 ;
// For hexane ,
//FxF = DxD+BxB
// from t h e a b o v e two e q u a i t o n
A_BD = [1 ,1; xD_hex xB_hex ];
B_BD = [ F ; F * xF (1) ];
//A BDx BD = B BD
x_BD = inv ( A_BD ) * B_BD ;
D = x_BD (1) ;
B = x_BD (2) ;
xD = [0.99 ,0.01 ,0.0] ;
88
32 xB = [0.01 ,0.544 ,0.446] ;

33 comp_D = xD .* D ;
34 comp_B = xB .* B ;
35
36 disp ( mol / h , comp_D (3) , no c t a n e , mol / h , comp_D (2) ,
nh e p t a n e , mol / h , comp_D (1) , nh e x a n e , The

c o m p o s i t i o n o f the overhead product i s );
37 disp ( mol / h , comp_B (3) , no c t a n e , mol / h , comp_B (2) ,
nh e p t a n e , mol / h , comp_B (1) , nh e x a n e , The
c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e bottom p r o d u c t i s ) ;
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
//To f i n d o u t minimum number o f p l a t e s , u s i n g Eq

. ( 1 9 . 1 3 ) [ Fenske Equation ]
// u s i n g r e l a t i v e v o l a t i v i t y o f t h e l i g h t key t o t h e
heavy key , which i s t h e
// r a t i o o f t h e K f a c t o r s . The K v a l u e s a t t h e f l a s h
t e m p e r a t u e a r e t a k e n from Example 1 9 . 2
alpha_LK_HK = K (1) / K (2) ;
Nmin = log (( xD (1) / xD (2) ) /( xB (1) / xB (2) ) ) / log (
alpha_LK_HK ) -1;
disp ( p l u s a r e b o i l e r , Nmin , The minimum number o f
i d e a l s t a g e s i s );
1 clear all ;
2 clc ;
3
4 // Example 1 9 . 4
5 // Given
6 // x ( 1 ) = np e n t a n e , x ( 2 ) = nhexane , x ( 3 ) = n
7
8
9
10
11
12
h e p t a n e and x ( 4 ) = no c t a n e
// xF = f e e d , xD = d i s t i l l a t e and xB = bottom
xF = [4 40 50 6] ./100 // [ mole f r a c t i o n ]
P = 1; // [ atm ]
xD1 (2) = 0.98;
xD1 (3) = 0.01;
89
13
14
15
// S o l u t i o n
// The k e y s a r e nh e x a n e and nh e p t a n e , and t h e o t h e r
c o m p o n e n ts a r e
// s u f f i c i e n t l y d i f f e r e n t i n v o l a t i l i t y t o be
distributed .
// B a s i s :
F = 100; // [ mol ]
xD1 (1) = 1;
xD1 (4) = 0;
D = sum ( F * xF .* xD1 ) ; // [ mol ]
xD = ( F * xF .* xD1 ) ./( D )
B = F - D ; // [ mol ]
xB = ( F * xF - D * xD ) / B ;
K_80 = [3.62 ,1.39 ,0.56 ,0.23] ;
K_81 = [3.72 ,1.43 ,0.58] ;
K_81_2 = [3.74 ,1.44 ,0.584] ;
KxF = [0.145 ,0.556 ,0.280 ,0.014] ;
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29 // ( a )
30 // The b u b b l e p o i n t i s 80 C , and a t t h i s t e m p e r a t u r e
31 alphaLK_HK = K_80 ./ K_80 (3) ;
32 // For an a p p r o x i m a t e s o l u t i o n , u s i n g Eq . ( 1 9 . 1 5 )
33 RDm = ( F / D ) *((( D * xD (2) /( F * xF (2) ) ) - alphaLK_HK (2) *( D *
xD (3) /( F * xF (3) ) ) ) /( alphaLK_HK (2) -1) )

34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
//To u s e Underwood method , t h e K v a l u e s a t 80 C a r e

converted to r e l a t i v e
// v o l a t i l i t i e s and t h e r o o t o f Eq . ( 1 9 . 2 9 ) b e t w e e n 1
and 2 . 4 8 i s f o u n d by t r i a l .
// S i n c e q = 1 . 0 , t h e t e r m s must sum t o z e r o .
phi = 1.5
f = 0;
err = 1;
while ( err >0.1)
fnew = sum ((( alphaLK_HK .* xD ) ./( alphaLK_HK - phi ) ) ) ;
err = abs (f - fnew ) ;
if (f > fnew )
phi = phi +0.01;
90
46
else
47
phi = phi -0.01;
48
end
49
f = fnew ;
50 end
51 RDm = f -1;
52
53 // ( b )
54 //To g e t t h e c o n d i t i o n s
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
i n t h e u p p e r i n v a r i a n t zone ,
u s i n g Eq . ( 1 9 . 2 4 ) w i t h
VbyD = RDm +1;
DbyV = inv ( VbyD ) ;
VbyF = VbyD * D / F ;
LbyV = RDm /( RDm +1) ;
y_80 = DbyV * xD (1:3) ./(1 - LbyV ./ K_80 (1:3) )
y_81_1 = [0.046 ,0.637 ,0.317] ;
x_81_1 = y_81_1 ./ K_81 ;
// The v a p o r c o m p o s i t i o n f o r l o w e r i n a v a r i a n t z o n e i s
// u s i n g Eq . ( 1 9 . 2 8 ) , f o r q = 1 . 0
BbyVb = 0.552;
LbbyVb = 1.55;
K_83 = [1.52 ,0.618 ,0.258] ;
y_83 = BbyVb * xB (2:4) ./( LbbyVb ./ K_83 -1) ;
y_83_3 = [0.662 ,0.326 ,0.012] ;
x_83_3 = y_83_3 ./ K_83 ;
disp ( r e s p e c t i v e l y , C ,81.1 , C ,83.3 , The

t e m p e a t u r e i n Lower z o n e and Upper z o n e i s )
disp ( r e s p e c t i v e l y , y_83_3 (1) , y = , x_83_3 (1) , x
, The LK c o m p o s i t i o n i n Lower z o n e i s )
The HK c o m p o s i t i o n i n Lower z o n e i s )
The LK c o m p o s i t i o n i n Upper z o n e i s )
The HK c o m p o s i t i o n i n Upper z o n e i s )
91
=
=,
=,
=,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
clear all ;
clc ;
// Example 1 9 . 5
// Given
Nmin = 9.4+1;
// From Example 1 9 . 3
xF = [0.33 ,0.37 ,0.30] ;
xD = [0.99 ,0.01 ,0] ;
K = [2.23 ,1.01 ,0.462] ;
alpha = [2.21 ,1.0 ,0.457] ;
// For a l i q u i d f e e d
q = 1;
phi = 1.45;
f = 0;
err = 1;
while ( err >0.1)
fnew = sum ((( alpha .* xD ) ./( alpha - phi ) ) ) ;
err = abs (f - fnew ) ;
if (f > fnew )
phi = phi +0.01;
else
phi = phi -0.01;
end
f = fnew ;
end
RDm = f -1;
RD = RDm *1.5;
//A = (RDRDm) /RD+1
// from F i g . 1 9 . 5
N = ( Nmin +0.41) /(1 -0.41) ;
disp (N , The number o f i d e a l p l a t e r e q u i r e d a r e )
92
Chapter 20
Leaching and Extraction
20.1
Scilab Code

1 clear all ;
2 clc ;
3
4 // Example 20 1
5 // Given
6 Fin = 2*10^3; // [ kg / day ]
7 //w ( 1 ) = p a r a f f i n wax , w ( 2 ) = p a p e r p u l p
8 wi = [0.25 ,0.75] ; // [ w i e g h t p e r c e n t ]
9
10 // S o l u t i o n
11 // U s i n g c o n v e n i e n t u n i t s i n Eq . ( 1 7 . 2 4 )
12 // As t h e r a t i o o f k e r o s e n e t o p u l p i s c o n s t a n t ,
13
14
15
16
17
flow
r a t e s s h o u l d be
// e x p r e s s e d i n pounds o f k e r o s e n e . Then , a l l t h e
c o n c e n t r a t i o n s must
// be i n pound o f wax f r e e k e r o s e n e . The u n e x t r a c t e d
p a p e r had no k e r o s e n e
// s o t h e f i r s t c e l l must be t r e a t e d s e p a r a t e l y .
// R e f e r i n g t o t h e F i g . 2 0 . 3
// B a s i s :
93
18 F = 100; // [ l b wax + k e r o s e n e f r e e p u l p ]
19 //By making a mass b a l a n c e o v e r wax
20 // w a x i n = F ( wi ( 1 ) / wi ( 2 ) )+ 0 . 0 0 0 5 s ( s i s
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
t h e wax
input with s o l v e n t )
// w a x o u t = F ( 0 . 0 0 2 ) +( s 200) 0 . 0 5
// by w a x i n = w a x o u t
s_in = (33.33+9.8) /(0.05 -0.0005) ; // [ l b ]
// The c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f t h i s s t r e a m i s , t h e r e f o r e
s_out = 200; // [ l b ]
s_stsol = s_in - s_out ; // [ l b ]
wax_sol = s_stsol *0.05; // [ l b ]
// The c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n t h e u n d e r f l o w t o t h e s e c o n d
unit equals that
// o f t h e o v e r f l o w from t h e f i r s t s t a g e , o r 0 . 0 5 l b
o f wax p e r pound
// o f k e r o s e n e . The wax i n t h e u n d e r f l o w t o u n i t 2 i s
wax_uflow_2 = s_out *0.05; // [ l b ]
wax_oflow_21 = wax_uflow_2 + wax_sol - F *( wi (1) / wi (2) )
// [ l b ]
// The c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f t h i s s t r e a m i s , t h e r e f o r e ,
ya = wax_oflow_21 /871;
yastar = 0.05;
xa = yastar ;
ybstar = 0.2/ s_out ;
xb = ybstar ;
yb = 0.0005;
// S i n c e 1 s t a g e h a s a l r e a d y ben t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t ,
// Eq . ( 1 7 . 2 4 ) , w i l l g i v e N1 s t a g e s , Hence
N = log (( yb - ybstar ) /( ya - yastar ) ) / log (( yb - ya ) /( ybstar
- yastar ) ) ;
45 disp ( N +1 , The t o t a l number o f i d e a l s t a g e s i s ) ;
1 clear all ;
2 clc ;
94
3
4 // Example 2 0 . 2
5 // Given
6 F = 1000; // [ kg ]
7 solv_O = 10; // [ kg ]
8 solv_B = 655; // [ kg ]
9 w_out = 60; // [ kg ]
10 // S o l u t i o n
11 // L e t s o l u t i o n r e t a i n e d
12 SR =
i s SR , from T a b l e 2 0 . 1
[0.5 ,0.505 ,0.515 ,0.530 ,0.550 ,0.571 ,0.595 ,0.620] ;

13 xb = 0:0.1:0.7;
14 // L e t x and y be t h e mass f r a c t i o n o f o i l i n t h e
u n d e r f l o w and
15 // o v e r f l o w s o l u t i o n s .
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
// At t h e s o l v e n t i n l e t ,
Vb = solv_O + solv_B ; // [ kg s o l u t i o n / h ]
yb = solv_O / Vb ;
err = 1;
i = 1;
sr = SR (2) ;
xb1 = 0.0;
while ( err >0.001)
Lb = sr * F ;
xbnew = w_out / Lb ;
err = abs ( xb1 - xbnew ) ;
xb1 = xbnew ;
sr = SR ( i ) +( xb1 - xb ( i ) ) /( xb ( i +1) - xb ( i ) ) *( SR ( i +1) - SR
(i));
i = i +1;
end
Lb = sr * F ;
// Benzene i n t h e u n d e r f l o w a t Lb i s
Underlow_B = Lb - w_out ; // [ kg s o l u t i o n s / h ]
30
31
32
33
34
35
36 // At t h e s o l i d i n l e
37 La = 400+25; // [ kg s o l u t i o n s / h ]
95
38 xa = 400/ La ;
39 w_in =
10+400; // [ kg /h ]
40 Extract_O = w_in - w_out ; // [ kg /h ]
41 Extract_B = 655+25 -447; // [ kg /h ]
42 Va = Extract_O + Extract_B ; // [ kg /h ]
43 ya = Extract_O / Va ;
44
45 // The a n s w e r s t o p a r t s ( a ) t o ( d ) a r e
46 // ( a )
47 disp ( ya , The c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f s t r o n g s o l u t i o n i s ) ;
48 // ( b )
49 disp ( xb1 , The c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f t h e s o u l t i o n a d h e r i n g
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
to the e x t r a c t e d s o l i d s i s );
// ( c )
disp ( kg /h ,Lb , The mass o f s o l u t i o n l e a v i n g w i t h
t h e e x t r a c t e d meal i s ) ;
// ( d )
disp ( kg /h ,Va , The mass o f e x t r a c t i s ) ;
// ( e )
//To d e t e r m i n e an i n t e r m e d i a t e p o i n t on t h e
operating line , choosing ,
xn = 0.5;
// S o u l i o n r e t a i n e d
Ln = 0.571* F ; // [ kg /h ]
//By o v e r a l l b a l a n c e , Eq . ( 2 0 . 1 )
V_n_1 = Va + Ln - La ; // [ kg /h ]
//By o i l b a l a n c e
y_n_1 = ( Ln * xn + Va * ya - La * xa ) / V_n_1 ;
y =0:0.1:1;
x = y;
plot (x ,y ,[ xb1 , xn , xa ] ,[ yb , y_n_1 , ya ])
xgrid ()
xlabel ( x )
ylabel ( y )
title ( F i g u r e 2 0 . 4 )
legend ( y=x , o p e r a t i n g l i n e )
// U s i n g F i g u r e 2 0 . 4 , number o f i d e a l s t a g e s r e q u i r e d
96
are
73 N = 4;
74 disp (N , Number o f s t a g e s r e q u i r e d a r e )

1 clear all ;
2 clc ;
3
4 // Example 2 0 . 3
97
5 // Given
6 T = 25; // [ C ]
7 // x ( 1 ) = Acetone , x ( 2 )= w a t e r and x ( 3 )= MIK
8 //F = f e e d
9 xF = [0.40 , 0.60 ,0.0] ;
10 xMIK_i = [0.0 ,0.0 ,1.0] ;
11
12 // S o l u t i o n
13 // U s i n g d a t a from F i g . 2 0 . 1 0 , t o p l o t e q u i l i b r i u m
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
curve
// F i g . 2 0 . 1 3 .
// B a s i s :
F = 100; // [ mass u n i t s / h ]
// L e t n = mass f l o w r a t e o f H2O i n e x t a r c t
//m = mass f l o w r a t e o f MIK i n r a f f i n a t e
// For 99 p e r c e n t r e c o v e r y o f A, t h e e x t a r c t h a s
E_A = 0.99* xF (1) * F ;
//And t h e R a f f i n a t e h a s
R_A = xF (1) *F - E_A ;
// The t o t a l f l o w s a r e
// At t h e top ,
// La = F = 40A+60H2O
//Va = 3 9 . 6 A+nH20+(100m) MIK = 1 3 9 . 6 + nm
// At t h e bottom ,
Vb = 100; // MIK
// Lb = 0 . 4 A+(60n ) H2O+mMIK = 6 0 . 4 +mn
// S i n c e n and m a r e s m a l l and t e n d t o c a n c e l i n t h e
summatios f o r Va and La ,
// t h e t o t a l e x t r a c t f l o w Va i s a b o u t 1 4 0 , which
would make
yA_a = 39.6/140;
xA = 0.4/60;
// From F i g 2 0 . 1 0 , f o r
yA = 0.283 , yH2O = 0.049
xA = 0.007 , xMIK = 0.02
nm = [6;2];
err = 1;
while ( err >0.1)
98
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
nmold = nm ;
nm (1) = yH2O /(1 - yH2O ) *(39.6+100 - nm (2) ) ;
nm (2) = xMIK /(1 - xMIK ) *(0.4+60 - nm (1) ) ;
err = norm ( nm - nmold ) ;
end
n = nm (1) ;
m = nm (2) ;
Va = 139.6+ n - m ;
yA_a = 39.6/ Va ;
Lb = 60.4+ m - n ;
xA_b = 0.4/ Lb ;
// For an i n t e r m e d i a t e p o i n t on t h e o p e r a t i n g l i n e ,
picking
yA = 0.12;
// From F i g . 2 0 . 1 0 ,
yH2O = 0.03;
yMIK = 0.85;
// S i n c e t h e r a f f i n a t e p h a s e h a s o n l y 2 t o 3 p e c e n t
MIK , a s s u m i n g
// t h a t t h e amount o f MIK i n t h e e x t r a c t i s 1 0 0 , t h e
same a s t h e s o l v e n t
// f e d :
V = 100/ yMIK ;
//By an o v e r a l l b a l a n c e from t h e s o l v e n t i n l e t (
bottom ) t o t h e i n t e r m e d i a t e
// p o i n t ,
xb = xA_b ;
L = Lb +V - Vb ;
yb = 0;
//A b a l a n c e on A o v e r t h e same s e c t i o n g i v e s xA ;
xA = (0.4+117.6*0.12 -0) / L ;
// For xA and xMIK = 0 . 0 3 , A b a l a n c e on MIK from t h e
solvent
// i n l e t t o t h e i n t e r m e d i a t e p o i n t g i v e s
V_revised = 101.1/0.85;
L_revised = 54.4+118.9 -100;
xA_revised = (0.4+118.9*0.12) /73.3;
99
73 y =0:0.1:1;
74 x = y ;
75 plot (x ,y ,[0.00074 ,0.2 ,0.4 ,] ,[0 ,0.12 ,0.272 ,])
76 xgrid ()
77 xlabel ( x )
78 ylabel ( y )
79 title ( F i g u r e 2 0 . 1 3 )
80 legend ( y=x , o p e r a t i n g l i n e )
81
82 // From F i g . 2 0 . 1 3
83 disp (3.4 , Number o f s t a g e s )

100
101
Chapter 21
Principles of Diffusion and
Mass Transer between Phases
21.1
Scilab Code

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
clear all ;
clc ;
// Exapmle 2 1 . 1
// Given
yA = 0.20;
yAi = 0.10;
// S o l u t i o n
// ( a )
// L e t A = Dv rho M /BT
A = 1; // assumed
// U s i n g Eq . ( 2 1 . 1 9 ) , f o r e u i l m o l a l d i f f u s i o n ,
JA = A *( yA - yAi ) ;
// Form Eq . ( 2 1 . 2 4 ) , f o r one way d i f f u s i o n ,
NA = A * log ((1 - yAi ) /(1 - yA ) ) ;
NAbyJA = NA / JA ;
102
19
disp ( I n t h i s c a s e t h e t r a n s f e r r a t e w i t h oneway
d i f f u s i o n i s , NAbyJA -1 , p e r c e n t g r e a t e r t h a n t h a t
with e q u i m o l a l d i f f u s i o n );
20
21 // ( b )
22 //Whwn, b = BT/2
23 A = A *2;
24 yA = 1 - exp ( NA /2) *(1 - yA )
25 disp ( yA , The v a l u e o f yA h a l f w a y t h r o u g h t h e l a y e r
f o r oneway d i f f u s i o n
i s );

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
clear all ;
clc ;
// Example 2 1 . 2
// Given
K = 273.16
T = 100+ K ; // [ K ]
P = 10; // [ atm ]
// From T a b l e 2 1 . 1
TcA = 198+ K ; // [ K ]
TcB = -147+ K ; // [ K ]
rho_cA = 0.552; // [ g /cm 3 ]
rho_cB = 0.311; // [ g /cm 3 ]
MA = 137.5;
MB = 28;
// S o l u t i o n
VcA = MA / rho_cA // [ cm3/ g mol ]
VcB = MB / rho_cB // [ cm3/ g mol ]
// S u b s t i t u i n g i n Eq . ( 2 1 . 2 5 )
Dv = (0.01498* T ^1.81*(1/ MA +1/ MB ) ^0.5) /( P *( TcA * TcB )
^0.1405*( VcA ^0.4+ VcB ^0.4) ^2) ; // [ cm2/ s ]
22 disp ( cm2/ s ,Dv , V o l u m e t r i c D i f f u s i v i t y ( Dv ) = )
103
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
clear all ;
clc ;
// Example 2 1 . 3
// Given
// 1 = b e n z e n e and 2 = t o l u e n e
M1 = 78.11;
M2 = 92.13;
T1_bp = 80.1+273; // [ K ]
T2_bp = 110.6+273; // [ K ]
VA1 = 96.5; // [ cm3/ mol ]
VA2 = 118.3; // [ cm3/ mol ]
mu1 = 0.24; // [ cP ]
mu2 = 0.26; // [ cP ]
T = 110+273; // [ K ]
// S o l u t i o n
// From Eq . ( 2 1 . 2 6 )
// For b e n z e n e i n t o u l e n e ,
Dv1 = 7.4*10^ -8*( M2 ) ^0.5* T /( mu2 * VA1 ^0.6) ; // [ cm2/ s ]
// For t o l u e n e i n b e n z e n e ,
Dv2 = 7.4*10^ -8*( M1 ) ^0.5* T /( mu1 * VA2 ^0.6) ; // [ cm2/ s ]
disp ( cm2/ s ,Dv1 , D i f f u s i v i t y o f b e n z e n e i n t o l u e n e

i s );
25 disp ( cm2/ s ,Dv2 , D i f f u s i v i t y o f t o l u e n e i n b e n z e n e
i s );
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
clear all ;
clc ;
// Example 2 1 . 4
// Given
Nre = 20000;
T = 40; // [ C ]
D = 2; // [ i n . ]
104
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Dv1 = 0.288; // [ cm2/ s ] , f o r water a i r

Dv2 = 0.145; // [ cm2/ s ] , f o r e t h a n o l a i r
// S o l u t i o n
// For a i r a t 40 C
rho = 29/22410*273.16/313.16; // [ g /cm 3 ]
mu = 0.0186; // [ cP ] , from Appendix 8
mubyrho = mu *10^ -2/ rho ; // [ cm2/ s ]
// ( a )
// For t h e a i r w a t e r system ,
Nsc = mubyrho / Dv1 ;
// Form Eq . ( 2 1 . 5 4 )
Nsh = 0.023*( Nre /2) ^0.81* Nsc ^0.44;
// I n t h e f i l m t h e o r y kc = D/BT and s i n c e Nsh = kc D/
Dv
23 BT1 = D / Nsh ; // [ i n . ]
24 disp ( i n . ,BT1 , E f f e c t i v e t h i c k n e s s o f t h e g a s f i l m
is )
25
26 // ( b )
27 // For t h e s y s t e m a i r e t h a n o l ,
28 Nsc = mubyrho / Dv2 ;
29 Nsh = 0.023*( Nre /2) ^0.81* Nsc ^0.44;
30 BT2 = D / Nsh ; // [ i n . ]
31 disp ( i n . ,BT2 , E f f e c t i v e t h i c k n e s s
is )
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
clear all ;
clc ;
// Example 2 1 . 5
// Given
T = 110; // [ C ]
P = 1; // [ atm ]
mu = 0.26; // [ cP ]
105
of the gas f i l m
10 Dvx = 6.74*10^ -5; // [ cm2/ s ]

11 rho_mx = 8.47; // [ mol /L ]
12 Dvy = 0.0494; // [ cm2/ s ]
13 rho_my = 0.0318; // [ mol /L ]
14
15 // ( a )
16 // U s i n g Eq . ( 2 1 . 7 8 )
17 kybykx = ( Dvy / Dvx ) ^0.5*( rho_my / rho_mx ) ;
18 // The gas f i l m c o e f f i c i e n t p r e d i c t e d i s o n l y 10
percent
19 // and i f m=1 , 90 p e r c e n t o f t h e o v e r a l l r e s i s t a n c e
t o mass
20 // t r a n s f e r would be i n t h e g a s f i l m .
21 disp ( kybykx *100 , f r a c t i o n o f t h e o v e r a l l r e s i s t a n c e
i n the gas phase i s );
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
// ( b )
// Assuming t h e column i s o p e r a t e d a t t h e same f a c t o r
F
// Gas f i l m :
rho_myprime = 0.00894; // [ mol /L ]
Dvyprime = (341/383) ^1.81*( Dvy /0.25) ;
deltakyprime = sqrt ( Dvyprime / Dvy ) * rho_myprime / rho_my
;
// L i q u i d f i l m :
rho_mxprime = 8.93; // [ mol /L ]
muprime = 0.35; // [ cP ]
Dvxprime =(341/383) *0.26* Dvx / muprime ;
deltakxprime = sqrt ( Dvxprime / Dvx ) *( rho_mxprime /
rho_mx ) ;
// k y p r i m e = d e l t a k y p r i m e ky ;
// k x p r i m e = d e l t a k x p r i m e / 0 . 1 0 2 ky ;
// At 1 atm and ky = 0 . 1 0 2 kx and Ky = 0 . 9 0 7 / ky
// Kyprime = 0 . 4 7 6 ky
// For o v e r a l l t r a n s f e r u n i t s
NOy = 2*0.476/0.53;
neta = 1 - exp ( - NOy ) ;
disp ( neta , The e f f i c i e n y w i l l be )
106

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
clear all ;
clc ;
// Example 2 1 . 6
// Given
Dvprime = 10^ -7; // [ cm2/ s ]
rp = 0.04/2; // [ cm ]
t = 30*60; // [ s ]
// Then ,
beeta = Dvprime * t / rp ^2;
// form F i g . 1 0 . 6
phi = 0.26;
// Murphree e f f i c i e n c y
neta_M = 1 - phi ;
// Here t h e a v e r a g e e f f i c i e n y i s n e a r l y e q u a l t o t h e
Murphree e f f i c i e n c y .
16 disp (4/ neta_M , The a c t u a l number o f s t a g e s i s )
107
Chapter 22
Gas Absorption
22.1
Scilab Code

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
clear all ;
clc ;
// Example 2 2 . 1
// Given
Dp = 1; // [ i n . ]
vdot = 25000; // [ f t 3/ h ]
T = 68; // [ F ]
P = 1; // [ atm ]
ya = 0.02;
Mair = 29;
Mg = 17;
// S o l u t i o n
// The a v e r a g e m o l e c u l a r w e i h t o f t h e e n t e r i n g g a s
M = (1 - ya ) * Mair + ya * Mg ;
rho_y = M *492/(359*(460+68) ) ; // [ l b / f t 3 ]
// ( a )
// U s i n g F i g . 2 2 . 5 , when Gy =Gx ;
Gy = 0.472; // [ l b / f t 2 s ]
108
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
Gx = Gy ; // [ l b / f t 2h ]
des_value = Gy /2; // [ l b / f t 2h ]
mdot = vdot * rho_y /3600; // [ l b / s ]
// C r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a o f t h e t o w e r
S = mdot / des_value // [ f t 2 ]
// t h e d i a m e t e r o f t h e t o w e r i s
Dtower = sqrt (4* S / %pi ) ; // [ f t ]
disp ( f t , Dtower , The t o w e r d i a m e t e r i s ) ;
// ( b )
h = 20; // [ f t ]
// U s i n g F i g 2 2 . 4 , t h e p r e s s u r e d r o p f o r
Gy = 850; // [ l b / f 2h ]
Gx = Gy ;
delta_P = 0.35; // [ i n . ] (H2O/ f t )
// The t o t a l p r e s s u r e d r o p
Pt = delta_P * h ; // [ i n . ] H2O
disp ( i n . H2O ,Pt , The p r e s s u r e d r o p would be ) ;
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
clear all ;
clc ;
// Example 2 2 . 2
// Given
Dp = 1; // [ i n . ]
vdot = 25000; // [ f t 3/ h ]
T = 68; // [ F ]
P = 1; // [ atm ]
ya = 0.02;
Mair = 29;
Mg = 17;
// S o l u t i o n
// The a v e r a g e m o l e c u l a r w e i h t o f t h e e n t e r i n g g a s
M = (1 - ya ) * Mair + ya * Mg ;
rho_y = M *492/(359*(460+68) ) ; // [ l b / f t 3 ]
rho_x = 62.3; // [ l b / f t 3 ]
109
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
// ( a )
// U s i n g F i g . ( 2 2 . 8 ) , from Example 2 2 . 1 A = Gx/Gy = 1
and
// L e t
A = 1;
B = A * sqrt ( rho_y / rho_x ) ;
// Form F i g 2 2 . 8 , t h e s u p e r f i c i a l v a p o r v e l o c i t y a t
flooding
// i s u o f s q r t ( r h o y / ( r h o x r h o y ) ) = 0 . 1 1 , t h e r e f o r e
uof = 0.11/ sqrt ( rho_y /( rho_x - rho_y ) ) ; // [m/ s ]
// The a l l o w a b l e v a p o r v e l o c i t y
uo = uof *0.5; // [m/ s ]
uo = uo *3.28; // [ f t / s ]
// t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g mass v e l o c i t y
Gy = uo * rho_y ; // [ l b / f t 2 s ]
// The a l l o w a b l e mass v e l o c i t y i n t h e e x a m p l e was
0 . 2 3 6 l b / f t 2 s .
// The i n c r e a s e by u s i n g s t r u c t u r e d p a c k i n g i s
increase = ( Gy /0.236) -1;
disp ( increase *100 , The p e r c e n t i n c r e a s e i n mass
v e l o c i t y i s );
35
36
37
38
39
// ( b )
// The p r e s s u r e d r o p
delta_P = 20*1.22*(0.5/0.9) ^1.8; // [ i n . H2O ]
// T h i s i s 1 . 2 t i m e s t h e p r e s s u r e d r o p o f 7 i n . H2O i n
the I n to la x saddles .
40 disp ( The p r e s s u r e d r o p w i l l be g r e a t e r t h a n I n t o l a x
Saddles )
1 clear all ;
2 clc ;
3
4 // Example 2 2 . 3
5 // Given
6 vdot = 4500; // [ SCFM ]
110
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
yin = 0.06;
yout = 0.0002;
P = 1; // [ atm ]
Tiy = 20; // [ C ]
Tix = 25; // [ C ]
// S o l u t i o n
// From P e r r y
x = [0.0308 ,0.0406 ,0.0503 ,0.0735] ;
y20 = [0.0239 ,0.0328 ,0.0417 ,0.0658] ;
y30 = [0.0389 ,0.0528 ,0.0671 ,0.1049] ;
y40 = [0.0592 ,0.080 ,0.1007 ,0.1579] ;
deltaH = -8.31*10^3; // [ c a l / g mol ] , f r o NH3=NH3( aq )
// B a s i s :
gas_in = 100; // [ g mol d r y ]
air_in = (1 - yin ) * gas_in ; // [ mol ]
NH3_in = yin * gas_in ; // [ mol ]
H2O_in = 2.4; // [ mol ]
air_out = air_in ; // [ mol ]
// The m o l e s o f NH3 i n t h e o u t l e t gas ,
NH3_out = air_out *( yout /(1 - yout ) ) ; // [ mol NH3 ]
// The amount o f NH3 a b s o r b e d
NH3_abs = NH3_in - NH3_out ; // [ mol ]
// Heat E f f e c t s :
// The h e a t o f a b s o r p t i o n
Qa = - NH3_abs * deltaH ; // [ c a l ]
// S e n s i b l e h e a t c h a n g e s i n t h e g a s a r e
Qair = air_in *7*5; // [ c a l ]
QH2O = H2O_in *8*5; // [ c a l ]
Qsy = 3290+96; // [ c a l ]
// The amount o f v a p o r i z a t i o n o f w a t e r from t h e
liquid
pH2O_20 = 17.5; // [mm Hg ] , a t 20C
pH2O_25 = 23.7; // [mm Hg ] , a t 25C
H2O_inlet = gas_in *( pH2O_20 /742.5) ; // [ mol ]
H2O_outlet = 94.02*( pH2O_25 /736.3) ; // [ mol ]
// The amount o f w a t e r v a p o r i z e d
H2O_vaporized = H2O_outlet - H2O_inlet ; // [ mol ]
111
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
deltaHv = 583; // [ c a l / g ]
Qv = deltaHv * H2O_vaporized *18.02; // [ c a l ]
// From Eq . ( 2 2 . 3 1 )
Qsx = Qa -( Qv + Qsy ) ; // [ c a l ]
Cp = 18; // [ c a l / gmolC ]
xmax = 0.031;
Tb = 40; // [ C ]
Ta = 25; // [ C ]
err =1;
while ( err >0.01)
Lb = NH3_abs / xmax ;
Tbnew = Qsx /( Lb * Cp ) + Ta ;
err = Tb - Tbnew ;
Tb = Tbnew ;
xmax = xmax +0.002;
end
Lmin = Lb - NH3_in ; // [ mol H2O ]
La = 1.25* Lmin ; // [ mol ]
Lb = La + NH3_in ; // [ mol ]
// The t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e o f t h e l i q u u i d i s
Tb = Qsx /( Lb * Cp ) + Ta ; // [ C ]
xb = NH3_in / La ; // [ C ]
ystar = 0.044;
// Assuming t e m p e r a t u r e t o be l i n e a r f u n c t i o n o f x ,
so
T = 30;
// x = 0 . 0 1 3 7 ;
// U s i n g t h e d a t a g i v e n f o r 30C and i n t e r p o l a t i n g t o
get the
// i n i t i a l s l o p e f o r 25 and t h e f i n a l v a l u e y s t a r f o r
35 , the
// e u i l i b r i u m l i n e i s drawn
y = [0.06 , 0.03 ,0.01 ,0.0002] ;
ystar = [0.048 ,0.017 ,0.0055 ,0] ;
delta_y = y - ystar ;
delta_yL = [0.0125 , 0.0080 ,0.00138] ;
delta_NOy = [2.4 ,2.5 ,7.1] ;
112
79 NOy = sum ( delta_NOy ) ;

80 disp ( NOy , The v a l u e o f NOy i s ) ;
81
82
83
84 plot (x , y20 ,x , y30 ,x , y40 ) ;
85 xgrid () ;
86 xlabel ( x ) ;
87 ylabel ( y ) ;
88 legend ( 20C , 30C , 40C ) ;
89 title ( x v s y o f NH3 a t d i f f e r e n t
t e m p e r a t u r e s );

113

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
clear all ;
clc ;
// Example 2 2 . 4
// Given
ieee () ;
H = 0.0075; // [ TCE ]
T = 20; // [ C ]
P = 1; // [ atm ]
wa = 6*10^ -6; // [ g ]
Ca = 6; // [ ppm ]
wb = 4.5*10^ -9 // [ g ]
M = 18;
// S o l u t i o n
m = H / P *10^6/ M ;
// With t h i s l a r g e v a l u e o f m, t h e d e s o r p t i o n i s
l i q u i d p h a s e c o n t r o l l e d .
// At t h e minimum a i r r a t e , t h e e x i t g a s w i l l be i n
e q u i l i b r i u m with the
// i n c o m i n g s o l u t i o n .
MTCE = 131.4;
j = 1.5;
for i = 1:7
xa = wa / MTCE * M ;
ya = m * xa ;
// Per c u b i c m e t e r o f s o l u t i o n f e d , t h e TCE removed
is
VTCE = 10^6*( wa - wb ) / MTCE ; // [ mol ]
// The t o t a l amount o f g a s l e a v i n g i s
V = VTCE / ya ; // [ mol ]
Fmin = V *0.0224; // [ s t d m 3 ] , a s 1 gmol = 0 . 0 2 2 4 s t d
m3
Vmin = Fmin * j ;
114
31 // D e n s i t y a t t h e s t a n d a r d c o n d i t i o n s ,
32 rho = 1.259; // [ kg /m 3 ] ,
33 // s o t h e minimum r a t e on a mass b a s i s i s ,
34 // L e t A = ( Gy/Gx ) min
35 A = Vmin * rho /1000; // [ kg a i r / kg w a t e r ]
36 // I f t h e a i r r a t e i s 1 . 5 t i m e s t h e minimum v a l u e ,
then
37 ya = ya / j ;
38 xastar = ya / m ;
39 Castar = xastar * MTCE / M *10^6; // [ ppm ]
40 delta_Ca = Ca - Castar ;
41
42 // At bottom
43 Cb = 0.0045; // [ ppm ]
44 Cbstar = 0; // [ ppm ]
45 delta_Cb = Cb - Cbstar ; // [ ppm ]
46 delta_CL = ( delta_Ca - delta_Cb ) / log ( delta_Ca / delta_Cb
) ; // [ ppm ]
47 Nox ( i ) = ( Ca - Cb ) / delta_CL ;
48 j = j +0.5;
49 end
50
51 Hox = 3; // [ f t ]
52 Z = Hox * Nox ; // [ f t ]
53 // Going from 1 . 5 t o 2Vmin o r from 2 t o 3Vmin
54
55
56
57
58
59
d e c r e a s e s the tower height

// c o n s i d e r a b l y , and t h e r e d u c t i o n i n pumping work
f o r w a t e r i s more t h a n
// t h e a d d i t i o n a l e n e r g y n e e d e d t o f o r c e a i r t h r o u g h
t h e column . F u r t h e r
// i n c r e a s e i n V d o e s n o t c h a n g e Z v e r y much , and t h e
optimum a i r r a t e i s
// p r o b a b l y i n t h e r a n g e 3 t o 5Vmin . /
disp ( Nox , Number o f T r a n s f e r u n i t s w i t h minimum a i r
rates )
115
1 clear all ;
2 clc ;
3
4 // Example 2 2 . 5
6 // E q u l i b r i u m d a t a a r e shown i n F i g . 2 2 . 2 2
7 //By a h e a t b a l a n c e s i m i l a r t o t h a t o f Eample 2 2 . 3
8 // The t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e o f t h e l i q u i was e s t i m a t e d
9 // t o be
10 delta_T = 12.5; // [ C ]
11 // B a s i s :
12 dry_gas_in = 100; // [ mol ]
13 sol_in = 140; // [ mol ]
14 N2_in = 87; // [ mol ]
15 CO2_in = 10; // [ mol ]
16 EO_in = 3; // [ mol ]
17 N2_out = 87; // [ mol ]
18 CO2_out = 10; // [ mol ]
19 EO_out = 3*0.02; // [ mol ]
20 IN = N2_in + CO2_in + EO_in ; // [ mol ]
21 OUT = N2_out + CO2_out + EO_out ; // [ mol ]
22 // Assuming n e g l i g i b l e CO2 a b s o r p t i o n and n e g l e c t
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
e f f e c t o f H2O on
// g a s c o m p o s i t i o n .
// At t o p :
xt = 0.004;
yt = EO_out / OUT ;
// M o l e s o f EO a b s o r b e d
EO_abs = 3*0.98; // [ mol ]
// M o l e s o f EO a b s o r b e d i n w a t e r
EO_H2O = 140*0.0004; // [ mol ]
// At bottom :
xb = ( EO_abs + EO_H2O ) /(140+ EO_abs ) ;
yb = 0.03;
// From F i g 2 2 . 2 2
y = [0.03 ,0.015 ,0.005 ,0.0006] ;
delta_y1 = [0.008 ,0.0006 ,0.0024 ,0.0003] ;
116
38 for i = 1: length ( y ) -1
39
delta_y = y ( i ) -y ( i +1) ;
40
delta_yL = ( delta_y1 ( i ) - delta_y1 ( i +1) ) / log (
delta_y1 ( i ) / delta_y1 ( i +1) ) ;

41
Noy1 ( i ) = delta_y / delta_yL ;
42 end
43 Noy = sum ( Noy1 ) ;
44
45 // Column d i a m e t e r :
46 // U s i n g g e n e r a l i z e p r e s s u r e d r o p c o r r e l a t i o n , F i g
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
.22.6
// Based on t h e i n l e t gas ,
Mbar = 0.87*28+0.1*44+0.03*44;
// At 40C ,
rho_y = 30.1/359*20*273/313 // [ l b / f t 3 ]
rho_x = 62.2; // [ l b / f t 3 ]
// L e t A = Gx/Gy s q r t ( r h o y / ( r h o x r h o y ) )
A = 1.4*18/(1*30.1) * sqrt ( rho_y /( rho_x - rho_y ) ) ;
// From F i g . 2 2 . 6 , f o r
delta_P = 0.5; // [ i n . H2O/ f t ]
// L e t B = Gy2 Fpmux 0 . 1 / ( r h o y ( r h o x r h o y ) g c )
B = 0.045;
// From T a b l e 2 2 . 1 ,
Fp = 40;
mu = 0.656; // [ cP ]
// s o
Gy = sqrt ( B *( rho_y ) *( rho_x - rho_y ) *32.2/( Fp * mu ^0.1) ) ;
// [ l b / f t 2h ]
// o r
Gy = Gy *3600; // [ l b / f t 2 s ]
Gx = 1.4*18/(1* Mbar ) * Gy ; // [ l b / f 2 s ]
// For a f e e d r a t e
F = 10000* Mbar ; // [ l b / h ]
S = F / Gx ; // [ f t 2 ]
D = sqrt ( S *4/ %pi ) ; // [ f t ]
// Column h e i g t h :
// From F i g . 2 2 . 2 0 a t Gy = 500 and Gx = 1 5 0 0
Hy_NH3 = 1.4; // [ f t ]
117
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
mu_40 =0.0181*10^ -2; // [ P ] , Appendix 8

Dv = 7.01*10^ -3; // [ cm2/ s ] , from Eq . ( 2 1 . 2 5 )
rho = 2.34*10^ -2; // [ l b / f t 3 ]
Nsc = mu_40 /( rho * Dv ) ;
// Form T a b l e 2 2 . 1 ,
fp = 1.36;
Hy_EO = 1.4*(1.1/0.66) ^0.5*1/1.36*( Gy /500)
^0.3*(1500/ Gx ) ^0.4; // [ f t ]
// Form F i g . 2 2 . 1 9 ,
Hx_O2 = 0.9; // [ f t ]
Gx1 = 1500;
mu1 = 0.00656; // [ P ]
rho1 = 1; // [ l b / f t 3 ]
// U s i n g Eq . ( 2 1 . 2 8 )
Dv1 = 2.15*10^ -5; // [ cm2/ s ]
Nsc1 = mu1 /( rho1 * Dv1 ) ;
// U s i n g Eq . ( 2 2 . 3 5 ) , w i t h t h e c o r r e c t i o n f a c t o r f p
and Nsc = 3 8 1 ,
// f o r O2 i n w a t e r a t 25 C
Hx_EO = Hx_O2 *( Gx /( mu1 *100) /( Gx1 /0.894) ) ^0.3*( Nsc1
/381) ^0.5/1.36; // [ f t ]
// From F i g 2 2 . 2 2 , t h e a v e r a g e v a l u e o f m
m = 1.0;
// From Eq . ( 2 2 . 3 0 )
HOy = 1.71+(1*0.96) /1.4; // [ f t ]
disp ( NOy , number o f t r a n s f e r u n i t s r e q u i r e d )
disp ( f t ,D , d i a m e t e r o f t h e column )
disp ( f t ,HOy , p a c k i n g h e i g h t )
1 clear all ;
2 clc ;
3
4 // Example 2 2 . 6
6 rho_m = 62.2/18; // [ mol / f t 3 ]
118
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
// kya = 0 . 0 2 5 Gy 0 . 7 Gx 0 . 2 5
H2ObySO2 = 2*0.98964/0.01036;
// and
xb = 1/( H2ObySO2 +1) ;
// The m o l a l mass v e l o c i t y o f t h e f e e d g a s Gm i s
Gm_in = 200/29*(1/0.8) ; // [ mol / f t 2h ]
SO2_in = Gm_in *0.2; // [ mol / f t 2h ]
Air_in = Gm_in *0.8; // [ mol / f t 2h ]
Air_out = Air_in ; // [ mol / f t 2h ]
SO2_out = Air_out *(0.005/(1 -0.005) ) ; // [ mol / f t 2h ]
SO2_abs = SO2_in - SO2_out ; // [ mol / f t 2h ]
H2O_in = H2ObySO2 * SO2_abs ; // [ mol / f t 2h ]
// O p e r a t i n g l i n e
x = 0:6;
x = x /10^3;
A = x ./(1 - x ) ;
B = H2O_in / Air_in * A +(0.005/0.995) ;
y = B ./( B +1) ;
plot (x , y )
xgrid () ;
xlabel ( x ) ;
ylabel ( y ) ;
// l e g e n d ( 2 0 C , 3 0 C , 4 0 C ) ;
title ( x v s y ) ;
Gxbar = H2O_in *18.02+ SO2_abs *64.1/2; // [ l b / f t 2h ]
kxa = 0.131* Gxbar ^0.82; // [ mol / f t 3h ]
// The g a s f i l m c o e f f i c i e n t s a r e c a l c u l a t e d f o r t h e
bottom
// and t h e t o p o f t h e t o w e r :
// At bottom :
Gy_B = ( Air_in *29) +( SO2_in *64.1) ; // [ l b / f t 2h ]
kya_B = 0.025* Gy_B ^0.7* Gx ^0.25; // [ mol / f t 3h ]
// At t o p :
Gy_T = ( Air_out *29) +( SO2_out *64.1) ; // [ l b / f t 2h ]
kya_T = 0.025* Gy_T ^0.7* Gx ^0.25; // [ mol / f t 3h ]
// Assuming
yLbar = 0.82
C = kxa * yLbar / kya_B ;
119
44 // a l i n e from ( yb , xb ) w i t h a s l o p e o f C , g i v e s
45 yi = 0.164;
46 yLbar = 0.818;
47 m = 20.1
48 Kya_prime = 1/( yLbar / kya_B + m / kxa ) ; // [ mol / f t 3h ]
49 // The f r a c t i o n o f t h e t o t a l r e s i s t a n c e t h a t i s i n
the l i q u i d i s
50 Rf = m / kxa /(1/ Kya_prime ) ;
51 // For d i f f e r e n t v a l u e s o f y1
52 y1 =[0.2 ,0.15 ,0.1 ,0.05 ,0.02 ,0.005] ;
53 delta_y1 = [0.103 ,0.084 ,0.062 ,0.034 ,0.015 ,0.005] ;
54 y1i = [0.164 ,0.118 ,0.074 ,0.034 ,0.012 ,0.002] ;
55 delta_yi = y1 - y1i ;
120
121
Chapter 23
Humidification Operations
23.1
Scilab Code

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
clear all ;
clc ;
// Example 2 3 . 1
// Given
T = 320; // [ F ]
P = 1 ; // [ atm ]
// ( 1 )=CO2 , ( 2 )=H2O , ( 3 )=O2 , ( 4 )=N2
y_in = [0.14 ,0.07 ,0.03 ,0.76] ;
Tw = 80; // [ F ]
// S o l u t i o n
// ( a )
// B a s i s
F = 100; // [ mol ] , o f g a s
Ts = 120; // [ F ]
Cps = [9.72 ,8.11 ,7.14 ,6.98] ;
n_in = F * y_in ; // [ mol ]
nCp = n_in .* Cps ; //
sum_nCp = sum ( nCp ) ;
sum_n_in = sum ( n_in ) ; // [ mol ]
122
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
Tavg = ( Ts + T ) /2; // [ F ]
lambda_s = 1025.8*18; // [ Btu / l b mol ] , a t Ts , from
Appendix 7
// Making a h e a t b a l a n c e f o r z m o l e s o f w a t e r
evaporated
z = sum_nCp *( T - Ts ) /( lambda_s +18*( Ts - Tw ) ) ;
// T o t a l m o l e s o f w a t e r i n e x i t g a s
n_out (2) = z + n_in (2) ; // [ mole ]
// P a r t i a l p r e s s u r e o f t h e w a t e r i n t h e e x i t g a s
PH2O = n_out (2) /107.76*760; // [mm Hg ]
// But a t 120 F , PH2Oprime = 8 7 . 5 mm Hg ( Appendix 7 ) .
Saturation
// t e m p e r a t u r e Ts must be g r e a t e r t h a n 120 F . T r y i n g
Ts = 126; // [ F ]
Tavg = ( Ts + T ) /2; // [ F ]
Appendix 7
evaporated
z = sum_nCp *( T - Ts ) /( lambda_s +18*( Ts - Tw ) ) ;
n_out (2) = z + n_in (2) ; // [ mole ]
PH2O = n_out (2) /107.76*760; // [mm Hg ]
// T h i s i s c l o s e enough t o t h e v a l u e o f PH2Oprime
disp ( F ,Ts , A d i a b a t i c s a t u r a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e ) ;
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43 // ( b )
44 // f o r Tin = Ts , by h e a t b a l a n c e
45 z = sum_nCp *( T - Ts ) /( lambda_s ) ;
46 n_out (2) = z + n_in (2) ; // [ mole ]
47 // P a r t i a l p r e s s u r e o f t h e w a t e r i n t h e e x i t g a s
48 PH2O = n_out (2) /107.85*760; // [mm Hg ]
49 // T h i s i s h i g h e r t h a n t h e v a p o r p r e s s u r e o f w a t e r a t
126 F ,
50 // 1 0 3 . 2 mm Hg , and Ts >126 F . T r y i n g
51 Ts = 127; // [ F ]
52 Tavg = ( Ts + T ) /2; // [ F ]
123
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62

Appendix 7
evaporated
z = sum_nCp *( T - Ts ) /( lambda_s ) ;
n_out (2) = z + n_in (2) ; // [ mole ]
PH2O = n_out (2) /107.76*760; // [mm Hg ]
// Thus 127 i s t o o h i g h and 126 i s t o o low . Hence ,
Ts = (126+127) /2; // [ F ]
disp ( F ,Ts , A d i a b a t i c s a t u r a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e ) ;
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
clear all ;
clc ;
// Example 2 3 . 3
// Given
Hair_in = 0.022;
Tair_inpre = 70; // [ F ]
mdot = 15000; // [ l b / h ]
// S o l u t i o n
// U s i n g F i g . 2 3 . 1 0
Tair_inreh = 85; // [ F ]
Tair_outreh = 130; // [ F ]
Hin = 0.0030;
hya = 85;
Ts = 81; // [ F ]
Tair_outpre = 168; // [ F ]
humid_heat1 = 0.241; // [ Btu / l b F ]
// Heat r e q u i r e d t o p r e h e a t t h e a i r i s
Qpre = humid_heat1 * mdot *( Tair_outpre - Tair_inpre ) ; //
[ Btu / h ]
20 humid_heat2 = 0.250; // [ Btu / l b F ]
21 // Heat r e q u i r e d i n t h e r e h e a t e r i s
124
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Qreh = humid_heat2 * mdot *( Tair_outreh - Tair_inreh ) ; //

[ Btu / h ]
// T o t a l h e a t r e q u i r e d
Qt = Qpre + Qreh ; // [ Btu / h ]
//To c a l u c u l a t e t h e volume o f t h e s p r q y chamber , Eq
. ( 2 3 . 4 1 ) may
// be u s e d . The a v e r a g e humid h e a t i s
csbar = ( humid_heat1 + humid_heat2 ) /2; // [ Btu / l b d r y
a i r F ]
// S u b s t i t u i n g i n Eq . ( 2 3 . 4 1 ) g i v e s
VT = log (( Tair_outpre - Ts ) /( Tair_inreh - Ts ) ) * mdot *
csbar / hya ; // [ f t 3 ]
disp ( f t 3 ,VT , The volume o f t h e s p r a y chamber i s )
125
Chapter 24
Drying of Solids
24.1
Scilab Code

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
clear all ;
clc ;
// Example 2 4 . 1
// Given
Twb = 80; // [ F ]
Tdb = 120; // [ F ]
v = 3.5; // [ f t / s ]
rho = 120; // [ l b / f t 3 ]
Xe = 0;
Xc = 0.09;
lambda = 1049; // [ Btu / l b ]
M = 29;
B = 24; // [ i n . ]
D = 2; // [ i n . ]
Dc = 2; // [ f t ]
// S o l u t i o n
// ( a )
// mass v e l o c i t y
G = v * M *492*3600/(359*(460+120) ) ; // [ l b / f t 2h ]
126
21 // t h e c o e f f i c e n t , by Eq . ( 2 4 . 1 3 ) , i n f p s u n i t s , i s
22 h = 0.01* G ^0.2/2^0.2; // [ Btu / f t 2hF ]
23 // S u b s t i t u t i n g i n Eq . ( 2 1 . 1 5 ) g i v e s
24 Rc = 1.94*( Tdb - Twb ) /( lambda ) ; // [ l b / f t 2h ]
25 disp ( l b / f t 2h ,Rc , D r y i n g r a t e d u r i n g t h e c o n s t a n t
period is )
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
// ( b )
// S i n c e d r y i n g i s from b o t h f a c e s , a r e a
A = Dc *( B /12) ^2; // [ f t 2 ]
// The r a t e o f d r y i n g
mvdot = Rc * A ; // [ l b / h ]
// Volume o f t h e c a k e
Vc = ( B /12) ^2* D /12; // [ f t 3 ]
// mass o f t h e boned r y s o l i d i s
mdot_bd = rho * Vc ; // [ l b ]
// The q u a n t i t y o f m o i s t u r e t o be v a p o r i z e d i s
X2 = 0.20;
X1 = 0.10;
Q = mdot_bd *( X2 - X1 ) ; // [ l b ]
// D r y i n g t i m e
tT = Q / mvdot ; // [ h ]
disp ( h ,tT , d r y i n g t i m e )
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
clear all ;
clc ;
// Example 2 4 . 2
// Given
X1 = 0.25;
X = 0.05;
Dvprime = 8.3*10^ -6; // [ cm2/ s ]
D = 25.4; // [mm]
// S o l u t i o n
s = D /(2*10) ; // [ cm ]
127
13 tT = 4* s ^2/( %pi ^2* Dvprime ) * log (8* X1 /( %pi ^2* X ) ) /3600;

14
// [ h ]
disp ( h ,tT , d r y i n g t i m e i s )
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
clear all ;
clc ;
// Example 2 4 . 3
// Given
Tw = 80; // [ F ]
Tdb = 120; // [ F ]
v = 3.5; // [ f t / s ]
rho = 120; // [ l b / f t 3 ]
Xe = 0;
Xc = 0.09;
lambda = 1049; // [ Btu / l b ]
M = 29;
B = 24; // [ i n . ]
D = 2; // [ i n . ]
Dc = 2; // [ f t ]
X2 = 0.20;
X1 = 0.10;
Dcyl = 1/4; // [ i n . ]
L = 4; // [ i n . ]
Vbar = 3.5; // [ f t / s ]
Thb = 120;
// S o l u t i o n
// S i n c e t h e Xc i s l e s s t h a n 10 p e r c e n t , a l l d r y i n g
takes place
// i n t h e c o n s t a n t r a t e p e r i o d and t h e v a p o r r i z a t i o n
temperature ,
// a s b e f o r e , i s 80 F .
// From Exapmle 2 4 . 1 , mass o f w a t e r t o be e v a p o r a t e d
mdot = 8*( X2 - X1 ) ; // [ l b ]
// The q u a n t i t y o f h e a t t o be t r a n s f e r r e d
128
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
QT = mdot * lambda ; // [ Btu ]

// mass o f t h e d r y s o i l d i n one c y l i n d e r i s
mp = %pi /4*( Dcyl /12) ^2*( L /12) * rho ; // [ l b ]
// s u r f a c e a r e a o f one c y l i n d e r i s
Ap = %pi *( Dcyl /12) *( L /12) ; // [ f t 2 ]
// T o t a l a r e a e x p o s e d by 8 l b s o l i d s
A = 8/ mp * Ap ; // [ f t 2 ]
// The h e a t t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t i s f o u n d from t h e
// e q u i v a l e n t form o f Eq . ( 2 1 . 6 2 )
// hDbyk = 1 . 1 7 Nre 0 . 5 8 5 Npr ( 1 / 3 )
// For a i r a t 1 atm and 120F , t h e p r o p e r t i e s a r e
rho_a = M /359*492/580; // [ l b / f t 3 ]
mu_a = 0.019; // [ cP ] , from Appendix 8
k_a = 0.0162; // [ Btu / f t hF ] , from Appendix 12
Cp_a = 0.25; // [ Btu / l b F ] , from Appendix 15
Nre = 1/48* Vbar * rho_a /( mu_a *6.72*10^ -4) ;
Npr = mu_a *2.42* Cp_a / k_a ;
// Form Eq . ( 2 1 . 6 2 )
h = ( k_a *1.17* Nre ^0.585* Npr ^(1/3) ) /(1/48) ; // [ Btu / f t
2hF ]
mdot_g = v *3600* rho_a ; // [ l b ]
// From F i g . 2 3 . 2
cs = 0.25;
delta_Thb = Thb - Tw ; // [ F ]
delta_Tha = 8.24; // [ F ]
// The h e a t t r a n s f e r r e d form t h e g a s t o a t h i n
s e c t i o n o f t h e bed
delta_TL = ( delta_Thb - delta_Tha ) / log ( delta_Thb /
delta_Tha ) ; // [ F ]
// r a t e o f h e a t t r a n s f e r
qT = h * A * delta_TL ; // [ Btu / h ]
// d r y i n g t i m e
tT = QT / qT ; // [ h ]
disp ( h ,tT , R e q u i r e d d r y i n g t i m e i s )
clear all ;
129
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
clc ;
// Example 2 4 . 4
// Given
msdot = 2800; // [ l b / h ]
Xa = 0.15;
Xb = 0.005;
Ti = 80; // [ F ]
To = 125; // [ F ]
Thb = 260; // [ F ]
Hb = 0.01; // [ l b w a t e r / l b d r y a i r ]
G = 700; // [ l b / f t 2h ]
Cps = 0.52; // [ Btu / l b F ]
// S o l u t i o n
// C o u n t e r c u r r e n t o p e r a t i o n w i l l be u s e d .
// Assuming
Nt = 1.5; //NTU
// From F i g . 2 3 . 2
Twb = 102; // [ F ]
// From Eq . ( 2 . 4 8 )
Tha = ( Thb - Twb ) / exp ( Nt ) + Twb ; // [ F ]
Tsb = To ; // [ F ]
lambda = 1036; // [ Btu / l b ] , a t 102 F , from Appendix 7
Cpv = 0.45; // [ Btu / l b F ] , from Appendix 15
Cpl = 1.0; // [ Btu / l b F ]
// From Eq . ( 2 4 . 9 )
mvdot = msdot *( Xa - Xb ) ; // [ l b / h ]
// The h e a t duty i s f o u n d form s u b s t i t u t i o n i n Eq
.(24.1)
qTdot = Cps *( To - Ti ) + Xa * Cpl *( Twb - Ti ) +( Xa - Xb ) * lambda +
Xb * Cpl *( To - Twb ) +( Xa - Xb ) * Cpv *( Tha - Twb ) ; // [ Btu / l b ]
qT = qTdot * msdot ; // [ Btu / h ]
// The f l o w r a t e o f t h e e n t e r i n g a i r i s f o u n d from a
h e a t b a l a n c e and t h e humid h e a t c s b .
// From F i g . 2 3 . 2
csb = 0.245; // [ Btu / l b F ] ,
mgdot = qT /( csb *( Thb - Tha ) *(1+ Hb ) ) ; // [ l b / h o f d r y
130
air ]
37 // From Eq . ( 2 4 . 1 0 ) , The o u t l e t h u m i d i t y
38 Ha = Hb + mvdot / mgdot ; // [ l b / l b ]
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
// For a g i v e n f l o w r a t e , t h e c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a o f
t h e d r y e r must be
Ac = qT /( csb *( Thb - Tha ) ) / G ; // [ f t 2 ]
// The d r y e r d i a m e t e r i s
D = (4* Ac / %pi ) ^0.5; // [ f t ]
delta_TL = (( Thb - Twb ) -( Tha - Twb ) ) / log (( Thb - Twb ) /( Tha Twb ) ) ; // [ F ]
// U s i n g Eq . ( 2 4 . 2 9 ) , t h e d r y e r l e n g t h
L = qT /(0.125* %pi * D * G ^0.67* delta_TL ) ; // [ f t ]
disp ( r e s p e c t i v e l y , f t ,L , f t ,D , R e q u i r e d d i a m e t e r
and l e n g t h o f t h e d r y e r i s )
131
Chapter 25
Adsorption
25.1
Scilab Code

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
clear all ;
clc ;
// Example 2 5 . 1
// Given
ya = 0.002;
T = 20+273; // [ K ]
// S o l u t i o n
// ( a )
M = 86.17;
// from P e r r y s C h e m i c a l E n g i n e e r s Handbook , 6 t h ed .
Pprime = 120; // [mm Hg ]
fs = Pprime ; // [mm Hg ]
rho_L = 0.615; // [ g /cm 3 ] , a t n o r m a l b o i l i n g p o i n t
( 6 8 . 7 C)
P = 760; // [mm Hg ]
p = ya * P ; // [mm Hg ]
f = p ; // [mm Hg ]
V = M / rho_L ; // [ cm3/ g mol ]
132
20 // L e t
21 A = T / V * log10 ( fs / f ) ;
22 // From F i g . 2 5 . 4 , volume a d s o r b e d
23 V_ads = 31/100; // [ cm3 l i q u i d / g c a r b o n ]
24 W = V_ads * rho_L ; // [ g / g c a r b o n ]
25 disp ( g / g c a r b o n ,W , The e q u i l i b r i u m c a p a c i t y
for
t h e bed i s )
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
// ( b )
T = 40+273; // [ K ]
A = T / V * log10 ( fs / f ) ;
// From F i g . 2 5 . 4 , volume a d s o r b e d
V_ads = 27/100; // [ cm3 l i q u i d / g c a r b o n ]
W = V_ads * rho_L ; // [ g / g c a r b o n ]
disp ( g / g c a r b o n ,W , The e q u i l i b r i u m c a p a c i t y f o r
t h e bed i s )
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
clear all ;
clc ;
// Example 2 5 . 2
// S o l u t i o n
cbyc0 =0.05;
u0 = 58; // [ cm/ s ]
Dv = 0.37; // [m2/ g ]
c0 = 365; // [ ppm ]
S = 1194; // [m2/ g ]
T = 25; // [ C ]
rho_b = 0.461; // [ g /cm 3 ]
P = 737; // [mm Hg ]
M = 74.12; // [ g / mol ]
eps = 0.457;
t = 1:0.5:8.5;
t (4) = 2.4; t (5) = 2.8; t (6) = 3.3;
133
18
cbyc0
=[0.005 ,0.01 ,0.027 ,0.05 ,0.1 ,0.2 ,0.29 ,0.56 ,0.0019 ,0.003 ,0.0079 ,0.01
19 t1 = t (1:8) ;
20 t2 = t (9:16) ;
21 cbyc01 = cbyc0 (1:8) ;
22 cbyc02 = cbyc0 (9:16) ;
23 plot ( t1 , cbyc01 , t2 , cbyc02 ) ;
24 xgrid () ;
25 xlabel ( t , Hours ) ;
26 ylabel ( c / c 0 ) ;
27 title ( B r a k t h r o u g h c u r v e s f o r Example 2 5 . 2 ) ;
28 legend ( L = 8cm , L = 16cm ) ;
29
30 // ( a )
31 FA = u0 * c0 *10^ -6/22400*273/298*737/760* M *3600; // [ g /
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
cm2h ]
// The t o t a l s o l u t e a d s o r b e d i s t h e a r e a a b o v e t h e
graph m u l t i p l i e d
// by FA . For t h e 8cm bed , t h e a r e a i s
Area_bed = 4.79; // [ h ]
// T h i s a r e a c o r r e s p o n d s t o t h e i d e a l t i m e t h a t would
be r e q u i r e d t o a d s o r b
// t h e same amount i f t h e b r e a k t h r o u g h c u r v e w e r e a
v e r t i c a l l i n e . The mass
// o f c a r b o n p e r u n i t c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a o f t h e bed
is
Ac = 8* rho_b ; // [ g /cm 2 ]
// Thus ,
Wsol = FA * Area_bed / Ac ; // [ g s o l u t e / g c a r b o n ]
// At t h e b r e a k p o i n t , where
cbyc0_break = 0.05;
// and
t_break =2.4; // [ h ]
Area_bed_break = 2.37; // [ h ]
// The amount a d s o r b e d up t o t h e b r e a k p o i n t i s t h e n
Wb = FA * t_break / Ac ; // [ g s o l u t e / g c a r b o n ]
ratio_W = Wb / Wsol ;
134
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
// Thus 50 p e r c e n t o f t h e bed c a p a c i t y i s unused ,

which can be r e p r e s e n t d
// by a l e n g t h 4 cm .
// For t h e 16cm bed t h e b r e a k t h r o u g h c u r v e h a s t h e
same i n i t i a l s l o p e a s t h e c u v e
// f o r 8cm bed , and a l t h o u g h d a t a w e r e n o t t a k e n
beyond c b y c 0 = 0 . 2 5 ,
// t h e c u r v e s a r e assumed t o be p a r a l l e l
// For t h e e n t i r e bed ,
tT = 9.59; // [ h ]
Wsat = FA * tT /(16* rho_b ) ; // [ g s o l u t e / g c a r b o n ]
// At
cbyc0_break = 0.05;
t_break =7.1; // [ h ]
Area_break = 7.07; // [ h ]
Wb = FA * Area_break /(16* rho_b ) ; // [ g s o l u t e / g c a r b o n ]
ratio_W = Wb / Wsat ;
// At t h e b r e a k p o i n t , 74 p e r c e n t o f t h e bed c a p a c i t y
i s used ,
// which c o r r e s p o n d s t o an u n u s e d s e c t i o n o f l e n g t h
0 . 2 6 1 6 cm .
// Within e x p e r i m e n t a l e r r o r , t h e l e n g t h s o f u n u s e d
bed a g r e e ,
// and 4 . 1 cm i s e x p e c t e d v a l u e f o r a s t i l l l o n g e r
bed .
disp ( cm ,4.2 , l e n g t h o f t h e bed u s e d , p e r c e n t ,
ratio_W , s a t u r a t i o n c a p a c i t y o f t h e c a r b o n )
68
69 // ( b )
70 L = 32; // [ cm ]
71 L_exp = L -4.1; // [ cm ]
72 // F r a c t i o n o f t h e bed u s e d
73 fra_bed = L_exp / L ;
74 // The b r e a k p o i n t t i m e i s ,
75 tb = L_exp * rho_b * Wsat / FA ; // [ h ]
76 disp ( h ,tb , b r e a k p o i n t t i m e )
135
Figure 25.1: Breakthrough curves for Example 25.2

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
clear all ;
clc ;
// Example 2 5 . 3
// S o l u t i o n
cbyc0 =0.05;
u0 = 58; // [ cm/ s ]
Dv = 0.37; // [m2/ g ]
c0 = 365; // [ ppm ]
136
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
S = 1194; // [m2/ g ]
T = 25; // [ C ]
rho_b = 0.461; // [ g /cm 3 ]
P = 737; // [mm Hg ]
M = 74.12; // [ g / mol ]
eps = 0.457;
L = 8; // [ cm ]
// ( a )
ratio_W = 0.495;
tou = 0.495;
// From F i g . 2 5 . 1 0
N = -1.6/( tou -1) ; // a t c / c 0 = 0 . 0 5
Kca = N * u0 / L ; // [ s 1]
disp ( s 1 ,Kca , Kca = ,N , N = )
// p l o t ( t1 , cbyc01 , t2 , c b y c 0 2 )
// ( b )
Dp = 0.37; // [ cm ]
mubyrho = 0.152; // [ cm2/ s ] , a t 25C , 1 atm
Dv = 0.0861; // [ cm2/ s ]
Nre = Dp * u0 / mubyrho ;
Nsc = mubyrho / Dv ;
// From Eq . ( 2 1 . 6 2 ) ,
Nsh = 1.17* Nre ^0.585* Nsc ^(1/3) ;
kc = Nsh * Dv / Dp ; // [ cm/ s ]
a = 6*(1 - eps ) / Dp ; // [ cm2/cm 3 ]
kca = kc * a ; // [ s 1]
// S i n c e Kca i s s l i g h t l y l e s s t h a n h a l f t h e p r e d i c t e d
v a l u e o f kca ,
// t h e e x t e r n a l r e s i s t a n c e i s c l o s e t o h a l f t h e t o t a l
r e s i s t a n c e , and
// t h e c a l c u l a t e d v a l u e o f N n e e d n o t be r e v i s e d . The
internal
// c o e f f i c i e n t can be o b t a i n e d from
Kc = Kca / a ; // [ cm/ s ]
kc_int1 = 1/(1/ Kc -1/ kc ) ; // [ cm/ s ]
137
// I f t h e d i f f u s i o n i n t o t h e p a r t i c l e o c c u r e d o n l y i n
t h e g a s phase , t h e
46 //maximum p o s s i b l e v a l u e o f De would be a b o u t Dv / 4 ,
which l e a d s t o
47 kc_int2 = 10* Dv /(4* Dp ) ; // [ cm/ s ]
48 disp ( Kca i s s l i g h t l y l e s s t h a n h a l f t h e p r e d i c t e d
v a l u e o f kca );
45

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
clear all ;
clc ;
// Example 2 5 . 4
y = 0.0012;
vdot = 16000; // [ f t 3/ min ]
P = 760; // [mm Hg ]
rho_b = 30; // [ l b / f t 3 ]
Lun = 0.5; // [ f t ]
// S o l u t i o n
// ( a )
// Form t h e hand book
rho_L = 0.805; // [ g /cm 3 ] , a t 20C
Tnb = 79.6; // [ C ]
rho_e = 0.75; // [ g /cm 3 ]
M = 72.1;
V = M / rho_e ;
p = y * P ; // [mm Hg ]
f = p ; // [mm Hg ]
// At 35C
T = 35+273; // [ K ]
A = T / V * log10 ( fs / f ) ;
// Form F i g . 2 5 . 4 ,
// t h e volume a d s o r b e d
V_ads = 24; // [ cm 3 / 1 0 0 g c a r b o n ]
138
29 Wsat = V_ads * rho_e ; // [ g / 1 0 0 g c a r b o n ]

30 W0 = 1/3* Wsat ; // [ g / 1 0 0 g c a r b o n ]
31 Working_capacity = Wsat - W0 ; // [ g / 1 0 0 g c a r b o n ]
32 // o r
33 Working_capacity = Working_capacity /100; // [ l b / l b
carbon ]
34 disp ( Working_capacity , Working c a p a c i t y o f t h e bed
is )
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
// ( b )
u0 = 1; // [ f t / s ]
A = vdot / u0 ; // [ f t 2 ]
D = sqrt (4* A / %pi ) ; // [ f t ]
Abed = 10*27; // [ f t 2 ]
L1 = 4; // [ f t ]
c0 = y /359*273/298*72.1; // [ l b / f t 3 ]
// Form Eq . ( 2 5 . 3 )
tstar = L1 * rho_b *( Working_capacity ) /( u0 * c0 *3600) ; //
[h]
45 Lu1 = L - Lun ; // [ f t ]
46 tb1 = Lu1 / L * tstar ; // [ h ]
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
// i f
L2 = 3; // [ f t ]
Lu2 = L2 - Lun ;
tb2 = Lu2 / L * tstar ; // [ h ]
// c h e c k i n g f o r d e l t a P
// U s i n g Eq . ( 7 . 2 2 )
phi_s = 0.7; // from T a b l e 2 8 . 1
eps = 0.35; // from T a b l e 7 . 1
mu = 1.21*10^ -5; // [ l b / f t s ]
rho = 0.074; // [ l b / f t 3 ]
// For a 410 mesh c a r b o n
Dp = 1.108*10^ -2; // [ f t ]
deltaPbyL = 150*1* mu *(1 - eps ) ^2/(32.2* phi_s ^2* Dp ^2*
eps ^3) +(1.75* rho *1^2*(1 - eps ) /(32.2*0.7* Dp * eps ^3) )
; // [ l b f / f t 2 f t ]
61 deltaPbyL = deltaPbyL *12/62.4; // [ i n . H2O/ f t ]
139
62 // f o r
63 L = 3;
64 deltaP = 3* deltaPbyL ; // [ i n . H2O ]
65 // which s a t i s f a c t o r y .
66 mc = 2*(10*27*3) *30; // [ l b ]
67
68 disp ( f t ,L2 , A l l o w i n g f o r u n c e r t a i n t i e s
in the
c a l c u l a t i o n s , s a t i s f a c t o r y bed l e n g t h w i l l be )
69 disp ( f t / s ,u0 , g a s v e l o c i t y n e e d e d )
70 disp ( l b ,mc , c a r b o n n e e d e d )
140
Chapter 26
Membrane Separation
Processes
26.1
Scilab Code

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
clear all ;
clc ;
// Example 2 6 . 1
// Given
alpha = 5;
per = 0.2; // [ s c f / f t 2hatm ]
Pf = 150; // [ l b f / i n . 2 ]
Pp = 15; // [ l b f / i n . 2 ]
// S o l u t i o n
// ( a )
R = Pp / Pf ;
// At t h e f e e d i n l e t
xin = 0.209;
// U s i n g Eq . ( 2 6 . 1 7 )
A = alpha -1;
B = 1 - alpha -1/ R - xin *( alpha -1) / R ;
141
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
C = alpha * xin / R ;
yi_in = ( -B - sqrt ( B ^2 -4* A * C ) ) /(2* A ) ;
// At t h e d i s c h a r g e end
xd = 0.05;
// U s i n g Eq . ( 2 6 . 1 7 )
A = alpha -1;
B = 1 - alpha -1/ R - xd *( alpha -1) / R ;
C = alpha * xd / R ;
yi_d = ( -B - sqrt ( B ^2 -4* A * C ) ) /(2* A ) ;
// For an a p p r o x i m a t e s o l u t i o n , t h e s e t e r m i n a l
compositions are
// a v e r a g e d t o g i v e
ybar = ( yi_in + yi_d ) /2;
// From an o v e r a l l m a t e r i a l b a l a n c e
// B a s i s
Lin = 100; // [ s c f h ]
V = ( Lin * xin - Lin * xd ) /( ybar - xd ) ;
// d i s p ( ybar , and p e r m e a t e c o m p o s i t i o n i s , p e r c e n t ,
V/ L i n 1 0 0 , The p e r m e a t e i n t h e f e e d i s ) ;
// For more a c c u r a t e c a l c u l a t i o n
j = 2;
yi_in (1) = 0.5148;
x (1) = 0.209;
y (1) = 0.5148;
L = Lin ;
deltaV = [];
deltaVybar = [];
ybar = [];
for i = 0.2: -0.01: xd
x(j) = i;
A = alpha -1;
B = 1 - alpha -1/ R - x ( j ) *( alpha -1) / R ;
C = alpha * x ( j ) / R ;
yi_in ( j ) = ( -B - sqrt ( B ^2 -4* A * C ) ) /(2* A ) ;
ybar (j -1) = ( yi_in (j -1) + yi_in ( j ) ) /2;
142
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
deltaV ( j ) = L *( x (j -1) -x ( j ) ) /( ybar (j -1) -x ( j ) ) ;

V = sum ( deltaV ) ;
L = Lin - V ;
deltaVybar ( j ) = deltaV (j -1) * ybar (j -1) ;
deltaVybarsum = sum ( deltaVybar ) ;
y (j -1) = deltaVybarsum / V ;
j = j +1;
end
disp ( y ( $ ) , and p e r m e a t e c o m p o s i t i o n i s , p e r c e n t ,V /
Lin *100 , The p e r m e a t e r e c o v e r e d ) ;;
// ( b )
// The membrane a r e a o b t a i n e d from t h e f l u x o f A
using
// Eq . ( 2 6 . 2 9 ) and ( 2 6 . 1 3 )
// f o r t h e f i r s t i n c r e m e n t x = 0 . 2 0 9 t o x = 0 . 2
deltaybar1 = 1.4856; // [ s c f h ] , f o r L i n = 100 s c f h
// At x = 0 . 2 0 9
A1 = 0.209 -0.1*0.5148;
// At x = 0 . 2
A2 = 0.2 -0.1*(0.50) ;
Aavg = ( A1 + A2 ) /2
QAP1 = 0.2*10; // s c f h / f t 3
// f o r s p e c i f i e d f l o w o f 300 s c f h
deltaA = 1/2*1.486/ Aavg *180; // [ f t 2 ]
// The c a l c u l a t i o n c o n t i n u e d w i t h i n c r e m e n t s o f 0 . 0 1
A = 211/2.0*180; // [ f t 2 ]
disp ( f t 2 ,A , The membrane a r e a n e e d e d i s )
1 clear all ;
2 clc ;
3
4 // Example 2 6 . 4
5 // Given
6 F = 10; // [ g a l / day f t 3 ]
143
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
Do = 300*10^ -6; // [m]

Di = 200*10^ -6; // [m]
vi = 0.5; // [ cm/ s ]
rho = 1; // [ g /cm 3 ]
mu = 0.01; // [ g /cms ] , assumed
f = 0.97;
// S o l u t i o n
// For 10 g a l / day f t 2
Jw = F *231*16.3871/(24*3600*929) ; // [ cm/ s ]
Nre = Do *100* vi * rho / mu ;
Ds = 1.6*10^ -5; // [ cm2/ s ]
Nsc = mu /( rho * Ds ) ;
// U s i n g Eq . ( 1 2 . 6 9 ) , A n a l o g o u s l y t o mass t r a n s f e r
Nsh = (0.35+0.56* Nre ^0.52) / Nsc ^ -0.3;
kc = Nsh * Ds /( Do *100) ; // [ cm/ s ]
// From Eq . ( 2 6 . 4 9 )
gama = Jw * f / kc ;
disp ( A c o n c e n t r a t i o n d i f f e r n c e o f 12 p e r c e n t w i l l
n o t be s i g n i f i c a n t t i l l good f l o w d i s t r i b u t i o n i s
maintained );
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
clear all ;
clc ;
// Example 2 6 . 5
// Given ( from Example 2 6 . 4 )
F = 10; // [ g a l / day f t 2 ] , b a s e d on e x t e r n a l a r e a
Do = 300*10^ -6; // [m]
Di = 200*10^ -6; // [m]
vi = 0.5; // [ cm/ s ]
rho = 1; // [ g /cm 3 ]
mu = 10^ -3; // [ Pas ] , assumed
f = 0.97;
L = 3; // [m]
144
14
15 // S o l u t i o n
16 // ( a )
17 //Jw b a s e d on a r e a
18 Jw = 4.72*10^ -4* Do / Di *10^ -2; // [m/ s ]
19 dt = 200*10^ -6; // [m]
20 D = dt ; // [m]
21 // From Eq . ( 2 6 . 5 3 )
22 Vbar = 4*( Jw ) * L / Di ; // [m/ s ]
23 // From Eq . ( 2 6 . 5 6 )
24 delta_ps = ( Vbar *32* mu * L ) /( D ) ^2*(1/2) /10^5; // [ atm ]
25 disp ( atm , delta_ps , p r e s s u r e d r o p = , m/ s , Vbar ,
e x i t v e l o c i t y = );
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
// ( b )
// I f t h e f i b r e s a r e open a t b o t h ends , t h e e f f e c t i v e
l e n g t h i s 1 . 5m and
// t h e e x i t v e l o c i t y i s h a l f a s g r e a t . The p r e s s u r e
d r o p i s onef o u r t h a s
// l a r g e a s i t was :
deltaP = delta_ps /4; // [ atm ]
disp ( atm , deltaP , p r e s s u r e d r o p ( i f b o t h e n d s a r e
open ) = )
145
Chapter 27
Crystallization
27.1
Scilab Code

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
clear all ;
clc ;
// Example 2 7 . 1
// Given
T = 60; // [ F ]
wA = 0.30; // [ MgSO4 ]
wB = 0.70; // [ H2O ]
// S o l u t i o n
// From F i g . 2 7 . 3 i t i s n o t e d t h a t t h e c r y s t a l s a r e
MgSO4 . 7 H2O
// and t h a t t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f t h e mother l i q u i d i s
xA = 0.245; // [ a n h y d r o u s MgSO4 ]
xB = 0.755; // [ H2O ]
// B a s e s :
F_in = 1000; // [ kg ]
H2O_in = F_in * wB ; // [ kg ]
H2O_evp = 0.05* H2O_in ; // [ kg ]
M1 = 120.4; // [ MgSO4 m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t ]
146
20 M2 = 246.5; // [ MgSO4 . 7 H2O m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t ]

21 M2_in = wA * F_in * M2 / M1 ; // [ kg ]
22 H2O_free = F_in - H2O_evp - M2_in ; // [ kg ]
23 ML = 100; // [ kg ]
24 M2_in100 = ML * xA * M2 / M1 ; // [ kg ]
25 H2O_free100 = ML - M2_in100 ; // [ kg ]
26 M2_ML = M2_in100 / H2O_free100 * H2O_free ; // [ kg ]
27 FC = M2_in - M2_ML ; // [ kg ]
28 disp ( FC , k i l o g r a m s o f c r y s t a l s o b t a i n e d p e r k i l o g r a m
of o r i g i n a l mixture = )
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
clear all ;
clc ;
// Example 2 7 . 2
// Given
//A = MgSO4 , B = MgSO4 . 7 H2O and C = H2O
T = 120; // [ F ]
wA = 0.325;
// S o l u t i o n
// From F i g 2 7 . 4
// E n t h a l p y c o o r d i n a t e o f t h e p o i n t wA
H1 = -33; // [ Btu / l b ]
// E n t h a l p y c o o r d i n a t e o f t h e f i n a l magma a t
c o n c e n t r a t i o n wA
H2 = -78.4; // [ Btu / l b ]
// Per hundred pouds o f o r i g i n a l s o l u t i o n t h e c h a n g e
in enthalpy
F = 100; // [ l b ]
delta_H = F *( H1 - H2 ) ; // [ Btu ]
// A p p l y i n g c e n t e r o f g r a v i t y p r i n c i p l e t o 70 F
isotherm in Fig . 27.3
C_ML = 0.259;
C_CRY = 0.488;
// C r y s t a l s a r e
147
23 Cry = F *( wA - C_ML ) /( C_CRY - C_ML ) ; // [ l b / 1 0 0 l b s l u r r y ]

24 // The h e a t e v o l v e d p e r t o n o f c r y s t a l s i s
25 H = delta_H / Cry *2000; // [ Btu / t o n ]
26 disp ( Btu / t o n ,H , The h e a t e v o l v e d p e r t o n o f
crystals is )
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
clear all ;
clc ;
// Example 2 7 . 3
// Given
sigma = 2.5; // [ e r g /cm 3 ]
T = 300; // [ K ]
N = 6.0222*10^23;
R = 8.3134*10^7; // [ e r g / g molK ]
// S o l u t i o n
M = 74.56; // [ M o l e c u l a r w e i g h t ]
rho = 1.988; // [ g /cm 3 ]
nu = 2;
VM = M / rho // [ cm3/ g mol ]
// U s i n g Eq . ( 2 7 . 1 1 )
// E x p o n e n t i a l term , e x c l u d i n g s
A = 16* %pi * VM ^2* N * sigma ^3*10/(3*( T * R ) ^3* nu ^2)
B0 = 1;
s (1) = sqrt ( - A / log ( B0 /10^25) ) ;
// For B0 ;
s = s (1) :0.0001:0.029;
B0 = exp (57.565) * exp ( - A ./ s .^2) ;
plot (s , B0 )
title ( B0 v s s )
xlabel ( s )
ylabel ( B0 )
clear all ;
148
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
clc ;
// Example 2 7 . 4
// Given
alpha = 1+0.029;
sigma = 2.5; // [ e r g /cm 3 ]
T = 300; // [ K ]
N = 6.0222*10^23;
R = 8.3134*10^7; // [ e r g / g molK ]
M = 74.56; // [ M o l e c u l a r w e i g h t ]
rho = 1.988; // [ g /cm 3 ]
nu = 2;
VM = M / rho ; // [ cm3/ g mol ]
// U s i n g Eq . ( 2 7 . 9 )
L = 4* VM * sigma /(2* R * T * log ( alpha ) ) *10^7; // [ nm ]
disp ( nm ,L , s i z e o f n u c l u e s ( L ) = ) ;
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
clear all ;
clc ;
// Example 2 7 . 5
// L e t : A = MgSO4 ; B = MgSO4 . 7 H2O ; C = H2O
// Given
xA = 0.31;
T = 86; // [ F ]
Tb = 2; // [ F ]
vbys = 0.15;
//PB =
rho_cr = 105; // [ l b / f t 3 ]
rho_ml = 82.5; // [ l b / f t 3 ]
// S o l u t i o n
// B a s i s :
F = 10000; // [ l b / h ]
149
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
// From F i g 2 7 . 1 3 and F i g 2 7 . 4
crbyml = vbys * rho_cr /((1 - vbys ) * rho_ml ) ;
ml_prod = F / crbyml ; // [ l b / h ]
magma_prod = F + ml_prod // [ l b / h ]
xA_avg = ( crbyml *0.488+0.285) /1.224;
// The e n t h a l p y o f t h e magam
Hmag = ( crbyml *( -149) +( -43) ) /1.224; // [ Btu / l b ]
// These a r e t h e c o n c e n r a t i o n s o f t h e p o i n t e . The
p o i n t f o r t h e f e e d must
// l i e on t h e s t r a i g h t l i n e a e .
// The e n t h a l p y o f t h e f e e d
Hf = -21; // [ Btu / l b ]
// T e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e f e e d
Tf = 130; // [ F ]
//By COG p r i n c i p l e , t h e e v a p o r a t i o n r a t e
evap_rate = magma_prod *( Hf - Hmag ) /(1098 - Hf ) ; // [ l b / h ]
Total_feed = magma_prod + evap_rate ; // [ l b / h ]
disp ( F ,Tf , T e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e f e e d i s ) ;
disp ( l b / h , Total_feed , T o t a l f e e d r a t e ) ;
disp ( l b / h , evap_rate , T o t a l e v a p o r a t i o n r a t e ) ;
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
clear all ;
clc ;
// Example 2 7 . 6
// Given
G = 0.0018; // [ f t / h ]
// S o l u t i o n
// S c r e e n o p e n i n g o f 20mesh s t a n d a r d s c r e e n i s ,
L = 0.00273; // [ f t ] , Appendix 20
a = 1; // [ Eq . 2 7 . 1 6 ]
// The volume f l o w r a t e o f mother l i q u o r i n t h e
p r o d u c t magma
13 Q = 44520/82.5; // [ f t 3/ h ]
14 // S i n c e , when z =3 ,
150
15 Lpr = L ; // [ f t ]
16 // U s i n g Eq . ( 2 7 . 2 8 )
17 // drawdown t i m e
18 tou = Lpr /(3* G ) ; // [ h ]
19 // volume o f t h e l i q u i d i n t h e c r y s t a l l i z e r
20 Vc = tou * Q ; // [ f t 3 ]
21 // T o t a l magma volume
22 Vmagma = Vc /0.85*7.47; // [ g a l ]
23 disp ( g a l , Vmagma , The magma volume i n t h e
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
c r y s t a l l i z e r be ) ;
// U s i n g Eq . ( 2 7 . 4 4 )
// The n u c l e a t i o n r a t e i s
C = 10000; // [ l b / h ]
rho_c = 105;
B0 = 9* C /(2* rho_c * Vc * Lpr ^3) ; // [ n u c l e i / f t 3h ]
disp ( n u c l e i / f t 3h ,B0 , The n u c l e a t i o n r a t e
n e c e s s a r y i s );
// U s i n g Eq . ( 2 7 . 4 0 ) , t h e z e r o s i z e p a r t i c l e d e n s i t y
is
n0 = B0 /0.0018; // [ n u c l e i / f t 4 ]
L1 = (0:8) *10^ -3;
// U s i n g Eq . ( 2 7 . 2 7 )
// L e t A = l o g 1 0 ( n ) , B = l o g 1 0 ( n0 )
B = log10 ( n0 ) ;
A = B - 1.1*10^3* L1 /(2.3026) ;
figure (1) ;
plot ( L1 *10^3 , A ) ;
xgrid () ;
xlabel ( L x 1 0 3 f t ) ;
ylabel ( l o g n ) ;
title ( P o p u l a t i o n d e n s i t y v s l e n g t h ) ;
// From F i g . 2 7 . 1 5 c f o r v a l u e s o f z c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o
mesh o p e n i n g s .
L1 = [11 ,14 ,16 ,19 ,23 ,27 ,33 ,38 ,46 ,54 ,65 ,78] *10^ -2;
z = L1 /( tou * G *100) ; // [mm]
t = 0;
function f = fun (z , xm )
151
49
f = z ^3* exp ( - z ) /6;
50 endfunction
51 [ xm ]= ode (0 ,0 ,z , fun ) ;
52 for i =1: length ( xm )
53
Diff ( i ) = z ( i ) ^3* exp ( - z ( i ) ) /6;
54 end
55 figure (2) ;
56 subplot (2 ,1 ,1) ;
57 plot (z , xm ) ;
58 xgrid () ;
59 xlabel ( z ) ;
60 ylabel ( xm ) ;
61 title ( c u m u l a t i v e mass d i s t r i b u t i o n ) ;
62 subplot (2 ,1 ,2) ;
63 plot (z , Diff )
64 xgrid () ;
65 xlabel ( z ) ;
66 ylabel ( dxm/ dz ) ;
67 title ( d i f f e r e n t i a l mass d i s t r i b u t i o n ) ;
152
Figure 27.1: Population density vs. length Example 27.6
153
Figure 27.2: Size-distribution relations for Example 27.6
154
Chapter 28
Properties, Handling and
Mixing of Particulate Soilds
28.1
Scilab Code

1 clear all ;
2 clc ;
3
4 // Example 2 8 . 1
5 // Given
6 rho_p = 0.002650; // [ g /mm 3 ]
7 a = 2;
8 phi_s = 0.571;
10 // ( a )
11 // For t h e 4/6mesh i n c r e m e n t , from T a b l e 2 8 . 2
12 x =
[0 ,2.51 ,12.5 ,32.07 ,25.7 ,15.9 ,5.38 ,2.10 ,1.02 ,0.77 ,0.58 ,0.41 ,0.31 ,0.
// [ mass f r a c t i o n ]
13 Dp =
[4.699 ,3.327 ,2.362 ,1.651 ,1.168 ,0.833 ,0.589 ,0.417 ,0.295 ,0.208 ,0.147
// [mm]
14 Dpbar (1) = 10^ -5;
155
15 for i =2: length ( Dp )

16
Dpbar ( i ) = ( Dp (i -1) + Dp ( i ) ) /2;
17 end
18
19 // ( a )
20 // U s i n g Eq . ( 2 8 . 4 )
21 Aw = 6/( phi_s * rho_p ) * sum ( x (1: $ -1) ./ Dpbar (1: $ -1) ) /(1 -
x ( $ ) ) ; // [mm2/ g ]
22 Nw = 1/( a * rho_p ) * sum ( x (1: $ -1) ./ Dpbar (1: $ -1) ^3) /(1 - x (
$ ) ) ; // [ p a r t i c l e s / g ]
23 disp ( p a r t i c l e s / g ,Nw , Nw = , mm2/ g ,Aw , Aw = ) ;
24
25
26
27
// ( b )
// U s i n g Eq . ( 2 8 . 9 )
Dvbar = (1/ sum ( x (1: $ -1) ./ Dpbar (1: $ -1) ^3) /(1 - x ( $ ) ) )
^(1/3) ; // [mm] ;
28 disp ( mm , Dvbar , Dvbar = ) ;
29
30
31
32
// ( c )
// U s i n g Eq . ( 2 8 . 6 )
Dsbar = 1/ sum ( x (1: $ -1) ./ Dpbar (1: $ -1) ) /(1 - x ( $ ) ) ; // [
mm]
33 disp ( mm , Dsbar , Dsbar = ) ;
34
35 // ( d )
36 // U s i n g Eq . ( 2 8 . 8 ) and T a b l e 2 8 . 3
37 Dwbar = sum ( x .* Dpbar ) ; // [mm]
38 disp ( mm , Dwbar , Dwbar = ) ;
39
40 // ( e )
41 // U s i n g Eq . ( 2 8 . 1 1 )
42 N2 = x ($ -1) /( a * rho_p * Dpbar ($ -1) ^3) ; // [ p a r t i c l e s / g ]
43 disp ( p a r t i c l e s / g ,N2 , Nt = ) ;
44 fra = N2 / Nw ;
45 disp ( fra , F r a c t i o n o f t h e p a r t i c l e s i n t e t o p 12
i n c r e m e n t s = );
156
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
clear all ;
clc ;
// Example 2 8 . 2
// Given
x = 0.14;
xavg = 0.10;
t = 3; // [ min ]
x
=[10.24 ,9.3 ,7.94 ,10.24 ,11.08 ,10.03 ,11.91 ,9.72 ,9.20 ,10.76 ,10.97 ,10
// S o l u t i o n
mu = xavg ;
N =12;
xbar = mean ( x ) ;
// S u b s t i t u i n g i n Eq . ( 2 8 . 2 0 )
Ip = sqrt (( N -1) * mu *(1 - mu ) /( sum ( x ^2) - xbar * sum ( x ) ) ) ;
// U s i n g Eq . ( 2 8 . 1 8 )
s = stdev ( x ) ;
disp (s , s = ,Ip , I p = )
157
Chapter 29
Size Reduction
29.1
Scilab Code

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
clear all ;
clc ;
// Example 2 9 . 1
// Given
mdot = 100; // [ t o n / h ]
w1 = 0.80;
w2 = 0.80;
// S o l u t i o n
Wi = 12.74; // From T a b l e 2 9 . 1
Dpa = 2*25.4; // [mm]
Dpb = 0.125*25.4; // [mm]
// U s i n g Eq . ( 2 9 . 1 0 )
P = mdot *0.3162* Wi *(1/ Dpb ^0.5 -1/ Dpa ^0.5) ; // [kW]
disp ( kW ,P , Power r e q u i r e d (P) = ) ;
1 clear all ;
2 clc ;
3
158
4 // Example 2 9 . 2
5 // Given
6 n = 1:7;
7 beeta = 1.3;
8 // From T a b l e 2 9 . 2
9 Dpn = [3.327 ,2.362 ,1.651 ,1.168 ,0.833 ,0.589 ,0.417] ;
// [mm]
10 Dpu = Dpn ; // [mm]
11 xn0 =
[0.0251 ,0.125 ,0.3207 ,0.2570 ,0.1590 ,0.0538 ,0.0210] ;

12 Su (1) = 10*10^ -4; // [ s 1]
13 //B ( 1 ) = 1 ;
14 // S o l u t i o n
15
16 // ( a )
17 // For t h e 4/6mesh m a t e r i a l s
18
t h e r e i s no i n p u t from
coarser
// m a t e r i a l and a p p l y i n g Eq . ( 2 9 . 1 1 ) . At t h e end o f
t i m e tT
x1 = xn0 (1) *0.9;
tT = 1/ Su (1) * log ( xn0 (1) / x1 ) ; // [ s ]
disp ( s ,tT , R e q u i r e d t i m e i s ) ;
19
20
21
22
23 // ( b )
24
25 // Assuming Su v a r i e s w i t h Dp3
26 for i = 1: length ( Dpn ) -1
27
Su ( i +1) = Su ( i ) *( Dpn ( i +1) / Dpn ( i ) ) ^3; // [ s 1]
28 end
29 for i = 1: length ( Dpn )
30
for j = 1: length ( Dpu )
31 // U s i n g Eq . ( 2 9 . 1 3 )
32
if (j < i )
33
B (i , j ) =0;
34
else
35
B (i , j ) = ( Dpn ( j ) / Dpn ( i ) ) ^ beeta ;
36
end
159
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
end
end
for i = 1: length ( Dpn ) -1
for j = 1: length ( Dpu ) -1
if (j < i )
delta_B (i , j ) =0;
else
delta_B (i , j ) = B (i , j ) -B (i , j +1) ;
end
end
end
disp ( delta_B , i n d i v i d u a l b r e a k a g e f u n c t i o n s ) ;
// ( c )
deltaT = 30; // [ s ]
// U s i n g Eq . ( 2 9 . 1 5 )
x =[];
x (: ,1) = xn0 ;
for n = 1: length ( xn0 )
for t = 1:720
if ( n ==1)
x (n , t +1) = x (n , t ) *(1 - Su ( n ) * deltaT ) ;
else
x (n , t +1) = x (n , t ) *(1 - Su ( n ) * deltaT ) + deltaT * Su (
n -1) * delta_B (n -1 ,n -1) * x (n -1 , t ) ;
end
end
end
time = linspace (0 ,6 ,721) ;
for i =1: length ( xn0 )
plot2d ( time , x (i ,:) , style = i ) ;
xgrid () ;
xlabel ( t i m e ( h ) ) ;
ylabel ( mass f r a c t i o n ( xa ) ) ;
title ( Mass f r a c t i o n s ) ;
legend ( x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , x5 , x6 , x7 ) ;
end
160
Figure 29.1: Mass-fractions of Example 29.2
161
Chapter 30
Mechanical Separations
30.1
Scilab Code

1 clear all ;
2 clc ;
3
4 // Example 3 0 . 1
5 // Given
6 // From T a b l e 3 0 . 1
7 Dp =
[4.699 ,3.327 ,2.362 ,1.651 ,1.168 ,0.833 ,0.589 ,0.417 ,0.208 ,0.0000001]
// [mm]
8 F =
[0 ,0.025 ,0.15 ,0.47 ,0.73 ,0.885 ,0.94 ,0.96 ,0.98 ,1.0] ;
9 O = [0 ,0.071 ,0.43 ,0.85 ,0.97 ,0.99 ,1.00] ; // [ 1 t o 7 ]
10 U = [0.0 ,0.195 ,0.58 ,0.83 ,0.91 ,0.94 ,0.975 ,1.00] ; //
[ 3 to 10]
11
12
13
14
15
// S o l u t i o n
plot ( Dp , F )
plot ( Dp (1:7) ,O , r )
plot ( Dp (3: $ ) ,U , g )
162
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
xgrid () ;
xlabel ( Dp mm ) ;
ylabel ( C u m u l a t i v e mass f r a c t i o n l a r g e r t h a n Dp ) ;
title ( A n a l y s i s f o r Example 3 0 . 1 ) ;
legend ( Feed , O v e r s i z e , U n d e r s i z e ) ;
// Cutp o i n t d i a m e t e r from t h e T a b l e 3 0 . 1
Dcp = 1.651; // [mm]
xF = 0.47;
xD = 0.85;
xB = 0.195;
// From Eq . ( 3 0 . 3 )
DbyF = ( xF - xB ) /( xD - xB ) ;
BbyF = 1 - DbyF ;
// U s i n g Eq . ( 3 0 . 7 ) , o v e r a l l e f f e c t i v e n e s s
E = ( xF - xB ) *( xD - xF ) *(1 - xB ) *( xD ) /(( xD - xB ) ^2*((1 - xF ) *
xF ) ) ;
32 disp ( r e s p e c t i v e l y , BbyF , DbyF , mass r a t i o o f
o v e r f l o w and u n d e r f l o w i s ) ;
33 disp (E , O v e r a l l E f f e c t i v e n e s s (E) = ) ;
163
Figure 30.1: Analysis for Example 30.1

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
clear all ;
clc ;
// Example 3 0 . 2
// Given
// From T a b l e 3 0 . 2
V = linspace (0.5 ,6 ,12) ; // [ L ]
t1 = [17.3 ,41.3 ,72 ,108.3 ,152.1 ,201.7] ; // [ s ]
t2 = [6.8 ,19 ,34.6 ,53.4 ,76 ,102 ,131.2 ,163] ; // [ s ]
164
10 t3 = [6.3 ,14 ,24.2 ,37 ,51.7 ,69 ,88.8 ,110 ,134 ,160] ; // [
s]
11 t4 =
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
[5 ,11.5 ,19.8 ,30.1 ,42.5 ,56.8 ,73 ,91.2 ,111 ,133 ,156.8 ,182.5] ;
// [ s ]
t5 =
[4.4 ,9.5 ,16.3 ,24.6 ,34.7 ,46.1 ,59 ,73.6 ,89.4 ,107.3] ;
// [ s ]
figure (1) ;
plot ( V (1: length ( t1 ) ) , t1 ./ V (1: length ( t1 ) ) ) ;
plot ( V (1: length ( t2 ) ) , t2 ./ V (1: length ( t2 ) ) , r ) ;
plot ( V (1: length ( t3 ) ) , t3 ./ V (1: length ( t3 ) ) , g ) ;
plot ( V (1: length ( t4 ) ) , t4 ./ V (1: length ( t4 ) ) , k ) ;
plot ( V (1: length ( t5 ) ) , t5 ./ V (1: length ( t5 ) ) , y ) ;
xgrid () ;
xlabel ( V ( L ) ) ;
ylabel ( t /V ( s /L ) ) ;
legend ( deptaP = 6 . 7 , deptaP = 1 6 . 2 , deptaP = 2 8 . 2
, deptaP = 3 6 . 3 , deptaP = 4 9 . 1 ) ;
title ( t /V v s V ) ;
deltaP = [965 ,2330 ,4060 ,5230 ,7070] ; // [ l b f / f t 2 ]
// From F i g . 3 0 . 1 5
// S l o p e ( Kc / 2 )
slope = [10440 ,5800 ,3620 ,3060 ,2400] ; // [ s / f t 6 ]
Kc = slope *2; // [ s / f t 6 ]
// I n t e r c e p t ( 1 / q0 )
Inter = [800 ,343 ,267 ,212 ,180] ; // [ s / f t 3 ]
// V i s c o s i t y o f w a t e r
muw = 5.95*10^ -4; // [ l b / f t s ] , from Appendix 14
// F i l t e r a r e a
A = 440/30.48^2; // [ f t 2 ]
// c o n c e n t r a t i o n
c = 23.5*28.31/454; // [ l b / f t 3 ]
gc = 32.14;
// U s i n g Eq . ( 3 0 . 2 2 )
Rm = A * gc / muw * deltaP .*( Inter ) /10^10; // [ f t
11010]
165
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
// U s i n g Eq . ( 3 0 . 2 4 )
alpha = A ^2* gc /( c * muw ) * deltaP .*( Kc ) /10^11; // [ f t / l b
10 11]
figure (2) ;
plot2d ( deltaP , Rm ) ;
xgrid () ;
xlabel ( d e l t a P ( l b f / f t 2 ) ) ;
ylabel ( Rm ( f t 110 10) ) ;
title ( Rm v s d e l t a P ) ;
figure (3) ;
plot2d ( log ( deltaP ) , log ( alpha ) ) ;
xgrid () ;
xlabel ( d e l t a P ( l b f / f t 2 ) ) ;
ylabel ( a l p h a ( l b / f t 10 11) ) ;
title ( a l p h a v s d e l t a P ) ;
// Form 3 0 . 1 7
disp ( Rm , Rm ( f t 110 10) = ) ;
disp ( alpha , a l p h a ( l b / f t 10 11) = ) ;
alpha0 = 1.75*10^11/1000^0.26;
disp ( a l p h a = 2 . 9 1 0 1 0 d e l t a P 2 . 6 , E m p e r i c a l
Equation f o r the cake );
166
Figure 30.2: t/V vs. V for Example 30.2
167
Figure 30.3: Rm vs. deltaP for Example 30.2
168
Figure 30.4: alpha vs. deltaP for Example 30.2

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
clear all ;
clc ;
// Example 3 0 . 3
// Given
f = 0.30;
tc = 5*60; // [ s ]
n = 1/ tc ; // [ s 1]
cF = 14.7; // [ l b / f t 3 ]
169
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
deltaP = 1414;
mFbymC = 2
// S o l u t i o n
alpha0 = 2.9*10^10; // [ f t / l b ] , From Example 3 0 . 2
s = 0.26;
mu = 6.72*10^ -4; // [ l b / f t s ]
rho = 62.3; // [ l b / f t 3 ]
gc =32.17;
// U s i n g Eq . ( 3 0 . 1 9 )
c = cF /(1 -( mFbymC -1) *( cF / rho ) ) ; // [ l b / f t 3 ]
mcdot = 10/(60*7.48) *(1/( cF /168.8+1) ) * cF ; // [ l b / s ]
// S o l v i n g Eq . ( 3 0 . 3 4 )
AT = mcdot *( alpha0 * mu /(2* c *1414^(1 - s ) * gc * f * n ) ) ^(0.5)
;
23 disp ( f t 2 ,AT , F i l t e r Area (AT) = ) ;
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
clear all ;
clc ;
// Example 3 0 . 4
// Given
D = 2; // [ cm ]
Vbar = 150; // [ cm/ s ]
rho = 1; // [ g /cm 3 ]
mu = 0.01; // [ g /cms ]
Dv = 4*10^ -7; // [ cm2/ s ]
// S o l u t i o n
// ( a )
Nre = Vbar * D * rho / mu ;
Nsc = mu /( rho * Dv ) ;
// U s i n g Eq . ( 2 1 . 5 5 )
Nsh = 0.0096* Nre ^0.913* Nsc ^0.346;
kc = Nsh * Dv / D ; // [ cm/ s ]
pi = poly ([0 ,4.4*10^ -3 , -1.7*10^ -6 ,7.9*10^ -8] , c ,
c o e f f );
170
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
// For
c1 = 10; // [ g /L ]
v = 10^ -3; // [ cm/ s ]
// U s i n g Eq . ( 3 0 . 5 3 )
cs = c1 * exp ( v / kc ) ; // [ g /L ]
deltaPi = horner ( pi , cs ) ;
Qm = 250/36000; // [ cm/ satm ]
// U s i n g Eq . ( 3 0 . 5 0 )
deltaP = v / Qm + deltaPi ; // [ atm ]
// U s i n g Eq . ( 3 0 . 5 3 )
cs = 400;
vmax = kc * log ( cs / c1 ) ; // [ cm/ s ]
deltaP = vmax / Qm + horner ( pi , cs ) ; // [ tm ]
c = [10 ,20 ,40];
V =[];
deltaP =[];
for j = 1: length ( c )
c1 = c ( j ) ;
i = 1;
vmax = kc * log ( cs / c1 ) *10^4;
h = ( vmax -1) /1000;
for v = 1: h : vmax
cs = c1 * exp ( v *10^ -4/ kc ) ; // [ g /L ]
deltaPi = horner ( pi , cs ) ; // [ atm ]
deltaP (j , i ) = v *10^ -4/ Qm + deltaPi ; // [ atm ]
V (j , i ) = v *10^ -4;
i = i +1;
end
end
V = V *36000;
for l =1: length ( c )
figure (1)
plot2d ( deltaP (l ,:) ,V (l ,:) , style = l ) ;
xgrid () ;
xlabel ( d e l t a P ( atm ) ) ;
ylabel ( Pe rmeate f l u x ( L/m2h ) ) ;
title ( E f f e c t i v e p r e s s u r e d r o p and c o n c e n t r a t i o n
on f l u x )
171
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
legend ( Cf =10 , , Cf =20 , Cf =40 ) ;

end
// ( b )
Qmb = Qm /5; // [ cm/ satm ]
vb = 10^ -3; // [ cm/ s ]
c = 40; // [ g /L ]
c1 = 40;
csb = c1 * exp ( vb / kc ) ;
deltaPi = horner ( pi , csb ) ;
deltaPb = vb / Qmb + deltaPi ;
disp ( The l a r g e s t e f f e c t o f t h e l o w e r membrane
p e r m e a b i l i t y i s a 30 p e r c e n t r e d u c t i o n i n low
p r e s s u r e drop );
i = 1;
vmax = kc * log (400/ c1 ) *10^4;
h = ( vmax -1) /1000;
for vb = 1: h : vmax
csb = c1 * exp ( vb *10^ -4/ kc ) ; // [ g /L ]
deltaPi = horner ( pi , csb ) ; // [ atm ]
deltaPb ( i ) = vb *10^ -4/ Qmb + deltaPi ; // [ atm ]
Vb ( i ) = vb *10^ -4;
i = i +1;
end
Vb = Vb *36000;
plot2d ( deltaPb , Vb , style = l +1)
legend ( Cf =10 , , Cf =20 , Cf =40 , Cf = 4 0 (Qm = 2 5 0 / 5 )
);
172
Figure 30.5: Effect of pressure drop and concentration on flux for Example 30.4
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
clear all ;
clc ;
// Example 3 0 . 5
// Given
D = 1.5; // [ cm ]
Nre = 25000;
Qm = 40; // [ L/m62h ]
173
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
Mw = 30000;
Dv = 5*10^ -7; // [ cm2/ s ]
R = 0.75;
// S o l u t i o n
// ( a )
// Base c a s e :
v = Qm *2.78*10^ -5; // [ cm/ s ]
Nsc = 0.01/ Dv ;
// U s i n g Eq . ( 2 1 . 5 5 )
Nsh = 0.0096* Nre ^0.913* Nsc ^0.346;
kc = Nsh * Dv / D ; // [ cm/ s ]
// L e t A = K/(1 K)
A = (1 - R ) / R * exp ( - v / kc ) ;
K = A /(1+ A ) ;
// I f t h e f l u x i s r e d u c e d t o 0 . 5 5 6 1 0 3 cm/ s
// L e t B = (1R) /R
B = K /(1 - K ) * exp (0.556*10^ -3/ kc ) ;
R = 1/(1+ B ) ;
// As f l u x a p p r o a c h e s z e r o R a p p r a o c h e s 1K :
Rmax = 1 - K ;
disp (R , f r a c t i o n r e j e c t e d (R) = ) ;
disp ( Rmax , maximum r e j e c t i o n ( Rmax ) = ) ;
// ( b )
// U s i n g F i g . ( 3 0 . 2 4 )
kc1 = kc ;
M2 = 10000;
R2 = 0.35;
K1 = K ;
lambda1 = 1 - K1 ^0.5;
lambda2 = lambda1 *(10000/ Mw ) ^(1/3) ;
K2 = (1 - lambda2 ) ^2;
kc2 = kc1 *3^0.22; // [ cm/ s ]
// L e t B2 = (1R2 ) /R2
B2 = K2 /(1 - K2 ) * exp ( v / kc2 ) ;
R2 = 1/(1+ B2 ) ;
disp ( R2 , f r a c t i o n r e j e c t e d ( R2 ) = ) ;
174
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
// ( c )
Dpore = 10^ -7; // [ cm2/ s ]
eps = 0.5;
tou = 2;
De = 2.5*10^ -8; // [ cm2/ s ]
L = 2*10^ -5; // [ cm ]
v = 5.56*10^ -4; // [ cm/ s ]
vLbyDe = v * L / De ;
// U s i n g Eq . ( 3 0 . 6 3 )
K = 0.101;
c2bycs = K * exp ( vLbyDe ) /( K -1+ exp ( vLbyDe ) ) ;
disp ( D i f f u s i o n i n t h e membrane makes t h e p r e m e a t e
c o n c e n t r a t i o n s a b o u t t w i c e a s h i g h a s i t would be
i f c 2=Kcs = 0 . 1 0 1 c s , i n d i c a t i n g t h a t t h e p a r t i t i o n
c o e f f i c i e n t i s l o w e r than t h a t e s t i m a t e d i n p a r t
( a ) );
175

MC Cabe

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Judul Asli

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

MC Cabe

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Scilab Code for

Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering

by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

1 Definitions and Principles

2 Fluid Statics and its Application

4 Basic Equations of Fluid Flow

5 Flow of Incompressible Fluids in Conduits and Thin Layers

6 Flow of Compressible Fluids

7 Flow Past Immersed Bodies

8 Transportation and Metering of Fluids

9 Agitation and Mixing of Liquids

10 Heat Transfer by Conduction

11 Principles of Heat Flow in Fluids

12 Heat Transfer to Fluids without Phase Change

13 Heat Transfer to Fluids with Phase Change

14 Radiation Heat Transfer

19 Introduction to Multicomponent Distillation

20 Leaching and Extraction

21 Principles of Diffusion and Mass Transer between Phases 102

List of Scilab Code

18.1 Results of Example 18.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20.1 Diagram for Example 20.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22.1 Diagram for Example 22.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25.1 Breakthrough curves for Example 25.2 . . . . . . . . . . . .

27.1 Population density vs. length Example 27.6 . . . . . . . . .

29.1 Mass-fractions of Example 29.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Analysis for Example 30.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Example 1.1 Example 1.1.sce

Example 2.1 Example 2.1.sce

Example 4.1 Example 4.1.sce

Example 4.2 Example 4.2.sce

28 Sb = %pi /4*( Db /1000) ^2; // [m 2 ]

*1000+ Sbx * pb *1000 // [ N ]

*1000+ Sby * pb *1000 // [ N ]

Example 5.1 Example 5.1.sce

Example 6.1 Example 6.1.sce

52 while ( err > eps )

Example 6.2 Example 6.2.sce

Example 7.1 Example 7.1.sce

14 rho_c = rho_w * speg_c ; // [ l b f / f t 3 ]

Example 7.3 Example 7.3.sce

Example 8.1 Example 8.1.sce

Wp_neta = ((14.7+ pb ) *144/ rho ) +( g / gc *10) +( Vb_bar

Example 8.2 Example 8.2.sce

Example 9.1 Example 9.1.sce

Example 9.2 Example 9.2.sce

Example 9.4 Example 9.4.sce

Example 9.5 Example 9.5.sce

Example 10.1 Example 10.1.sce

Example 10.3 Example 10.3.sce

Example 10.5 Example 10.5.sce

Example 11.1 Example 11.1.sce

+1/ ho +1/ hdo ) // [ Btu / f t 2hF ]

Example 12.1 Example 12.1.sce

Vw_bar = mw_dot /( %pi /4*( Dij ^2 - Dot ^2) * rho_w ) ; // [ f t / s

Example 12.3 Example 12.3.sce

Example 12.4 Example 12.4.sce

Cp = 0.25; // [ Bu/ l b F ] , a t 1 2 8 [ F ] , Appendix 15

Example 13.1 Example 13.1.sce

Example 14.1 Example 14.1.sce

Example 15.1 Example 15.1.sce

approximately equal to the f r a c t i o n a l

Example 15.3 Example 15.3.sce

1000+ Sbx pb *1000 // [ N ]

1000+ Sby pb *1000 // [ N ]

Wp_neta = ((14.7+ pb ) 144/ rho ) +( g / gc 10) +( Vb_bar

Vw_bar = mw_dot /( %pi /4( Dij ^2 - Dot ^2) rho_w ) ; // [ f t / s