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G LA NC E

van der Waals forces - weakest

dipole-dipole interaction
hydrogen bonds
- strongest

PHYSICAL
weak bonds

Na (2,8,1)

11+

Cl (2,8,7)

17+

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5

Cl

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1

Na
Cl

1s2 2s2 2p6

Na+ +

Na+ (2,8)

11+

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6

>

>

Cl- (2,8,8)

17+

between atoms on LHS and atoms on RHS of Periodic Table

electrons are TRANSFERRED between atoms
atoms end up as ions
strong electrostatic attraction between ions of opposite charge
giant ionic crystal lattice structure
compounds ... high melting points, brittle, water soluble
conduct when molten or in aqueous solution

ionic (or electrovalent)

covalent
dative covalent (or co-ordinate)
metallic

CHEMICAL
strong bonds

IONIC

AT

CHEMICAL
BONDING

BONDING TYPES - Summary

A LEVEL CHEMISTRY

NOTES

NOCKHARDY

H
O

X
O

XO

OO

O
O

consists of a shared pair of electrons, both electrons from one atom

one species is a lone pair donor - LEWIS BASE
other species has space in outer shell to accept a lone pair - LEWIS ACID
once the bond has been formed it is the same as a covalent bond

strength of bond depends on number of electrons and size of ions

mobile electrons ...
allow electricity to be conducted

>

metal atoms arranged in regular lattice give up outer shell electrons

electrons form a mobile cloud which binds metal ions together

METALLIC

OO

HOH

OO

between atoms of the same element; (e.g. in N2, O2, diamond, graphite)
between atoms of different elements on the RHS of table; (e.g. CO2, SO2)
when one of the elements is in the middle of the table; (e.g. C, Si)
head-of-the-group elements with high I.E.s , (e.g. Be in BeCl2)
consists of a shared pair of electrons, one electron coming from each atom
atoms share to try and get an octet of electrons
leads to the formation of simple molecules and giant molecules (e.g. silica)

DATIVE COVALENT (CO-ORDINATE)

COVALENT

J. L. HOPTON 1998