FUZZY SETS AND FUZZY LOGIC

Theory and Applications

GEORGE J. KLIR AND BO YUAN

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CONTENTS

FOREWORD

xi

PREFACE

xiii

PARTI: THEORY

1.

2.

3.

FROM CLASSICAL (CRISP) SETS TO FUZZY SETS: A Grand Paradigm Shift

1.1
Introduction
1.2
Crisp Sets: An Overview
1.3
Fuzzy Sets: Basic Types
1.4
Fuzzy Sets: Basic Concepts
1.5
Characteristics and Significance of the Paradigm Shift
Notes
Exercises

1
5
11
19
30
32
33

FUZZY SETS VERSUS CRISP SETS

35

2.1
Additional Properties of a-Cuts
2.2
Representations of Fuzzy Sets
2.3
Extension Principle for Fuzzy Sets
Notes
Exercises

35
39
44
48
49

OPERATIONS ON FUZZY SETS

50

3.1
3.2
3.3

50
51
61

Types of Operations
Fuzzy Complements
Fuzzy Intersections: f-Norms

vi

4.

Table of Contents

3.4
Fuzzy Unions: f-Conorms
3.5
Combinations of Operations
3.6
Aggregation Operations
Notes
Exercises

76
83
88
94
95

FUZZY ARITHMETIC

97

4.1
Fuzzy Numbers
4.2
Linguistic Variables .
4.3
Arithmetic Operations on Intervals
4.4
Arithmetic Operations on Fuzzy Numbers
4.5
Lattice of Fuzzy Numbers
4.6
Fuzzy Equations
Notes
Exericses
5.

6.

FUZZY RELATIONS

97
102
102
105
109
114
117
117
119

5.1
Crisp versus Fuzzy Relations
5.2
Projections and Cylindric Extensions
5.3
Binary Fuzzy Relations
5.4
Binary Relations on a Single Set
5.5
Fuzzy Equivalence Relations
5.6
Fuzzy Compatibility Relations
5.7
Fuzzy Ordering Relations
5.8
Fuzzy Morpbisms
5.9
Sup-i Compositions of Fuzzy Relations
5.10 Inf-a); Compositions of Fuzzy Relations
Notes
Exercises

119
122
124
128
132
135
137
141
144
146
149
149

FUZZY RELATION EQUATIONS

153

6.1
General Discussion
6.2
Problem Partitioning
6.3
Solution Method
6.4
Fuzzy Relation Equations Based on Sup-i Compositions
6.5
Fuzzy Relation Equations Based on Inf- co; Compositions
6.6
Approximate Solutions
6.7
The Use of Neural Networks
Notes
Exercises

153
154
156
162
164
166
171
173
175

Table of Contents
7.

8.

9.

VII

POSSIBILITY THEORY

177

7.1
Fuzzy Measures
7.2
Evidence Theory
7.3
Possibility Theory
7.4
Fuzzy Sets and Possibilty Theory
7.5
Possibility Theory versus Probability Theory
Notes
Exercises

177
180
187
198
200
208
209

FUZZY LOGIC

212

8.1
Classical Logic: An Overview
8.2
Multivalued Logics
8.3
Fuzzy Propositions
8.4
Fuzzy Quantifiers
8.5
Linguistic Hedges
8.6
Inference from Conditional Fuzzy Propositions
8.7
Inference from Conditional and Qualified Propositions
8.8
Inference from Quantified Propositions
Notes
Exercises

212
217
220
225
229
231
236
239
242
242

UNCERTAINTY-BASED INFORMATION
Information and Uncertainty
9.1
9.2
Nonspecificity of Crisp Sets
9.3
Nonspecificity of Fuzzy Sets
9.4
Fuzziness of Fuzzy Sets
9.5
Uncertainty in Evidence Theory
9.6
Summary of Uncertainty Measures
9.7
Principles of Uncertainty
Notes
Exercises

245

245
247
250
254
258
267
269
277
278

PART II. APPLICATIONS

280

10.

280

CONSTRUCTING FUZZY SETS AND OPERATIONS ON FUZZY SETS

10.1 General Discussion

10.2 Methods of Construction: An Overview
10.3 Direct Methods with One Expert
10.4 Direct Methods with Multiple Experts
10.5 Indirect Methods with One Expert
10.6 Indirect Methods with Multiple Experts
10.7 Constructions from Sample Data
Notes
Exercises

280
281
282
283
287
288
290
300
301

\i\\\

11.

Table of Contents

APPROXIMATE REASONING

302

11.1 Fuzzy Expert Systems: An Overview

11.2 Fuzy Implications
11.3 Selection of Fuzzy Implications
11.4 Multiconditional Approximate Reasoning
11.5 The Role of Fuzzy Relation Equations
11.6 Interval-Valued Approximate Reasoning
Notes
Exercises
12.

"_

FUZZY SYSTEMS

327

12.1 General Discussion

12.2 Fuzzy Controllers: An Overview
12.3 Fuzzy Controllers: An Example
12.4 Fuzzy Systems and Neural Networks
12.5 Fuzzy Neural Networks
12.6 Fuzzy Automata
12.7 Fuzzy Dynamic Systems
Notes
Exercises
13.

14.

327
330
339
344
347
349
353
354
356

PATTERN RECOGNITION

13.1 Introduction
13.2 Fuzzy Clustering
13.3 Fuzzy Pattern Recognition
13.4 Fuzzy Image Processing
Notes
Exercises

357

' *'

FUZZY DATABASES AND INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEMS

379
381
385
388
388

FUZZY DECISION MAKING

15.1
15.2
15.3
15.4
15.5
15.6

General Discussion
Individual Decision Making
Multiperson Decision Making
Multicriteria Decision Making
Multistage Decision Making
Fuzzy Ranking Methods

357
358
365
374
377
378
379

14.1 General Discussion

14.2 Fuzzy Databases
14.3 Fuzzy Information Retrieval
Notes
Exercises
15.

302
304
312
317
321
323
325
325

390

'

390
391
395
399
401
405

ix

Table of Contents
15.7 Fuzzy Linear Programming
Notes
Exercises
16.

ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS

16.1 Introduction
16.2 Civil Engineering
16.3 Mechanical Engineering
16.4 Industrial Engineering
16.5 Computer Engineering
16.6 Reliability Theory
16.7 Robotics
Notes
Exercises
17. MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Medicine
17.3 Economics
17.4 Fuzzy Systems and Genetic Algorithms
17.5 Fuzzy Regression
17.6 Interpersonal Communication
17.7 Other Applications
Notes
Exercises

408
415
416
418
418
419
426'
432
436
439
440
440
441
443
443
443
450
452
454
459
463
465
466

APPENDIX A.

NEURAL NETWORKS: An Overview

467

APPENDIX B.

GENETIC ALGORITHMS: An Overview

476

APPENDIX C. ROUGH SETS VERSUS FUZZY SETS

481

APPENDIX D.

484

PROOFS OF SOME MATHEMATICAL THEOREMS

APPENDIX E. GLOSSARY OF KEY CONCEPTS

487

APPENDIX F. GLOSSARY OF SYMBOLS

490

BIBLIOGRAPHY

494

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL INDEX

548

NAME INDEX

552

SUBJECT INDEX

563