Chapter 6 Volcanoes

Table of Contents
Chapter Preview
6.1 Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics
6.2 Volcanic Eruptions
6.3 Volcanic Landforms
6.4 California Geology

Chapter 6 Volcanoes

Chapter Preview Questions

1. Igneous rocks form when

a. sediment is compacted and cemented.
b. rocks are changed by heat and pressure.
c. sediment is heated and cooled.
d. lava and magma cool and harden.

Chapter 6 Volcanoes

Chapter Preview Questions

1. Igneous rocks form when

a. sediment is compacted and cemented.
b. rocks are changed by heat and pressure.
c. sediment is heated and cooled.
d. lava and magma cool and harden.

Chapter 6 Volcanoes

Chapter Preview Questions

2. Melted material that erupts from a volcano is called

a. magma.
b. sediment.
c. lava.
d. mica.

Chapter 6 Volcanoes

Chapter Preview Questions

2. Melted material that erupts from a volcano is called

a. magma.
b. sediment.
c. lava.
d. mica.

Chapter 6 Volcanoes

Chapter Preview Questions

3. Why do volcanoes erupt?

a. They are hot and fiery.
b. They form beneath the ocean floor.
c. Gases in magma expand as it rises to the surface.
d. Lava is a pure liquid.

Chapter 6 Volcanoes

Chapter Preview Questions

3. Why do volcanoes erupt?
a. They are hot and fiery.
b. They form beneath the ocean floor.
c. Gases in magma expand as it rises to the surface.
d. Lava is a pure liquid.

Chapter 6 Volcanoes

Chapter Preview Questions

4. Which of these does NOT rapidly change Earths

land surface?
a. earthquakes
b. mountain building
c. landslides
d. volcanic eruptions

Chapter 6 Volcanoes

Chapter Preview Questions

4. Which of these does NOT rapidly change Earths

land surface?
a. earthquakes
b. mountain building
c. landslides
d. volcanic eruptions

Chapter 6 Volcanoes

What causes volcanoes, and how do they change

Earths surface?
You know that if you want to open a
bottle of soda, you must do so
carefully. Otherwise, the soda
might spray out of the bottle as
soon as you loosen the cap. What
causes the soda to rush out with
such force? How is this similar to
what happens when a volcano
erupts? Explain.

Chapter 6 Volcanoes

Use Clues to Determine Meaning

Unfamiliar words

Some volcanoes result from hot spots in Earths mantle. A hot

spot is an area where material from within the mantle rises and
then melts. A volcano forms above a hot spot when the hot
material erupts through the crust and reaches the surface.
A hot spot in the ocean oor can gradually form a series of
volcanic mountains. For example, the Hawaiian Islands formed
one by one over millions of years as the Pacific plate drifted
over a hot spot.
Example

Hot spot is
the subject of
the sentence.
Definition,
follows boldface
Explanation

Chapter 6 Volcanoes

Apply It!
Review the clues to the meaning of hot spot. Then complete the
following.
1. What clue tells you that hot spot might be followed by a definition?
The term is in boldface and is the subject of the sentence.

2. What example helps you understand hot spots?

The Hawaiian Islands formed one by one over millions of years as the
Pacific plate drifted over a hot spot

Chapter 6 Volcanoes

End of Chapter
Preview

Chapter 6 Volcanoes

How do volcanoes
change the land?

Chapter 5 Earthquakes

Section 1:
Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics
Lesson Objectives
You will be able to identify where Earths volcanic
regions are located and explain why they are
found in these areas.
You will be able to explain how hot spot volcanoes
form.

Chapter 5 Earthquakes

Section 1:
Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics
California Standards
6.1 Plate tectonics accounts for important features of
Earths surface and major geologic events.
.e Students know major geologic events, such as
earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and mountain
building, result from plate motions.

Chapter 6 Volcanoes

Section 1:
Volcanoes and Plate
Tectonics
Where are most of Earths volcanoes found?
How do hot spot volcanoes form?

Chapter 6 Volcanoes

Volcanoes

Chapter 6 Volcanoes
A volcano is a weak spot in the crust where molten
material, or magma, comes to the surface; mountain that
forms in Earths crust when molten material reaches the
surface.

Chapter 6 Volcanoes

Magma is molten material that has not reached the surface and
is still underground.

Chapter 6 Volcanoes

Lava is molten material, or magma, that has reached the

surface.

Chapter 6 Volcanoes

Volcanoes and Plate Boundaries

Volcanic belts form along the boundaries of Earths
plates.

Chapter 6 Volcanoes

Ring of Fire is a major volcanic belt that rims or

circles the Pacific Ocean.

Chapter 6 Volcanoes

Island Arc is a string of islands formed by weak spots or

hot spots in the crust where magma burns through.

Chapter 6 Volcanoes

Volcanoes and Plate Boundaries

Volcanoes often form where two oceanic plates collide or

where an oceanic plate collides with a continental plate. In
both situations, an oceanic plate sinks through a trench.
Rock above the plate melts to form magma, which then
erupts to the surface as lava.

Chapter 6 Volcanoes

Hot Spot Volcanoes

A volcano forms above a hot spot when magma erupts
through the crust and reaches the surface.

Chapter 6 Volcanoes

End of Section:
Volcanoes and
Plate Tectonics

Chapter 6 Volcanoes

What causes volcanoes

to form at a spreading
boundary?

Chapter 6 Volcanoes

Where are most of

Earths volcanoes
found? Explain.

Chapter 6 Volcanoes

Describe the order of

parts through which
magma travels as it
moves to the surface.

Chapter 6 Volcanoes

Which is more likely to

be dangerous: a volcano
that erupts frequently
or a volcano that has
been inactive for a
hundred years? Why?

Chapter 6 Volcanoes

Section 2:
Volcanic Eruptions
What happens when a volcano erupts?
What are the two types of volcanic eruptions?
What are a volcanos stages of activity?

Chapter 6 Volcanoes

Volcanic Eruptions

Chapter 6 Volcanoes

Magma Reaches Earths Surface

When a volcano erupts,
the force of the
expanding gases pushes
magma from the magma
chamber through the pipe
until it flows or explodes
out of the vent.

Chapter 6 Volcanoes

Magma Reaches Earths Surface

Magma chamber is a

pocket beneath a
volcano where magma
is collected or stored.

Chapter 6 Volcanoes

Magma Reaches Earths Surface

Pipe is a long tube

inside a volcano that

connects the magma
chamber to the
Earths surface.

Chapter 6 Volcanoes

Magma Reaches Earths Surface

Vent is an opening

through which molten

rock and gas leave the
volcano.

Chapter 6 Volcanoes

Magma Reaches Earths Surface

Lava flow is the area
covered by lava as it
pours out of a vent.

Chapter 6 Volcanoes

Magma Reaches Earths Surface

Crater is a bowl-

shaped area that may

form at the top of a
volcano.

Chapter 6 Volcanoes

Magma Reaches Earths Surface

Pahoehoe is a very thin,

fast moving lava.

Pahoehoe contains low
amounts of silica, which
gives it its thinness.
When Pahoehoe hardens,
it forms wrinkle and
rope-like rock
formations. Pahoehoe is
hotter than Aa.

Chapter 6 Volcanoes

Magma Reaches Earths Surface

Aa is a very thick, slow moving

lava. Aa contains high amounts of

silica, which gives it its thickness.
When aa hardens, it forms a rough
surface consisting of jagged
(sharp) lava chunks.

Chapter 6 Volcanoes

Magma Reaches Earths Surface

Pyroclastic flow is

an explosive
eruption that
includes hot gases,
cinders (volcanic
ash), and bombs
(volcanic rocks).

Chapter 6 Volcanoes

Composite Volcano Eruption Activity

Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and

access Active Art about composite volcano eruption.

Chapter 6 Volcanoes

Magma Composition
Magma varies in composition
and is classified according to
the amount of silica it
contains. The graphs show the
average composition of the two
types of magma. Use the
graphs to answer the
questions.

Chapter 6 Volcanoes

Magma Composition
Reading Graphs:
Study both graphs. What
materials make up both
types of magma?

Silica, other oxides, and

other solids.

Chapter 6 Volcanoes

Magma Composition
Reading Graphs:
Which type of magma has
more silica? About how
much silica does this type of
magma contain?
Rhyolite-forming magma;
about 70 percent.

Chapter 6 Volcanoes

Magma Composition
Estimating:
A third type of magma has a
silica content that is
halfway between that of the
other two types. About how
much silica does this type of
magma contain?
About 60 percent

Chapter 6 Volcanoes

Magma Composition
Predicting:
What type of magma would
have a higher viscosity?
Explain.

Rhyolite-forming magma
would have higher
viscosity because it is
higher in silica.

Chapter 6 Volcanoes

Kinds of Volcanic Eruptions

Within the last 150 years, major volcanic eruptions have
greatly affected the land and people around them.

Chapter 6 Volcanoes

Deadly Eruptions

Chapter 6 Volcanoes

Stages of Volcanic Activity

Active volcanoes are considered live meaning that it is

erupting, or has shown signs that it may erupt in the near

future.

Mount Shasta

Lassen Peak

Chapter 6 Volcanoes

Stages of Volcanic Activity

Dormant volcanoes are considered asleep or sleeping bears
meaning that they may become active in the future
Long Valley
Craters

Chapter 6 Volcanoes

Stages of Volcanic Activity

Extinct volcanoes are considered dead meaning that it is
unlikely that they will erupt again

St. Lucia
Auckland

Chapter 6 Volcanoes

End of Section:
Volcanic Eruptions

Chapter 6 Volcanoes

Section 3:
Volcanic Landforms
What landforms do lava and ash create?
How does magma that hardens beneath the
surface create landforms?

Chapter 6 Volcanoes

Types of Volcanoes

Chapter 6 Volcanoes

Landforms From
Lava And Ash
Compare and contrast the 3 types of
volcanoes using at least 2 specific details
for each comparison, contrast, and
volcano.

Chapter 6 Volcanoes

Landforms From Lava and Ash

Volcanic eruptions create landforms made of lava, ash,
and other materials. These landforms include composite
volcanoes, shield volcanoes, cinder cone volcanoes, and
lava plateaus.

Chapter 6 Volcanoes

Landforms From Lava and Ash

Composite Volcanoes have quiet eruptions that alternate
with explosive eruptions, forming layers of lava and ash.

Mayon, Philippines

Cotopaxi, Ecuador

Chapter 6 Volcanoes

Landforms From Lava and Ash

Shield Volcanoes have quiet eruptions and have gentle
slopes, which are not steep.

Mauna Loa, Hawaii

Erta Ale, Ethiopia

Chapter 6 Volcanoes

Landforms From Lava and Ash

Cinder Cone Volcanoes have explosive eruptions of ash,
cinders, and bombs that form a cone-shaped hill.

Mount Etna, Italy

SP Crater, Arizona

Chapter 6 Volcanoes

Landforms From Lava and Ash

Lava Plateaus are formed from runny lava (pahoehoe)

that cools in flat sheets of rock. Over time these layers

form high plateaus.

Steamboat Rock,
Washington

Hawaii

Chapter 6 Volcanoes

Landforms From Lava and Ash

Calderas are formed when a magma chamber is emptied

after an eruption and the volcano mountain collapses into

the empty space creating a crater.

Aniakchak, Alaska

Crater Lake, Oregon

Chapter 6 Volcanoes

Landforms From Lava and Ash

A caldera forms when an
volcanos magma chamber
empties and the roof of
the chamber collapses.
The result is a large,
bowl-shaped caldera.

Chapter 6 Volcanoes

Landforms From
Lava And Ash
Compare and contrast the 3 types of
volcanoes using at least 2 specific details
for each comparison, contrast, and
volcano.

Chapter 6 Volcanoes

Landforms From Magma

Features formed by magma include volcanic necks, dikes,
and sills, as well as batholiths and dome mountains.

Chapter 6 Volcanoes

Batholiths
A batholith is a mass of rock formed
when a large body of magma cools
inside the crust. Several large
batholiths form the core of mountain
ranges in western North America. Half
Dome in Yosemite National Park,
California, is part of the Sierra
Nevada batholith.

Chapter 6 Volcanoes

Links on Volcanic Effects

Click the SciLinks button for links on volcanic effects.

Chapter 6 Volcanoes

End of Section:
Volcanic Landforms

Chapter 6 Volcanoes

Plate Tectonics and California

The movements of three plates have shaped the geologic
features of California over millions of years.