civil engineering is field of engineering sciences, related

todesign, construction andmaintenance of buildings, dams, bridges, tunnels, highways and other
structures by the use of physical laws, mathematical equations andtheories of mechanics.
A Civil Engineer is responsible for planning, design, construction and/or maintenance of
structures

Engineering is one of the oldest professions in the world. Around 2550 BC, Imhotep, the first
documented engineer, built a famous stepped pyramid of King Zoser located at Saqqarah.
Civil Engineering
Civil engineering is the oldest of the main disciplines of engineering. The first engineering school, the
National School of Bridges and Highways in France, was opened in 1747. John Smeaton was the first
person to actually call himself a "Civil Engineer". These civil engineers built all types of structures,
designed water-supply and sewer systems, designed railroads and highways, and planned cities. In
1828 the world's first engineering society came into being, the Institution of Civil Engineers in England.
John Smeaton was the first engineer to call himself a "Civil Engineer". He is also noted as the founder
of a Society of Engineers in Great Britain in 1771. In 1825 this Society became the Institution of Civil
Engineers (ICE).
John Smeaton was a British engineer particularly noted for his design of an all-masonry lighthouse on
Eddystone reef. In order to build the new lighthouse, Smeaton needed a cement which would harden
when immersed in water. This is known as a "hydraulic cement". His technique of using dovetailed
blocks of stone in the building of lighthouses became the standard because of its ability to stand up to
the constant pounding of the waves.

Eddystone Lighthouse
(photographer- unknown)

In a London coffee house on a winter's day in 1818, the Institution of Civil

Engineers was founded by a small group of idealistic young men. Today,
ICE has over 80,000 members across the world. ICE was founded in 1818 by a
small group of idealistic young men. We were granted a royal charter in 1828 where we

declared that our aim was to "foster and promote the art and science of civil
engineering". That is still our aim today. Now the number of members has grown, and
ICE represents nearly 80,000 members worldwide.

The Ka'ba is located inside the Masjid al-H arm ( , the "Sacred Mosque") in the center of
Mecca ( Makkah). It is a cuboid-shape structure which is made of granite quarried from nearby hills.
Standing upon a 250 cm (98 in) marble base that projects outwards about 35 cm (14 in).[1] It is
approximately 13.1 m (43 ft) high, with sides measuring 11.03 m (36.2 ft) by 12.86 m (42.2 ft).[5]
[6]
Inside the Kaaba, the floor is made of marble and limestone. The interior walls are clad with marble
halfway to the roof. The marble is inset with Qur'anic inscriptions. The wall directly adjacent to the
entrance of the Kaaba has six tablets inlaid with inscriptions. The top part of the walls are covered with
a green cloth embroidered with gold Qur'anic verses. Caretakers anoint the marble cladding with
scented oil used on the Black Stone outside. Three pillars stand inside the Kaaba, with a small altar
set between one and the other two. Lamp-like objects (possible crucible censers) hang by a rope
above the platform. An enclosed staircase leads to the roof.