ROY WHITE WAVELET EXTRACTION WELL-SEISMIC SCANNING ‘The Roy White Wavelet estimation algorithms are a procedure for optimally estimating the scismic wavelet by calibrating and corrlating well log data and seis data. Ideally, there are ts steps in this process: (1) Determine the best trace location at which to extrat the wavelet using the well, (2) Given tat tie location, determine the optimal wavelet L_Woll-Seismic Scanning “This procedure assumes that the drill location ofthe well with respect tothe scismic volume may ‘not be optimal for extracting the wavelet. The reasons for this are well described in White and Simm (2003). Effectively this algorithm searches fora new location within specified vei of the posted well location. From the well, we calculate R(D, the reflectivity obtained from the sonic and density logs. Then, for each frequency, f, we define the spectral coherence function asthe normalized magnitude squared cross-spectrum between the reflectivity. Rand the scismie trace S: pyy= eal Deg PPL) 0 Proper estimation of the spectral coherence function requires alignment of R and S and averaging Of the auto- and eross-spectra over frequencies within a selected analysis bandwidth, b. The spectral coherence measures the proportion of energy in the seismic trace that can be predicted from the well-log reflectivity in the bandwidth b centered at frequency f. We can by analogy define the proportion PEP of the total eneray in the seismic trace that can be predicted from the ‘well log reflectivity over the whole seismic bandwidth, We can call PEP the predictability for short, PEP can be measured direetly from the seismic trace and the optimally matched (filtered) well-log reflectivity. PEP~ I jdduals/trace energy). Q where the residuals are the difference between the seismic trace and its matched or filtered reflectivity and the energy of a segment of a time series is its sum of squares,2. Hampson-Russell Software Services The predictability PEP is a single scalar which measures the goodness-of-fit between the reflectivity calculated using the calibrated well and the seismic trace at the well location. To search for a better fit, three parameters are now introdus Lag = time shift in ms by which the reflectivity predictability XSHIFT = shift along the x-direction fiom the boreliole by which the match location is moved. YSHIFT = shift along the y-direction fom the borehole by which the mateh location is moved. Effectively, PEP is a function of all three parameters: PEP = PEP(Lag. XSHIFTYSHIFT) 8) ‘Theoretically, we are looking for the three values which maximize PEP. Practically, the optimization is done in two stages. For any given value of XSHIFT and YSHIFT, the program alculates the optimum time shif, bestLag. This operation is performed for a selected range of Values for XSHIFT and YSHIFT. ‘The result is a map of values as a function of deviations from the original well location: PEP, = PEP,...,, (XSHIPT.YSHIFT) a) Note that for each pair of values (XSHIFT, YSHIFT) PEP has already been optimized with respect to Lag. By examining this map, the user selects the optimum location visually for the subsequent wavelet extraction.2. Menu Parameters for Well-Seismic Scanning, ‘To perform the Well-Seismic Scanning procedure, the user selects the Well-Seismic Scanning option: ‘The parameter menus appear as follows: [SSS ne wesc sat = EPO ———— sem Ie = Pe cemmarneniner Fit4 Hampson-Russell Software Services The significant parameters are: Open Well Log: This selects the log from the currently defined GEOVIEW database which will be used in the analysis. Note that, usually, this log has already been check-shot corrected and possibly correlated. Consequently, we expect the optimum correlation to be at a Lag of around 0) ms at the well location. However, the next menu allows the program to search for a corrected Lag value at each surrounding trace. Time: This determines the time range on the seismic data which will be used for analysis. The reflectivity from the well will be selected using a smaller window which fits inside this seismic window. See the parameter Scan Length below Inline / Xline: This sets the range of seismic traces which will be scanned. The user should ‘ensure that this range includes the selected well location. Depending on the dip in the overburden, traces covering 200 meters or so to cither side of the well in the x and y direetions are used. Display: This determines which calculated parameter will be displayed as a data slice: Disa atch Cuaty Match aunty Tine Dey Phase Shit ‘SealeFacter Staten arden Seleme Power The default, Match Quality, is the calculated value of the function PEPhestse, defined above, Scan Length: This parameter sets the time range over which the program will search for time shifts to align the input reflectivity and seismic data before calculating the function, PEP. The lags are distributed symmetrically about the input calibration time for the log. For example, if this value is set at 1 00ms, lags will he tested from -50ms to +S0ms, with respect to the input calibration time, The reflectivity start and end times will be automatically set using this parameter and the seismic time range on the previous mente This means, for example, that if this value is set at 100ms, the effective reflectivity length will be 100ms less that the seismic time window. Correlation Window Length: This parameter controls the effective length of the wavelet employed in the well tic. The correlation window stops noise leaking into the estimated wavelet from large correlation lags. At the same time the correlation window has to be Jong enough to capture the wavelet’s correlation function, A good default value for this parameter is twice the length of the wavelet in the seismic data, Figure S of the First Break Tutorial by White and Simm (2003) illustrates how the correlation window length controls the accuracy of the estimated wavelet. ‘Sopiembor 2004The result of the Well-Seismic Scanning process is to produce a data slice showing the calculated values of PEPretas: Ifthe maximum value within the vicinity of the well is other than at the current well location, the user must make the correction using the Well-Map Table Menu. 2 Wavelet Extraction | Once the optimal location of the well has been chosen, the wavelet is extracted using the method described in Walden and White (1998). This allows for the fact that the computed reflectivity R is not error-free. In the case where R is error-free, the wavelet spectrum is: [Ribesthag)® SP) Ww )-——__ee on —___ 6) [RibestLagy® Ribestlag DP) Wc RR) where: R(bestLagy ~ the reflectivity shifted by the Lag which optimizes the value of G at that location. RS the cross-corelation between R and S RR the autocorrelation of R Wisse noise factor added for stability6, Hampson-Russell Software Services To perform the wavelet extraction using the Roy White algorithm, the following options are selected: [= Breen + eee oa tg eves =": cept voce an ao scram ee ‘ova v oe ravi Pee earn aresemte cota Face zal Seneca © rophte tn Afier selecting Roy White Algorithm on the second page above, the following additional appears: Roy White Parameters: sowie) 1 Peps ag nae ant ney 300 fe Vairos ats 1 vente nee Fete ps0 Cioran LienstoCeeue ee 3] ‘The parameters are: Scanning Length: This identical to the Sean Length parameter described above. This parameter determines the maximum allowable range over which the algorithm can search for an optimum fit between the input reflectivity and the seismic trace. parameter is currently hard-wired to 100ms, meaning that the program can search for a fit by shifting, the reflectivity between -S0ms and ~S0ms from the input calibrated location.Roy White Algorithm 7 Papoulis Lag Window Length: This is identical to the Correlation Window Length above. ‘This parameter is hard-wired to a value equal to twice the wavelet length, which has been specified on a previous menu page. White Noise Factor: This is a stabilization factor added to the denominator of the wavelet calculation equation. It prevents instability at those frequencies where the reflectivity spectrum is low. Diagnostic Listing to Console: This determines whether the diagnostic parameters described below will be written to a separate console window as well as printed on the default wavelet display. 4, Wavelet extraction Diagnostic Parameters A major benefit of the Roy White wavelet extraction the wavelet, a series of diagnost rithm is that, in addition to extracting parameters are produced which allow the user to estimate the reliability of the wavelet. In particular, these parameters can be used to determine the optimum wavelet length. A very detailed discussion of the use of these parameters, with examples, is zziven in White and Simm (2003), brief summary of that description follows here: PEP = Proportion of Energy Predicted PEP = Proportion of Energy Predicted jaluatl Ene nergy © ‘The PEP value is a number from 0 to 1 which measures how well the calculated synthetic matches the seismie trace. This, by itself, isnot a valid measure of the accuracy of the wavelet, ince a longer wavelet length is always guaranteed to improve the PEP value, by modeling the noise in the seismic data. BW = Statistical Seismic Bandwidth (Hz) BW is the effective seismic bandwidth which is modeled by the seismic wavelet. ‘The statistical ‘bandwidth of a segment of signal of duration T samples is given by: pee @8 Hampson. Russell Software Services Where ¢, is the autocorrelation of the signal, r denotes discrete lag and the sample interval is taken as unity. B is then in cycles per sample. Multiplying by the sampling frequency converts, bandwidth from cycles per sample to hertz, A correction fora bias inherent in using a finite Tength of trace is applied to B. See White (1984) for more explanation. RMSE = Root Mean Square Error LL 1S PEP. oT PEP RMSE ) The RMSE value is an estimate of the expected error arising from noise propagating into the synthetic seismogram calculated with the extracted wavelet. Decreasing the wavelet length decreases the noise leakage but it tends to distort the wavelet, causing a bias error. Without ‘knowing the wavelet in advance, this bias error cannot be computed. Simulations show that the total wavelet error, from bias and noise leakage, goes through a broad minimum, where the bias, is small. For practical purposes, a significant D.C. (zero frequency) component in the wavelet’s, amplitude spectrum is a sign of wavelet bias. Noisy side lobes in the extracted wavelet are a of noise leakage. S_REFERENCES Walden, A.T., and WI Biometrika 77, te, R. 2. 1990, mating the statistical bandwidth of a time series: 699-707, RE. ‘on: a frequency domain solution input-output problem, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and ssing 36, 287-297. White, R.E., 1980, Partial coherence matching of synthetic seismograms with synthetic traces. ‘Geophysical Prospecting, 28, 333-358. E., 1984, Signal and noise estimation from seismic refle coherence methods: Proc IEEE 72, 1340-1356. White, R.E., 1997, The accuracy of well ties: practical procedures and examples: Presented at the 1997 SEG Annual International Meeting, Expanded Abstracts vol 2, RC1.S, 2126. White, R.E., Simm, R., and Xu, S., 1998, Well tic, fluid substitution and AVO modelling: a North Sea example: Geophysical Prospecting 46, 323-436. White, R.E., and Simm, R., 2003, Tutorial:Good practice in well n data using spectral First Break 21, 75-83.