376632-2-T E. Topsakal M. Carr J. L. Volakis Simulation of 3D Non-Metallic Scatterers with Circuit Analog Surfaces and Matrix Compression Based on the Adaptive Integral Method Sikorsky Aircraft Corp. 1201 South Ave Mail Stop B101A Bridgeport, CT. 06604 June 1999 376632-2-T = RL-2521PROJECT TITLE: REPORT TITLE: U-M REPORT No.: CONTRACT START DATE: END DATE: DATE: SPONSOR: SPONSOR, CONTRACT No.: U-M PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: PROJECT PEOPLE: PROJECT INFORMATION Fast integral equation algorithms for penetrable blade and hub scattering in the VHF and UHF bands Simulation of 3D Non-Metallic Scatterers with Circuit Analog Surfaces and Matrix Compression Based on the Adaptive Integral Method 376632-2-T May 1998 May 1999 June 1999 Final Annual Report Daniel C. Ross Sikorsky Aircraft Corp. Mail Stop BI01A 1201 South Ave. Bridgeport, CT. 06604 Phone: (203) 384-7010 Fax: (203) 384-6701 Email: dross @sikorsky.com John L. Volakis EECS Dept. University of Michigan 1301 Beal Ave Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2122 Phone: (313) 764-0500 FAX: (313) 647-2106 volakis@umich.edu hutp://www-personal.engin.umich.edu/~volakis/ Erdem Topsakal, Michael Carr and John L. VolakisTABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION............-.. bebe ened 4 CHAPTER IGENERAL THEORY...................--4 5 1.1 Surface Integral Equations . 1.2 Formulation for Different Boundaries. 1.2.1 PEC Boundary....... 1 EFIE Formulation. . 2 MFIE Formulation 3 CFIE Formulation. . 1.2.2 Resistive Boundary. . . 1.2.3 Dielectric Boundary. . . . 1 EFIE Formulation. . 2 MFIE Formulation, 1.2.3.3 CFIE Formulation. . 4 PMCHW Formulation. . 1.2.4 Impedance Boundary 1.2.5 Cireuit-Analog Boundary... . . . : 1.2.5.1 Reduction to simple sheet condition . . 1.2.5.2 Surface Integral Equation......... II COMPOSITE STRUCTURES.............. 16 2.1 Composite Problem 1. . . = 16 2.2 Composite Problem 2. a 2.3 Composite Problem 3. 18 2.4 Composite Problem 4. - 20 2.5 Composite Problem 6. 2 2.6 Composite Problem 6. 2B 2.7 Composite Problem 7. 22 2.8 Composite Problem 8 225 2.9 Composite Problem 9. . . . - 26 2.10 Composite Problem 10 . a 2.11 Composite Problem 11 - 8 2.12 Composite Problem 12. 29 2.13 Composite Problem 13. . . oz) 2.14 Composite Problem 14. . . - 31 III MoM FORMULATION . - 33 3.1 Basis Functions fee BB 3.2 Testing Procedure... .. 2.0.0.2. - 0 eee eee 33IV ADAPTIVE INTEGRAL METHOD........ « 35 V NUMERICAL RESULTS.............. 38 BIBLIOGRAPHY...............0 000 e ee eee eee 55INTRODUCTION Integral equation methods such as method of moments (MoM) (1) have been extensively applied to electromagnetic simulations. It has been shown that, due to excessive memory requirements and high computational com- plexity, MoM is a hard to use method for the analysis of electrically large problems. When iterative solvers are used, fast fourier transform(FFT) can be successivelly utilize in the solution of the integral equations.|2} The com- mon goal of using FFT is to construct matrix-vector product algorithms lower then the O(N?) complexity of the conventional method of moments. N is the number of unknown volume, surface, line elements. More recently several “fast” algorithms have been developed to reduce the memory and the complexity. Among these Adaptive Integral Method (AIM)|3] utilizes the Toeplitz property of the Green’s function kernel to reduce the storage requirements of MoM and also accelerate calculations by the use of FFT. AIM is a very general method and can handle two and three dimensional geometries. Although there are several publications on AIM simulations of 2D geometries, as far as we know there is a few puplished results on +D applications of AIM in the open literature and all of them are related to PEC structures. This report describes three dimensional MoM/AIM simu- lation of penetrable scatterers consisting of non-metalic and circuit analog sheets implemented in the code CADRISA. Another important aspect of this study is the inclusion of Circuit Analog sheets that is not available any other existing codes. This capability is combined with modeling capabil- ities for resistive sheets, metallic, dielectric and impedance surfaces, and combination of all. First chapter is devoted to the general theory on surface integral equa- tions. In chapter II integral equations are derived in case of composite geometries. Chapter III describes the basis functions and the testing pro- cedure that we used through out our calculations. Chapter IV gives a brief detail on AIM, and finally in Chapter V we give some numerical results regarding to some test geometries and some composite structures.CHAPTER I 1 GENERAL THEORY 1.1 Surface Integral Equations Consider the general electromagnetic scattering problem depicted in Fig. 1. We are interested in a field point r, located in a closed volume V or on a Figure 1: Geometry showing the various boundaries. regular surface Si(i = rem, ,2,...1n). Beginning with the vector Green’s theo- fi [Q.(V! x V! xT) - TV! x V! x Q)}dv! + hk. where, Q(r), T(r) € C;r € V, D2, S;. Here the primes refer to the primed (integration) coordinates. To derive the integral equations for the elec- [((T x V' x Q)-(Qx V' x T)]ds’ tric and magnetic currents on the surfaces Sj,i = 1,2,...n we set T = E(r) (electric field), and Q = 1G(r,x) with ote.) edhe | k 8) =F, kau @ Note that when rr’ in V, G, VG and VG have singularities. To over- come this singularity problem, when integrating G or its derivatives we ex- clude an infinitesimal sphere of volume Vs + 0 and centered at r =r’. Wedeal with the spherical volume Vs of radius 6 + 0 separately by invoking the divergence theorem. Next we introduce Maxwell equations Vx E+ jupH =-M (3a) VxH-jucB=J (30) V.(HH) = pm (3c) V(cB) =p. (3d) After some straightforward vector manipulations, (1) can be written as; I, |LondG + M x V'G — (p/6)V'GIde! + f (iwu(n! x HG - (n! x B) x V'G-(n!E)V'G]ds! =0 (4) Dh S85 where we have assumed that V in equation (1) is linear, isotropic and ho- mogeneous. When 1 is located on one of the $;(i = 1,2,..) surfaces, we proceed to extract the integral singularity noted earlier. Refering to Fig. 2, we rewrite the surface integrals as, Figure 2: Geometry for singularity extraction. fagt*®*79~ Bll, oth th] © tall,,* h]=-Pet— al ® Here, P is the absolute value of the solid angle subtended by Sig at r in the limit as 6 + 0. p={ m res @ 0,elsewhere. 6Based on (6), (4) can now be written as E(x) = -4(r) [ [,veuse +Mx V'G-(p/dV'Gldv! + fos 4, ula! x HDG ~ (a! x B) x VG (n!.)V'Gde|. (8) On invoking duality we also obtain the corresponding integral equation for Has; H(r) = 4) i. [-JweMG +3 x V'G + (m/u)V'Gldv! + i jue(n' x E)G + (n! x H) x V'G + (nH) V'Gas'. 9) a Here f denotes the Cauchy Principal Value and 6(r) can be given as follows (xr) = { In (8) and (9) since all the sources are contained in the volume V’, this volume integral can be refered to as the ‘source term’. If there are no sources in V’, this integral will be zero. We will assume that the sources are far from the scatterer and represent the source integral by (E',H') which later be set plane wave incident in the scatterer. Equation (8) and (9) can then be written as 2 res O elsewhere. (10) E(r) = 6(r) |E(r)+ So al Senlal xB) G+ (0B) 1), and Ba(e > 2,4 + 2), respectively. Using (22a — d) in (28a — d) we obtain AL+Re mh Re Jy E M% 2+ EA+% -% ||Mil=|Hi]. (24) R % Ao+Rel | Ja If (€1 = €2,41 = 2); (24) reduses to, 10(Ar+2R\=B; , J=Ji+J2 (25) which refers to the case of a resistive sheet boundary in free space. 1.2.3 Dilectrie Boundary A homogenous penetrable body is depicted in Fig. 5. Here we will give Be aa fh Figure 5: Geometry for Dielectric boundary. four different integral equation formulations for dielectric boundaries. For all cases, we will be using the formulas (23a—d) for the fields Ey,2 and Hy... 1.2.3.1 EFIE Formulation The problem given in Figure 5 can be seperated into two sub-problems each gives the field in one of the regions. Boundary conditions for the E field for the external and the internal problems are; nxE,=-M (26a) and nx Ey = Mz (260) respectively. From (23a - d) and (26a, 6) with (Jz = -J,,M2 = -Mj], we obtain the EFTE equations, axE, ax Aig —m x aM, - Mt (270) O= mx hgh ~mx 0M + MA. (27) 1.2.3.2 MFIE Formulation Boundary conditions for the Magnetic field for the external and internal problems are; uwnxHy=J, (28a) and nx Hy = -Jp (288) respectively, on the surface of the dielectric body. Using (28) in (23a ~ d), we arrive to MFIE, L J nx XSi + ym x AM + (29a) 0 = nx 951 + mx AgM; - 2 (298) =x Md, + x baMi - 3 1.2.8.3 CFIE Formulation Combining the EFIE and MFIE formulations as outlined in (21), yields a{E9.(27a)] + (1 — an x [E9.(290)] = CF IE, (30a) {Bq.(276)] + (1 — a)m x (E9.(296)] = CFIE, (308) These are the most general integral equations to be solved for Jy and Mi. ‘They can in general be combined with similar integral equations from other dielectric boundaries for simulating rather complex geometries. 1.2.3.4 PMCHW Formulation ‘The PMCHW formulation is another formulation which is also robust at interior resonant frequencies. The method relies on implying the continuity condition on the surface of the dielectric body. That is, nx [E, ~ Ep] =0 (31a) and nx [Hy - Hp] =0. (318) Employing these conditions to the fields given in (23a-d), we obtain the PMCHW equations AtA2 -%-% )[ J) _[ EI (02) M%+% SA + BAo} [Mi] ~ [Hi] 1.2.4 Impedance Boundary ‘The impedance boundary condition is of the form, nx Ey = Znx (nx Hy). (33) 12Substituting (33) into (23a, 6), we get the surface integral equation. [nee -% |[&]- % oh+9) (Mi In (34), 9 = ve represents the characteristic impedance of the surrounding medium. B| (34) 1.2.5 Circuit-Analog Boundary Consider a thin(penetrable or impenetrable) multilayered sheet(Fig. 6). tangential components on the two sides of the sheet(consistent with duality and reciproity) can be written as E+, Ht "id n layers . Figure 6: Geometry for CA Sheets . ax(E* (t)+E°(2)) = Aenxnx(H* (r)-H” (0) -Aenxnx[E*(e)-E“(0)] (35a) nx(Ht(r)+H- (r)] = Ran xnx[E*(r)-E*(r)]+Renxnx[H*(r)-H(r)} (358) Here E*(r) and H*(r) represent the fields on the upper and the lower sur- faces of the sheet, respectively; A, and Ry, are the electric and the magnetic resistivities and Re is a cross coupling term. Rewriting (35a) and (356) in matrix form, we obtain E | _[xu xv]{ Bt mm x HO] (xa x20) [yn x HY 1,2) are given by (36) where xis(, xin = [1+ (1/2 Re)?/ReRm}/{[l — {(1/4— RG)/RePm}] (87a) X12 = -1/[Rell ~ {(1/4 — R2)/ReRra}] (376) Xai = —1/[Re[l — {(1/4 - R2)/ReRm}] (374) 13Xa = [+ (1/2 + Re)?/ReRral/{l — {(1/4— R2)/ReRm}] (37d) jin which Ra(Re = 2nRey fm = ~(2/n)Rm: Re = 2Re),(n = em,0) stand for the normalized resistivities. Assuming that the thin multilay- ered sheet can be characterized by its reflection and transmission properties, R,(n = e,m,c) can be determined by relating them to the reflection and transmission coefficients of the sheet. For general layered structure we need two reflection (I'*) and one transmission coefficient (T). The corresponding reflection and transmission coefficients from (35a,6) are (2R_c088 ~ 2Rm/cos0 + 4Re) (ARR, + RB) +1 +2 + Rec088 + 2Rm]c050) (4(R3 + ReRrm) ~ 1) (4(RLRm + R2) +1+2R_cos0 + 2Rm/cos8) where 6 stands for the incident angle. At normal incidence (9 = 0) the above can be inverted to yield Re = [(0)- (141+ ())(14T (0))/{C* (O)T~ (0) - (1 = T7(0))"1/2 (394) Ren = (2%(0) = (1=P* 0))(1-F~ (0)]/{0* (O}L~ (0) - (1 = T7(0))"1/2 (898) Re=[-(O)-T*(OI/E*(OE-(0) - (1-T0)"/2. (396) Thus, upon having the refection/transmission coefficients we can extract the corresponding Rq(n = e,m,c) values. 1.2.5.1 Reduction to simple sheet condition T+@)= (38a) (6) = (380) ‘The transmission line model can be used to relate the above R(n = €,m,c) parameters to the resistivity (Zp) and conductivity (Z,) values for simple sheets. Equating the reflection and transmission coefficients for the circuit with those from (38a,b) yields series + Re 00, Rm =—-Z,/Z0, Re=0 (40a) parallel: + Rm +00, Re=—Zp/Zo, Re= (406) and the xij(i,j = 1,2) matrices reduce to eer = [o atl (41a) and 1 0 (aya, Al : (418) ‘When (41a,6) is used in (36), we conclude that a single parallel impedance circuit represents a resistive boundary condition, whereas a single series imprdance circuit represent a magnetically conductive boundary. 41.2.5.2 Surface integral equations ‘To construct a surface integral equation let us refer to Fig.5. In this case interior and the exterior fields can be expressed with (28a —d). The relation in between the tangential field components and the surface currents can also be given with (22c,q). Substituting (23a ~ d) into (36) with the identification that By = E*, Ey = E~, Hy = H*, Ha = Ho we obtain the integral equation; Ay Re —2, 0 J BE m% wht +a 0 aa M H 30x12 — 42) 0 A, - -% Jy 0 0 po SAB) Maho + AB | LM 0 (42) 152 CHAPTER II 2.1 Composite Structures Consider the geometry depicted in (Fig. 7). In this chapter we will derive the integral equations for different composite structures that are implemented in CADRISA. Figure 7: Geometry for general composite structures implemented in CADRISA . 2.1 Composite problem 1 In our first problem S; and Sp are dielectric and S3 and Sj are the per- fectly conducting surfaces. Electric and the magnetic fields can be written as follows in three different regions; Ey (r) = 6; (r)[B‘ — Ay(J) + J4) + 9)My] (43a) ‘Hy (r) = 6;(r)[H* - (J) + Ja) — nul (430) 4(t) = bl0)[-Aal do — Jr) + 92(Ma —Mi)] (48) Hale) =0l0[-Ma(F2—Jn) yAa(Ma— My) a(t) = Os(e)[~As(ds ~ Ja) + 95M] (482) His(r) = 05(0)[-93(I ~ Ja) - gal (asp) Boundary conditions on the surfaces S; — S, can be given as OnSj:nx[E:—Ey]=0 ; nx(Hi-Ha]=0 (44a) OnS;: nx (E,-E3)=0 ; nx (H)—Hs)=0 (440) 16OnSy:nxE3=0(EFIE) ; nxH3=J;(MFIE) —— (44e) OnS,:nx Ey =0(EFIE) ; nxHi=Jy(MFIE). (44d) Using (44a —d) in (43a — f), and after some straight forward manipulations we find the surface integral equation as, 2=Vv (45a) AitA2 -%~-M% — —Ae Qa oO AL M+% FMit aha -M% nah 0 =Ao % AgtAs -M%-M -Ay 0 Za —% ~ yh +23 ght # 2% 0 0 0 As Q3 As 0 AL —m% 0 0 oom (450) ui E(S;) M: (51) h 0 I= v ; (450) M; 0 Js 0 Ss EN(Ss) 2.2 Composite problem 2 In the second problem 5; is a dielectric, S, is a resistive and S3 and Sy are the perfectly conducting surfaces. In this case fields can be expressed as (r) = 6(r)[B - Ai(Ji + Ju) + Mi] (46a) Hiy(r) = 0(6) [Ht 9)(5: + J.) - A.M) (466) Ea(r) = 4(6)[-Aa(J2 - i) + O(a -M))) (46¢) Hy() = 6(r)[-Ma(S2 — Ji) — git -M)] (46d) Eg(r) = 6(t)[—As(Js + Jz2) ~ %5Mp]. (46e) WwHo(r) = 6(r)[-M3(J3 + Jz) + aghnal (46f) Boundary conditions on the surfaces S; — Sy can be given as OnS,:nx(E)-Ey]=0 ; ax(Hy-Haj=0 (47a) OnS):nx(Ba-Es]=0 ; nx(B2 + Es] = 2mRnxnx(Ha — Hs] (475) OnSs:nxE3=0(EFIE) ; nxH3=J3(MFIB) (47) OnS:mx Ey =0(EFIE) ; nxHy=J,(MFIE). (47d) Using (47a —d) in (46a — f), and after some straight forward manipulations we find the surface integral equation as AitAz -%-% — =Ay M 0 ok M+ ah + gyda —%, yh 0 0 Q io Q% Ag+ WE -% ae 0 0 Z=| -% ~apha M% hot Mat Ms M0 0 0 ae M3 Agt+M2 As 0 0 0 0 D3 As As 0 AL -% 0 0 0 ou (48a) th E(S:) M Hi(S)) ha 0 T=|M| v=| 0 |. (486) Jn 0 Js 0 ory E'(Ss) 2.3 Composite problem 3 In the third problem 5; is a dielectric, S, is a CA-boundary and Sy and Sy are the perfectly conducting surfaces. 18In this case fields can be written as E,(r) = 6(r)[B — Aid +J4) +%Mi) (49a) Hi) = eB = (01 +34) FAM (496) B(@) = 0()[-Aa(de ~ 51) + 20M — Mi] (49) Hafe) = O()[-Ma(Fa—)— hal —M] (484) O(r)Es(r) = —Ag(Js + Jo2) + 93Ma2 (49e) Ate) =~ + Jn) ~ ba Mi (9p) Boundary conditions on the surfaces $1 — S4 can be given as OnS:nx[Ei-Ea]=0 ; nx(By-Ha]=0 (50a) if Es ]ofx x Ea onsr:[yax'ma]~ [in eal Lex] OnSy:nxE3=O(EFIE) ; nxHs=J3(MFIE) — (50c) OnS,:nxE,=O(EFIE) ; nx Hi =J,(MFIE). (50d) Using (50a—d) in (49a — f), and after some straight forward manipulations we find the surface integral equation as Ait Aa -M 9 a % ° ° 1M ab —% hs ° M+ MA + eda * 0 a % Mo Be -% “Mm —-ayhs % opiate a os aft is ° 0 F6na- a) ° 0 o 0 Oa) My eh t+ ° ° ° ° As Ms M = ° ° 0 51a)qh EX(S:) M (51) h 0 M, 0 I v= 5 (510) Jn 0 Mn 0 Js 0 Ja Bi(S)) 2.4 Composite problem 4 In the fourth problem S; and Sy are dielectric, Ss is a PEC and 5, is an impedance surface. In this case fields can be written as By(r) = O(e)[E— AS +Js)+%(Mi +My] (62a) Ho) =O) = 900,41) += + Mal] (6% f (6) =)6(e)[-Aa(de — J) + (Ma - M)] (522) ‘H,(r) = 6(r)[-92(S2 - J,) — agi —Mi)} (52d) g(t) = 6()[-As( J ~ Ja) +95Ma] (622) Halt) =[-4(05~ 3) ~ Zhai (82) and the boundary conditions on the surfaces S — S, can be given as OnS,:mx(B1-E]=0 ; nx[Hi-Hy]=0 (53a) OnS;:mx (By -Es]=0 ; x [Hy —-Hs]=0 (638) OnSs:nxE3=0(EFIE) ; nxHg=J3(MFIE) — (53c) OnSy:nx Ey = Znx nx Hy. (834) Using (53a —d) in (52a f), and after some straight forward manipulations we find the surface integral equation as 20AMitAg -%-M% — Ae M% Oo & —% M+ HM + he -M nah 0 % ah Ae M% — Agt Ay -%-% My 0 0 = whe MFM Fit els -% 0 0 0 Ay O As 0 0 AL - 0 0 0 M+% -% ay aA 0 0 0 % bMty ‘ (54a) L E\(S,) M HS) Ja 0 T=|M| V=| 0 (648) Js 0 Ja E\(S:) My. Hi(S4) 2.5 Composite problem 5 In the fifth problem S; is a dielectric, S2 is a resistive S3 is a PEC and ‘S, is an impedance surface. In this case fields can be given as E(x) = 6(e)[B! ~ An(Ji +Ja) +1(Mi +Ma)] ‘Hy (r) = 6(r)[H* - (5, +34) -— jah +My) Ena(r) = O(r)[—Aa(Ja - Ju) + (M2 - Mi)] Hix(r) = 0(0)[-2(32 ~ 31) ~ yha(Ma MY) Es(r) = 6(r)[-As(Js + Jaz) - 93Ma] a. (56a) (568) (56c) (56d) (56)Hig(t) = 6(6)[-M(Js + Joa) + igh (667) Boundary conditions on the surfaces 5, ~ 5, can be given as OnS,:nx[Bi—E3]=0 ; nx [Hi - Hy] =0 (57a) OnS): nx(Eq-Es]=0 ; nx[By +Es] = 2m Rnxnx{Hp - Hg] (576) OnSs:nxE3=0(EFIE) ; xHs=J3(MFIE) (5%) OnSy:nx Ey = Znx nx Hy. (7d) Using (57a -d) in (56a — f), and after some straight forward manipulations we find the surface integral equation as Atay = ha % o oo tm dwt yh -yn o 0 & oh mE -m a) Mm eh Mt phate My myo ° ° a My Ast ME Ay 0 0 0 o Ms Ay As o M m1 ° ° 0 0 Ae % am ° ° o 0 & 2) q E\(S1) M (5) a 0 Ma 0 I= V= : (580) Jn 0 Js 0 Us E(Si) Ma Hi(Ss) 22.6 Composite problem 6 In the sixth problem S; is a dielectric, S, is a CABC Ss is a PEC and Sy is an Impedance surface. In this case fields can be as = O(r)[BF — Ay(Sy + Js) + %1(Mi + My)] (59a) Hy(r) = 6(r)[H - (J, + Ju) = p(y +M,)] (596) i E(t) = O(F)[-Aa(Ba — J) + MM ~ M)] (59) Hale) = O()-M(82— Ji) ~ Zyha(Me— Mi] (694) Es(r) = 8(r)[—Aa(Js + Jaz) + 23M29) (59e) a(x) = Ole)[-Mslda + Jn) ~ haat (69) Boundary conditions on the surfaces S; — Sy can be given as OnS;:nx(Ei-Ey]=0 ; x(Hi-Ha]=0 (600) xu X12 ae res x ‘nl Ie 2] iB x | i OnS3:nxE3=0(EFIE) ; nxH3=J3(MFIE) — (60c) OnSy:nx Ey = Znx nx Fy. (60d) Using (60a —d) in (59a— f), and after some straight forward manipulations we find the surface integral equation as AB Z= (61a) Cc OD. AitAg = -M%-2% Ay % 4% ht dhe — -ah A=] -he % Ay- Ba = (61) —% he oy apka + 0 0 AG MBH) 0 230 0 0 & Fh B=| -sy 0 o 0 0 (61d) 1 0 -giz 0 0 0 Ao-BL -% As 0 0 0 0 0 AG *uXR) o 0 0 0 c= (61e) Ay -% 0 0 % FA 0 0 Ms past A M0 0 Ay -M = AsO 0 (61s) 0 0 Oo M+ -M 0 0 0% HM tae qi E\(Si) M: HS) hh 0 My 0 I=| Jn v=| 0}. (619) My 0 Js 0 Is E\(Ss) My H(Ss) 242.7 Composite problem 7 In the second problem 5} is a dielectric, $s and Sy are PEC surfaces. In this case fields can be written as, Ex(r) = 6(r)[B* — Ai(Si + Ja) +My) (62a) Hy (r) = 6(r)[Hé — (J; + Jy) - unl (626) Eq(r) = 6(r)[—A2(Js - Ji) - MMi] (62c) H(t) = 6(6)[-M(dy - Ji) + gh (624) Boundary conditions on the surfaces S; — S4 can be given as OnS,:nx(E1-Ea]=0 ; nx(Hi-Ha]=0 (63a) OnS3:nxE,=O0(EFIE) ; nx Hj =J3;(MFIE) (636) OnSi:nxE,=O(EFIE) ; xHy=J4(MFIE). —_(63c) Using (63a —c) in (62a —d), and after some straight forward manipulations we find the surface integral equation as Ait+Ag -M%-% -Ag Ar M+M% Mt who -% % Za (64a) he % he 0 AY my Oo A u E\(Si) M HS) I= (646) Js 0 Js E(Ss) 2.8 Composite problem 8 In the eight problem S; is a dielectric, Ss is a PEC and 5; is an impedance surface. In this case fields can be written as Ey (r) = 6(r)[B* — Ai(Js + Ja) +01(M + Ma)) (65a) 25Hy(r) = 6(0) [Ht — 94(51 +54) - phat] (658) ? By(r) = (8)[-Aa(Js ~ 1) ~ Mi) (656) Ha(e) = 6)[-Ma(dp~ i) + 3AM (654) i Boundary conditions on the surfaces S; — S, can be given as OnS;:nx (E1-E)]=0 ; nx(Hi-Hy]=0 (66a) OnS3:nxEq=O(EFIE) ; oxHy=J3(MFIE) (668) OnS:nx Ey = Znx nx Hh. (660) Using (66a — c) in (65a —d), and after some straight forward manipulations we find the surface integral equation as ArtA2 -%-% -Ag AL 2; M+ HM + bdo -% % ah Z=| -Ag Q Ae 0 0 (67a) AL -% Oo m+¥ -% m Ha 0 & AM+d qh E(S:) M H'(S1) t=|4| v=| 0 |. (67) Sa E'(Ss) My Hi(S)) 2.9 Composite problem 9 In the eight problem 5p is a resistive, 53 and Sy are PEC surfaces. In this case fields can be expressed as Ej (r) = 6(6)[Bt — A (Jo + Ja) + Ma] (68a) Hi (r) = 6(r)[Hf' - 94(2 + Ja) — wel (680) Ea(r) = O(r)[—A2(Js + Jz2) - 22Ma} (68) 261 Ho(r) = 4(r)[-2(Is + Joa) + goal (68d) Boundary conditions on the surfaces S; ~ S can be given as OnSp : nx(Ey - Ey] =0 ; nx(Ei + Ea] = 2n, Raxnx(Ha — Hs] (692) OnSs : nx E: OnSy: nx Ey = =0(EFIE) ; nxH=J3(MFIE) (696) (BFIE) ; nxHy=J4(MFIE). (690) Using (69a —c) in (68a —d), and after some straight forward manipulations we find the surface integral equation as, Ay +08 —% mm 0 OM aX ah + gla + one MM z=| & Ao+4E kn 0 (70a) 0 Dy Aa Me 0 AL —% 0 om Je E'(S2) Mz Hi(S:) I=|Jn| V=| 0 |. (706) Js 0 Js E'S) 2.10 Composite problem 10 Inthe eight problem Sy isa resistive, 5) is a PEC and S; is an impedance surface. In this case fields can be written as By(r) = O(r)[E* — Ar(d2 + Ja) + 91(Ma + Ma)] (71a) H(z) = 6(¢)0H! (02 +30) - 4 (Mz + My)] (71) Eq(r) = 8(r)[-A2(Js + Inz) - 2M} (Te) H(r) = 6(r)[-94(Io + Jan) + gh (72a) 27Boundary conditions on the surfaces $1 ~ S, can be given as Ons : nx(Es - E; OnSy: n x Eq = O(EFIE) 0 3 mx(Ey + Ea] = 2m. Raxnx[Hy - Ha] (730) } ax Hy=J3(MFIE) (736) OnS;:nx By = Zax nx Hy (730) Using (73a —) in (72a —d), and after some straight forward manipulations we find the surface integral equation as, A+ BF =O moo OM -% % hit gAet ae = -M% = -M% aA rd M% Ma+t® de 0 0 Z= 0 O hook 0 0 A —m 0 0 Mt+% my ah 0 0 HM t ae (74a) da E\(S) Mz H'(S2) 0 (74) 0 Ja E'(Ss) My (Ss) 2.11 Composite problem 11 In the eight problem S is a CA boundary, $3 and S, are PEC surfaces. In this case fields can be given as E(t) = O(r)[E — Au(J2 + Js) + 21.My] (75a) Hy (c) = 6(0) [1 - (Ja + Ja) — ahme] (158) Ep(r) = (r)[—Aa(Js + Jon) + Mo] (75c) Ha(r) = 0(0)[-2(0s + Iza) — goal. (15d) 28Boundary conditions on the surfaces $; - $4 can be given as a ae ee cee fe x inl [i xz) [yn x Ha (0) OnSs:nxEq=O(EFIE) ; nxHa=J3(MFIE) (766) OnSy:nxE,=O(EFIE) ; nxHy=J«(MFIB). —— (76e) Using (76a ~c) in (75a—d), and after some straight forward manipulations we find the surface integral equation as, A,- Be -% - 0 0 A % qh+ Me 0 -m OO H0ci2 - *ua) ° Aa-BR MeO 0 Hoa-MBa) = = b+ BB M0 0 0 Ay —% mh 0 AL ~My 0 0 o A (77a) a E'(S2) M2 Hi(S)) Jn 0 (77) Mn 0 J3 0 Ja E'(S:) 2.12 Composite problem 12 In the eight problem $2 is a CA boundary, Ss is a PEC and Sy is an Impedance surface. In this case fields can be written as Ey (r) = 6(r)[B' — Ai(S2 + Ja) +91 (Ma + Ma)] (78a) Hy (r) = 6(r)[H — 4 (J2 + Ja) — anita +My) (785) Bp(r) = 4(t)[—Aa(Is + Jaa) + Moz) (78c) 29‘Ho(r) = 4(r)[-2(Js + Jaa) — Mal. (78d) Boundary conditions on the surfaces S, ~ 5; can be given as of EP] _fxn xe EH ns [omsne]= [i al [yea] OnSs:nxE=0(EFIE) ; nxH=J3(MFIE) (798) OnSy:nx Ey = Znx nx Hy. (79) Using (79a —c) in (78a —d), and after some straight forward manipulations we find the surface integral equation as Mn Re — a 0 o Mt -% a ght ae 0 -aa OD waht (12 — “uaa 0 Aq ~ fa -% hm 0 0 Z= 0 po MB) ht BB MO 0 0 0 Ay —m dh 0 0 AL 2 0 0 Oo M+% -% X ah 0 0 0 Q ght (80a) h Ei(S,) Ma H'(S2) In 0 0 (808) Js 0 u E\(S:) My H'(Ss) 2.13 Composite problem 13 In the thirteenth problem $3 is a PEC and Sj is an Impedance surface. In this case fields can be written as 30(r)E; (r) = Et — Aq(J3 + J4) + 01My (81a) 6(r)Hy(r) = HY — 94(35 + Ja) - aie (818) Boundary conditions on the surfaces 5; — S, can be given as OnSy:nx Ey =0(EFIE) ; 2x Hy =J3(MFIE) (820) OnSy:n x By = Znxnx Hh. (828) Using (82a, 6) in (81a,8), and after some straight forward manipulations we find the surface integral equation as AL AL —% Z=|M M+% -M% (83a) % Atay Js E'(S3) I=|4| v=|E(S)]. (838) Mg Hi(Ss) 2.14 Composite problem 14 In the thirteenth problem 53 is an impedance and Sj is a PEC surface. In this case fields can be written as 9(e)Ei (r) = Bt — Ai(Js + 54) + %My (840) (x) EL (c) =H — 04(d5 + Jy) - gM. (84) Boundary conditions on the surfaces S; — 4 can be given as OnS3:nx Ey =Znxnx Hi (85a) OnSy:nxE, =O(EFIE) ; nx Hy =J4(MFIE). (856) Using (85a, 5) in (84a,8), and after some straight forward manipulations we find the surface integral equation as M+% -M% My cory ae +h % (86a) AL M&MJs E\(Ss) I=|Ms| V=|HY(S3)|. (868) Je E‘(Ss) 32CHAPTER III 3 MoM FORMULATION 3.1 Basis Functions ‘Assume that for each of the surfaces mentioned in the previous chap- ter have a triangular facet model. For each surface electric and magnetic currents are expanded in terms of the RWG (Rao-Wilton-Glisson)| 5] N I(r) = Yo Infa(r) (87a) mt n M() = -m% > Knfa(r) (875) at where (88) 0 elsewhere ‘As it can clearly be seen from the (Fig. 8). Two triangles forming the edge ‘n’ denoted by Tit and Ty-, with vertex points, rf and rq. The length of the ’nth’ edge is I, and the area of the triangles 7, and Tj; are Ay and Az, respectively. ‘The minus sign and the factor 4p in the magnetic current expansion are included so that the resulting matrix equations are symmetric. The factor of mp is required since the H-field equation is normalized by no. 3.1 Testing Procedure ‘The MoM solution for a general 3-D body based on the CFIE formulation is obtained in terms of five generalized Galerkin(matrix) operators. These operators correspond to five integral operators A, 2, nx A nxM and %. % is the operator which results from testing the current directly. Once these operators are defined it is easy to go directly from the integral equation to the MoM matrix equation. Assume that a complex inner product between vector functions A and Bona surface S as follows: (A,B)s = [arBas (89) 33Figure 8: Triangles making up a basis function . where the * indicates the complex conjugate. In the Galerkin form of MoM solution, testing functions are choosen to be equal to the basis functions. ‘The electric field integral equations are tested with f, and the magnetic field integral equations are tested with nofy. 34CHAPTER IV 4 ADAPTIVE INTEGRAL METHOD 4.1 General Theory ‘The Adaptive Integral Method ,one of that have been recently devoloped, is one of the most powerful integral-equation solvers. The main idea of the fast solutions methods is to construct matrix-vector multiplication algo- rithms characterized by a complexity that is lower than the O(N?)(N is the number of unknowns). In the AIM methodology this reduction is achieved by generating a regular grid surrounding the structure. Evaluation of the Green’s function on this regular grid produces a matrix with the Toeplitz property allowing the FFT to be used for the matrix-vector product which has a complexity of NlogN. Consider an arbitrary, perfectly conducting surface(B) illuminated by an incident field E’. The scattered field E* is given by Et =-jwA-Vo (90a) where A is the magnetic potential defined as A()= & [ate and the scalar potential ¢ is given by Ss‘, (906) (90c) In these equations R = |r, J, and p, denote the surface current and charge densities, respectively. The continuity equation (91) provides the relation between the two densities. For a numerical solution of the integral equation one should discretize the surface into small triangular patches and expand the unknown current ‘J, using a suitable set of basis functions W,(r). We let Je(t) = y Tn ¥n(t) (92) a 35,where J, are unknown coefficients ¥,(r) defined by ue Wale) =D) Sa — 2nq)5(u — Ung) 5(z — Zng) Mg + Med + Meg] (93) = ‘M is equal to the expansion order, and Fng are the points on the grid sur- rounding the ne edge. For the divergence of the basis function following definition can be made a VEE) = > 5(e — ang) (Y — ng) OC — Zn) Mg: (94) a Enforcing the boundary condition to the integral equation, we get [Binds = [ jeAWmds + [,%etnds m= lB ls 2 by invoking the vector identity NN (98) ii E'D,,dS = ji juAV nds — f VG nds m By using (90 ~ 94) in equation (96) we get NO MMS im = fiat 9 In YD (NipXing + Mpg + NapAng)G(Fnps Fra) nol paige M3 MS Tn YY Map Mg (Eps Fa) 7) palgt where rap and fig are the locations of the grid nodes and G (aps tng) = ents =indl (08) If we rewrite the (97) in a matrix form, we get = (4) (99) with ‘ (= Dwyer (100) fat and Viwn[\*] (101a) = vjau)"] (1010) (£9) = Viwnl*] (1016) 36(os) (Re (101d) jue The two sets of basis functions ¥,(r) and fa(r)(RWGbasis) can become equivalent, by imposing their moments up to order M —+ oo with respect to the midpoint of the nq edge, Maaaos = [| [eal 20)"(y— vo ~ 9) dade we = Lleoe = £2)" (Ung — Va) (eng — 20)" (A%,R + eG + Arg] (102) a Mom = [OL fo sleve— 2 u- vale 2) ded (108 Similar moments can be described for the divergences as follows. Phan = [7 [7 [ sitene— 20 (u—m)(e~ 2) dete - = Yo (eng — £0)" (Yng — Ya) (eng — 20) Ag (104) = Dies = ff, J Yeleee ~ 20 0— vale — 20)Paedyde (105) Mine = Mirae (106) Dirsaes = Direass (107) Solution of the last two equations gives the ) coefficients. 37CHAPTER V NUMERICAL RESULTS ‘As benchmark tests, we ran the following geometries with three different methods: ‘+ Method of Moments (MoM) using direct factorization (LU) Method of Moments using an iterative solver ‘+ Adaptive Integral Method (AIM) using an iterative solver Each chart characterizes the results from each of these methods, and various information about the run (such as number of unknowns, iterations, etc) is supplied. The tests were run on a 400 MHz Pentium II computer with 512MB of RAM. Intel supplied the numerical library used for LU factorization and Fast Fourier Transforms. In each test, the excitation was a planar wave. In the first graph, we analyzed monostatic backscatter of the NASA 14” PEC Almond at 1 GHz. ‘The view angles for this simulation are along the phi-direction. Note that the AIM method did not converge with this geometry—this result is not surprising, because it is well known that the EFIE ‘method is not optimum for closed bodies. On the second graph, we ran the same almond geometry using the MFIE method. In this case, both iterative MoM and AIM converged to the answer given by the LU method. Closer results could have been achieved with a smaller stopping residual, ‘The third graph represents a combination of the EFIE and MFIE techniques. The CFIE technique gives convergence to a more accurate iterative answer than straight MFIE. On the fourth, fifth, and sixth graphs we simulated the monostatic RCS of a PEC box to examine the effects of very sharp comers on the AIM algorithm. The view angles were the same as those used previously in the case of the almond. We had convergence and very good agreement for each of the EFIE, MFIE and CFIE methods. The seventh graph shows the bistatic RCS of a dielectric sphere using the PMCHW formulation. ‘The incoming wave travels in the ~z direction while the scattering was taken along the @-axis with 6-0. The three methods showed good agreement between each other as well as published resultsOSD SIU) 10J TV YIM 0931909 ON :9]0N ON S070 = eucbeig = ON ze vy gNel0 SRL oelz wv zer £070 reuoBeig os 92 oo! ase —OESY eZ. Won! 9% YN vin vN ou oo} ase SESY_——_oeiz wow n7 OW] BAjOS JENPBSY UOAIPUCIeIG sUOHELe| UOMPUOD 3 OUIA IIld 1IN4% AlOWOW CJeZUON # UMOLHUN ¥ (c06="0='0) “=" oct oot oso 9 eV x oo- wiv x = WoW ---~ aLAd - ZHD Z @ puoully VSWN Odd «v1zev S00 __reuoBeig IN zt y aWsro seL oeiz wiv osz £00 _euofeiq ost oz ool sW9e —OESP_ et. 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O %- WoW — 00 = WoW — add - X0g Od sou£6 £00 9UON o zo s anzo ez ose wiv ez €0'0 _9uON oF et col gs» = e9g ose, vo vIN vIn vn wow! aL ool GS" eos ose wow n7 Owl} @AJOS LeNPSeY UCAIPuosesg sUONeIe} UONIPUOD wy OWN jI14 1IN4% AlOWeW o1eZUON # UMOUYUN # (006=0=0) “=9 WIV x = WY x Won! = WoW! Oo 9 Wow — 00 = wow — dIdW - XO@ Odd o SouLeet £00 __9u0N oe zo s anzo ez ose wiv sz £00 @UON of ab 00} aN regs ose Won! v0 vn vin vn ob oo} ans’ —_te9g ose Wow m7 ‘QUILL OAIOS JENPISSY UOAIpucceig suoHeie| UOMIPUOD =] OWN IIL 1IN4% KJOWOW C1OZUON # UMOUAUN (006=0=0) 'G=9 ost oot ort_—ozt_ oot, oe dd) - Xo Od sou99 £00 __@uON ve zo ez aWo OL ove. ko £00 eUON a 0 oor gwso 8s ove, o- YN VN vin so oor ans0 as ove ‘Oil, OAIOS [eNPHeY UOIPUCIeLg suOHeIy UORIPUCD ¥69 OWN IIL 1INJ% KIOWOW 1eZU0N # UMOWMUN # 0-0 0-9-0 (€-0F SL 1='3) oxoydg oLnoajo1q wiv wow! wow 7. SowBIBLIOGRAPHY (1] Harrington R.F., Field Computation by Moment Methods, Macmillan, New York, 1968. [2] Volakis J.L. et al. , Finite Blement Method for Electromagnetics {3] Bleszynski E., M. Bleszynski and T. Jaroszewics, ” AIM: Adaptive Integral method compression algorithm for solving large-scale electromagnetic scattering and radiation problems”, Radio Sci., 31, 1225- 1251, 1996 [4] Maute J.R. and R. F. Harrington, "H-field, E-field and combined filed solutions for conducting bodies of revolution,” Arch. Elek. Ubertragung., vol. 32, pp. 157-164, 1978. [5] Rao S. M., D. R. Glisson and A.W. Wilton, ” Electromagnetic scattering by surfaces of arbitrary shape”, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., 80, 409-418, 1982. 38