FLUID DYNAMICS

Phys 5306
By Mihaela-Maria Tanasescu

GOVERNING EQUATIONS
COANDA EFFECT

 Fluid dynamics is the key to our

understanding of some of the most

important phenomena in our physical
world: ocean currents and weather
systems.

 The continuity assumption:

Knudsen Number
Continuum mechanics
Modeling fluids

Governing equations
Conservation equations
Constitutive equations

Aerodynamics application

Physics of flight and the Coanda effect

Knudsen number
Problems with Knudsen numbers at
or above unity must be evaluated
using statistical mechanics for
reliable solutions

The continuity assumption

The continuity assumption considers fluids to

be continuos. That is, properties such as

density, pressure, temperature, and velocity
are taken to be well-defined at infinitely small
points, and are assumed to vary continuously
from one point to another. The discrete,
molecular nature of a fluid is ignored

density (r,t)
flow velocity u(r,t)
pressure p(r,t)
temperature T(r,t)

The continuum method is

generaly used to describe fluid
dynamics
The vast majority of phenomena
encoutered in fluid mechanics fall
well within the continuum domain
and may involve liquids as well as
gases

Modeling fluids
Eulerian description: a fixed reference

frame is employed relative to which a fluid

is in motion;
Time and spatial position in this reference frame,
{t, r} are used as independent variables
The fluid variables such as mass, density,
pressure and flow velocity which describe the
physical state of the fluid flow in question are
dependent variables as they are functions of
the independent variables

Modeling fluids
Lagrangian description the fluid

is described in terms of its

constituent fluid elements;
Attention is fixed on a particular
mass of fluid as it flows

Modeling fluids
Control volumes

The control volume is arbitrary in shape and each conservation

principle is applied to an integral over the control volume

Modeling fluids
Reynolds Transport Theorem:
Relates the lagrangian derivative of a volume
integral of a given mass to a volume integral in
which the integrand has eulerian derivatives only

dV
( u ) dV

V
Dt V
t

Governing equations
The governing equations consist of

conservation equations and

constitutive equations;
conservation equations apply
whatever the material studied;
constitutive equations depend from
the material;

Governing equations
Conservation equations
Conservation of

mass-Continuity
equation:

Continuity equation

for an
incompressible fluid:

( uk ) 0
t xk

uk

0
t
xk

Governing equations
Conservation equations

Conservation of momentum
The principle of conservation of
momentum is in fact an application
of Newtons second law of motion to
an element of fluid

uj
uj ij

uk

fi
t
xk xi

Governing equations
Conservation equations
Conservation of energy
the modified form of the first law of
thermodynamics applied to an element of fluid
states that the rate of change in the total energy
(intrinsic plus kinetic) of the fluid as it flows is
equal to the sum of the rate at which work is
being done on the fluid by external forces and the
rate on which heat is being added by
conduction
2
e
e
uk
T
uk
uj ui uj
uk
p

t
xk
xk x j x j
xk
xi xj xj

Constitutive equations

The nine elements of the stress tensor have been expressed

in terms of the pressure and the velocity gradients and two

coefficients and . These coefficients cannot be determined
analytically and must be determined empirically. They are the
viscosity coefficients of the fluid.

uk
uj ui
ij p ij ij

xk
xi xj
The second constitutive relation is Fouriers Law for heat
conduction

T
qj k
xj

Navier-Stokes Equations

The equation of momentum conservation

together with the constitutive relation for a

Newtonian fluid yield the famous NavierStokes equations, which are the principal
conditions to be satisfied by a fluid as it
flows

Navier-Stokes Equations
The central equations for fluid dynamics are the

Navier-Stokes equations, which are non-linear

differential equations that describe the flow of a
fluid whose stress depends linearly on velocity and
on pressure. The unsimplified equations do not
have a general closed-form solution, so they are
only of use in computational fluid dynamics. The
equations can be simplified in a number of ways.
All of the simplifications make the equations easier
to solve. Some of them allow appropriate fluid
dynamics problems to be solved in closed form

Navier-Stokes Equations

uj
uj
p uk
ui u j

uk

f


t
xk
xj xj xk
xi xj x i

uj
uj
p
uj

uk

2 fi
t
xk
xj
xi
2

"That we have written an equation

does not remove from the flow of fluids

its charm or mystery or its surprise."
--Richard Feynman [1964]

Coanda Effect

"That we have written an equation

does not remove from the flow of fluids

its charm or mystery or its surprise."
--Richard Feynman [1964]

Coanda effect

The Coanda Effect works with any of our usual fluids, such
as air at usual temperature, pressures and speeds

Henri Coanda
Romanian Scientist (1886-1972)
One of the pioneers of the aviation, parent of the modern jet
aircraft
Coanda-1910 - a revolutionary aircraft in many ways. First
and foremost, it is now being recognized as the first jet
engine aircraft, making its first and only flight on 16
December, 1910. Coanda's aircraft was the first to have no
propeller. This was 30 years prior to Heinkel, Campini, and
Whittle who have been considered the "fathers" of jet flight.
Missing financial support, Coanda did not pursue further
development of his "reactive" aircraft
The engine was the real innovation , and it is lost to the
aircraft industry that development was not further pursued
in 1910.

Henri Coanda
Aerodina lenticulara in 1934he was granted

a French patent related to the Coand Effect;

in 1935, he used the same principle as the basis for a
hovercraftcalled "Aerodina Lenticulara", which was
very similar in shape to the flying saucers;
later being bought by USAFand become a
classifiedproject
Henri Coandas sketches for his aerodina
lenticulara

Henri Coanda
"These airplanes we have today are no more
than a perfection of a child's toy made of
paper. In my opinion, we should search for a
completely different flying machine, based on
other flying principles. I imagine a future
aircraft, which will take off vertically, fly as
usual, and land vertically. This flying machine
should have no moving parts. This idea came
from the huge power of cyclones."