Pemodelan dan Metode Numerik

(Modeling and Numerical Methods)

http://www.unhas.ac.id/amil/S2TE/pmn_2014/

L #1
Amil Ahmad Ilham

Systems
Modeling
(How to build credible
Computerized Model
of a System)

Urgensi atau Pentingnya Pemodelan

Sistem
Dalam perancangan sistem, sistem yang akan dibangun belum
ada (baru ada secara hipotetis). Untuk membuat prediksi, harus
dibuat model sistem tersebut.
Seandainya pun ada sistem yang sebenarnya, sering sangat mahal
(biaya dan waktu) atau sangat berisiko tinggi bahkan berbahaya
untuk ber-eksperimen dengan sistem yang sesungguhnya.
Untuk suatu studi dalam bidang tertentu, tidak perlu keseluruhan
detail sistem dipelajari, perlu penyederhanaan dengan model.
Perlu meng-identifikasi ENTITAS, ATRIBUT dan AKTIVITAS yang
relevan dalam sistem
Pemodelan = perumusan masalah, langkah awal dalam
engineering ...........
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Types of systems modeling

Analytical vs. numerical solution

Analytical solution
provides exact solution

Numerical solution
Approximates exact solution

Why do we need numerical solution?

There are many mathematical models that cannot be
solved exactly.
In many of these cases, the only alternative is to
develop a numerical solution that approximates the
exact solution.
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Error Definitions
True error:
True percent relative error:

Approximate percent relative error:

Problem
A parachutist of mass 68.1 kg
jumps out of a stationary hot air
balloon. The drag coefficient is
equal to 12.5 kg/s. Compute
velocity when t = 10 seconds! The
parachutist is initially at rest (v = 0
at t = 0)

Problem Analysis
Newton Formula: F = ma

F = net force (N) or (kg m/s2)

m = mass of object (kg)

a = its acceleration (m/s2)

F = FD + FU
FD is the downward force due to
gravity -> FD = mg

g = the acceleration due to gravity (9.8
m/s2)

FU is the upward force due to air

resistance -> FU = -cv

c = the drag coefficient (kg/s)

v = velocity (m/s)
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Problem Analysis

Newton Formula: F = ma

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Problem

A parachutist of mass 68.1 kg jumps out of a stationary

hot air balloon. The drag coefficient is equal to 12.5
kg/s. Compute velocity when t = 10 seconds! The
parachutist is initially at rest (v=0 at t=0)

We need velocity when t = 10 seconds!

V(10) = ?

Solution(?)
Analytic:

Find v(t)
Compute v(10)

Numeric:

Find v(t)
Compute v(10)
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Analytical
Solution

12

Analytical
Solution

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Analytical
Solution

A parachutist of mass 68.1 kg jumps out of a stationary

hot air balloon. The drag coefficient is equal to 12.5
kg/s. Compute velocity when t = 10 seconds! The
parachutist is initially at rest (v=0 at t=0)

V(10) = ??

V(10) = 44.87 m/s

Exercise #1:
Compute velocity (v) when t = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 seconds

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Numerical
Solution
(Euler Method)

A parachutist of mass 68.1 kg jumps out of a stationary

hot air balloon. The drag coefficient is equal to 12.5
kg/s. Compute velocity when t = 10 seconds! The
parachutist is initially at rest (v=0 at t=0)

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Numerical
Solution
(Euler Method)

A parachutist of mass 68.1 kg jumps out of a stationary

hot air balloon. The drag coefficient is equal to 12.5 kg/s.
Compute velocity when t = 10 seconds! The parachutist
is initially at rest (v=0 at t=0)

For example t = 2 seconds

t = 0 -> v(0) = 0
t = 2 -> v(2) = v(0) + [9.8 (12.5/68.1)v(0)]2
= 0 + [9.8 (12.5/68.1)0]2
= 19.6 m/s
t = 4 -> v(4) = v(2) + [9.8 (12.5/68.1)v(2)]2
= 19.6 + [9.8 (12.5/68.1)19.6]2
= 32.00
t = 6 -> v(6) = v(4) + [9.8 (12.5/68.1)v(4)]2
= 32.00 + [9.8 (12.5/68.1)32.00]2
= 39.85
t = 8 -> v(8) = v(6) + [9.8 (12.5/68.1)v(6)]2
= 39.85 + [9.8 (12.5/68.1)39.85]2
= 44.82
t = 10 -> v(10) = v(8) + [9.8 (12.5/68.1)v(8)]2
= 44.82 + [9.8 (12.5/68.1)44.82)]2
= 47.97 m/s

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Numerical
Solution
(Euler Method)

A parachutist of mass 68.1 kg jumps out of a stationary

hot air balloon. The drag coefficient is equal to 12.5 kg/s.
Compute velocity when t = 10 seconds! The parachutist
is initially at rest (v=0 at t=0)

Exercises #2:
1. Using t = 1 second, compute velocity when t
= 15 seconds. -> v(15) = ?
2. Compute True percent relative error for t = 1,
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15
seconds.

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