1.

Basic principle of Radiography Radiation Absorption Difference

2. Geometry Unsharpness (Ug)
3. Ug = Fs x ofd
or
Fod

Penumbra = EFS x OFD

FFD- OFD

Fs= Focal Size

Ofd= Object to film distance
Fod= focal to object distance
Ffd= focal to film distance
Sfd = Source to film distance

4. Min FFD = Ss x OFD + OFD

Penumbra

5. Sensitivity % = Thickness of thinnest step/wire visible x 100

Object Thickness
6. Thickness of thinnest wire visible = Sensitivity X Total weld thickness
100
7. Inverse Square Law

Where:
I1
= Intensity at D1
I2

= Intensity at D2

D1
D2

= Distance 1
= Distance 2

8. Exposure calculation

E = Intensity X Time (mA.min) X-Ray

E = Intensity X Time (ci. mins) Gamma Ray

9. For FFD/SFD change

T1
D2 2
T2 = D1 2
T = Old exposure time
1
T = New exposure time
2
D = Old FFD
1
D = New FFD
2

10. New Exposure Calculation Film Type Based