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Chopter2 - .

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FloshCords

ffi
KeyQuestions
ffi How doesthe slructure
of waler conlribute|o itsunique
properlies?
(* Howdoeswaler'sPolaril
influenceils proPerliesas
o solvenl?
ffiWhv is il imporlanlfor cells
i buffei solutionsogoinslroPid
chongesin pH?

Vocobulory

TokingNoles
VennDiogrom As You reod,
drow o Venndiogromshowing
betweensolutions
the differences
ond the ProPerond suspensi,ons
tiesthot theyshore.

,l

THINK ABOUT lT Lookingbackat our beautifiriplanet,an astronaut


in spacesaidthat if other beingshaveseenthe Earth,they must surely
callt "the blue planet."He referred,of course,to the oceansof water
that covernearlythree fourths of Earth"ssurface.The very presence
of liquid wateriells a scientistthat life may alsobe p-resenton sucha
plurr"t.Why shouldthis be so?Why shouldlife itselfbe connectedso
strorrglyto somethingso ordinary that we often takeit for granted?The
urrr,rJ6 to thosequeitions suggestthat there is somethingvery special
about water and the role it playsin living things'

TheWqtenfr/toleeufie
conlribub to its unique
ffi How does the struclureof woler
properties?
Wateris one of the few compoundsfound in a liquid stateover most
water(HrO) is neutral.
of the Earth'ssurface.Like other molecules,
out the negativecharges
balance
protons
The positivechargeson its 10
on iti tO electrons.However,there is more to the story'

hydrogenbond . cohesion'
odhesionI mixtureo
solutionr solule o solvento
. pH scole .
suspension
ocid.bose.buffer

\----'
I

of Wqter
Properties

Polority With 8 protons in its nucleus'an oxFgenatom hasa much


strongerattraction for electronsthan doesa hydrogenatom-with its
singleproton. Thus,at any moment, there is a greaterprobability of
n"ii"g the sharedelectronsin water closeto its oxygenatom than
nearit-shydrogenatoms.Becauseof the anglesof its chemicalbonds,
the oxygenatom is on one end of the moleculeand the hydrogen
on the other,asshown in Figure 2-6. As a result,the oxygen
atoms'a-re
end of the moleculehasa slight negativechargeand the hydrogenend
of the moleculehasa slight positivecharge'
A moleculein which ih. .hutg.r areunevenlydistributedis saidto be
,,polar,"because
the moleculeis a bit like a magnetwith two poles.The
(-) o-r(+)' to
.irurg., on a polar moleculearewritten in parentheses,
shor,ithat they areweakerthan the chargeson ions suchasNa+and Cl-.

FIGURE2-6 AWoter Molecule


thereis on
is polorbecouse
A wotermolecule
the
between
of electrons
unevendistribution
pole
negctive
The
otoms.
hydrogen
oxygenond
polels
is neortheoxygenotomond thePosltlve
betweenthe hydrogenotoms.

40

search{*ffiffi'TT*.

w Lesson
Review w LessonNotes

of their partialpositiveand negative


Hydrogen BondfrmgBecause
.t urg.r;polar moleculessuchaswater can attract eachother.The
attractionbetweena hydrogenatom on one water moleculeand the
oxygenatom on anotheris known asa hydrogen bond' Hydrogen
bondsarenot asstrong ascovalentor ionic bonds,and they can form
in other compoundsai well. C* Becausewater is a polar molecule,
it is ableto form multiple hydrogenbonds,which accountfor many
of water'sspecialProPerties.
)Cohesion Cohesionis an attraction betweenmoleculesof the same
a singlewatermoleculemaybe involvedin asmany
Because
substance.
asfour hydrogenbondsat the sametime, wateris extremelycohesive.
watermoleculesto be drawntogether,which is why
cohesioncauses
dropsof waterform beadson a smoothsurface.Cohesionalsoproduces
,orfu.. tension,explainingwhy someinsectsand spiderscanwalk on a
pond'ssurface,asshownin Figure2-7'
)Ailhesion On the other hand, adhesionis an attractionbetween
Haveyou everbeentold to readthe
of different substances.
molecules
volumein a graduatedcylinder at eyelevel?As shown in Figure 2-8'
thesurfaceoithe water in the graduatedcylinderdips slightly in the
centerbecausethe adhesionbetweenwater moleculesand glassmoleculesis strongerthan the cohesionbetweenwater molecules.Adhesionbetweenwater and glassalsocauseswaterto rise in a narrow tube
againstthe forceof gravity.This effectis calledcapillaryaction.CapillJry actionis one oith" forcesthat drawswater out of the roots of a
plantand up into its stemsand leaves.cohesion holds the column of
watertogetherasit rises.

)Heat Capncity Another result of the multiple hydrogenbonds


betweenwatermoleculesis that it takesa largeamount of heat energy
to causethosemoleculesto movefaster,which raisesthe temperatureof
thewater.Therefore,water'sheat capacity,the amount of heat energy
requiredto increaseits temperature,is relativelyhigh. This allowslarge
bodiesof water suchaso..uns and lakes,to absorblargeamountsof
heatwith only small changesin temperature.The organismsliving
within arethus protectedirom drasticchangesin temperature.At the
regucellularlevel,water absorbsthe heatproducedby cell processes'
latingthe temperatureof the cell.
Lobelwhere
Drawa diogramof a meniscus.

* In you, Notebook

S*.-gi"e:l"%g*d""-ejle:ie"r

t
T
I

lr
i

I
I
I
t

FIGURE2-8 Adhesion Adhesion


is
betweenwoterond glossmolecules
in
woter
the
for
cousing
responsible
to rise.Thesurfoceof the
thesecolumns
wqterin theglosscolumndipsslightly
in thecenter,formingo curvecolled
o meniscus.

HydrogenBond

FIGURE2-7 HYdrogenBondin-g
ond CohesionEochholeculeof
hYdrogen
wotercon formmultiPle
bondswith otherwotermolecules.
Thestrongottroctionbeiween
produceso force
wotermo'iecules
"surfocetension,"
colled
sometimes
whichcon supportverYlighweight
obiects,suchos thisroftsPider.
Apply ConcePtsWhY ore wo'r'r
iol"Lrtut ottrscbd lo one anolher?

lr
I
I

i4

Solution$offidSusPensions
its properlies os a solvenl?
ThesolubilitYof goses
increosesos lemPeroiures
decreose.Thinkobout
when o con of worm
sodois opened-the corbon dioxide dissolvedin
ir firtut out more roPidlY
becousethe gos is less
solubleot worm temperotures.How mightthe
iemperotureof oniorciic
wolers offectthe omounf
of dissolvedoxygen
ovoilqblefor ice fish?

2-9 A Solt
FIGURE
SolutionWhenon ionic

compoundsuchos sodium
chlorideis Plocedin woter,
woter moleculessurround
qnd seporqtethe Positive
ond negotiveions.

tnrerprJtVisuols Wha.thoPPens
n thesdium ionssnd chtonde
ionsin thesolution?

How doeswotels poloriry influence


ffi
found aspart of a mixture' A
Wateris not alwaysPure;it is often
more elementsor comft a materialcomposedoftwo or
*J"t"
togetherbut not chemicallycompoundsthat arepttytit"Uy'-ixed
do
togetherconstitutea mixture' So
bined. Saltand ptppt'
oxygen'
"i"ed
is a mixture of nitrogen'
r"g"t *a .una. f,u'ttt s atmosphere
rirri'g thingsarein,part composed
carbondioxide,."d;;h"r';;;'.r.
tlpes of m-ixturesthat canbe made
of mixturesinvolving *utti' Two
with water aresolutionsand suspenslons'

is placedin a glassof warm water'


Solufions If a crystalof table salt
to
suriaceof the ciystal are attracted
sodium and chloridJio* o, the
are
breakawayfrom the crystaland
the polar *u,., ,rroit*tt'' to"'
surroundeduy*ut",-olecules,asillustratedinFigure2_g.Theions
water'forming a type of mixture
graduallybecomei"ptttta in ihe
caliedasolution.nllthecomponents-ofasolutionareevenlydistribthe
a saltwatersolution,table saltis
uted througho,-rttt " ,;1*i"":, In
Water is the solvent-the subsolute-the ,rrU'tt"tt-tf'ut i' ai"otlned'
givesit the
il'oi"t'' ffi watel's polaritv
stancein which ,h;;;;;
and other polar molecules'
abilityto dissolveboth ionic to*poo"?s
and evenother
minerals,gases,
water easilydissolvessalts,sugars,
exaggeration'water.isthe greatest
solventssuchasalcohol'Without
water hasimits' When a givenamount
solventon Earth' ;;;;;t"
to
soluteit can'the solution is said
of water hu, dl,'oWtJul of tt"
be saturated.

0
t'
l.fi ''i:;v

cl-

4r4

I
C

No{

r@

clNo-

Woter

but
not dissolvewhen placedin water'
Suspensions Somematerialsdo
movement
The
that they donot settleout'
separateinto pieces;;il
Suchmixtures
smallparticlessuspended'
of watermoleculesk;il;
known assuspensions'Someof
of waterand nondiss;i;J;;tt;iiu"
n"iar areboth solutionsand suspensions'
the most"importantbffii.J
your body is mostlywater.The water
The blood that circulaiesit.""gr,
compounds'However'bi::1*"in the blood containsmany dissolved
containscellsandotherundissolvedparticlesthatremaininsuspensron
asthe blood movesthrough the body'
2
2 ' Lesson
42 ChoPter

A*

v;:{Ttfi$
S&ffffid$5r
ffi,ffi,tu#''"
ui:"4-;

14

BWhy is it importantfor cellsto buffer solulionsagoinst


ropidchonges
in pH?
Watermoleculessometimessplit apartto form ions.This
reaction
canbe summarizedby a chemicalequationin which
doublearrowsareusedto showthat the reactioncanoccurin
eitherdirection.
HzO

;*

woter ;*

H+

hydrogenion +

OH-

t2

.>
CD

lt

In Your Nofebook
Order theseitemsin order of increosino t:,
t',
acidity:soap,lemoniuice,milk,acid rain.

ililii.t
fiht

Acidicond BosicFoods

ffiffi
CI Predictwhetherthe food samplesprovided
areacidicor basic.
O Teatoff a 2-inchpieceof pH paperfor each
sampleyou will test.Placethesepieceson a
papertowel.
S Construct a datatable in which you will
recordthe nameand pH of eachfood sample.

B l e q c hF
A m m o n i os o l u t i o n

co

.E
o
(,

t0

hydroxide ion

Thepl'l Seole Chemistsdeviseda measurementsystem


calledthepH scaleto indicatethe concentrationof H+ ions
in solution.As Figure2-10 shows,the pH scalerangesfrom 0
to 14.At a pH of 7, the concentrationof H+ ions and OH- ions
isequal.Purewaterhasa pH of 7. Solutionswith a pH below7
arecalledacidicbecause
theyhavemore H+ ionsthan OHions.Thelowerthe pH, the greaterthe acidity.Solutionswith a
pH above7 arecalledbasic
because
they havemore OH- ions
thanH+ ions.The higherthe pH, the more basicthe solution.Eachstepon the pH scalerepresentsa factorof 10.For
example,
a liter of a solutionwith a pH of 4 has10timesas
manyH+ ions asa liter of a solutionwith a pH of 5.

]:].1].:l)].]]]:].:]]1.:

.9
o

Soop

How oftendoesthis happen?In pure water,about I


watermoleculein 550million splitsto form ions in this way.
Because
the numberof positivehydrogenions producedis
equalto the number of negativehydroxideions produced,
purewateris neutral.

_,i;

Oven cleoner

l3

Neutrol

Toothposte
Seowoter
H u m o nb l o o d
Purewoier

q\

R-

Milk
Normolroinfoll
.9

.>
CD
c

Acid rqin
Tomotoiuice gp,'

ct
o)
L

L e m o ni u i c e)
S t o m o c ho c i d

FIGI,JRE
2-lO The pH Scole The
concentrqtionof H* ions determines
w h e t h e rs o l u t i o n os r e o c i d i c o r b o s i c .
T h e m o s tq c i d i c m o t e r i o o
l n t h i sp H
s c o l ei s s t o m o c ho c i d . T h e m o s tb o s i c
moteriolon thisscole is oven cleoner.

til'.ffi
ffi Usea scalpelto cut a pieceoff eachsolid.
CAUTION: Be carefulnot to cutyourself.Do not eat
thefood.Touchthe cut surfaceof eachsampleto a
squareof pH paper.Usea dropperpipetteto placea
drop of anyliquid sampleon a squareof pH paper.
Recordthe pH of eachsamplein your datatable.
Anolyzeond Conclude
l. AnolyzeSoto Weremost of the samplesacidic
or basic?
2. HvuluuteWasyour predictioncorrect?

:]llI'

TheChemistryof Life 43

help prevent
FIGURE2-l t BuffersBulfersqcid-toon
Adding
pH'
in
dtotti. .honges
rilution'.outesthJ pH of,tf."
;;ilif";"i

todrop'lfii." ':l'li:1,-.,
;ffiii;;;i solution
odding the octo
.ontoint o buffer,however'

;tii ;;r;;"lv

in PH'
chonse
o'sllsht

t).ftt$$ftM

--

Acid

Neutrol

B"*

------|

pH
=
Unbufferedbose+ ocid ocidic

#----?

ffi

H+ ions in a low-pH
Acids Wheredo all thoseextra
from acids'An acid is any
solution comefromt iftey come
in solution'Acidic solutions
compoundthat forms H/ io"'
of H+ ions than pure water
containhigher concentrations
acidstend to havepH
and havepH values;;i";7' Strong
(HCl)
to 3' The f,ydrochloricacid
valuesthat rangef';i
digestfood is a strongacid'
producedby the stomactrto help
that produceshydroxife (OH-)
Boses Abase is a compound
solutionscontainlower
ions in solution.Baric,or alkaline,
pure waterand havepH values
concentrationsof H+ ions than
lye (commonlyNaOH) used
above7. Strongbu"',1"th asthe
from 11to 14'
t."Jio ttavepH valuesranging
in soapmakirrg,
within most cellsin the
Buffers The pH of the fluids
keptbetween6'5 andT'5'
humanbody must gt"ttu[y be
willaffect the chemicalreacIf the pH is lower o?ftigttti it
cells'Thus' controlling pH
tions that takeplace*iifti"'tttt
homeostasis'One of the ways
is important for maintaining
dissolvedcompounds
that organir*r.o*'""f n"ii 1nro'iqn
acidsor basesthat can react
*frca f"ff.rs' Buffers u'e *tuk
preventsharp'suddenchanges
with strongu.iat o' Uu'esto
normal pFI of 7'4' Sudden
in pH. Blood,for example'has-a
preventedby a numberof
changesin blood pU u'" usually
and phosphateions'
chemicalbuffers,suchasbicarbonate
role
life's fluids play an important
gufferc di"oliliin
F
organisms'
ffiaintaining homeostasisin

Bufferedbose+ ocid = bosicpH

m
ReviewKeYConcePts
when a molecule
l. o. ReviewWhat doesit mean
is saidto be "Polar"?
between
b. ExploinHow do hydrogenbonds
watei moleculesoccur?
of a water
c. UseModelsUsethe structure
moleculeto explainwhy it is polar'
a good solvent?
2.
-- o. ReviewWhy is water such
is the differi. Co*pore ond ConlrostWhat
encebetweena solution and a suspension?
What is a base?
3. o. ReviewWhat is an acid?
(HF)
b. Exploin The acid hydrogenflu,o.ride
pH of
dissolvedin pure witer'Will-the
;b';
!
/
the solution be greateror lesstnan

44 ChoPter2 r Lesson2

c. Infer During exercise,many-chemical

inclugl?
.i';''il';;;.,'ln tn'bodY'
L1:.1.'"
tt
s3ri3us,l^"I

UtooipH,whichcanbe.very

such changess
the bo'dy able to cope with

CrestiveWriting

a natural history
4. Supposeyou area writer for
-'
will
for children' This month-sissue
;:;;i;J
write a paragraphexplaining
ilts.
i;;il
strider' can
*ttf ,orn. bugs,suchaJthe water
walk on water'

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