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Chopter2 - .
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FloshCords
ffi
KeyQuestions
ffi How doesthe slructure
of waler conlribute|o itsunique
properlies?
(* Howdoeswaler'sPolaril
influenceils proPerliesas
o solvenl?
ffiWhv is il imporlanlfor cells
i buffei solutionsogoinslroPid
chongesin pH?
Vocobulory
TokingNoles
VennDiogrom As You reod,
drow o Venndiogromshowing
betweensolutions
the differences
ond the ProPerond suspensi,ons
tiesthot theyshore.
,l
TheWqtenfr/toleeufie
conlribub to its unique
ffi How does the struclureof woler
properties?
Wateris one of the few compoundsfound in a liquid stateover most
water(HrO) is neutral.
of the Earth'ssurface.Like other molecules,
out the negativecharges
balance
protons
The positivechargeson its 10
on iti tO electrons.However,there is more to the story'
hydrogenbond . cohesion'
odhesionI mixtureo
solutionr solule o solvento
. pH scole .
suspension
ocid.bose.buffer
\----'
I
of Wqter
Properties
40
search{*ffiffi'TT*.
w Lesson
Review w LessonNotes
* In you, Notebook
S*.-gi"e:l"%g*d""-ejle:ie"r
t
T
I
lr
i
I
I
I
t
HydrogenBond
FIGURE2-7 HYdrogenBondin-g
ond CohesionEochholeculeof
hYdrogen
wotercon formmultiPle
bondswith otherwotermolecules.
Thestrongottroctionbeiween
produceso force
wotermo'iecules
"surfocetension,"
colled
sometimes
whichcon supportverYlighweight
obiects,suchos thisroftsPider.
Apply ConcePtsWhY ore wo'r'r
iol"Lrtut ottrscbd lo one anolher?
lr
I
I
i4
Solution$offidSusPensions
its properlies os a solvenl?
ThesolubilitYof goses
increosesos lemPeroiures
decreose.Thinkobout
when o con of worm
sodois opened-the corbon dioxide dissolvedin
ir firtut out more roPidlY
becousethe gos is less
solubleot worm temperotures.How mightthe
iemperotureof oniorciic
wolers offectthe omounf
of dissolvedoxygen
ovoilqblefor ice fish?
2-9 A Solt
FIGURE
SolutionWhenon ionic
compoundsuchos sodium
chlorideis Plocedin woter,
woter moleculessurround
qnd seporqtethe Positive
ond negotiveions.
tnrerprJtVisuols Wha.thoPPens
n thesdium ionssnd chtonde
ionsin thesolution?
0
t'
l.fi ''i:;v
cl-
4r4
I
C
No{
r@
clNo-
Woter
but
not dissolvewhen placedin water'
Suspensions Somematerialsdo
movement
The
that they donot settleout'
separateinto pieces;;il
Suchmixtures
smallparticlessuspended'
of watermoleculesk;il;
known assuspensions'Someof
of waterand nondiss;i;J;;tt;iiu"
n"iar areboth solutionsand suspensions'
the most"importantbffii.J
your body is mostlywater.The water
The blood that circulaiesit.""gr,
compounds'However'bi::1*"in the blood containsmany dissolved
containscellsandotherundissolvedparticlesthatremaininsuspensron
asthe blood movesthrough the body'
2
2 ' Lesson
42 ChoPter
A*
v;:{Ttfi$
S&ffffid$5r
ffi,ffi,tu#''"
ui:"4-;
14
;*
woter ;*
H+
hydrogenion +
OH-
t2
.>
CD
lt
In Your Nofebook
Order theseitemsin order of increosino t:,
t',
acidity:soap,lemoniuice,milk,acid rain.
ililii.t
fiht
Acidicond BosicFoods
ffiffi
CI Predictwhetherthe food samplesprovided
areacidicor basic.
O Teatoff a 2-inchpieceof pH paperfor each
sampleyou will test.Placethesepieceson a
papertowel.
S Construct a datatable in which you will
recordthe nameand pH of eachfood sample.
B l e q c hF
A m m o n i os o l u t i o n
co
.E
o
(,
t0
hydroxide ion
]:].1].:l)].]]]:].:]]1.:
.9
o
Soop
_,i;
Oven cleoner
l3
Neutrol
Toothposte
Seowoter
H u m o nb l o o d
Purewoier
q\
R-
Milk
Normolroinfoll
.9
.>
CD
c
Acid rqin
Tomotoiuice gp,'
ct
o)
L
L e m o ni u i c e)
S t o m o c ho c i d
FIGI,JRE
2-lO The pH Scole The
concentrqtionof H* ions determines
w h e t h e rs o l u t i o n os r e o c i d i c o r b o s i c .
T h e m o s tq c i d i c m o t e r i o o
l n t h i sp H
s c o l ei s s t o m o c ho c i d . T h e m o s tb o s i c
moteriolon thisscole is oven cleoner.
til'.ffi
ffi Usea scalpelto cut a pieceoff eachsolid.
CAUTION: Be carefulnot to cutyourself.Do not eat
thefood.Touchthe cut surfaceof eachsampleto a
squareof pH paper.Usea dropperpipetteto placea
drop of anyliquid sampleon a squareof pH paper.
Recordthe pH of eachsamplein your datatable.
Anolyzeond Conclude
l. AnolyzeSoto Weremost of the samplesacidic
or basic?
2. HvuluuteWasyour predictioncorrect?
:]llI'
TheChemistryof Life 43
help prevent
FIGURE2-l t BuffersBulfersqcid-toon
Adding
pH'
in
dtotti. .honges
rilution'.outesthJ pH of,tf."
;;ilif";"i
todrop'lfii." ':l'li:1,-.,
;ffiii;;;i solution
odding the octo
.ontoint o buffer,however'
;tii ;;r;;"lv
in PH'
chonse
o'sllsht
t).ftt$$ftM
--
Acid
Neutrol
B"*
------|
pH
=
Unbufferedbose+ ocid ocidic
#----?
ffi
H+ ions in a low-pH
Acids Wheredo all thoseextra
from acids'An acid is any
solution comefromt iftey come
in solution'Acidic solutions
compoundthat forms H/ io"'
of H+ ions than pure water
containhigher concentrations
acidstend to havepH
and havepH values;;i";7' Strong
(HCl)
to 3' The f,ydrochloricacid
valuesthat rangef';i
digestfood is a strongacid'
producedby the stomactrto help
that produceshydroxife (OH-)
Boses Abase is a compound
solutionscontainlower
ions in solution.Baric,or alkaline,
pure waterand havepH values
concentrationsof H+ ions than
lye (commonlyNaOH) used
above7. Strongbu"',1"th asthe
from 11to 14'
t."Jio ttavepH valuesranging
in soapmakirrg,
within most cellsin the
Buffers The pH of the fluids
keptbetween6'5 andT'5'
humanbody must gt"ttu[y be
willaffect the chemicalreacIf the pH is lower o?ftigttti it
cells'Thus' controlling pH
tions that takeplace*iifti"'tttt
homeostasis'One of the ways
is important for maintaining
dissolvedcompounds
that organir*r.o*'""f n"ii 1nro'iqn
acidsor basesthat can react
*frca f"ff.rs' Buffers u'e *tuk
preventsharp'suddenchanges
with strongu.iat o' Uu'esto
normal pFI of 7'4' Sudden
in pH. Blood,for example'has-a
preventedby a numberof
changesin blood pU u'" usually
and phosphateions'
chemicalbuffers,suchasbicarbonate
role
life's fluids play an important
gufferc di"oliliin
F
organisms'
ffiaintaining homeostasisin
m
ReviewKeYConcePts
when a molecule
l. o. ReviewWhat doesit mean
is saidto be "Polar"?
between
b. ExploinHow do hydrogenbonds
watei moleculesoccur?
of a water
c. UseModelsUsethe structure
moleculeto explainwhy it is polar'
a good solvent?
2.
-- o. ReviewWhy is water such
is the differi. Co*pore ond ConlrostWhat
encebetweena solution and a suspension?
What is a base?
3. o. ReviewWhat is an acid?
(HF)
b. Exploin The acid hydrogenflu,o.ride
pH of
dissolvedin pure witer'Will-the
;b';
!
/
the solution be greateror lesstnan
44 ChoPter2 r Lesson2
inclugl?
.i';''il';;;.,'ln tn'bodY'
L1:.1.'"
tt
s3ri3us,l^"I
UtooipH,whichcanbe.very
such changess
the bo'dy able to cope with
CrestiveWriting
a natural history
4. Supposeyou area writer for
-'
will
for children' This month-sissue
;:;;i;J
write a paragraphexplaining
ilts.
i;;il
strider' can
*ttf ,orn. bugs,suchaJthe water
walk on water'