DAFTAR ISI

Hal

RINGKASAN .......................................................................................................

viii

SUMMARY ..........................................................................................................

ix

KATA PENGANTAR............................................................................................

DAFTAR ISI..........................................................................................................

xi

DAFTAR TABEL .................................................................................................

xiii

DAFTAR GAMBAR ............................................................................................

xiv

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ........................................................................................

xv

I PENDAHULUAN .............................................................................................

1.1.
1.2.
1.3.
1.4.

Latar Belakang ...................................................................................

Tujuan Penelitian................................................................................
Manfaat Penelitian..............................................................................
Hipotesa .............................................................................................

1
3
3
3

II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ...................................................................................

2.1. Kelapa Sawit.......................................................................................

2.1.1. Taksonomi........................................................................................

2.1.2. Karakteristik Fisik Kimia ...............................................................

2.2. Minyak Sawit......................................................................................

5
6

2.2.1. Komposisi Minyak Sawit.................................................................

2.2.2. Manfaat Minyak Sawit.....................................................................

2.3. Proses Pengolahan Sawit.....................................................................

2.3.1. Proses Ekstraksi Minyak Sawit........................................................

2.3.2 Proses Pemurnian Minyak Sawit.......................................................

11

2.3.2.1. Penghilangan Gum (Degumming).................................................

2.3.2.2. Bleaching.......................................................................................

12
13

2.3.2.3. Deodorisasi ...................................................................................

14

2.4. Limbah Pengolahan Sawit...................................................................

15

2.5. Fosfolipid............................................................................................

17

2.6. Ekstraksi dan Rekoveri Fosfolipid.......................................................

21

2.7. Fraksinasi Fosfolipid...........................................................................

23

2.8. Karakteristik Fosfolipid.......................................................................

2.8.1. Nilai HLB.........................................................................................

25
25

2.8.2. Aktivitas Antioksidan.......................................................................

26

2.8.3. Potensi Fosfolipid Sebagai Pengemulsi............................................

32

2.8.4. Viskositas.........................................................................................

34

2.8.5. Warna...............................................................................................

36

III METODE PENELITIAN ...............................................................................

38

3.1. Tempat dan Waktu Penelitian .............................................................

38

3.2. Bahan dan Alat ...................................................................................

38

3.2.1. Bahan ..........................................................................................

3.2.2. Alat ...........................................................................................

38
38

3.3. Tahapan Penelitian ...............................................................................

39

3.4. Pelaksanaan Penelitian .......................................................................

40

3.4.1. Ekstraksi Total Lipid........................................................................

42

3.4.2. Analisa Kadar Fosfolipid pada Limbah Pengolahan Sawit...............

42

3.4.3. Separasi Fosfolipid Kasar dari Ekstrak Total Lipid..........................

42

3.4.4. Fraksinasi Fosfolipid........................................................................

43

3.4.5. karakterisasi Fraksi Fosfolipid dan Fosfolipid Kasar........................

43

3.4.6. Identifikasi dan Kuantifikasi Jenis Fosfolipid Setiap Fraksi.............

44

3.4.7. Identifikasi dan Kuantifikasi Jenis Asam Lemak pada Setiap

Fraksi
Fosfolipid
...................................................................................................
...................................................................................................
...................................................................................................
44
3.5. Pengamatan.........................................................................................

44

3.5.1. Pengujian Aktivitas Antioksidan.......................................................

44

3.5.2. Pengujian Potensi sebagai Pengemulsi.............................................

44

3.5.3. Pengujian Keseimbangan Hidrofilik-Lipofilik.................................

45

3.5.4. Pengujian Viskositas dan Warna.......................................................

45

3.6. Analisis Data ......................................................................................

45

IV. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN .......................................................................

46

4.1. Pemilihan Sampel Limbah Sawit (Screening)............................................

46

4.2. Ekstraksi Lipid dari Serat Sawit.................................................................

47

4.3. Separasi Fosfolipid Berdasarkan Polaritas dalam Pelarut...........................

48

4.4. Fraksinasi Fosfolipid..................................................................................

49

4.5. Karakterisasi Fraksi Fosfolipid...................................................................

51

4.5.1. Jenis Komponen Fosfolipid.....................................................................

51

4.5.1.1 Fraksi Fosfolipid Kasar.........................................................................

51

4.5.1.2. Fraksi-Fraksi Fosfolipid ......................................................................

53

4.5.2. Bilangan Peroksida..................................................................................

57

4.5.3. Aktivitas Antioksidan..............................................................................

58

4.5.3.1. Aktivitas Antioksidan Sistem Tunggal..................................................

58

4.5.3.2. Aktivitas Antioksidan Sistem Biner ....................................................

63

4.5.4. Keseimbangan Hidrofilik Lipofilik.........................................................

68

4.5.5. EAI dan ESI............................................................................................

70

4.5.5. Viskositas................................................................................................

73

4.5.5. Warna......................................................................................................

75

V. KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN ........................................................................

77

5.1 Kesimpulan ...............................................................................................

77

5.2 Saran ..........................................................................................................

77

DAFTAR PUSTAKA ............................................................................................

78

LAMPIRAN .........................................................................................................

85

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN

Judul
Lampiran 1. Prosedur Analisa ................................................................................................
85
Lampiran 2. Separasi Fosfolipid..............................................................................................
91
Lampiran 3. Kadar Fosfolipid.................................................................................................
91
Lampiran 4. Jenis-Jenis Fosfolipid..........................................................................................
96
Lampiran 5. Analisa Aktifitas Antioksidan ............................................................................
102
Lampiran 6. Komposisi Asam Lemak pada Setipa Fraksi Fosfolipid......................................
110
Lampiran 7. Jenis asam lemak pada tiap komponen fosolipid pada fosfolipid kasar ...........
115
Lampiran 8. Analisis HLB......................................................................................................
117
Lampiran 9. Analisis Bilangan Peroksida................................................................................
118
Lampiran 10. Analisis EAI......................................................................................................
119
Lampiran 11. Analisis ESI.......................................................................................................
120
Lampiran 12. Analisa Viskositas.............................................................................................
121

Hal

Lampiran 13. Analisa Warna...................................................................................................

122
Lampiran 14. Gambar-Gambar Penelitian...............................................................................
125

DAFTAR TABEL

Judul

Hal

Tabel 1. Komposisi Kimia Secara Umum CPO.......................................................................

7
Tabel 2. Komposisi Asam Lemak Minyak Sawit, Minyak Kelapa dan Minyak
Kedelai
................................................................................................................................
8
Tabel 3. Komposisi Limbah yang Dihasilkan pada Pengolahan Minyak Sawit
Kasar
(CPO)
...............................................................................................................................
16
Tabel 4. Komposisi Fosfolipid dalam Minyak Sawit...............................................................
21
Tabel 5. Fraksinasi Lesitin Kedelai dengan Pelarut Etanol......................................................
24

Tabel 6. Nilai HLB dalam Aplikasi Industri............................................................................

26
Tabel 7. Rerata Kadar Lipid dan Fosfolipid dalam Limbah Pengolahan Sawit.......................
46
Tabel 8. Hasil Separasi Kloroform dan Metanol pada 1 g Lipid Serat Sawit...........................
48
Tabel 9. Fraksinasi Pelarut Etanol dan Aseton pada 10 g Fosfolipid Kasar dan
kemurnian fosfolipid.................................................................................................
50
Tabel 10. Komposisi Jenis-jenis Asam Lemak pada Komponen Penyusun
Fraksi
Fosfolipid
Kasar
Berdasarkan
Persen
Relatif
.............................................................................................................................
52
Tabel 11. Rerata Kadar Jenis Fosfolipid pada Fraksi Fosfolipid
Berdasarkan
Persen
Rerlatif
.............................................................................................................................
54
Tabel 12. Komposisi Jenis-Jenis Asam Lemak pada Fraksi Fosfolipid
Berdasarkan
Persen
Relatif
.............................................................................................................................
55
Tabel 13. Rerata Pengaruh Jenis Antioksidan pada Tingkat Oksidasi
Minyak Kedelai Sistem Tunggal.............................................................................
60
Tabel 14. Pengaruh Hari pada Setiap Jenis Antioksidan Terhadap Tingkat
Oksidasi Minyak Kedelai Sistem Tunggal...............................................................
62
Tabel 15. Rerata Pengaruh Jenis Antioksidan pada Tingkat Oksidasi
Minyak Kedelai Sistem Biner..................................................................................
64
Tabel 16. Pengaruh Hari pada Setiap Jenis Antioksidan Terhadap Tingkat

Oksidasi Minyak Kedelai Sistem Biner...................................................................

65