L DISORDERS
1
PSYCHOLOGICAL
DISORDERS
I felt the need to clean my room would spend
four to five hours at it At the time I loved doing
it. Then I didn't want to do it any more, but I
couldnt stop The clothes hung two fingers
apart I touched my bedroom wall before
leaving the house I had constant anxiety I
thought I might be nuts.
Marc, diagnosed with
obsessive-compulsive disorder
(from Summers, 1996)
PSYCHOLOGICAL
DISORDERS
People are fascinated by the exceptional,
the unusual, and the abnormal. This
fascination may be caused by two
reasons:
1.
2.
PSYCHOLOGICAL
DISORDERS
MODULE 65
1.Defining Disorders
3 ds
MAUD
2.Understanding Disorders
Medical Model vs. Biopsychosocial Models
3.Classification
DSM 5
4.Labeling
Rosenhan Study
Dangers of Labeling/Bias
5
DEFINING PSYCHOLOGICAL
DISORDERS
MAUD
Behavior is considered disordered when it
impairs life because it is
Maladaptive
Interferes w/functioning
Dysfunctional
Atypical
Differs from societys norms
Deviant
Unjustifiable
Not able to be explained
Disturbing
Troubling/upsetting to self/others
Distressing
Insanity:
Involuntary commitment:
danger to self
danger to others
Not guilty by
reason of
insanity?
-What evidence
supports this
verdict?
-What evidence
What is your
final verdict?
10
UNDERSTANDING
PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS1:28-3:50
Ancient Treatments
of psychological
disorders include:
Trephination
Exorcism
Being caged like
animals
Being beaten, burned,
castrated, mutilated,
Being transfused with
animals blood.
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12
MEDICAL MODEL
The concept that disorders have physical
causes that can be diagnosed, treated,
and cured by drugs & therapy
Psychological disorders are
illnesses
Diagnosis based on symptoms
Treated through medication
Sometimes taking place in a hospital
13
THE BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL
APPROACH
Genes &
Brain
Roles,
Expectation
Sociocultural
Psychologic
al
Stress,
Trauma,
Mood
14
CLASSIFYING PSYCHOLOGICAL
DISORDERS
Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders
(DSM) to describe
psychological
disorders.
15
Describe a disorder
Predict its future course
Imply appropriate treatment
Stimulate research into its cause
Disorders outlined by DSM-V are reliable.
Therefore, diagnoses by different
professionals are consistent.
Others criticize DSM-V for putting any
kind of behavior within the compass of
psychiatry.
LABELING PSYCHOLOGICAL
DISORDERS
1. Critics of the DSM-V argue that labels may
stigmatize (negatively label) individuals
i.e. once youre crazy youre always crazy
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18
LABELING PSYCHOLOGICAL
DISORDERS
2. Labels may be helpful for healthcare
professionals when communicating
with one another and establishing
therapy.
19
RATES OF
PSYCHOLOGICAL
DISORDERS
20
RATES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL
DISORDERS
The prevalence of psychological disorders
during the previous year is shown below
(WHO, 2004).
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23
LABELING PSYCHOLOGICAL
DISORDERS
3. Insanity labels
raise moral and
ethical questions
about how society
should treat
people who have
disorders and
have committed
crimes.
ANXIETY DISORDERS
Feelings of excessive apprehension and anxiety.
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27
PANIC DISORDER
Symptom
s
Minutes-long episodes of intense dread which
may include
feelings of terror, chest pains, choking, or
other frightening sensations.
PHOBIAS
29
hippopotomonstrosesquipedalio
phobia
30
Phobia of
long words
OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE
DISORDER- NEW CATEGORY!!!!
31
BRAIN IMAGING
A PET scan of the
brain of a person
with ObsessiveCompulsive Disorder
(OCD).
High metabolic
activity (red) in the
frontal lobe areas
are involved with
directing
attention.
32
OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER
(OCD)
Howard Hughes
HOARDING
Persistent difficulty
discarding or parting with
possessions, regardless of
their actual value.
The behavior usually has
harmful effects
emotional, physical, social,
financial, and even legal.
34
POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS
DISORDER-NEW CATEGORY!!!
Four or more weeks of the following
symptoms constitute post-traumatic
stress disorder (PTSD):
1. Haunting
memories
2. Nightmares
3. Social withdrawal
4. Jumpy anxiety
5. Sleep problems
35
RESILIENCE TO PTSD
EXPLAINING ANXIETY,
OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE &
TRAUMA/STRESS RELATED
DISORDERS
Freud suggested
that we repress
our painful and
intolerable ideas,
feelings, and
thoughts,
resulting in
anxiety.
37
THE LEARNING
PERSPECTIVE
38
THE LEARNING
PERSPECTIVE
Investigators believe that fear responses are
taught through observational learning.
EX: Young monkeys develop fear when
they watch other monkeys who are afraid
of snakes.
39
THE BIOLOGICAL
PERSPECTIVE
40
S. Ursu, V.A. Stenger, M.K. Shear, M.R. Jones, & C.S. Carter (2003). Overactive action
monitoring in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychological Science, 14, 347-353.
Generalized anxiety,
panic attacks, and
even OCD are linked
with brain circuits like
the anterior
cingulate cortex.
Monitors actions and
checks for errors
Anterior Cingulate Cortex
(autonomic functions)
of an OCD patient.
41
MODULE 67:
MOOD DISORDERS
1.Depressive Disorders
Major Depressive
Disorder
Dysthymia
2.Bipolar & Related
Disorders
Bipolar Disorder
Cyclothymia
3.Understanding Mood
Related Disorders
Myths
Biological Perspective
42
DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS
Emotional extremes of mood related
disorders come in various forms:
1. Major depressive
disorder
2. Dysthymia
3. SAD
4. Postpartum Depression
The RED ones are differently
named now!
43
Major Depressive
Disorder
Chronic shortness of
breath
44
Black Dog
Erikas Lightho
use
Signs include:
Lethargy and fatigue
Feelings of worthlessness
Loss of interest in family &
friends
Loss of interest in activities
45
Sufferer may go
undiagnosed, believing
depressed state is
their natural character
Symptoms present for 2+
years (1 year for children
& adolescents)
Seasonal Affective
Disorder
(Seasonal Onset)
Experience depressive
symptoms in winter
months
48
BIPOLAR DISORDER-NEW
CATEGORY!!!
Formerly called manic-depressive disorder.
An alternation between depression and mania
signals bipolar disorder.
Depressive Symptoms
Manic Symptoms
Gloomy
Elation
Withdrawn
Impulsive buying
BIPOLAR DISORDER
Many great writers, poets, and composers
suffered from bipolar disorder.
During their manic phase creativity surged, but
not during their depressed phase.
Whitman
Wolfe
Clemens
Hemingway
Bettmann/ Corbis
50
BIPOLAR I & II
Bipolar Disorder I
Classic diagnosis of
this disorder.
Patients experience:
Periods of inflated
mood followed by
depressive episodes
Periods occurs in
cycles
Bipolar Disorder II
Milder form of bipolar
disorder-highs arent as high
Patients experience:
51
CYCLOTHYMIC
DISORDER
Depressive
symptoms (not
severe enough to
label as Major
Depressive
episode)
Bipolar Overview
52
53
THEORY OF DEPRESSION
3. Gender
differences
54
THEORY OF DEPRESSION
4. Depressive episodes self-terminate.
5. Stressful events often precede
depression.
6. Depression is increasing, especially
in the teens.
56
SUICIDE
The most severe form of behavioral
response to depression is suicide.
Each year some 1 million people
commit suicide worldwide.
57
YOUTH SUICIDE
STATS
Each
day in our nation
2nd leading cause of death
for ages 10-24.
3rd leading cause of death
for college age youth and
ages 12-18.
58
Gestures
COMMON CHARACTERISTICS
OF SUICIDE
Purpose: seek a solution
seen as the solution to an unsolvable
problem
not pointless or accidental
Emotion: hopelessness/helplessness
Mood
Disorder
Review!
Identify:
Bipolar I
Bipolar II
Dysthymia
Cyclothymi
a 60
BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
1. Genetic Influences: Mood disorders run
in families.
The rate of depression is higher in
identical (50%) than fraternal twins
(20%).
2. Linkage analysis
and association
studies link possible
genes and
dispositions for
depression.
61
62
SOCIAL-COGNITIVE
PERSPECTIVE
63
64
BECK TRIAD
Cognitive
Theory Of
Depression
DEPRESSION CYCLE
1. Negative stressful
events.
2. Pessimistic explanatory
style.
3. Hopeless depressed
state.
4. These hamper the way
the individual thinks
and acts, fueling
personal rejection.
66
SCHIZOPHRENIA
The literal translation is split mind
which refers to a split from reality.
A group of severe disorders
characterized by the following:
1. Disorganized and
delusional thinking.
2. Disturbed
perceptions.
3. Inappropriate
emotions and
actions.
68
Simulation
69
GENERAL INFO:
Age of Onset
SCHIZOPHRENIA
Female: 25 and up
Male: onset is younger, usually around
18
RANGE OF SYMPTOMS
IS POSSIBLE
People with Schizophrenia may show a
varied range of behaviors.
Disorganized speech or behavior
Flat or inappropriate behavior
Immobility or excessive, purposeless movement
Parrot-like repeating of anothers speech or
movements
Preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations
74
SYMPTOMS CONTINUED
2. Disturbed Perceptions:
Hallucinations: sensory experience
without stimulation
SYMPTOMS
CONTINUED
3. Inappropriate Emotions and
Actions
laughing when talking about someones
death
flat affect NO emotion
Senseless, compulsive acts OR no
movement at all
POSITIVE SYMPTOMS:
disorganized speech
inappropriate emotions
delusions
Hallucinations
Mostly
positive
symptoms =
greater
NEGATIVE SYMPTOMS:
chance of
Absence of appropriate behaviors recovery
toneless voice
20% make
expressionless face
rigid body
full recovery
social withdrawal
77
Rigid Body
Delusions
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Greater chance of recovery? Why
78
LOUIS WAIN
1860-1939
ENGLISH
ARTIST
Gerald
20sec 3:13;
3:50-6:00;
7:30-end
UNDERSTANDING
SCHIZOPHRENIA
Schizophrenia is a disease of the brain
exhibited by the symptoms of the mind.
88
Possible Causes
BRAIN ABNORMALITIES:
1. Ultra high levels of dopamine (because of
more receptors) that intensify brain symptoms
which causes the positive symptoms
o Drugs that block dopamine decrease
symptoms
o Amphetamines and cocaine increase
symptoms
PROBLEM!! Many schizophrenics are
addicted to these drugs
2. Low brain activity in the frontal lobe
3. Fluid filled brain areas that may cause
91
92
VIRAL INFECTION
Schizophrenia has also been observed in
individuals who contracted a viral infection
(flu) during the middle of their fetal
development.
93
GENETIC FACTORSIdentical
The likelihood
of an individual
suffering from
schizophrenia is
50% if their
identical twin
has the disease
(Gottesman,
2001).
10
20
30
40
Both parents
Fraternal
One parent
Sibling
Nephew or niece
Unrelated
95
50
GENETIC FACTORS
ANY person 1 in 100
If siblings or parent have1 in 10
Identical twin1 in 2
Possible chromosome linkage
Children adopted by
schizophrenics dont catch the
disorder
PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS
Psychological and environmental factors can
trigger schizophrenia if the individual is
genetically predisposed
(Nicol & Gottesman, 1983).
Genain Sisters
PSYCHOLOGICAL
FACTORS
Psychological factors ALONE do not
cause schizophrenia
Stressful lifestyle
Family communication issues
Traumatic experience
Poverty can intensify symptoms
MODULE 69
OTHER DISORDERS
1. Somatic Symptom & Related Disorders
Conversion
Illness Anxiety Disorder
2. Dissociative Disorders
DID
3. Eating Disorders
Binge-eating
Anorexia
bulimia
4. Personality Disorders
Cluster A (odd or eccentric behaviors) = paranoid,
schizoid, schizotypal
Cluster B (dramatic or impulsive behaviors) =
antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissism
Cluster C (anxiety based disorders) = avoidant,
dependent, obsessive-compulsive
99
DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS
Conscious awareness becomes separated
(dissociated) from previous memories,
thoughts, and feelings.
Symptom
s
1. Loss of continuity of
experience
2. Inability to access information
3. Fragmentation of identity
10
2
DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY
DISORDER (DID)
A disorder in which a person exhibits two or
more distinct and alternating personalities
Formerly called multiple personality disorder.
Part 1
Part 2
10
4
DID CRITICS
Critics argue that the diagnosis of DID
increased in the late 20th century.
DID has NOT been found in other
countries.
Critics Arguments
PERSONALITY DISORDERS
Personality disorders
are characterized by
inflexible and
enduring behavior
patterns that
impair social
functioning.
They are usually
without anxiety,
depression, or
delusions.
10
6
ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY
DISORDER
A disorder in which the person (usually men)
exhibits a lack of conscience for
wrongdoing, even toward friends and family
members. Formerly, this person was called a
sociopath or psychopath.
10
7
3 MAIN CHILDHOOD
CHARACTERISTICS OF ASPD
Bedwetting
Beyond the normal age range
Harm to animals
Torturing, strangling, etc. with no remorse
Revenge fires
you didnt buy me the toy at the store
fine, Im gonna set your bedroom on fire
10
8
UNDERSTANDING ANTISOCIAL
PERSONALITY DISORDER
Antisocial PD has
biological and
psychological causes
(like mood &
schizophrenic
disorders).
Youngsters, before
committing a crime,
respond with lower
levels of stress
hormones than others
do at their age.
10
9
UNDERSTANDING ANTISOCIAL
PERSONALITY DISORDER
Normal
Murderer
11
0
HISTRIONIC PERSONALITY
DISORDER
11
1
NARCISSISTIC PERSONALITY
DISORDER
More common in males
inflated sense of self-importance and an
extreme preoccupation with themselves
Brilliance/beauty
Take advantage of other people to achieve his or her
own goals
Have unreasonable expectations of favorable
treatment
Entitled/superiority
Disregard the feelings of others, and have little
ability to feel empathy
Arrogant/conceited/condescending/elitist
Fragile self esteem
Sensitive to criticism/avoid competition they will
lose
11
2
BORDERLINE PERSONALITY
DISORDER
More common in females
long-term patterns of unstable or turbulent
emotions
Anger/guilt/shame/bitterness/despair
Fear of being abandoned/alone
Frantically seek to avoid it
Impulsiveness with money, substance abuse, sexual
relationships, binge eating, or shoplifting
Repeated crises and acts of self-injury, such as wrist
cutting or overdosing
Attention seeking to prevent abandonment
11
3
MODULE 69
NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS
1. Intellectual Disability (Mental Retardation)
2. Autism Spectrum
3. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
4. Tourettes
11
5
11
6
Symptoms include:
Extreme inattention
Hyperactivity
Impulsivity
Controversial Diagnosis!
Genetic?
Boredom? / Rambunctiousness?
11
7
SUBSTANCE ABUSE
& ADDICTIVE DISORDERS
Some examples:
1. Alcohol
2. Cannabis
3. Hallucinogens
4. Gambling
5. Sex, Shopping, Exercise Addictions
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8