MvwYwZK m~vewj

RULES OF MATHEMATICS
exRMwYZ (ALGEBRA)
eM, Nb, b, Drcv`K, Abywmv I gvb wbYqi m~

(a + b) 2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
(a + b) 2 = (a b) 2 + 4ab
(a b) 2 = a2 2ab + b2
(a b) 2 = (a + b) 2 4ab
a2 + b2 = (a + b) 2 2ab
a2 + b2 = (a b) 2 + 2ab
a2 b2 = (a + b) (a b)
2 (a2+b2) = (a + b) 2 + (a b) 2
(a + b + c) 2 = (a2 + b2 + c2) + 2 (ab + bc + ca)
(a2 + b2 + c2) = (a + b + c) 2 2(ab + bc + ca)
2 (ab + bc + ca) = (a + b + c) 2 (a2 + b2 + c2)
(a + b) 3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3
(a + b) 3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab (a + b)
(a b) 3 = a3 3a2b + 3ab2 b3
(a b) 3 = a3 b3 3ab (a b)
a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 ab + b2)
a3 + b3 = (a + b) 3 3ab (a + b)
a3 b3 = (a b) (a2 + ab + b2)
a3 b3 = (a b) 3 + 3ab (a b)
(a + b + c) 3 = a3 + b3 + c3 + 3 (a + b) (b + c) (c + a)
a3 + b3 + c3 3abc = (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 ab bc ca)

a3 + b3 + c3 3abc = (a + b + c) { (a b) 2 + (b c) 2 + (c a) 2 }


 
4ab = (a + b) 2 (a b) 2
ab = ( )  (
)

x2

(x + a) (x + b) = + (a + b) x + ab
(x + a) (x b) = x2 + (a b) x ab
(x a) (x + b) = x2 + (b a) x ab
(x a) (x b) = x2 (a + b) x + ab
(x + p) (x + q) (x + r) = x3 + (p + q + r) x2 + (pq + qr + rp) x +pqr
bc (b c) + ca (c a) + ab (a b) = (b c) (c a) (a b)
a2 (b c) + b2 (c a) + c2 (a b) = (b c) (c a) (a b)
a (b2 c2) + b (c2 a2) + c (a2 b2) = (b c) (c a) (a b)

a3 (b c) + b3 (c a) + c3 (a b) = (b c) (c a) (a b) (a + b + c)

b2c2(b2c2) + c2a2(c2a2) + a2b2(a2b2) = (bc) (ca) (ab) (b+c) (c+a) (a+b)

(ab + bc + ca) (a + b + c) abc = (a + b) (b + c) (c + a)

(b + c) (c + a) (a + b) + abc = (a + b +c) (ab + bc + ca)

eve mgmv mgvavb exRMvwYwZK m~

Rb cwZ `q ev cvc q UvKv nj, n Rbi `q ev cvc, A = qn UvKv

`wbK mcvw`Z KvRi cwigvY q nj, d w`b mcvw`Z KvRi cwigvY, W = qd
MwZeM Nvq q wgUvi nj, t Nvq AwZv `~iZ , D = qt wgUvi
&
q % ewZ ev nvm a Gi ewaZ ev nvmKZ gvb, A = a (1 )
''
[ ewi + wP I nvmi wP chvR ]
GKK mgq GKK g~jabi gybvdv r UvKv nj, P UvKv wewbqvM n mgqv gybvdv I I
mew g~jab A ne hLvb,
mij gybvdvi , I = Pnr UvKv Ges A = P (1 + nr) UvKv
Pew gybvdvi , A = P (1 + r)n UvKv

m~PK

[ a 0, b 0 Ges m, n mKj c~Y msLvi mUi GKwU Dcv`vb ]

am . an = am+n

0

= amn

0

 3

(ab)n = anbn
an =

/

1 2 =

4
0

a0 = 1

0

a = 5a

0

(am)n = amn

/
0

a = 5a6

jMvwi`g

[ a > 0 Ges a 1 ]

89:  ;< = r 89:  ;

>
89:  ( ) = 89:  ;  89:  =
?

89:  ; =

ABCD >

89:  (;=) = 89:  ; + 89:  =

89:  ; = 89:  ; @ 89:  b

89:  1 = 0

ABCD 

89:  a = 1

89:  b =
0

a > 0 Ges ax = ay nj , x = y

aviv

ABCD 

89:  5; = 89:  ;
3
x
x > 0 Ges a = bx nj , a = b

GLvb, a = c_g c`, p = kl c`, d = mvavib Ai, r = mvaviY AbycvZ

mgvi avivi ,
n Zg c` = a + (n 1) d
3
n msLK c`i mgw = {2a + (n 1) d}
c` msLv =

(FG)


+ 1

a I b Gi mgvi gaK =

()


1+2+3+.....+n=

3(3)


 1 + 3 + 5 + . . . . . + n = n2
2 + 4 + 6 + . . . . . + n = n (n + 1)
3(3)(3)
12 + 22 + 32 + . . . . . + n2 =
13 + 23 + 33 + . . . . . + n3 = K
Yvi avivi ,
n Zg c` = arn1
n msLK c`i mgw =

n msLK c`i mgw =

(<0 G)

AwZfzR
fwg
c9t =
j^


SBTUS


c9sec =

TV3

+
=1

sec2 tan2 = 1
c9sec2 c9t2 = 1
sin2

;r<1

G<


<

wKvYwgwZ (Tri:9n9metry)

sin = j^

sin =

;r>1

<G
(G<0 )

a + ar + ar2 + arn =

J
3(3) 

c9s2

KvY
sin

0
0

c9s

tan

c9t

AmsvwqZ

sec

c9sec

AmsvwqZ

60 mK = 1 wgwbU

c9s = .fwg

tan = j^

tan =

AwZfzR
AwZfzR
sec = .
fwg

c9s =
sec =
sin2

TUS


SBT

=1
sec2 = 1 + tan2
c9sec2 = c9t2 + 1
30
30
1
2
53
2
1
53
53
2

53
2

fwg
AwZfzR
c9sec =
j^

c9s2

45
45
1

c9t =

SBW


W3

= 1 sin2
tan2 = sec2 1
c9t2 = c9sec2 1

c9s2

52
1

60
60
53
2
1
2
53

AmsvwqZ

52
1

90
90
1
0

52

53
2

AmsvwqZ

52

60 wgwbU = 1 wWwM

53

90 wWwM = 1 mgKvY

 1 = 1

\'

1c = (

\'
[

)]

DbwZ KvY = tan

AebwZ KvY = sin
ei evmva r, K` Pvci iwWqvb KvY nj Pvci `N, s = r GKK

2q PZzfv M

1g PZzfv M

3q PZzfvM

4_ PZzfvM

KvY = (n @ 90 )
n weRvo nj, sin ^ c9s , tan ^ c9t , sec ^ c9sec
1g PZzfv M cZK KvY abvZK (+)
2q PZzfvM sin I c9sec abvZK (+) Ges evwKjv FYvZK ()
3q PZzfv M tan I c9t abvZK (+) Ges evwKjv FYvZK ()
4_ PZzfvM c9s I sec abvZK (+) Ges evwKjv FYvZK ()
sin () = sin
c9s () = c9s
tan () = tan
sec () = sec
c9t () = c9t c9sec () = c9sec

cwiwgwZ (;easurement)
AvqZi `N a GKK I c b GKK nj,
dj, A = ab eMGKK
cwimxgv, s = 2(a +b) GKK
KY, d = 5a + b GKK
eMi GK evi `N a GKK nj,
dj, A = a2 eMGKK
cwimxgv, s = 4a GKK
KY, d = a52 GKK
i^mi GK evi `N a GKK I KYq d1, d2 nj,


dj, A = (d @ d ) eMGKK


cwimxgv, s = 4a GKK
mvgvwiKi fwg a GKK I DPZv h GKK nj,
dj, A = ah eMGKK
mvgvwiKi `yBwU mwbwnZ ev a, b GKK I Zv`i Afz KvY nj,
dj, A = ab.sin eMGKK
mvgvwiKi GKwU KY d I wecixZ kxlwe`y nZ KYi Dci j^ h nj,
dj, A = dh eMGKK
UvwcwRqvgi mgvivj evq a, b GKK I DPZv ev j^ `~iZ h GKK nj,

dj, A = h(a+b) eMGKK



wfzRi fwg a GKK I DPZv h GKK nj,



dj, A = ah eMGKK


wfzRi wZb ev a, b, c GKK I a, b Gi Afzw KvY nj,

cwimxgv = a + b + c GKK
S

Aacwimxgv, s =

GKK

dj, A = as (s  a) (s  b) (s  c) eMGKK

dj, A = ab sin eMGKK


mgev wfzRi GKwU ev a GKK nj,

cwimxgv = 3a GKK
dj, A =

5b 
a
c

eMGKK

mgwev wfzRi mgvb evq a GKK I Aci ev b GKK nj,

cwimxgv = 2a + b GKK


dj, A = 54a  b eMGKK

c

ei evmva r GKK, K` Pvci KvY nj,

cwiwa, C = 2er GKK
dj, A = er2 eMGKK
eKjvi dj =
Pvci `N, s =

bJ'

bJ'

@ er  eMGKK
@ 2er GKK [ = KvYi wWwM cwigvc ]

Pvci `N, s = r GKK

[ = KvYi iwWqvb cwigvc ]
AvqZvKvi Nbei `N a GKK, c b GKK I DPZv c GKK nj,
KY, d = 5a + b  + c  GKK
mgMZji dj = 2(ab + bc + ca) eMGKK
AvqZb, V = abc NbGKK
NbKi GK avi a GKK nj,
KY, d = a53 GKK
cZji KYi `N = a52 GKK
mgMZji dj = 6a2 eMGKK
AvqZb, V = a3 NbGKK
mgefwgK KvYKi fwgi evmva r GKK, DPZv h GKK I njvb DbwZ l nj,
njvb DbwZ, l = 5h + r  GKK
eZji dj = erl eMGKK
mgMZji dj = er(ll+r) eMGKK

AvqZb, V = er  h NbGKK
b

mgefwgK ejbi fwgi evmva r GKK I DPZv h GKK nj,

eZji dj = 2erh eMGKK
mgMZji dj = 2er(h+r) eMGKK
AvqZb, V = er2h NbGKK
MvjKi evmva r GKK nj,
Zji dj = 4er2 eMGKK
c
AvqZb, V = er b NbGKK
b

fi (Vect9r)
Avw`we`y A I Awe`y B nj, H w`Kwb`kK iLvsk gggggh
AB viv m~wPZ Kiv nq, Gi `N
gggggh
ggggghi Ges gAB
ggggh = BA
A
>
B A
iAB
gggggh + gBC
ggggh = AB
ggggh
fi hvMi wfzR wewa t gAC
gggggh = gBC
ggggh  AB
ggggh
fi weqvMi wfzR wewa t gAC
wfzRi evqi GKB g viv m~wPZ fiqi hvMdj k~b
B
C
g
g
g
ggggh
ggggh
ggggh
gggggh
GLvb, AB + BC = AC = (CA)
D
C
gggggh + CA
gggggh = gggggh
gggggh + BC
ggggh = 0
CA  gCA
A_vr, AB
gggggh
ggggh = AB
gggggh + AD
fi hvMi mvgvwiK wewa t gAC
A
B
fi hvMi wewbgq wewa t hKvbv u, v fii Rb u+v = v+u
fi hvMi mshvM wewa t hKvbv u, v, w Gi Rb (u+v)+w = u+(v+w)
fi hvMi eRb wewa t hKvbv u, v, w Gi Rb u+v = v+w nj, v=w
fi mvsLwYZK msv eb my t m, n `yBwU jvi I u, v `yBwU fi nj
(m+n)u=mu + nu Ges m(u+v) = mu + mv
B
AwefwKiY my t A, B we`yi Aevb fi h_vg a, b nj
n
Ges AB iLvsk C we`yZ m:n AbycvZ Awef nj,
C
b
36
c
C we`yi Aevb fi, c =
m
63
O
A
a

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