Introduction To Electrical Engineering

Scilab Textbook Companion for
Introduction to Electrical Engineering

by Er. J. P. Navani and Er. S. Sapra1
Created by
Mohd Anwar
B.Tech
Electronics Engineering
Roorkee Institute of Technology
College Teacher
Mr. Mohd Rizwan
Cross-Checked by
K. V. P. Pradeep
May 8, 2014
1 Funded
by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro. This Textbook Companion and Scilab
codes written in it can be downloaded from the Textbook Companion Project
section at the website http://scilab.in
Book Description
Title: Introduction to Electrical Engineering
Author: Er. J. P. Navani and Er. S. Sapra
Publisher: S. Chand & Company, New Delhi
Edition: 1
Year: 2013
ISBN: 81-219-9759-3
Scilab numbering policy used in this document and the relation to the
above book.
Exa Example (Solved example)
Eqn Equation (Particular equation of the above book)
AP Appendix to Example(Scilab Code that is an Appednix to a particular
Example of the above book)
For example, Exa 3.51 means solved example 3.51 of this book. Sec 2.3 means
a scilab code whose theory is explained in Section 2.3 of the book.
Contents
List of Scilab Codes
1 D C Circuit Analysis
10
2 Network Theorems
33
3 AC fundamental
55
4 Three Phase AC Circuits
64
5 Three Phase AC Circuits
88
6 Measuring Instruments
101
8 Magnetic Circuits
108
9 Single Phase Transformer
120
10 D C Machines
138
11 Induction Motors
153
List of Scilab Codes

Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.19
1.20
1.21
1.22
1.23
1.24
1.25
1.26
1.27
2.1
2.2
Current in each element . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Current in each branch . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Voltage source to current source . . . . . . . .
Value of current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Value of I1 and I2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Current through each battery and load current
Mesh analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Current in 6 ohm resistor . . . . . . . . . . . .
Current in each element . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Value of R3 and R4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Current through each resistor . . . . . . . . . .
Voltage at node 1 and 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Current I1 and I2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Current I1 and I2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Current in resistor R1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Current in 10 ohm resistor . . . . . . . . . . .
Current in 8 ohm resistor . . . . . . . . . . . .
Current drawn from the source . . . . . . . . .
Current in all branch . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Current and voltage across 2 ohm resistor . . .
Voltage across 6 ohm resistor . . . . . . . . . .
Resistance between point B and C . . . . . . .
Voltage across R1 and R2 . . . . . . . . . . . .
Current I1 and I2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Current through load resistance . . . . . . . . .
Value of current across 12 ohm . . . . . . . . .
4
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10
11
12
12
13
14
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
31
33
34
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.15
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.19
2.20
2.21
2.22
2.23
2.24
2.25
2.26
2.27
2.28
2.29
2.30
2.31
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10
Value of current across 12 ohm . . . . . . . . . . . .

Load resistor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Current across 4 ohm resistor . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Current in branch AB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Current through 8 ohm resistor . . . . . . . . . . . .
Current across 16 ohm resistor . . . . . . . . . . . .
Current through 6 ohm resistor . . . . . . . . . . . .
Current in 10 ohm resistor . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Current in 5 ohm resistor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thevenins equivalent of the netword . . . . . . . . .
Value of R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Load Resistance and power delivered to load . . . .
Thevenins equivalent circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Norton equivalent circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Vth and Rth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Load resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Load resistance and maximum power . . . . . . . . .
Value of current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Current in resistor R2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Current in all resistor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Current in all resistor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Time period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Value of current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Average and RMS value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Phase difference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Instantaneous values of sum and difference of voltage
Average value effective value and form factor . . . .
Average and RMS value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rectangular form of voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Phaser diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
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34
35
35
36
37
37
38
39
39
40
41
41
42
43
43
44
45
46
46
47
48
48
49
50
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
56
57
57
58
58
59
60
Exa 3.11
Exa 3.12
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
3.13
3.14
3.15
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13
4.14
4.15
4.16
4.17
4.18
4.19
4.20
4.21
4.22
4.23
4.24
4.25
4.26
4.27
4.28
4.29
4.30
5.1
5.2
Value of current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Maximum current frequency and RMS value and form
factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Power factor and RMS value of current . . . . . . . .
RMS value average value and form factor . . . . . . .
Form factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Current and power consumed . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Instantaneous power and average power . . . . . . . .
Inductive reactance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Capacitive reactance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Circuit current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Value of R and L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Active and reactive component of current . . . . . . .
Voltage across each component and circuit . . . . . . .
Resistance and inductance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Power factor supply voltage and active and reactive power
Impedance current power factor and power consumed .
The resonant frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Frequency at resonance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bandwidth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Half power points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Power factor and power consumed . . . . . . . . . . .
Power factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Supply current and power factor . . . . . . . . . . . .
Supply current and power factor . . . . . . . . . . . .
Power and power factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Value of pure indutance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Current and power absorbed by each branch . . . . . .
Voltage across the condenser . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Half power frequencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Value of capacitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Current and power drawn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total power supplied by source . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Q factor of the circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Line current power factor and power supplied . . . . .
Line ans phase voltage and current and power factor .
6
60
61
61
62
63
64
65
65
66
67
68
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
75
76
77
78
78
79
80
81
81
82
83
84
84
85
86
86
88
89
Exa 5.3
Exa 5.4
Exa 5.5
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
5.10
5.11
Exa 5.12
Exa 5.13
Exa 5.14
Exa 5.15
Exa 5.16
Exa 5.17
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
6.10
6.11
8.1
8.2
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
Resistance and inductance of coil . . . . . . . . . . . .

Line current and power absorbed . . . . . . . . . . . .
Phase current and resistance and inductance of coil and
power drawn by coil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Power factor of the load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Power factor of circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Power factor of motor at no load . . . . . . . . . . . .
Input power factor line current and output . . . . . .
Impedance of the load phase current and power factor
Line current power factor three phase current and volt
amperes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Power and power factor of load . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reading of two wattmeters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Phase current resistance and inductance of coil and power
drawn by coil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reading of each wattmeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Values and nature of load components and power factor
Line current impedance of each phase and resistance and
inductance of each phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Required shunt resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Multiplying factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Resistance to be connected in parallel and series . . .
Current range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Percentage error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Series resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Value of Rs and Rsh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Number of revolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Required current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Coil mmf field strength total flux reluctance and permeance of the ring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ampere turns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total flux in the ring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MMF total reluctance flux and flux density of the ring
Reluctance of magnetic circuit and inductance of coil .
7
89
90
91
92
92
93
93
94
95
95
96
97
97
98
99
101
101
102
102
103
104
104
105
105
106
107
108
109
109
110
111
112
113
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
8.8
8.9
8.10
8.11
8.12
8.13
8.14
8.15
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9
9.10
9.11
9.12
9.13
9.14
9.15
9.16
9.17
9.18
9.19
9.20
9.21
9.22
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6
10.7
Exciting current needed in a coil . . . . . . . . . . . .

Total flux in the ring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Coil inductance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ampere turns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Required MMF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Flux density of air gap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Coil inductance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Primary turns primary and secondary full load current
Maximum flux density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Maximum core flux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Two component of current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Equivalent Resistance reactance and impedence reffered
to primary and secondary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total copper loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Efficiency of transformer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Efficiency on unity power factor . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Maximum efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Iron and full load copper loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Maximum core flux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total copper loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Secondary voltage at full load . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Percentage of full load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Full load efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Full load efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Maximum efficiency of transformer . . . . . . . . . . .
Equivalent circuit of the transformer . . . . . . . . . .
Equivalent circuit parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Iron and copper loss at full and half full load . . . . .
emf generated by 4 pole wave wound generator . . . .
Numbers of conductor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Induced voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Generated emf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total power developed by armature . . . . . . . . . .
Power developed in the armature . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total armature current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
113
114
115
116
116
117
118
119
120
121
121
122
123
124
125
125
126
127
128
128
129
130
131
131
132
133
133
135
135
136
138
138
139
140
140
141
142
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
10.8
10.9
10.10
10.11
10.12
10.13
10.14
10.15
10.16
10.17
10.18
10.19
10.20
10.21
11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5
11.6
11.7
11.8
11.9
11.10
11.11
11.12
11.13
Generated voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Back emf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Armature current and back emf . . . . . . . . . .
Speed of motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Armature resistance and current . . . . . . . . .
Ratio of speed as a generator to speed as a motor
Induced voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Generated emf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Power developed in the armature . . . . . . . . .
Speed when the current in armature is 30 A . . .
Speed of motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Change in emf induced . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total power developed by armature . . . . . . .
Useful flux per pole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Synchronous Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Slip and speed of motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Synchronous speed and no load speed . . . . . .
Number of the pole in the motor . . . . . . . . .
Frequency of rotor emf in running condition . . .
Rotor speed when slip is 4 percent . . . . . . . .
Number of poles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Number of poles in the machine . . . . . . . . .
Full load speed and corresponding speed . . . . .
Speed at which maximum torque is developed . .
Rotor speed in rpm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Slip and frequency of rotor induced emf . . . . .
Full load speed of motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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143
143
144
144
145
146
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148
148
149
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150
151
153
154
154
155
156
156
157
158
159
159
160
160
161
Chapter 1
D C Circuit Analysis
Scilab code Exa 1.1 Current in each element

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
// Exa 1 . 1
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,5)
// Given d a t a
R1 =4; // i n ohm
R2 = 6; // i n ohm
R3 = 2; // i n ohm
V1 = 24; // i n V
V2 = 12; // i n V
// A p p l y i n g KVL i n Mesh ABEFA, V1 = ( R1+R3 ) I 1 R3
I2
(i)
// A p p l y i n g KVL i n Mesh BCDEB, V2 = R3 I 1 ( R2+R3 )
I2
( ii )
A = [( R1 + R3 ) R3 ; - R3 -( R2 + R3 ) ]; // assumed
B = [ V1 V2 ]; // assumed
I = B * A ^ -1; // S o l v i n g e q u a t i o n s by m a t r i x
multiplication
I1 = I (1) ; // i n A
I2 = I (2) ; // i n A
10
19
20
21
22
23
24
disp ( I1 , The c u r r e n t t h r o u g h 4 ohm r e s i s t o r i n A i s

);
// c u r r e n t t h r o u g h 2 ohm r e s i s t o r
I = I1 - I2 ; // i n A
disp (I , The c u r r e n t t h r o u g h 2 ohm r e s i s t o r i n A i s )
;
);
disp ( That i s + string ( abs ( I2 ) ) + A c u r r e n t f l o w s i n
6 ohm r e s i s t o r from C t o B )
Scilab code Exa 1.2 Current in each branch

// Exa 1 . 2
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,5)
// Given d a t a
V = 100; // i n V
I3 = 10; // i n A
R1 = 10; // i n ohm
R2 = 5; // i n ohm
// I 1 = (V V A ) /R1
// I 2 = ( V A0) /R2
// U s i n g KCL a t n o t e A, I1 I 2+I 3 =0 o r
V_A = ( R1 * R2 ) /( R1 + R2 ) *( I3 + V / R1 ) ; // i n V
I1 = ( V - V_A ) / R1 ; // i n A
I2 = ( V_A -0) / R2 ; // i n A
);
18 disp ( I2 , The c u r r e n t t h r o u g h 5 ohm r e s i s t o r i n A i s
);
19 disp ( I3 , The c u r r e n t t h r o u g h 20 ohm r e s i s t o r i n A i s
);
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Scilab code Exa 1.3 Voltage source to current source

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// Exa 1 . 3
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,5)
// Given d a t a
// P a r t ( a )
V = 30; // i n V
R = 6; // i n ohm
I = V / R ; // t h e e q u i v a l e n t c u r r e n t
disp (I , The e q u i v a l e n t c u r r e n t i n
// P a r t ( b )
I = 10; // i n A
R = 5; // i n ohm
V = I * R ; // t h e e q u i v a l e n t v o l t a g e
disp (V , The e q u i v a l e n t v o l t a g e i n
Scilab code Exa 1.4 Value of current

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// Exa 1 . 4
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7)
// Given d a t a
R1 = 6; // i n ohm
R2 = 2; // i n ohm
R3 = 5; // i n ohm
I2 = 4; // i n A
12
in A
A i s );
in V
V i s );
11 V =24; // i n V
12 // A p p l y i n g KVL t o t h e l o o p ABCDA, R1 I1 R3 I+V=0
(i)
13 // but I 1= I+I 2 , s o from eq ( i )
14 I = (V - R1 * I2 ) /( R1 + R3 ) ; // i n A
15 disp (I , The c u r r e n t i n A i s ) ;
Scilab code Exa 1.5 Value of I1 and I2

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// Exa 1 . 5
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7)
// Given d a t a
R1 = 40; // i n ohm
R2 = 20; // i n ohm
R3 = 25; // i n ohm
R4 = 60; // i n ohm
R5 = 50; // i n ohm
V1 = 120; // i n V
V2 = 60; // i n V
V3 = 40; // i n V
// A p p l y i n g KVL i n Mesh ABEFA, we g e t I 1 ( R1+R2+R3
)+I 2 R3=V2V1
(i)
// A p p l y i n g KVL i n Mesh BCEDB, we g e t R3 I1 I 2 ( R3+
R4+R5 )= V3V2
( ii )
A = [ -( R1 + R2 + R3 ) R3 ; R3 -( R3 + R4 + R5 ) ];
B = [ V2 - V1 V3 - V2 ];
I = B * A ^ -1; // S o l v i n g eq ( i ) and ( i i ) by M a t r i x method
I1 = I (1) ; // i n A
I2 = I (2) ; // i n A
disp ( I1 , The v a l u e o f I 1 i n A i s : ) ;
13
Scilab code Exa 1.6 Current through each battery and load current
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// Exa 1 . 6
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
R1 = 2; // i n ohm
R2 = 4; // i n ohm
R3 = 6; // i n ohm
V1 = 4; // i n V
V2 = 44; // i n V
// A p p l y i n g KVL i n ABEFA : R1 I 1 + R2 I 2 = V1
(i)
// A p p l y i n g KVL i n BCDEB : R3 I 1 + I 2 ( R2+R3 )=V2 ( i i )
A = [ - R1 R3 ; R2 ( R2 + R3 ) ]; // assumed
B = [ V1 V2 ]; // assumed
I1 = I (1) ; // i n A
I2 = I (2) ; // i n A
I_L = I1 + I2 ; // i n A
disp ( I_L , The v a l u e o f I L i n A i s : ) ;
Scilab code Exa 1.7 Mesh analysis

1 // Exa 1 . 7
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
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format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
R1 = 1; // i n ohm
R2 = 1; // i n ohm
R3 = 2; // i n ohm
R4 = 1; // i n ohm
R5 = 1; // i n ohm
V1 = 1.5; // i n V
V2 = 1.1; // i n V
// A p p l y i n g KVL i n ABCFA :
I 1 ( R1+R2+R3 ) + R3 I 2 =
V1
(i)
// A p p l y i n g KVL i n BCDEB : R3 I 1 + I 2 ( R3+R4+R5 )=V2
( ii )
A = [( R1 + R2 + R3 ) R3 ; R3 ( R3 + R4 + R5 ) ];
B = [ V1 V2 ];
I1 = I (1) ; // i n A
I2 = I (2) ; // i n A
Scilab code Exa 1.8 Current in 6 ohm resistor

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// Exa 1 . 8
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7)
// Given d a t a
R1 = 2; // i n ohm
R2 = 4; // i n ohm
R3 = 1; // i n ohm
R4 = 6; // i n ohm
R5 = 4; // i n ohm
V1 = 10; // i n V
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13 V2 = 20; // i n V
14 // A p p l y i n g KVL i n ABGHA :
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I 1 ( R1+R2 ) R2 I 2 = V1
(i)
// A p p l y i n g KVL i n BCFGB :
I 1 R5I 2 ( R3+R4+R5 )+I 3 R4
= 0
( ii )
// A p p l y i n g KVL i n CDEFC : R4 I2 I 3 ( R2+R4 )=V2
( iii )
A = [( R1 + R2 ) R5 0; - R2 -( R3 + R4 + R5 ) R4 ; 0 R4 -( R2 + R4 )
];
B = [ V1 0 V2 ];
I = B * A ^ -1; // S o l v i n g eq ( i ) , ( i i ) and ( i i i ) by M a t r i x
method
I1 = I (1) ; // i n A
I2 = I (2) ; // i n A
I3 = I (3) ; // i n A
I6_ohm_resistor = I2 - I3 ; // The c u r r e n t t h r o u g h 6 ohm
resistance
in A
disp ( I6_ohm_resistor , The c u r r e n t t h r o u g h 6 ohm
r e s i s t a n c e in A i s : )
Scilab code Exa 1.9 Current in each element

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// Exa 1 . 9
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
R1 = 30; // i n ohm
R2 = 40; // i n ohm
R3 = 20; // i n ohm
R4 = 60; // i n ohm
R5 = 50; // i n ohm
V = 240; // i n V
// A p p l y i n g KVL i n ABDA
I 1 (R1+R2+R3 ) + R2 I 2+R3
:
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I 3 =0
(i)
// A p p l y i n g KVL i n BCDB :
I 1 R2+I 2 (R2+R4+R5 )+I 3
R5 = 0
( ii )
// A p p l y i n g KVL i n CFEADC : I 1 R3+ R5 I 2+I 3 (R3+R5 )=
V
( iii )
A = [ -( R1 + R2 + R3 ) R2 R3 ; R2 -( R2 + R4 + R5 ) R5 ; R3 R5 -( R3
+ R5 ) ];
B = [0 0 -V ];
I = B * A ^ -1; // S o l v i n g eq ( i ) , ( i i ) and ( i i i ) by M a t r i x
method
I1 = I (1) ; // i n A
I2 = I (2) ; // i n A
I3 = I (3) ; // i n A
I30_ohm_resistor = I1 ; // i n A
I60_ohm_resistor = I2 ; // i n A
I50_ohm_resistor = I2 - I3 ; // i n A
// Note : I n t h e book t h e r e i s a m i s t a k e i n eq ( i i i ) ,
t h e R . H . S o f eq ( i i i ) s h o u l d be 24 n o t 240.
S i n c e t h e y d i v i d e t h e L . H . S o f eq ( i i i ) by 10 and
R . H . S n o t d i v i d e d , So t h e a n s w e r i n t h e book i s
wrong
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Scilab code Exa 1.10 Value of R3 and R4

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// Exa 1 . 1 0
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7)
// Given d a t a
R1 = 5; // i n ohm
R2 = 5; // i n ohm
R3 = 10; // i n ohm
R4 = 10; // i n ohm
R5 = 5; // i n ohm
V1 = 50; // i n V
V2 = 20; // i n V
// A p p l y i n g KCL a t node A : VA ( R1R3+R3R2+R2R1 )+VB
R1R3 = V1R2R3
(i)
// A p p l y i n g KCL a t node B : VAR4R5+VB(R2R4+R4R5
+R5R2 ) = V2R2R4
( ii )
A =[( R1 * R3 + R2 * R3 + R2 * R1 ) R4 * R5 ; - R1 * R3 -( R2 * R4 + R4 * R5 +
R5 * R2 ) ]
B = [ V1 * R2 * R3 - V2 * R2 * R4 ];
V = B * A ^ -1; // S o l v i n g eq ( i ) and ( i i ) by M a t r i x method
VA = V (1) ; // i n V
VB = V (2) ; // i n V
I_through_R3 = VA / R3 ; // i n A
I_through_R4 = VB / R4 ; // i n A
disp ( I_through_R3 , The c u r r e n t i n R3 i n A i s : )
disp ( I_through_R4 , The c u r r e n t i n R4 i n A i s : )
Scilab code Exa 1.11 Current through each resistor

1 // Exa 1 . 1 1
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
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close ;
format ( v ,7)
// Given d a t a
R1 = 1; // i n ohm
R2 = 1; // i n ohm
R3 = 0.5; // i n ohm
R4 = 2; // i n ohm
R5 = 1; // i n ohm
V1 = 15; // i n V
V2 = 20; // i n V
R1R2 = V1R2R3
(i)
+R5R3 ) = V2R3R4
( ii )
R5 * R3 ) ]
B = [ V1 * R2 * R3 - V2 * R3 * R4 ];
VA = V (1) ; // i n V
VB = V (2) ; // i n V
I1 = ( VA - V1 ) / R1 ; // i n A
I2 = VA / R2 ; // i n A
I3 = ( VA - VB ) / R3 ; // i n A
I4 = VB / R4 ; // i n A
I5 = ( VB - V2 ) / R5 ; // i n A
disp ( I1 , The v a l u e o f I 1 i n A i s : )

1 // Exa 1 . 1 2
2 clc ;
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clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7)
// Given d a t a
V1 = 12; // i n V
V2 = 10; // i n V
VB = 0; // i n V
R1 = 2; // i n ohm
R2 = 1; // i n ohm
R3 = 10; // i n ohm
// U s i n g KCL a t node A :
VA = ( V1 * R2 * R3 + V2 * R3 * R1 ) /( R1 * R2 + R2 * R3 + R3 * R1 ) ; // i n V
I1 = ( V1 - VA ) / R1 ; // i n A
I2 = ( V2 - VA ) / R2 ; // i n A
I3 = ( VA - VB ) / R3 ; // i n A
Scilab code Exa 1.13 Voltage at node 1 and 2

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// Exa 1 . 1 3
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7)
// Given d a t a
R1 = 1; // i n ohm
R2 = 2; // i n ohm
R3 = 2; // i n ohm
R4 = 1; // i n ohm
I1 = 1; // i n A
I5 = 2; // i n A
// U s i n g KCL a t node 1 : V1 ( R2+R3 )V2R2= I 1 R2R3
(i)
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// U s i n g KCL a t node 2 : V1R4V2 ( R3+R4 )= I 5 ( R3R4

)
( ii )
A = [( R2 + R3 ) R4 ; - R2 -( R3 + R4 ) ];
B = [ I1 * R2 * R3 - I5 * R3 * R4 ];
V1 = V (1) ; // i n V
V2 = V (2) ; // i n V
disp ( V1 , The v o l t a g e a t node 1 i n v o l t s i s : )
disp ( V2 , The v o l t a g e a t node 2 i n v o l t s i s : )
Scilab code Exa 1.14 Current I1 and I2

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// Exa 1 . 1 4
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
R1 = 2; // i n ohm
R2 = 6; // i n ohm
R3 = 3; // i n ohm
V1 = 10; // i n V
V2 = 6; // i n V
V3 = 2; // i n V
// A p p l y i n g KVL i n ABEFA :
I 1 ( R1+R2 ) R2 I 2=V1V2
(i)
// A p p l y i n g KVL i n BCDEB : I 1 R2+I 2 ( R2+R3 )=V2V3
( ii )
A = [( R1 + R2 ) - R2 ; - R2 ( R2 + R3 ) ];
B = [( V1 - V2 ) ( V2 - V3 ) ];
I = B * A ^ -1; // S o l v i n g eq ( i ) , and ( i i ) by M a t r i x
method
I1 = I (1) ; // i n A
I2 = I (2) ; // i n A
21
21

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// Exa 1 . 1 5
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
R1 = 2; // i n ohm
R2 = 6; // i n ohm
R3 = 4; // i n ohm
R4 = 3; // i n ohm
R5 = 5; // i n ohm
V1 = 10; // i n V
V2 = 6; // i n V
V3 = 2; // i n V
I 1 ( R1+R2+R3 ) R2 I 2 =
V1V2 ( i )
// A p p l y i n g KVL i n BCDEB :
I 1 R2+I 2 ( R2+R4+R5 ) =V2
V3 ( i i )
A = [( R1 + R2 + R3 ) - R2 ; - R2 ( R2 + R4 + R5 ) ];
B = [( V1 - V2 ) ( V2 - V3 ) ];
I1 = I (1) ; // i n A
I2 = I (2) ; // i n A
Scilab code Exa 1.16 Current in resistor R1

1
// Exa 1 . 1 6
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clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7)
// Given d a t a
R1 = 10; // i n ohm
R2 = 5; // i n ohm
R3 = 5; // i n ohm
R4 = 5; // i n ohm
V2 = 10; // i n V
I = 1; // i n A
V1 = R4 * I ; // i n V
I 1 ( R1+R2+R3 ) + R1 I 2 =
V1 ( i )
// A p p l y i n g KVL i n BCDEB :
I 1 R1+I 2 ( R1+R4 ) =V2
( ii )
A = [( R1 + R2 + R3 ) R1 ; R1 ( R1 + R4 ) ];
B = [ V1 V2 ];
I1 = I (1) ; // i n A
I2 = I (2) ; // i n A
I10_ohm = I1 + I2 ; // i n A
disp ( I10_ohm , The c u r r e n t t h r o u g h 10 ohm r e s i s t o r i n
A i s : )

1 // Exa 1 . 1 7
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 format ( v ,7)
6 // Given d a t a
7 R1 = 4; // i n ohm
8 R2 = 5; // i n ohm
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R3 = 10; // i n ohm
R4 = 6; // i n ohm
R5 = 4; // i n ohm
V1 = 15; // i n V
V2 = 30; // i n V
R1R2 = V1R1R3
(i)
+R5R3 ) = V2R3R4
( ii )
R5 * R3 ) ]
B = [ V1 * R1 * R3 - V2 * R3 * R4 ];
V = B * A ^ -1; // S o l v i n g eq ( i ) and ( i i i ) by M a t r i x
method
VA = V (1) ; // i n V
VB = V (2) ; // i n V
I10_ohm = abs (( VA - VB ) / R3 ) ; // i n A
disp ( I10_ohm , The c u r r e n t t h r o u g h 10 ohm r e s i s t o r
from r i g h t t o l e f t i n A i s : )

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// Exa 1 . 1 9
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7)
// Given d a t a
R1 = 10; // i n ohm
R2 = 10; // i n ohm
R3 = 20; // i n ohm
R4 = 20; // i n ohm
R5 = 20; // i n ohm
V = 10; // i n V
I1 = 1; // i n A
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14 I7 =0.5; // i n A
15 // A p p l y i n g KCL a t node A :
VA ( R1+R2 )+VBR1 = I 1 R1
R2
(i)
16 // A p p l y i n g KCL a t node B : VAR3R4+VB(R2R3+R3R4
+R4R2 )+VCR2R3 = VR2R4
( ii )
17 // A p p l y i n g KCL a t node C : VBR5+VC ( R4+R5 )=I 7 R4R5
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( iii )
A =[( R1 + R2 ) R3 * R4 0; - R1 -( R2 * R3 + R3 * R4 + R4 * R2 ) - R5 ;0
R2 * R3 ( R4 + R5 ) ]
B = [ I1 * R1 * R2 V * R2 * R4 I7 * R4 * R5 ];
Value = B * A ^ -1; // S o l v i n g eq ( i ) , ( i i ) and ( i i i ) by
M a t r i x method
VA = Value (1) ; // i n V
VB = Value (2) ; // i n V
VC = Value (3)
I2 = VA / R1 ; // i n A
I3 = ( VA - VB ) / R2 ; // i n A
I4 = ( VB + V ) / R3 ; // i n A
I5 = ( VC - VB ) / R4 ; // i n A
I6 = VC / R5 ; // i n A

1
// Exa 1 . 2 0
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clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7)
// Given d a t a
R1 = 3; // i n ohm
R2 = 8; // i n ohm
R3 = 4; // i n ohm
R4 = 12; // i n ohm
R5 = 14; // i n ohm
V1 = 10; // i n V
V2 = 3; // i n V
V3 = 6; // i n V
R1R2 = V1R2R3+V2R1R2
(i)
+R5R3 ) = V2R4R5V3R3R4
( ii )
R5 * R3 ) ]
B = [( V1 * R2 * R3 + V2 * R1 * R2 ) ( V2 * R4 * R5 - V3 * R3 * R4 ) ];
VA = V (1) ; // i n V
VB = V (2) ; // i n V
I8_ohm = VA / R2 ; // The c u r r e n t t h r o u g h 8 ohm r e s i s t a n c e
in A
disp ( I8_ohm , The c u r r e n t t h r o u g h 8 ohm r e s i s t a n c e i n
A i s : )
Scilab code Exa 1.21 Current drawn from the source

1 // Exa 1 . 2 1
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 format ( v ,6)
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// Given d a t a
V = 100; // i n V
R12 = 3; // i n ohm
R31 = 2; // i n ohm
R23 = 4; // i n ohm
R4 = 6; // i n ohm
R5 =2; // i n ohm
R6 = 5; // i n ohm
R1 = ( R12 * R31 ) /( R12 + R23 + R31 ) ; // i n ohm
R2 = ( R31 * R23 ) /( R12 + R23 + R31 ) ; // i n ohm
R3 = ( R23 * R12 ) /( R12 + R23 + R31 ) ; // i n ohm
R_S = R6 + R1 ; // i n ohm
R_P1 = R2 + R4 ; // i n ohm
R_P2 = R3 + R5 ; // i n ohm
R_P = R_P1 * R_P2 /( R_P1 + R_P2 ) ; // i n ohm
R = R_P + R_S ; // i n ohm
I = V / R ; // i n A
disp (I , The c u r r e n t drawn from t h e s o u r c e i n A i s :
)
Scilab code Exa 1.22 Current in all branch

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// Exa 1 . 2 2
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
R1 = 10; // i n ohm
R2 = 5; // i n ohm
R3 = 20; // i n ohm
V = 100; // i n V
I2 = 10; // i n A
// A p p l y i n g KVL i n ABEFA : R1 I1 R2 ( I 1+I 2 )+V= 0
I1 = (V - R2 * I2 ) /( R1 + R2 ) ; // i n A
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I10_ohm = I1 ; // c u r r e n t t h r o u g h 10 ohm r e s i s t a n c e i n A
I5_ohm = I1 + I2 ; // c u r r e n t t h r o u g h 5 ohm r e s i s t a n c e i n
A
I20_ohm = I2 ; // c u r r e n t t h r o u g h 20 ohm r e s i s t a n c e i n A
disp ( P a r t ( i ) : U s i n g by KVL )
disp ( I10_ohm , The c u r r e n t t h r o u g h 10 ohm r e s i s t a n c e
in A i s : )
A i s : )
in A i s : )
// A p p l y i n g KCL a t node A :
VA = ( V * R2 + I2 * R1 * R2 ) /( R1 + R2 ) ; // i n V
I10_ohm = ( VA - V ) / R1 ; // i n A
I5_ohm = VA / R2 ; // i n A
I20_ohm = I2 ; // i n A
disp ( P a r t ( i i ) : U s i n g by KVL )
in A i s : )
A i s : )
in A i s : )
Scilab code Exa 1.23 Current and voltage across 2 ohm resistor
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// Exa 1 . 2 3
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7)
// Given d a t a
R1 = 5; // i n ohm
R2 = 10; // i n ohm
R3 = 3; // i n ohm
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R4 = 2; // i n ohm
V1 = 10; // i n V
V2 = 20; // i n V
I = 5; // i n A
// A p p l y i n g KCL a t node A :
R2+V1R1
VA ( R1+R2 )+VBR1 =I R1
(
i)
+R4R2 ) =V1R3R4+V2R2R3 ( i i )
A =[( R1 + R2 ) R3 * R4 ; - R1 -( R3 * R2 + R4 * R3 + R4 * R2 ) ]
B = [( I * R1 * R2 + V1 * R1 ) ( V1 * R3 * R4 + V2 * R2 * R3 ) ];
VA = V (1) ; // i n V
VB = V (2) ; // i n V
I4 = ( VB + V2 ) / R4 ; // i n A
V4 = R4 * I4 ; // i n V
: )
disp ( V4 , The v o l t a g e a c r o s s 2 ohm r e s i s t o r i n V i s :
)
Scilab code Exa 1.24 Voltage across 6 ohm resistor

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// Exa 1 . 2 4
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7)
// Given d a t a
R1 = 6; // i n ohm
R2 = 12; // i n ohm
R3 = 2; // i n ohm
R4 = 6; // i n ohm
V2 = 12; // i n V
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12 V3 = 30; // i n V
13 // A p p l y i n g KVL i n ABEFA
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:
I 1 ( R1+R2 ) R2 I 2=V3V2
(i)
// A p p l y i n g KVL i n BCDEB : I 1 R2+I 2 ( R1+R2+R3 )=V2
( ii )
A = [( R1 + R2 ) - R2 ; - R2 ( R1 + R2 + R3 ) ];
B = [( V3 - V2 ) ( V2 ) ];
I = B * A ^ -1; // S o l v i n g eq ( i ) , and ( i i ) by M a t r i x
method
I1 = I (1) ; // i n A
I2 = I (2) ; // i n A
V1 = I2 * R1 ; // v o l t a g e a c r o s s 6 ohm r e s i s t o r
in V
disp ( V1 , The v o l t a g e a c r o s s 6 ohm r e s i s t o r i n V i s :
)
Scilab code Exa 1.25 Resistance between point B and C

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// Exa 1 . 2 5
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,5)
// Given d a t a
R1 = 6; // i n ohm
R2 = 2; // i n ohm
R3 = 2; // i n ohm
R4 = 4; // i n ohm
R5 = 4; // i n ohm
R6 = 6; // i n ohm
R12 = R1 * R2 /( R1 + R2 ) ; // i n ohm
R34 = R3 * R4 /( R3 + R4 ) ; // i n ohm
R56 = R5 * R6 /( R5 + R6 ) ; // i n ohm
// R e s i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t h e p o i n t B and C
R_BC = ( R12 + R34 ) * R56 /(( R12 + R34 ) + R56 ) ; // i n ohm
disp ( R_BC , The r e s i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t h e p o i n t B and C
30
i n ohm i s : )
Scilab code Exa 1.26 Voltage across R1 and R2

// Exa 1 . 2 6
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7)
// Given d a t a
R1 = 10; // i n ohm
R2 = 10; // i n ohm
R4 = 80; // i n ohm
V1 = 100; // i n V
I2 = 0.5; // i n A
V2 = I2 * R4 ; // i n V
// A p p l y i n g KVL : R1 I1 V2+V1R1 I 2 =0
I1 = ( V1 - V2 ) /( R1 + R2 ) ; // i n A
V_R1 = I1 * R1 ; // v o l t a g e a c r o s s R1 r e s i s t o r
V_R2 = I1 * R2 ; // v o l t a g e a c r o s s R2 r e s i s t o r
disp ( V_R1 , The v o l t a g e a c r o s s R1 r e s i s t o r
)
18 disp ( V_R2 , The v o l t a g e a c r o s s R2 r e s i s t o r
)
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1 // Exa 1 . 2 7
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 format ( v ,5)
6 // Given d a t a
31
in V
in V
in V i s :
in V i s :
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R1 = 8; // i n ohm
R2 = 4; // i n ohm
R3 = 4; // i n ohm
R4 = 4; // i n ohm
R5 = 8; // i n ohm
R6 = 8; // i n ohm
I =10; // i n A
V = 20; // i n V
// A p p l y i n g KVL i n ABEFA : I 1 ( R1+R2+R3 )+I 2 ( R3 )= I
R2V
(i)
// A p p l y i n g KVL i n BCDEB : I 1 R3I 2 ( R3+R4+R5 )= R4 I
+V
( ii )
A = [( R1 + R2 + R3 ) R3 ; R3 -( R3 + R4 + R5 ) ];
B = [ I * R2 - V R4 * I + V ];
I = B * A ^ -1; // // S o l v i n g e q u a t i o n s by m a t r i x
multiplication
I1 = I (1) ; // i n A
I2 = I (2) ; // i n A
32
Chapter 2
Network Theorems
Scilab code Exa 2.1 Current through load resistance

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// Exa 2 . 1
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,5)
// Given d a t a
R1 = 6; // i n ohm
R2 = 6; // i n ohm
R3 = 6; // i n ohm
V = 24; // i n V
R_T = R1 + R1 * R2 /( R1 + R2 ) ; //
I_T = V / R_T ; // i n A
I1 = ( R1 /( R1 + R2 ) ) * I_T ; //
V = 12; // i n V
I_T = V / R_T ; // i n A
I2 = ( R1 /( R1 + R2 ) ) * I_T ; //
I = I1 + I2 ; // i n A
disp (I , The c u r r e n t i n A
i n ohm
in A
in A
i s );
33
Scilab code Exa 2.2 Value of current across 12 ohm

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// Exa 2 . 2
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,5)
// Given d a t a
R1 = 5; // i n ohm
Vth = 10; // i n ohm
R2 = 7; // i n ohm
R3 =10; // i n ohm
R_L = 12; // i n ohm
V = 20; // i n ohm
Vth = ( Vth * V ) /( R1 + R3 ) ; // i n V
Rth = R2 + (( Vth * R1 ) /( Vth + R1 ) ) ; // i n ohm
// The c u r r e n t t h r o u g h 12 ohm r e s i s t o r
I = Vth /( Rth + R_L ) ; // i n A
disp (I , The c u r r e n t t h r o u g h 12 ohm r e s i s t o r i n A i s
);
Scilab code Exa 2.3 Value of current across 12 ohm

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12
// Exa 2 . 3
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
R1 = 6; // i n ohm
R2 = 7; // i n ohm
R3 = 4; // i n ohm
R_L = 12; // i n ohm
V = 30; // i n V
Vth = ( R3 * V ) /( R3 + R1 ) ; // i n V
34
13 Rth = R2 + (( R3 * R1 ) /( R3 + R1 ) ) ; // i n ohm
14 I_N = Vth / Rth ; // i n A
15 // The c u r r e n t t h r o u g h 12 ohm r e s i s t o r
16 I = ( I_N * Rth ) /( Rth + R_L ) ; // i n ohm
17 disp (I , The c u r r e n t t h r o u g h 12 ohm r e s i s t o r
in A i s
);
Scilab code Exa 2.4 Load resistor

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// Exa 2 . 4
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,5)
// Given d a t a
R1 = 5; // i n ohm
R2 = 10; // i n ohm
R3 = 7; // i n ohm
V = 20; // i n V
Vth = R2 * V /( R1 + R2 ) ; // i n V
Rth = R3 + (( R2 * R1 ) /( R2 + R1 ) ) ; // i n ohm
R_L = Rth ; // i n ohm
disp ( R_L , The v a l u e o f l o a d r e s i s t a n c e i n ohm i s ) ;
Pmax = ( Vth ^2) /(4* R_L ) ; // i n W
disp ( Pmax , The m a g n i t u d e o f maximum power i n W i s ) ;
Scilab code Exa 2.5 Current across 4 ohm resistor

1 // Exa 2 . 5
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 format ( v ,5)
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// Given d a t a
V1 = 12; // i n V
V2 = 10; // i n V
R1 = 6; // i n ohm
R2 = 7; // i n ohm
R3 = 4; // i n ohm
R_T = R1 + ( ( R2 * R3 ) /( R2 + R3 ) ) ; // i n ohm
I_T = V1 / R_T ; // i n A
I1 = ( R2 /( R2 + R3 ) ) * I_T ; // i n A
R_T = R2 + ( ( R1 * R3 ) /( R1 + R3 ) ) ; // i n ohm
I_T = V2 / R_T ; // i n A
I2 = ( R1 * I_T ) /( R1 + R3 ) ; // i n A
// c u r r e n t a c r o s s 4 ohm r e s i s t o r
I = I1 + I2 ; // i n A
disp (I , The c u r r e n t a c r o s s 4 ohm r e s i s t o r i n A i s ) ;
Scilab code Exa 2.6 Current in branch AB

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// Exa 2 . 6
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,5)
// Given d a t a
R1 = 2; // i n ohm
R2 = 3; // i n ohm
R3 = 1; // i n ohm
R4 = 2; // i n ohm
V1 = 4.2; // i n V
V2 = 3.5; // i n V
R_T = R1 + R3 + R2 * R4 /( R2 + R4 ) ; // i n ohm
I_T = V1 / R_T ; // i n A
I1 = ( R1 /( R1 + R2 ) ) * I_T ; // i n A
R = R1 + R3 ; // i n ohm
R_desh = ( R * R2 ) /( R + R2 ) ; // i n ohm
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R_T = R_desh + R1 ; // i n ohm

I_T = V2 / R_T ; // i n A
I2 = ( R2 /( R2 + R ) ) * I_T ; // i n A
// c u r r e n t i n t h e b r a n c h AB
I = I2 - I1 ; // i n A
disp (I , The c u r r e n t i n t h e b r a n c h AB o f t h e c i r c u i t
i n A i s );
Scilab code Exa 2.7 Current through 8 ohm resistor

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// Exa 2 . 7
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,5)
// Given d a t a
R1 = 2; // i n ohm
R2 = 4; // i n ohm
R3 = 8; // i n ohm
Ig = 2; // i n A
V = 20; // i n V
R_T = R1 + R3 ; // i n ohm
I1 = V / R_T ; // i n A
I2 = ( R1 /( R1 + R3 ) ) * Ig ; // i n A
// c u r r e n t t h r o u g h i n 8 ohm r e s i s t o r
I = I1 - I2 ; // i n A
disp (I , The c u r r e n t t h r o u g h i n 8 ohm r e s i s t o r i n A
i s );
Scilab code Exa 2.8 Current across 16 ohm resistor

1 // Exa 2 . 8
2 clc ;
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clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7)
// Given d a t a
R1 = 4; // i n ohm
R2 = 24; // i n ohm
R_L = 16; // i n ohm
V1 = 20; // i n V
V2 = 30; // i n V
// V1R1 IR2 IV2 = 0 ;
I = ( V1 - V2 ) /( R1 + R2 )
// V1R1 IVth = 0 ;
Vth = V1 - R1 * I ; // i n V
Rth = ( R1 * R2 ) /( R1 + R2 ) ; // i n ohm
I_L = Vth /( Rth + R_L ) ; // i n A
disp ( I_L , The c u r r e n t t h r o u g h 16 ohm r e s i s t o r i n A
i s );
Scilab code Exa 2.9 Current through 6 ohm resistor

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// Exa 2 . 9
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,5)
// Given d a t a
R1 = 6; // i n ohm
R2 = 4; // i n ohm
R3 = 3; // i n ohm
R_L = 6; // i n ohm
V1 = 6; // i n V
V2 = 15; // i n V
// V1 R1 I R3 I V2 = 0
I = ( V1 - V2 ) /( R1 + R3 ) ;
38
15 // Vth R3 I V2 = 0 ;
16 Vth = V2 + R3 * I ; // i n V
17 Rth = (( R1 * R3 ) /( R1 + R3 ) ) + R2 ; // i n ohm
18 // c u r r e n t t h r o u g h 6 ohm r e s i s t a n c e
19 I_L = Vth /( Rth + R_L ) ; // i n A
20 disp ( I_L , The c u r r e n t t h r o u g h 6 ohm r e s i s t a n c e
in A
i s );

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// Exa 2 . 1 0
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7)
// Given d a t a
R1 = 8; // i n ohm
R2 = 5; // i n ohm
R3 = 2; // i n ohm
R_L = 10; // i n ohm
V1 = 20; // i n V
V2 = 12; // i n V
// V1R3 I R2 I = 0 ;
I = V1 /( R2 + R3 ) ; // i n A
// Vth + V2 R3 I = 0 ;
Vth = R3 * I - V2 ; // i n V
Rth = (( R2 * R3 ) /( R2 + R3 ) ) + R1 ; // i n ohm
// c u r r e n t t h r o u g h 10 ohm r e s i s t a n c e
I_L = abs ( Vth ) /( Rth + R_L ) ; // i n A
disp ( I_L , The c u r r e n t t h r o u g h 10 ohm r e s i s t a n c e i n A
i s );

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// Exa 2 . 1 1
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,4)
// Given d a t a
R1 = 4; // i n ohm
R2 = 3; // i n ohm
R3 = 2; // i n ohm
R_L = 5; // i n ohm
I = 6; // i n A
V = 15; // i n V
// VR1 I1 R3 ( I 1+I ) = 0 ;
I1 = (V - R3 * I ) /( R1 + R3 ) ; // i n A
I = I1 + I ; // i n A
Vth = R3 * I ; // i n V
Rth = (( R1 * R3 ) /( R1 + R3 ) ) + R2 ; // i n ohm
// c u r r e n t i n 5 ohm r e s i s t a n c e
I_L = Vth /( Rth + R_L ) ; // i n A
disp ( I_L , The c u r r e n t i n 5 ohm r e s i s t a n c e i n A i s ) ;
Scilab code Exa 2.12 Thevenins equivalent of the netword

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// Exa 2 . 1 2
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,5)
// Given d a t a
R1 = 8; // i n ohm
R2 = 32; // i n ohm
V = 60; // i n V
I1 = 5; // i n A
I2 = 3; // i n A
// VthR1 I1 ( I 1+I 2 ) R2V=0
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13 Vth = R1 * I1 +( I1 + I2 ) * R2 + V
14 Rth = R1 + R2 ; // i n ohm
15 disp ( Vth , The v a l u e o f Vth i n v o l t s i s : )
16 disp ( Rth , The v a l u e o f Rth i n ohm i s : ) ;

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clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,5)
// Given d a t a
R1 = 6; // i n ohm
R2 = 4; // i n ohm
R3 = 3; // i n ohm
R_L = 6; // i n ohm
V1 = 6; // i n V
V2 = 15; // i n V
// V1 R1 I R3 I V2 = 0 ;
I = ( V1 - V2 ) /( R1 + R3 )
Vth = V2 + ( R3 * I ) ; // i n V
Rth = (( R1 * R3 ) /( R1 + R3 ) ) + R2 ; // i n ohm
I_N = Vth / Rth ; // i n A
I = ( I_N * Rth ) /( Rth + R_L ) ; // i n A
;

1 // Exa 2 . 1 4
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
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close ;
format ( v ,7)
// Given d a t a
R1 = 5; // i n ohm
R2 = 2; // i n ohm
R3 = 8; // i n ohm
V1 = 20; // i n V
V2 = 12; // i n V
// V1R2 IR1 I = 0 ;
I = V1 /( R1 + R2 ) ; // i n A
// Vth + V2 R2 I = 0 ;
Vth = ( R2 * I ) - V2 ; // i n V
Rth = (( R1 * R2 ) /( R1 + R2 ) ) + R3 ; // i n ohm
R_L = 10; // i n ohm
// c u r r e n t t h r o u g h 10 ohm r e s i s t a c e
I = ( abs ( I_N ) * Rth ) /( Rth + R_L ) ; // i n A
disp (I , The c u r r e n t t h r o u g h 10 ohm r e s i s t a c e i n A i s
);

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// Exa 2 . 1 5
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
V = 15; // i n V
R1 = 4; // i n ohm
R2 = 3; // i n ohm
R3 = 2; // i n ohm
R_L = 5; // i n ohm
Ig = 6; // i n A
// V R1 I 1 R3 ( I 1+I g ) = 0 ;
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I1 = (V - R3 * Ig ) /( R1 + R3 ) ; // i n A
I = I1 + Ig ; // i n A
Vth = R3 * I ; // i n V
Rth = (( R1 * R3 ) /( R1 + R3 ) ) + R2 ; // i n ohm
I = ( I_N * Rth ) /( Rth + R_L ) ; // i n A
;
Scilab code Exa 2.16 Value of R

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// Exa 2 . 1 6
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,5)
// Given d a t a
V = 6; // i n V
R1 = 2; // i n ohm
R2 = 1; // i n ohm
R3 = 3; // i n ohm
R4 = 2; // i n ohm
Rth =( R1 * R2 /( R1 + R2 ) + R3 ) * R4 /(( R1 * R2 /( R1 + R2 ) + R3 ) + R4 )
disp ( R_L , The v a l u e o f R i n ohm i s ) ;
Scilab code Exa 2.17 Load Resistance and power delivered to load
1 // Exa 2 . 1 7
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
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format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
R1 = 10; // i n ohm
R2 = 10; // i n ohm
R3 = 4; // i n ohm
V = 20; // i n V
// V R1 I 1 R2 I 1 = 0 ;
I1 = V /( R1 + R2 ) ; // i n A
Vth = R1 * I1 ; // i n V
Rth = R1 * R2 /( R1 + R2 ) + R3
Pmax = ( Vth ^2) /(4* Rth ) ; // i n W
disp ( Pmax , The power d e l i v e r e d t o t h e l o a d i n W i s )
;

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// Exa 2 . 1 8
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,5)
// Given d a t a
R1 = 3; // i n ohm
R2 = 9; // i n ohm
R3 = 6; // i n ohm
V1 = 120; // i n V
V2 = 60; // i n V
R = ( R3 * R2 ) /( R3 + R2 ) ; // i n ohm
R_T = R + R1 ; // i n ohm
I_T = V1 / R_T ; // i n A
I1 = ( R2 /( R2 + R3 ) ) * I_T ; // i n A
R_T = 2 + R2 ; // i n ohm
I_T = V2 / R_T ; // i n A
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18 I2 = ( R1 /( R1 + R3 ) ) * I_T ; // i n A
19 // c u r r e n t t h r o u g h 6 ohm r e s i s t o r
20 I = I1 - I2 ; // i n A
21 disp (I , The c u r r e n t t h r o u g h 6 ohm r e s i s t o r
in A i s )

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// Exa 2 . 1 9
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,5)
// Given d a t a
R1 = 36; // i n ohm
R2 = 12; // i n ohm
R3 = 8; // i n ohm
V1 = 90; // i n V
V2 = 60; // i n V
R_T = ( R2 * R3 ) /( R2 + R3 ) + R1 ; // i n ohm
I_T = V1 / R_T ; // i n A
I1 = ( R2 /( R2 + R3 ) ) * I_T ; // i n A
R = ( R1 * R3 ) /( R1 + R3 ) ; // i n ohm
R_T = R2 + R ; // i n ohm
I_T = V2 / R_T ; // i n A
I2 = ( R1 /( R1 + R3 ) ) * I_T ; // i n A
Ra = ( R1 * R2 ) /( R1 + R2 ) ; // i n ohm asumed
I_T = 2; // i n A
I3 = ( Ra /( Ra + R3 ) ) * I_T ; // i n A
// c u r r e n t i n 8 ohm r e s i s t o r
I = I1 + I2 + I3 ; // i n A
disp (I , The c u r r e n t i n 8 ohm r e s i s t o r i n A i s ) ;
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Scilab code Exa 2.20 Thevenins equivalent circuit

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// Exa 2 . 2 0
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,5)
// Given d a t a
R1 = 5; // i n ohm
R2 = 10; // i n ohm
R3 = 5; // i n ohm
V1 = 60; // i n v
V2 = 30; // i n V
//R1 i 1 R3 i 1 V2+V1 = 0 ;
i1 = ( V2 - V1 ) /( R1 + R3 ) ; // i n A
V_acrossR3 = R3 * i1 ; // i n V
Vth = V_acrossR3 + V1 ; // i n V
V_AB = Vth ; // i n V
disp ( V_AB , The T h e v e n i n s v o l t a g e i n V i s ) ;
R = ( R1 * R3 ) /( R1 + R3 ) ; // i n ohm
Rth = R2 + R ; // i n ohm
disp ( Rth , The T h e v e n i n s r e s i s t a n c e i n ohm i s ) ;

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// Exa 2 . 2 1
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
R1 = 4; // i n ohm
R2 = 3; // i n ohm
R3 = 2; // i n ohm
R_L = 5; // i n ohm
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V = 15; // i n V
I2 = 6; // i n A
// R1 I 1 R3 I 1 + R3 I 2 + V = 0 ;
I1 = ( V + R3 * I2 ) /( R1 + R3 ) ; // i n A
Vth = I2 / R3 ; // i n V
V_CD = Vth ; // i n V
Rth = ( R1 * R3 ) /( R1 + R3 ) + R2 ; // i n ohm
I = Vth /( Rth + R_L ) ; // i n A
disp (I , The c u r r e n t f l o w i n g t h r o u g h 5 ohm r e s i s t o r
i n A i s );
Scilab code Exa 2.22 Norton equivalent circuit

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// Exa 2 . 2 2
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
R1 = 20; // i n ohm
R2 = 5; // i n ohm
R3 = 3; // i n ohm
R4 = 2; // i n ohm
V = 30; // i n V
I1 =4; // i n A
V1 = I1 * R3 ; // i n V
// R1 I R2 I+V = 0 ;
I = V /( R1 + R2 ) ; // i n A
V_acrossR2 = R2 * I ; // i n V
V_AB = V_acrossR2 - V1 ; // i n V
Vth = abs ( V_AB ) ; // i n V
Rth = ( R1 * R2 ) /( R1 + R2 ) + R3 + R4 ; // i n ohm
disp ( Rth , The v a l u e o f Rth i n ohm i s ) ;
disp ( I_N , The v a l u e o f I N i n A i s ) ;
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Scilab code Exa 2.23 Vth and Rth

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// Exa 2 . 2 3
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,5)
// Given d a t a
R1 = 2; // i n ohm
R2 = 4; // i n ohm
R3 = 6; // i n ohm
R4 = 4; // i n ohm
V = 16; // i n v
I1 = 8; // i n A
V1 = I1 * R2 ; // i n V
I2 = 16; // i n A
V2 = I2 * R3 ; // i n V
// A p p l y i n g KVL : R2 I+V1+R3 IV2+V+R1 I
I = ( V2 - V1 - V ) /( R1 + R2 + R3 ) ; // i n A
Vth = V2 - R3 * I ; // i n V
Rth = ( R1 + R2 ) * R3 /(( R1 + R2 ) + R3 ) + R4 ; // i n ohm
disp ( Vth , The v a l u e o f Vth i n v o l t s i s : )
disp ( Rth , The v a l u e o f Rth i n ohm i s : )
Scilab code Exa 2.24 Load resistance

1 // Exa 2 . 2 4
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 format ( v ,5)
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// Given d a t a
R1 = 3; // i n ohm
R2 = 2; // i n ohm
R3 = 1; // i n ohm
R4 = 8; // i n ohm
R5 = 2; // i n ohm
V = 10; // i n V
R = (( R1 + R2 ) * R5 ) /(( R1 + R2 ) + R5 ) ; // i n ohm
Rth = R + R3 ; // i n ohm
Scilab code Exa 2.25 Load resistance and maximum power

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// Exa 2 . 2 5
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,8)
// Given d a t a
V = 250; // i n V
R1 = 10; // i n ohm
R2 = 10; // i n ohm
R3 = 10; // i n ohm
R4 = 10; // i n ohm
I2 = 20; // i n A .
// A p p l y i n g KVL i n GEFHG : R1 I1 R2 I1 R2 I 2 + V =
0;
I1 = (V - R2 * I2 ) /( R1 + R2 ) ; // i n A
V_AB = R3 * I2 +V - R1 * I1 ; // i n V
Vth = V_AB ; // i n V
Rth = ( R1 * R2 ) /( R1 + R2 ) + R3 + R4 ; // i n ohm
disp ( R_L , The v a l u e o f R L i n ohm i s ) ;
Pmax = ( Vth ^2) /(4* R_L ) ; //maximum power i n W
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21
disp ( Pmax , The v a l u e o f maximum power i n W i s ) ;

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// Exa 2 . 2 6
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7)
// Given d a t a
R1 = 2; // i n ohm
R2 = 4; // i n ohm
R_L = 4; // i n ohm
V1 = 6; // i n v
V2 = 12; // i n V
// R2 I x R1 Ix V1+V2= 0 ;
Ix = ( V2 - V1 ) /( R1 + R2 ) ; // i n A
Vth = V1 + R1 * Ix ; // i n V
Rth = ( R1 * R2 ) /( R1 + R2 ) ; // i n ohm
I = ( I_N * Rth ) /( Rth + R_L ) ; // i n A
disp (I , The c u r r e n t i n A i s ) ;
// Note : At l a s t , t h e r e i s c a l c u l a t i o n e r r o r t o f i n d
t h e v a l u e o f I , s o t h e a n s w e r i n t h e book i s
wrong .

1 // Exa 2 . 2 7
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
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format ( v ,5)
// Given d a t a
R1 = 3; // i n ohm
R2 = 6; // i n ohm
R_L = 4; // i n ohm
V = 27; // i n V
I =3; // i n A
// I 1+I 2= I
(i)
// A p p l y i n g KVL : I 1 R1+I 2 R2=V ( i i )
A = [ -1 R1 ; 1 R2 ];
B= [I V]
I = B * A ^ -1; // S o l v i n g eq ( i ) and ( 2 ) by M a t r i x method
I1 = I (1) ; // i n A
I2 = I (2) ; // i n A
Vth = R2 * I2 ; // i n V
Rth = R1 * R2 /( R1 + R2 ) ; // i n ohm
I = Vth /( Rth + R_L ) ; // i n A
disp (I , The c u r r e n t i n 4 ohm r e s i s t o r i n A i s : )

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// Exa 2 . 2 8
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
R1 = 20; // i n ohm
R2 = 12; // i n ohm
R3 = 8; // i n ohm
V1 = 90; // i n V
V2 = 60; // i n V
R_T = R1 + (( R2 * R3 ) /( R2 + R3 ) ) ; // i n ohm
I_T = V1 / R_T ; // i n A
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I1 = I_T ; // i n A
R_T = R2 + (( R1 * R3 ) /( R1 + R3 ) ) ; // i n ohm
I_T = V2 / R_T ; // i n A
I2 = ( R3 /( R3 + R1 ) ) * I_T ; // i n A
R_T = R1 + (( R2 * R3 ) /( R2 + R3 ) ) ; // i n ohm
I_T = 2; // i n A ( g i v e n )
R = ( R2 * R3 ) /( R2 + R3 ) ; // i n ohm
I3 = ( R /( R1 + R ) ) * I_T ; // i n A
I20 = I1 - I2 - I3 ; // i n A
disp ( I20 , The c u r r e n t i n 20 ohm r e s i s t o r i n A i s ) ;
Scilab code Exa 2.29 Current in resistor R2

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// Exa 2 . 2 9
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7)
// Given d a t a
R1 = 10; // i n ohm
R2 = 20; // i n ohm
R3 = 60; // i n ohm
R4 = 30; // i n ohm
E1 = 120; // i n V
E2 = 60; // i n V
R_T = (( R2 * R3 ) /( R2 + R3 ) ) + R4 + R1 ; // i n ohm
I_T = E1 / R_T ; // i n A
I1 = ( R3 /( R2 + R3 ) ) * I_T ; // i n A
R_T = ( (( R1 + R4 ) * R2 ) /(( R1 + R4 ) + R2 ) ) + R3 ; // i n ohm
I_T = E2 / R_T ; // i n A
I2 = (( R1 + R4 ) /( R1 + R4 + R2 ) ) * I_T ; // i n A
// c u r r e n t t h r o u g h R2 r e s i s t o r
I = I1 + I2 ; // i n A
disp (I , The c u r r e n t t h r o u g h R2 r e s i s t o r i n A i s ) ;
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Scilab code Exa 2.30 Current in all resistor

// Exa 2 . 3 0
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,5)
// Given d a t a
R1 = 4; // i n ohm
R2 = 4; // i n ohm
R3 = 8; // i n ohm
Ig = 3; // i n A
V = 15; // i n V
I1 = R1 /( R1 + R2 ) * Ig ; // i n A
I2 = - I1 ; // i n A
I3 = 0; // i n A
R_T = (( R1 + R2 ) * R3 ) /(( R1 + R2 ) + R3 ) ; // i n ohm
I_T = V / R_T ; // i n A
I_2 = R3 /( R1 + R2 + R3 ) * I_T ; // i n A
I_1 = I_2 ; // i n A
// T o t a l c u r r e n t t h r o u g h u p p e r 4
resistor
tot_cur_up_4ohm = I1 + I2 ; // i n A
// T o t a l c u r r e n t t h r o u g h l o w e r 4
resistor
tot_cur_low_4ohm = I_1 + I_2 ; // i n A
// T o t a l c u r r e n t t h r o u g h 8
resistor
tot_cur_8ohm = I3 + I_T ; // i n A
disp ( tot_cur_up_4ohm , T o t a l c u r r e n t t h r o u g h u p p e r 4
r e s i s t o r in A i s : )
26 disp ( tot_cur_low_4ohm , T o t a l c u r r e n t t h r o u g h l o w e r 4
27 disp ( tot_cur_8ohm , T o t a l c u r r e n t t h r o u g h 8
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Scilab code Exa 2.31 Current in all resistor

// Exa 2 . 3 1
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,5)
// Given d a t a
R1 = 5; // i n ohm
R2 = 5; // i n ohm
R3 = 10; // i n ohm
V = 10; // i n V
Ig = 2; // i n A
I2 = ( R1 / R3 ) * Ig ; // i n A
I1 = I2 ; // i n A
I3 = 0; // i n A
R_T = (( R1 + R2 ) * R3 ) /(( R1 + R2 ) + R3 ) ; // i n ohm
I_T = V / R_T ; // i n A
I_2 = ( R3 /(( R1 + R2 ) + R3 ) ) * I_T ; // i n A
I_1 = I_2 ; // i n A
I_3 = I_1 ; // i n A
// T o t a l c u r r e n t t h r o u g h u p p e r i n 5
resistor
tot_cur_up_5ohm = I1 - I2 ; // i n A
// T o t a l c u r r e n t t h r o u g h l o w e r i n 5
resistor
tot_cur_low_5ohm = I_1 + I_2 ; // i n A
// T o t a l c u r r e n t t h r o u g h 10
resistor
tot_cur_10ohm = I3 + I_3 ; // i n A
disp ( tot_cur_up_5ohm , The t o t a l c u r r e n t t h r o u g h
upper i n 5
r e s i s t o r i n A i s );
27 disp ( tot_cur_low_5ohm , The t o t a l c u r r e n t t h r o u g h
lower in 5
28 disp ( tot_cur_10ohm , The t o t a l c u r r e n t t h r o u g h i n 10
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Chapter 3
AC fundamental
Scilab code Exa 3.2 Time period

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// Exa 3 . 2
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7)
// Given d a t a
Im = 141.4; // i n A
t = 3; // i n ms
t = t * 10^ -3; // i n s e c
disp ( Im , The maximum v a l u e o f c u r r e n t i n A i s ) ;
omega = 314; // i n r a d / s e c
// omega = 2 %pi f ;
f = round ( omega /(2* %pi ) ) ; // i n Hz
disp (f , The f r e q u e n c y i n Hz i s ) ;
T = 1/ f ; // i n s e c
disp (T , The t i m e p e r i o d i n s e c i s ) ;
i = 141.4 * sin ( omega * t ) ; // i n A
disp (i , The i n s t a n t a n e o u s v a l u e i n A i s ) ;
55

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// Exa 3 . 3
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,8)
// Given d a t a
f = 60; // i n Hz
Im = 120; // i n A
t = 1/360; // i n s e c
omega = 2* %pi * f ; // i n r a d / s e c
i = Im * sin ( omega * t ) ; // i n A
disp (i , The v a l u e o f c u r r e n t a f t e r 1 / 3 6 0 s e c i n A i s
);
i = 96; // i n A
// i = Im s i n d ( omega t ) ;
t = ( asin ( i / Im ) ) / omega ; // i n s e c
disp (t , The t i m e t a k e n t o r e a c h 96 A f o r t h e f i r s t
time i n s e c i s );
Scilab code Exa 3.4 Average and RMS value

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// Exa 3 . 4
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
i1 = 0; // i n A
i2 = 10; // i n A
i3 = 20; // i n A
i4 = 30; // i n A
i5 = 20; // i n A
i6 = 10; // i n A
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13 n = 6; // u n i t l e s s
14 Iav = ( i1 + i2 + i3 + i4 + i5 + i6 ) / n ; // i n A
15 disp ( Iav , The a v e r a g e v a l u e i n A i s ) ;
16 Irms = sqrt (( ( i1 ^2) + ( i2 ^2) + ( i3 ^2) + ( i4 ^2) + (
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i5 ^2) + ( i6 ^2) ) / n ) ; // i n A
disp ( Irms , The RMS v a l u e i n A i s ) ;
k_f = Irms / Iav ; // u n i t l e s s
disp ( k_f , The form f a c t o r i s ) ;
Im = 30; // i n A
k_p = Im / Irms ; // u n i t l e s s
disp ( k_p , The peak f a c t o r i s ) ;
Scilab code Exa 3.5 Phase difference

1 // Exa 3 . 5
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 format ( v ,6)
6 // Given d a t a
7 theta1 = 60; // i n d e g r e e
8 theta2 = -45; // i n d e g r e e
9 // p h a s e d i f f e r e n c e
10 phi = theta1 - theta2 ; // i n d e g r e e
11 disp ( phi , The p h a s e d i f f e r e n c e i n d e g r e e
i s );
Scilab code Exa 3.6 Instantaneous values of sum and difference of voltage
1 // Exa 3 . 6
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 format ( v ,7)
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6 // Givven d a t a
7 V1 = 60* expm ( %i *0* %pi /180) ; // i n V
8 V2 = 40* expm ( %i * - %pi /3) ; // i n V
9 add_V = V1 + V2 ; // i n V
10 diff_V = V1 - V2 ; // i n V
11 disp ( The sum o f V1 and V2 i s : )
12 disp ( string ( abs ( add_V ) ) + s i n ( t h e t a + string ( atand (
imag ( add_V ) , real ( add_V ) ) ) + ) V )

13 disp ( The d i f f e r e n c e o f V1 and V2 i s : )
14 disp ( string ( abs ( diff_V ) ) + s i n ( t h e t a+ + string ( atand
( imag ( diff_V ) , real ( diff_V ) ) ) + ) V )
Scilab code Exa 3.7 Average value effective value and form factor
1 // Exa 3 . 7
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 format ( v ,6)
6 // Givven d a t a
7 Vo = 1; // i n V ( assumed )
8 Vav = integrate ( Vo s i n ( t h e t a ) , t h e t a ,0 , %pi ) /(2* %pi
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);
Vrms = sqrt ( integrate ( Vo2(1 c o s ( 2 t h e t a ) ) /2 ,
t h e t a ,0 , %pi ) ) * sqrt (1/(2* %pi ) ) ;
kf = Vrms / Vav ;
disp ( The a v e r a g e v a l u e o f o u t p u t v o l t a g e i n v o l t s
i s : + string ( Vav ) + Vo o r Vo/ %pi )
disp ( The R .M. S v a l u e o f o u t p u t v o l t a g e i n v o l t s i s
: + string ( Vrms ) + Vo o r Vo/2 )
disp ( kf , The form f a c t o r i s : )
Scilab code Exa 3.8 Average and RMS value

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// Exa 3 . 8
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,5)
// Given d a t a
T = 0.3; // i n s e c
V = 20; // i n V
Vav = 1/ T * V * integrate ( 1 , t ,0 ,0.1)
disp ( Vav , The a v e r a g e v a l u e o f v o l t a g e i n V i s ) ;
Vrms = sqrt (1/ T * V ^2* integrate ( 1 , t ,0 ,0.1) )
disp ( Vrms , The R .M. S v a l u e o f v o l t a g e i n V i s ) ;
Scilab code Exa 3.9 Rectangular form of voltage

1 // Exa 3 . 9
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 format ( v ,6)
6 // Given d a t a
7 Vm = 100; // i n V
8 phi = %pi /6; // i n d e g r e e
9 Vrms = Vm /( sqrt (2) ) ; // i n V
10 // R e c t a n g u l a r form o f t h e v o l t a g e
11 RectForm = Vrms * expm ( %i * phi )
12 disp ( RectForm , R e c t a n g u l a r form o f t h e v o l t a g e
in V
i s : )
13 disp ( P o l a r form o f t h e v o l t a g e : )
14 disp ( Magnitude o f v o l t a g e i n V i s : + string ( abs (
RectForm ) ) + V )
15 disp ( A n g l e i s : + string ( atand ( imag ( RectForm ) , real (
RectForm ) ) ) +
)
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Scilab code Exa 3.10 Phaser diagram

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// Exa 3 . 1 0
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7)
// Given d a t a
V1 = 100/ sqrt (2) * expm ( %i *0* %pi /180) ; // i n V
V2 = 200/ sqrt (2) * expm ( %i *60* %pi /180) ; // i n V
V3 = 50/ sqrt (2) * expm ( %i * -90* %pi /180) ; // i n V
V4 = 150/ sqrt (2) * expm ( %i * -45* %pi /180) ; // i n V
// The R .M. S . v a l u e o f t h e r e s u l t a n t
V_R = real ( V1 ) + real ( V2 ) + real ( V3 ) + real ( V4 ) ; // i n V
disp ( V_R , The R .M. S . v a l u e o f t h e r e s u l t a n t i n v o l t s
i s : )

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// Exa 3 . 1 1
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7)
// Given d a t a
Im = 15; // i n A
f = 60; // i n Hz
t = 1/200; // i n s e c
i = Im * sin ( omega * t ) ; // i n A
disp (i , The v a l u e o f c u r r e n t a f t e r 1 / 2 0 0 s e c i n A i s
);
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i = 10; // i n A
// i = Im s i n d ( omega t ) ;
t = ( asin ( i / Im ) ) / omega ; // i n s e c
t = t * 10^3; // i n ms
disp (t , The t i m e t o r e a c h 10 A i n ms i s ) ;
Iav = Im *0.637; // i n A
disp ( Iav , The a v e r a g e v a l u e i n A i s ) ;
Scilab code Exa 3.12 Maximum current frequency and RMS value and
form factor
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// Exa 3 . 1 2
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,5)
// Given d a t a
Im = 42.42; // i n A
omega = 628; // i n r a d / s e c
t = 1/6.977; // i n s e c assumed
i = Im * sind ( omega * t ) ; // i n A
disp (i , The maximum v a l u e o f c u r r e n t i n A i s ) ;
f = omega /(2* %pi ) ; // i n Hz
Irms = Im /( sqrt (2) ) ; // i n A
disp ( Irms , The rms v a l u e i n A i s ) ;
Iav = (2* Im ) / %pi ; // i n A
disp ( Iav , The a v e r a g e v a l u e i n A i s ) ;
k_f = Irms / Iav ;
disp ( k_f , The form f a c t o r i s ) ;
Scilab code Exa 3.13 Power factor and RMS value of current
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// Exa 3 . 1 3
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
phi = %pi /6;
// Power f a c t o r
powerfactor = cos ( phi ) ; // i n l a g
disp ( powerfactor , The power f a c t o r i s ) ;
Im = 22; // i n A
// The R .M. S v a l u e o f c u r r e n t
Irms = Im / sqrt (2) ; // i n A
disp ( Irms , The R .M. S v a l u e o f c u r r e n t i n A i s ) ;
omega = 314; // i n r a d / s e c
f = omega /(2* %pi ) ; // i n Hz
Scilab code Exa 3.14 RMS value average value and form factor
1 // Exa 3 . 1 4
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 format ( v ,6)
6 // Given d a t a
7 Im = 100; // i n A
8 Irms = sqrt ( Im ^2/2* integrate ( 1 c o s ( 2 t h e t a ) , t h e t a
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,0 , %pi ) / %pi ) ; // i n A
disp ( Irms , The R .M. S v a l u e o f c u r r e n t i n A i s : )
Iav = Im * integrate ( s i n ( t h e t a ) , t h e t a ,0 , %pi ) / %pi ; //
in A
disp ( Iav , The a v e r a g e v a l u e o f c u r r e n t i n A i s : )
// The form f a c t o r
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13 kf = Irms / Iav ;
14 disp ( kf , The form f a c t o r
i s : )
Scilab code Exa 3.15 Form factor

// Exa 3 . 1 5
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
A = 2*10; // a r e a u n d e r c u r v e f o r a c y c l e
B = 2; // b a s e o f h a l f c y c l e
Vav = 1/2* A / B ; // i n V
// For l i n e AB
y1 = 0;
y2 = 10;
x1 = 0;
x2 = 1;
m_for_AB = ( y2 - y1 ) /( x2 - x1 ) ;
// For l i n e BC
y1 = 10;
y2 = 0;
x1 = 1;
x2 = 2;
m_for_BC = ( y2 - y1 ) /( x2 - x1 ) ;
Vrms = sqrt (( integrate ( ( m for AB t ) 2 , t ,0 ,1) +
integrate ( ( m for BC t +20) 2 , t ,1 ,2) ) /2) ; // i n
V
23 kf = Vrms / Vav ;
24 disp ( kf , The form f a c t o r i s : )
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Chapter 4
Three Phase AC Circuits
Scilab code Exa 4.1 Current and power consumed

// Exa 4 . 1
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
R = 10; // inohm
V = 230; // i n V
f = 50; // i n Hz
I = V / R ; // i n A
disp (I , The c u r r r e n t i n A i s ) ;
P = V * I ; // i n W
disp (P , The power consumed i n W i s ) ;
Vm = sqrt (2) * V ; // i n V
Im = sqrt (2) * I ; // i n A
// E q u a t i o n f o r v o l t a g e : V = Vm s i n d ( omega t )
// E q u a t i o n f o r c u r r e n t : i = Im s i n d ( omega t )
disp ( V o l t a g e e q u a t i o n : v = + string ( Vm ) + s i n ( +
string ( round ( omega ) ) + t ) )
20 disp ( C u r r e n t e q u a t i o n : i = + string ( Im ) + s i n ( +
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Scilab code Exa 4.2 Instantaneous power and average power

// Exa 4 . 2
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
R = 100; // i n ohm
i = 3 c o s ( omega t ) ; // i n A
A = R *3^2; // assumed
disp ( I n s t a n t a n e o u s power t a k e n by r e s i s t o r i n w a t t s
i s : )
11 disp ( string ( A /2) + (1+ c o s ( 2 omega t ) ) )
12 P = R *3^2/2*(1+ cos ( %pi /2) ) ; // i n w a t t s
13 disp (P , The a v e r a g e power i n w a t t s i s : )
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Scilab code Exa 4.3 Inductive reactance

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// Exa 4 . 3
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
I = 10; // i n A
V = 230; // i n V
f = 50; // i n Hz
X_L = V / I ; // i n ohm
disp ( X_L , I n d u c t i v e r e a c t a n c e i n ohm i s ) ;
// X L = 2 %pi f L ;
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13 L = X_L /(2* %pi * f ) ; // i n H

14 disp (L , I n d u c t a n c e o f t h e c o i l i n H i s ) ;
15 Vrms = V ; // i n V
16 Irms = I ; // i n A
17 Vm = Vrms * sqrt (2) ; // i n V
18 Im = Irms * sqrt (2) ; // i n A
19 omega = 2* %pi * f ; // i n r a d / s e c
20 // E q u a t i o n f o r v o l t a g e : V = Vm s i n d ( omega t )
21 // E q u a t i o n f o r c u r r e n t : i = Im s i n d ( omega t )
22 disp ( V o l t a g e e q u a t i o n : v = + string ( Vm ) + s i n ( +

string ( round ( omega ) ) + t %pi / 2 ) )
Scilab code Exa 4.4 Capacitive reactance

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// Exa 4 . 4
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// GIven d a t a
C = 318; // i n
F
C = C * 10^ -6; // i n F
V = 230; // i n V
f = 50; // i n Hz
X_C = 1/(2* %pi * f * C ) ; // i n ohm
disp ( X_C , The c a p a c i t i v e r e a c t a n c e i n ohm i s ) ;
I = V / X_C ; // i n A
disp (I , The R .M. S v a l u e o f c u r r e n t i n A i s ) ;
Vrms = V ; // i n V
Irms = I ; // i n A
Vm = Vrms * sqrt (2) ; // i n V
Im = Irms * sqrt (2) ; // i n A
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// V = Vm s i n d ( omega t ) ;
// i = Im s i n d ( ( omega t ) +(%pi / 2 ) ) ;
// E q u a t i o n f o r v o l t a g e : V = Vm s i n d ( omega t )
// E q u a t i o n f o r c u r r e n t : i = Im s i n d ( omega t )
disp ( V o l t a g e e q u a t i o n : v = + string ( Vm ) + s i n ( +
string ( round ( omega ) ) + t + %pi / 2 ) )
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Scilab code Exa 4.5 Circuit current

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// Exa 4 . 5
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
R = 7; // i n ohm
L = 31.8; // i n mH
L = L * 10^ -3; // i n H
V = 230; // i n V
f = 50; // i n Hz
X_L = 2* %pi * f * L ; // i n ohm
Z = sqrt ( ( R ^2) +( X_L ^2) ) ; // i n ohm
I = V / Z ; // i n A
disp (I , The c i r c u i t c u r r e n t i n A i s ) ;
// t a n d ( p h i ) = X L /R ;
phi = atand ( X_L / R ) ; // i n d e g r e e l a g
disp ( phi , The p h a s e a n g l e i n d e g r e e i s ) ;
powerfactor = cosd ( phi ) ; // i n l a g
disp ( powerfactor , The power f a c t o r i s ) ;
P = V * I * cosd ( phi ) ; // i n W
disp (P , The power consumed i n W i s ) ;
67
Scilab code Exa 4.6 Value of R and L

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// Exa 4 . 6
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
P = 400; // i n W
f = 50; // i n Hz
V = 120; // i n V
phi = acosd (0.8) ; // i n
// P =V I c o s ( p h i ) ;
I = P /( V * cosd ( phi ) ) ; // i n A
Z = V / I ; // i n ohm
Z = Z * expm ( %i * phi * %pi /180) ; // ohm
R = real ( Z ) ; // i n ohm
XL = imag ( Z ) ; // i n ohm
// Formula XL= 2 %pi f L
L = XL /(2* %pi * f ) ; // i n H
disp (R , The v a l u e o f R i n
i s : )
disp (L , The v a l u e o f L i n H i s : )
Scilab code Exa 4.7 Active and reactive component of current

1 // Exa 4 . 7
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 format ( v ,6)
6 // Given d a t a
7 R = 17.32; // i n ohm
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L = 31.8; // i n mH
L = L * 10^ -3; // i n H
V = 200; // i n V
f = 50; // i n Hz
X_L = 2* %pi * f * L ; // i n ohm
Z = sqrt ( ( R ^2) + ( X_L ^2) ) ; // i n ohm
I = V / Z ; // i n A
phi = acosd ( R / Z ) ; // i n
ActiveCom = I * cosd ( phi ) ; // i n A
ReactiveCom = I * sind ( phi ) ; // i n A
disp ( ActiveCom , The a c t i v e component o f c u r r e n t i n A
i s : )
disp ( ReactiveCom , The r e a c t i v e component o f c u r r e n t
in A i s : )
P = V * I * cosd ( phi ) ; // i n W
disp (P , The a c t i v e power i n W i s : )
Q = V * I * sind ( phi ) ; // i n VAR
disp (Q , The r e a c t i v e power i n VAR i s : )
// Note : There i s c a l c u l a t i o n e r r o r t o e v a l u a t e t h e
v a l u e o f P , s o t h e a n s w e r i n t h e book i s wrong .
Scilab code Exa 4.8 Voltage across each component and circuit
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// Exa 4 . 8
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7)
// Given d a t a
R = 20; // i n ohm
C = 200; // i n
F
C = C *10^ -6
f =50; // i n Hz
// I = 1 0 . 8 s i n ( 3 1 4 t )
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12 Im = 10.8; // i n A
13 I = Im / sqrt (2) ; // i n A
14 V_R = I * R ; // i n V
15 disp ( V_R , The v o l t a g e a c r o s s 20
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r e s i s t o r in V i s :
)
// Vc = I X C and X C = 1/ omega C ;
Vc = I * 1/( omega * C ) ; // i n V
disp ( Vc , The v o l t a g e a c r o s s 200
F capacitor in V
i s );
V = sqrt ( ( V_R ^2) + ( Vc ^2) ) ; // i n V
disp (V , The v o l t a g e a c r o s s t h e c i r c u i t i n V i s ) ;
Scilab code Exa 4.9 Resistance and inductance

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// Exa 4 . 9
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
f = 60; // i n Hz
disp ( P a r t ( a ) )
Z = 12+30* %i ;
L = XL /(2* %pi * f ) ; // i n H
L = L *10^3; // i n mH
disp (R , The v a l u e o f r e s i s t a n c e i n
i s : )
disp (L , The v a l u e o f i n d u c t a n c e i n mH i s : )
L = L *10^ -3; // i n H
disp ( P a r t ( b ) )
Z = 0 -60* %i ;
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XC = ( abs ( imag ( Z ) ) ) ; // i n ohm

// Formula XC= 1 / ( 2 %pi f C)
C = 1/(2* %pi * XC * f ) ; // i n H
C = C *10^6; // i n
F
disp (R , The v a l u e o f r e s i s t a n c e
disp (C , The v a l u e o f i n d u c t a n c e
C = C *10^ -6; // i n F
disp ( P a r t ( c ) )
Z = 20* expm (60* %i * %pi /180)
L = XL /(2* %pi * f ) ; // i n H
L = L *10^3; // i n mH
disp (R , The v a l u e o f r e s i s t a n c e
disp (L , The v a l u e o f i n d u c t a n c e
in
in
i s : )
F i s : )
in
i s : )
i n mH i s : )
Scilab code Exa 4.10 Power factor supply voltage and active and reactive
power
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// Exa 4 . 1 0
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7)
// Given d a t a
R = 120; // i n ohm
XC = 250; // i n ohm
I = 0.9; // i n A
Z = R - %i * XC ; // i n ohm
phi = atand ( imag ( Z ) , real ( Z ) )
V = I * Z ; // i n V
VR = I * R ; // i n V
VC = I * XC ; // i n V
P = abs ( V ) * I * cosd ( phi ) ; // i n W
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16 Q = abs ( V ) * I * sind ( phi ) ; // i n VAR

17 disp ( cosd ( phi ) , The power f a c t o r i s : )
18 disp ( S u p p l y v o l t a g e : )
19 disp ( Magnitude i s : + string ( abs ( V ) ) + V and a n g l e
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i s : + string ( atand ( imag ( V ) , real ( V ) ) ) +

)
disp ( VR , The v o l t a g e a c r o s s r e s i s t a n c e i n V i s : )
disp ( VC , The v o l t a g e a c r o s s c a p a c i t a n c e i n V i s : )
disp (P , The a c t i v e power i n W i s : )
disp (Q , The r e a c t i v e power i n VAR i s : )
Scilab code Exa 4.11 Impedance current power factor and power consumed
// Exa 4 . 1 1
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7)
// Given d a t a
V = 230; // i n V
f = 50; // i n Hz
L = 0.06; // i n H
R = 2.5; // i n ohm
C = 6.8; // i n
F
C = C * 10^ -6; // i n F
X_L = 2* %pi * f * L ; // i n ohm
X_C = 1/(2* %pi * f * C ) ; // i n ohm
Z = sqrt ( ( R ^2) + (( X_L - X_C ) ^2) ) ; // i n ohm
disp (Z , The i m p e d a n c e i n ohm i s ) ;
I = V / Z ; // i n A
// t a n ( p h i ) = ( X LX C ) /R ;
phi = atand ( ( X_L - X_C ) / R ) ; // i n l e a d
disp ( The p h a s e a n g l e b e t w e e n c u r r e n t and v o l t a g e i s
: + string ( abs ( phi ) ) + l e a d ) ;
22 phi = acosd ( R / Z ) ;
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disp ( The power f a c t o r i s : + string ( cosd ( phi ) ) +

l e a d );
24 P = V * I * cosd ( phi ) ; // i n W
25 disp (P , The power consumed i n W i s ) ;
23
Scilab code Exa 4.12 The resonant frequency

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// Exa 4 . 1 2
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,9)
// GIven d a t a
R = 100; // i n ohm
L = 100; // i n
H
L = L * 10^ -6; // i n H
C = 100; // i n pF
C = C * 10^ -12; // i n F
V = 10; // i n V
// The r e s o n a n t f r e q u e n c y
f_r = 1/(2* %pi * sqrt ( L * C ) ) ; // i n Hz
disp ( f_r , The r e s o n a n t f r e q u e n c y i n Hz i s ) ;
// c u r r e n t a t r e s o n a n c e
Ir = V / R ; // i n A
disp ( Ir , The c u r r e n t a t r e s o n a n c e i n A i s ) ;
X_L = 2* %pi * f_r * L ; // i n ohm
// v o l t a g e a c r o s s L a t r e s o n a n c e
V_L = Ir * X_L ; // i n V
disp ( V_L , The v o l t a g e a c r o s s L a t r e s o n a n c e i n V i s
);
X_C = X_L ; // i n ohm
// v o l t a g e a c r o s s C a t r e s o n a n c e
V_C = Ir * X_C ; // i n V
disp ( V_C , The v o l t a g e a c r o s s C a t r e s o n a n c e i n V i s
);
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27 Q = 1/ R * sqrt ( L / C ) ;
28 disp (Q , The Qf a c t o r
i s : )
Scilab code Exa 4.13 Frequency at resonance

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// Exa 4 . 1 3
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7)
// Given d a t a
R = 10; // i n ohm
L = 0.2; // i n H
C = 40; // i n
F
C = C * 10^ -6; // i n F
V = 100; // i n V
f_r = 1/(2* %pi * sqrt ( L * C ) ) ; // i n Hz
disp ( f_r , The f r e q u e n c y a t r e s o n a c e i n Hz i s ) ;
Im = V / R ; // i n A
disp ( Im , The c u r r e n t i n A i s ) ;
Pm = ( Im ^2) * R ; // i n W
disp ( Pm , The power i n W i s ) ;
// v o l t a g e a c r o s s R
V_R = Im * R ; // i n V
disp ( V_R , The v o l t a g e a c r o s s R i n V i s ) ;
X_L = 2* %pi * f_r * L ; // i n ohm
// v o l t a g e a c r o s s L
V_L = Im * X_L ; // i n V
disp ( V_L , The v o l t a g e a c r o s s L i n V i s ) ;
X_C = 1/(2* %pi * f_r * C ) ; // i n ohm
// v o l t a g e a c r o s s C
V_C = Im * X_C ; // i n V
disp ( V_C , The v o l t a g e a c r o s s C i n V i s ) ;
omega = 2* %pi * f_r ; // i n r a d / s e c
Q = ( omega * L ) / R ;
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31 disp (Q , The q u a l i t y f a c t o r i s ) ;
32 del_F = R /(4* %pi * L ) ;
33 f1 = f_r - del_F ; // i n Hz
34 f2 = f_r + del_F ; // i n Hz
35 disp ( The h a l f power f r e q u e n c i e s a r e
Hz and + string ( f2 ) + Hz ) ;
36 BW = f2 - f1 ; // i n Hz
37 disp ( BW , The bandwidth i n Hz i s : )
Scilab code Exa 4.14 Bandwidth

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// Exa 4 . 1 4
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
R = 10; // i n ohm
L = 15; // i n
H
L = L * 10^ -6; // i n H
C = 100; // i n pF
C = C * 10^ -12; // i n F
f_r = 1/(2* %pi * sqrt ( L * C ) ) ; // i n Hz
X_L = 2* %pi * f_r * L ; // i n ohm
Q = X_L / R ; // i n ohm
BW = f_r / Q ; // i n Hz
BW = BW * 10^ -3; // i n kHz
disp ( BW , The bandwidth i n kHz i s ) ;
Scilab code Exa 4.15 Half power points

1 // Exa 4 . 1 5
2 clc ;
75
: + string ( f1 ) +
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clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
R = 1000; // i n ohm
L = 100; // i n mH
L = L * 10^ -3; // i n H
C = 10; // i n
F
C = C * 10^ -12; // i n F
f_r = 1/(2* %pi * sqrt ( L * C ) ) ; // i n Hz
disp ( f_r *10^ -3 , The r e s o n a n t f r e q u e n c y i n kHz i s ) ;
Q = (1/ R ) *( sqrt ( L / C ) ) ;
disp (Q , The q u a l i t y f a c t o r i s ) ;
f1 = f_r - R /(4* %pi * L ) ; // i n Hz
f1 = f1 * 10^ -3; // i n kHz
f2 = f_r + R /(4* %pi * L ) ; // i n Hz
f2 = f2 * 10^ -3; // i n kHz
disp ( The h a l f p o i n t f r e q u e n c i e s a r e : + string ( f1 ) +
Hz and + string ( f2 ) + Hz )
Scilab code Exa 4.16 Power factor and power consumed

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// Exa 4 . 1 6
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
R = 20; // i n ohm
L = 31.8; // i n mH
L = L * 10^ -3; // i n H
V = 230; // i n V
f = 50; // i n Hz
I_R = V / R ; // i n A
X_L = 2* %pi * f * L ; // i n ohm
76
14 I_L = V / X_L ; // i n A
15 I = sqrt ( ( I_R ^2) + ( I_L ^2) ) ; // i n A
16 disp (I , The l i n e c u r r e n t i n A i s ) ;
17 phi = acosd ( I_R / I ) ;
18 disp ( The power f a c t o r i s : + string ( cosd ( phi ) ) +
l a g );
19 P = V * I * cosd ( phi ) ; // i n W
20 disp (P , The power consumed i n W i s ) ;

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// Exa 4 . 1 7
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
C = 50; // i n
F
C = C * 10^ -6; // i n F
R = 20; // i n ohm
L = 0.05; // i n H
V = 200; // i n V
f = 50; // i n Hz
X_C = 1/(2* %pi * f * C ) ; // i n ohm
Z1 = X_C ; // i n ohm
I1 = V / X_C ; // i n A
X_L = 2* %pi * f * L ; // i n ohm
Z2 = sqrt ( ( R ^2) + ( X_L ^2) ) ; // i n ohm
I2 = V / Z2 ; // i n A
// t a n ( p h i 2 ) = X L /R ;
phi2 = atand ( X_L / R ) ; // i n d e g r e e
phi1 = 90; // i n d e g r e e
I_cos_phi = I1 * cosd ( phi1 ) + I2 * cosd ( phi2 ) ; // i n A
I_sin_phi = I1 * sind ( phi1 ) - I2 * sind ( phi2 ) ; // i n A
phi = atand ( I_sin_phi / I_cos_phi ) ; // i n
77
25 I = sqrt ( I_cos_phi ^2+ I_sin_phi ^2) ; // i n A

26 P = V * I * cosd ( phi ) ; // i n W
27 disp (I , The l i n e c u r r e n t i n A i s : )
l a g );
29 disp (P , The power consumed i n W i s : )
Scilab code Exa 4.18 Power factor

// Exa 4 . 1 8
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
V = 68+154* %i ; // i n V
I1 = 10+14* %i ; // i n A
I2 = 2+8* %i ; // i n A
I = I1 + I2 ; // i n A
phi = atand ( imag ( V ) , real ( V ) ) - atand ( imag ( I ) , real ( I ) ) ;
// i n
12 disp ( phi , The p h a s e a n g l e i n
i s : )
l a g )
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Scilab code Exa 4.19 Supply current and power factor

1 // Exa 4 . 1 9
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 format ( v ,6)
6 // Given d a t a
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R1 = 50; // i n ohm
L = 318; // i n mH
L = L * 10^ -3; // i n H
R2 = 75; // i n ohm
C = 159; // i n
F
C = C * 10^ -6; // i n F
V = 230; // i n V
f = 50; // i n Hz
XL = 2* %pi * f * L ; // i n ohm
Z1 = R1 + XL * %i ; // i n ohm
I1 = V / Z1 ; // i n A
XC = 1/(2* %pi * f * C ) ; // i n ohm
Z2 = R2 - %i * XC ; // i n ohm
I2 = V / Z2 ; // i n A
I = I1 + I2 ; // i n A
phi = atand ( imag ( I ) , real ( I ) ) ; // i n
disp ( S u p p l y c u r r e n t : )
disp ( Magnitude i s : + string ( abs ( I ) ) + A )
disp ( A n g l e : + string ( phi ) +
)
disp ( Power f a c t o r i s : + string ( cosd ( phi ) ) + l a g )
Scilab code Exa 4.20 Supply current and power factor

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// Exa 4 . 2 0
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
V =250; // i n V
Z1 = 70.7+70.7* %i ; // i n ohm
Z2 = 120+160* %i ; // i n ohm
Z3 = 120+90* %i ; // i n ohm
Y1 = 1/ Z1 ; // i n S
Y2 = 1/ Z2 ; // i n S
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23
Y3 = 1/ Z3 ; // i n S
Y_T = Y1 + Y2 + Y3 ; // i n S
phi = atand ( imag ( Y_T ) , real ( Y_T ) ) ; // i n
disp ( T o t a l a d m i t t a n c e o f t h e c i r c u i t : )
disp ( Magnitude i s : + string ( abs ( Y_T ) ) + mho )
disp ( A n g l e i s : + string ( phi ) +
)
I = V * Y_T ; // i n A
disp ( The s u p p l y c u r r e n t : )
disp ( Magnitude i s : + string ( abs ( I ) ) + A )
disp ( A n g l e i s : + string ( phi ) +
)
disp ( Power f a c t o r i s : + string ( cosd ( phi ) ) +
)
Scilab code Exa 4.21 Power and power factor

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// Exa 4 . 2 1
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
Vm = 100; // i n V
phi1 = 30; // i n
Im = 15; // i n A
phi2 = 60; // i n
V = Vm / sqrt (2) * expm ( phi1 * %i * %pi /180) ; // i n V
I = Im / sqrt (2) * expm ( phi2 * %i * %pi /180) ; // i n A
Z = V / I ; // i n ohm
XC = abs ( imag ( Z ) ) ; // i n ohm
phi = atand ( imag ( Z ) , real ( Z ) ) ; // i n
P = abs ( V ) * abs ( I ) * cosd ( phi ) ; // i n W
disp ( The i m p e d a n c e i s : + string ( Z ) +
)
disp ( The r e s i s t a n c e i s : + string ( R ) +
)
disp ( The r e a c t a n c e i s : + string ( XC ) +
)
80
lag
21
22
disp ( The power i s : + string ( P ) + W )

disp ( The power f a c t o r i s : + string ( cosd ( phi ) ) +
l e a d i n g )
Scilab code Exa 4.22 Value of pure indutance

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// Exa 4 . 2 2
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
P = 100; // i n W
V = 120; // i n V
f = 50; // i n Hz
I = P / V ; // i n A
V = 200; // i n V
V_R = 120; // i n V
V_L = sqrt ( ( V ^2) - ( V_R ^2) ) ; // i n V
// V L = I X L ;
X_L = V_L / I ; // i n ohm
// X L = 2 %pi f L ;
L = X_L /(2* %pi * f ) ; // i n H
disp (L , The v a l u e o f p u r e i n d u c t a n c e i n H i s ) ;
// Note : There i s c a l c u l a t i o n e r r o r t o f i n d t h e
v a l u e o f V L , So t h e a n s w e r i n t h e book i s wrong
and c o d i n g i s c o r r e c t .

1 // Exa 4 . 2 3
2 clc ;
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clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
V =230; // i n V
f = 50; // i n Hz
Z1 = 10* expm ( -30* %i * %pi /180) ; // i n ohm
Z2 = 20* expm (60* %i * %pi /180) ; // i n ohm
Z3 = 40* expm (0* %i * %pi /180) ; // i n ohm
Y1 = 1/ Z1 ; // i n S
Y2 = 1/ Z2 ; // i n S
Y3 = 1/ Z3 ; // i n S
Y = Y1 + Y2 + Y3 ; // i n S
phi = atand ( imag ( Y ) , real ( Y ) ) ; // i n
Z =1/ Y ; // i n ohm
P = V ^2* abs ( Y ) ; // i n W
disp ( The c i r c u i t a d m i t t a n c e i s : + string ( abs ( Y ) ) +
mho ) ;
20 disp ( The c i r c u i t i m p e d a n c e i s : + string ( abs ( Z ) ) +
);
21 disp (P , The power consumed i n W i s : )
lead )
Scilab code Exa 4.24 Current and power absorbed by each branch
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9
// Exa 4 . 2 4
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,8)
// Given d a t a
Z1 = 10+15* %i ; // i n ohm
Z2 = 6 -8* %i ; // i n ohm
R1 = 10; // i n ohm
82
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R2 = 6; // i n ohm
I_T = 15; // i n A
I1 = I_T * Z2 /( Z1 + Z2 ) ; //
I2 = I_T * Z1 /( Z1 + Z2 ) ; //
P1 = ( abs ( I1 ) ) ^2* R1 ; //
P2 = ( abs ( I2 ) ) ^2* R2 ; //
disp ( P1 , The v a l u e o f
disp ( P2 , The v a l u e o f
in
in
in
in
P1
P2
A
A
W
W
in W i s : )
in W i s : )
Scilab code Exa 4.25 Voltage across the condenser

// Exa 4 . 2 5
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7)
// Given d a t a
R = 8; // i n ohm
L = 0.12; // i n H
C = 140; // i n
F
C = C * 10^ -6; // i n F
V = 230; // i n V
f = 50; // i n Hz
XL = 2* %pi * f * L ; // i n ohm
XC = 1/(2* %pi * f * C ) ; // i n ohm
Z = R + %i * XL - %i * XC ; // i n ohm
I = V / Z ; // i n A
phi = atand ( imag ( I ) , real ( I ) ) ; // i n
PowerFactor = cosd ( phi ) ;
VC = abs ( I ) * XC ; // i n V
disp ( I m p e d e n c e o f t h e e n t i r e c i r c u i t : )
disp ( Magnitude i s : + string ( abs ( Z ) ) +
);
disp ( A n g l e i s : + string ( atand ( imag ( Z ) , real ( Z ) ) ) +
)
23 disp ( C u r r e n t f l o w i n g t h r o u g h t h e c o n d e n s o r : )
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disp ( Magnitude i s : + string ( abs ( I ) ) +

);
disp ( A n g l e i s : + string ( atand ( imag ( I ) , real ( I ) ) ) +
)
26 disp ( Power f a c t o r o f t h e c i r c u i t i s : + string ( cosd
( phi ) ) + l a g )
27 disp ( VC , The v o l t a g e a c r o s s t h e c o n d e n s o r i n V i s :
)
24
25
Scilab code Exa 4.26 Half power frequencies

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// Exa 4 . 2 6
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,8)
// Given d a t a
R = 10; // i n ohm
L = 0.1; // i n H
C = 8; // i n
F
C = C * 10^ -6; // i n F
f_r = 1/(2* %pi * sqrt ( L * C ) ) ; // i n Hz
Q = (1/ R ) * ( sqrt ( L / C ) ) ;
del_F = R /(4* %pi * L ) ;
// The h a l f power f r e q u e n c i e s
f1 = f_r - del_F ; // i n Hz
f2 = f_r + del_F ; // i n Hz
disp ( The h a l f power f r e q u e n c i e s a r e : + string ( f1 ) +
Hz and + string ( f2 ) + Hz )
Scilab code Exa 4.27 Value of capacitor

1 // Exa 4 . 2 7
2 clc ;
84
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clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
R = 15; // i n ohm
X_L = 10; // i n ohm
f_r = 50; // i n Hz
// X L = 2 %pi f r L ;
L = X_L /(2* %pi * f_r ) ; // i n H
// v a l u e o f c a p a c i t a n c e
C = 1/( L *( (( f_r *2* %pi ) ^2) +(( R ^2) /( L ^2) ) ) ) ; // i n F
C = C *10^6; // i n
F
disp (C , The v a l u e o f c a p a c i t a n c e i n
F i s );
Scilab code Exa 4.28 Current and power drawn

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// Exa 4 . 2 8
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
Z1 = 3+4* %i ; // i n ohm
Z2 = 6+8* %i ; // i n ohm
V = 230; // i n V
I1 = V / Z1 ; // i n A
I2 = V / Z2 ; // i n A
I_T = I1 + I2 ; // i n A
phi = atand ( imag ( I_T ) , real ( I_T ) ) ; // i n
P = V * abs ( I_T ) * cosd ( phi ) ; // i n V
disp ( The v a l u e o f c u r r e n t : )
disp ( abs ( I_T ) , The m a g n i t u d e i n A i s : )
disp ( phi , The p h a s e a n g l e i n d e g r e e i s : )
disp (P , The power drawn from t h e s o u r c e i n W i s : )
85
Scilab code Exa 4.29 Total power supplied by source

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// Exa 4 . 2 9
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
Z1 = 1.6+ %i *7.2; // i n ohm
Z2 = 4+ %i *3; // i n ohm
Z3 = 6 - %i *8; // i n ohm
V = 100; // i n V
Y2 = 1/ Z2 ; // i n mho
disp ( Y2 , The a d m i t t a n c e i n mho i s : )
Y3 = 1/ Z3 ; // i n mho
disp ( Y3 , The a d m i t t a n c e i n mho i s : )
ZT = Z1 +1/( Y2 + Y3 ) ;
phi = atand ( imag ( ZT ) , real ( ZT ) ) ;
disp ( T o t a l c i r c u i t i m p e d a n c e : )
disp ( Magnitude : + string ( abs ( ZT ) ) +
)
disp ( A n g l e : + string ( phi ) +
);
IT = V / ZT ; // i n A
PT = V * abs ( IT ) * cosd ( phi ) ; // i n W
disp ( PT , The t o t a l power s u p p l i e d i n W i s : )
Scilab code Exa 4.30 Q factor of the circuit

1 // Exa 4 . 3 0
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 format ( v ,6)
86
6
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// Given d a t a
R = 4; // i n ohm
L = 0.5; // i n H
V = 100; // i n V
f = 50; // i n Hz
X_L = 2* %pi * f * L ; // i n ohm
X_C = X_L ; // i n ohm
// X C = 1 / ( 2 %pi f C) ;
C = 1/( X_C *2* %pi * f ) ; // i n F
C = C * 10^6; // i n F
disp (C , The v a l u e o f c a p a c i t a n c e i n
F i s );
I = V / R ; // i n A ]
V_C = I * X_C ; // i n V
disp ( V_C , The v o l t a g e a c r o s s t h e c a p a c i t a n c e i n V ) ;
Q = ( omega * L ) / R ;
disp (Q , The Q f a c t o r o f t h e c i r c u i t i s ) ;
87
Chapter 5
Three Phase AC Circuits
Scilab code Exa 5.1 Line current power factor and power supplied
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// Exa 5 . 1
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
R = 20; // i n ohm
X_L = 15; // i n ohm
V_L = 400; // i n V
f = 50; // i n Hz
V_Ph = V_L / sqrt (3) ; // i n V
Z_Ph = sqrt ( ( R ^2) + ( X_L ^2) ) ; // i n ohm
I_Ph = V_Ph / Z_Ph ; // i n A
I_L = I_Ph ; // i n A
disp ( I_L , The l i n e c u r r e n t i n A i s ) ;
// p f = c o s ( p h i ) = R Ph / Z Ph ;
R_Ph = R ; // i n ohm
phi = acosd ( R_Ph / Z_Ph ) ;
pf = cosd ( phi ) ; // i n
disp ( The power f a c t o r i s : + string ( pf ) +
88
l a g . );
22 P = sqrt (3) * V_L * I_L * cosd ( phi ) ; // i n W

23 disp (P , The power s u p p l i e d i n W i s ) ;
Scilab code Exa 5.2 Line ans phase voltage and current and power factor
// Exa 5 . 2
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
R_Ph = 16; // i n ohm
X_L = 12; // i n ohm
V_L = 400; // i n V
disp ( V_L , The l i n e v o l t a g e i n V i s ) ;
f = 50; // i n Hz
V_Ph = V_L / sqrt (3) ; // i n V
disp ( V_Ph , The p h a s e v o l t a g e i n V i s ) ;
Z_Ph = R_Ph + %i * X_L ; // i n ohm
I_L = I_Ph ; // i n A
phi = atand ( imag ( I_L ) , real ( I_L ) ) ;
cos_phi = R_Ph / abs ( Z_Ph ) ;
disp ( abs ( I_L ) , The l i n e c u r r e n t i n A i s : )
disp ( abs ( I_Ph ) , The l i n e c u r r e n t i n A i s : )
disp ( Power f a c t o r i s : + string ( cos_phi ) + l a g g i n g
)
22 P = sqrt (3) * V_L * abs ( I_L ) * cos_phi ; // i n W
23 disp (P , The power a b s o r b e d i n W i s : )
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Scilab code Exa 5.3 Resistance and inductance of coil

1
// Exa 5 . 3
89
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clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7)
// Given d a t a
P = 1.5; // i n kW
P = P * 10^3; // i n W
pf = 0.2; // i n l a g
phi = acosd ( pf ) ;
V_L = 400; // i n V
f = 50; // i n Hz
V_Ph = V_L / sqrt (3) ; // i n V
//P = s q r t ( 3 ) V L I L c o s ( p h i ) ;
I_L = P /( sqrt (3) * V_L * cosd ( phi ) ) ; // i n A
I_Ph = I_L ; // i n A
Z_Ph = V_Ph / I_Ph ; // i n ohm
R_Ph = Z_Ph * cosd ( phi ) ; // i n ohm
disp ( R_Ph , The R e s i s t a n c e i n
i s );
X_Ph = sqrt ( ( Z_Ph ^2) - ( R_Ph ^2) ) ; // i n
L_Ph = X_Ph /(2* %pi * f ) ; // i n H
disp ( L_Ph , The i n d u c t a n c e i n H i s ) ;
Scilab code Exa 5.4 Line current and power absorbed

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// Exa 5 . 4
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
R = 5; // i n ohm
L =0.02; // i n H
V_L = 440; // i n V
f = 50; // i n Hz
X_L = 2* %pi * f * L ; // i n
ohm
90
ohm
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Z_Ph = sqrt ( ( R ^2) +( X_L ^2) ) ; // i n ohm

V_Ph = V_L ; // i n V
I_L = sqrt (3) * I_Ph ; // i n A
phi = acosd ( R / Z_Ph ) ; // i n l a g
P = sqrt (3) * V_L * I_L * cosd ( phi ) ; // i n W
P = P *10^ -3; // i n kW
disp (P , The t o t a l power a b s o r b e d i n kW i s ) ;
// Note : To e v a l u a t e t h e v a l u e o f P , t h e wrong v a l u e
of I L i s putted , so the c a l c u l a t e d value of P
i n t h e book i s n o t c o r r e c t
Scilab code Exa 5.5 Phase current and resistance and inductance of coil
and power drawn by coil
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// Exa 5 . 5
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
V_L = 400; // i n V
f = 50; // i n Hz
I_L = 17.32; // i n A
pf = 0.8; // i n l a g
I_Ph = I_L / sqrt (3) ; // i n A
disp ( I_Ph , The p h a s e c u r r e n t i n A i s ) ;
V_Ph = V_L ; // i n V
phi = acosd ( pf ) // i n l a g
R_Ph = Z_Ph * cosd ( phi ) ; // i n ohm
disp ( R_Ph , The r e s i s t a n c e o f c o i l i n
i s );
X_Ph = sqrt ( ( Z_Ph ^2) - ( R_Ph ^2) ) ; // i n ohm
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19 // X Ph = 2 %pi f L ;
20 L = X_Ph /(2* %pi * f ) ; // i n H
21 L = L * 10^3; // i n mH
22 disp (L , The i n d u c t a n c e o f c o i l i n mH i s ) ;
23 P = V_Ph * I_Ph * cosd ( phi ) ; // i n W
24 disp (P , The power drawn by e a c h c o i l i n W i s ) ;
Scilab code Exa 5.6 Power factor of the load

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// Exa 5 . 6
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,5)
// Given d a t a
W1 = 1000; // i n W
W2 = 550; // i n W
phi = ( atand ( sqrt (3) *(( W1 - W2 ) /( W1 + W2 ) ) ) ) ; // i n
// power f a c t o r
pf = cosd ( phi ) ; // l a g
disp ( The power f a c t o r o f t h e l o a d i s : + string (
cosd ( phi ) ) + l a g . ) ;
Scilab code Exa 5.7 Power factor of circuit

1 // Exa 5 . 7
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 format ( v ,6)
6 // Given d a t a
7 W1 = 2000; // i n W
8 W2 = 500; // i n W
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9 phi = ( atand ( sqrt (3) *(( W1 - W2 ) /( W1 + W2 ) ) ) ) ; // i n l a g

10 // power f a c t o r
11 pf = cosd ( phi ) ; // l a g g i n g
12 disp ( P a r t ( i ) : Power f a c t o r i s : + string ( pf ) +
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l a g g i n g );
W2 = - W2 ; // i n W
phi = ( atand ( sqrt (3) *(( W1 - W2 ) /( W1 + W2 ) ) ) ) ; // i n l a g
pf = cosd ( phi ) ; // l a g g i n g
disp ( P a r t ( i i ) : Power f a c t o r i s : + string ( pf ) +
l a g g i n g );
Scilab code Exa 5.8 Power factor of motor at no load

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// Exa 5 . 8
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
W1 = 375; // i n W
W2 = -50; // i n W
// t a n ( p h i ) = s q r t ( 3 ) ( (W1W2) / (W1+W2) ) ;
phi = atand ( sqrt (3) *(( W1 - W2 ) /( W1 + W2 ) ) ) ; // i n d e g r e e
pf = cosd ( phi ) ; // l a g
disp ( The power f a c t o r i s : + string ( pf ) + l a g . ) ;
Scilab code Exa 5.9 Input power factor line current and output
1 // Exa 5 . 9
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
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close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
W1 = 300; // i n kW
W2 = 100; // i n kW
V_L = 2000; // i n V
Eta = 90/100;
P = W1 + W2 ; // i n kW
disp (P , The power i n p u t i n kW i s ) ;
// t a n ( p h i ) = s q r t ( 3 ) ( (W1W2) / (W1+W2) ) ;
phi = atand ( sqrt (3) *(( W1 - W2 ) /( W1 + W2 ) ) ) ;
pf = cosd ( phi ) ; // power f a c t o r
disp ( pf , The power f a c t o r i s ) ;
// P = s q r t ( 3 ) V L I L c o s d ( p h i ) ;
I_L = ( P *10^3) /( sqrt (3) * V_L * pf ) ; // i n A
output = P * Eta ; // i n kW
disp ( output , The power o u t p u t i n kW i s ) ;
Scilab code Exa 5.10 Impedance of the load phase current and power factor
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// Exa 5 . 1 0
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
P = 12; // i n kW
P = P * 10^3; // i n W
V_L = 400; // i n V
I_L = 20; // i n A
I_Ph = I_L ; // i n A
V_Ph = V_L / sqrt (3) ; // i n V
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14 Z_Ph = V_Ph / I_Ph ; // i n ohm

15 disp ( Z_Ph , The i m p e d a n c e o f l o a d i n ohm i s ) ;
16 // P = s q r t ( 3 ) V L I L c o s ( p h i ) ;
17 phi = acosd ( P /( sqrt (3) * V_L * I_L ) ) ; // i n l a g
19 pf = cosd ( phi ) ; // l a g
20 disp ( The power f a c t o r i s : + string ( pf ) + l a g . ) ;
Scilab code Exa 5.11 Line current power factor three phase current and
volt amperes
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// Exa 5 . 1 1
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
Z_Ph = 8+6* %i ; // i n ohm
V_L = 400; // i n V
V_Ph = V_L / sqrt (3) ; // i n V
I_L = I_Ph ; // i n A
phi = atand ( imag ( I_L ) , real ( I_L ) ) ; // i n
disp ( abs ( I_L ) , The l i n e c u r r e n t i n A i s : )
pf = cosd ( phi ) ; // l a g g i n g
disp ( Power f a c t o r i s : + string ( pf ) + l a g g i n g )
P = sqrt (3) * V_L * abs ( I_L ) * cosd ( phi ) ; // i n W
disp (P , The t h r e e p h a s e power i n W i s : )
S = sqrt (3) * V_L * abs ( I_L ) ; // i n VA.
disp (S , The t h r e e p h a s e v o l t a m p e r e s i n VA i s : )
Scilab code Exa 5.12 Power and power factor of load

95
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// Exa 5 . 1 2
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7)
// Given d a t a
W1 = 20; // i n kW
W2 = -5; // i n kW
P = W1 + W2 ; // i n kW
disp (P , The power i n kW i s : )
phi = ( atand ( sqrt (3) *(( W1 - W2 ) /( W1 + W2 ) ) ) ) ; // i n l a g
// Power f a c t o r o f t h e l o a d
pf = cosd ( phi )
disp ( pf , The power f a c t o r o f t h e l o a d i s : ) ;
Scilab code Exa 5.13 Reading of two wattmeters

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// Exa 5 . 1 3
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
V_L = 400; // i n V
I_L = 10; // i n A
W2 = 1; // assumed
W1 = 2* W2 ;
phi = atand ( sqrt (3) *( W1 - W2 ) /( W1 + W2 ) ) ;
W1 = V_L * I_L * cosd (30 - phi ) ; // i n W
W2 = V_L * I_L * cosd (30+ phi ) ; // i n W
disp ( W1 , The r e a d i n g o f f i r s t w a t t m e t e r i n W i s : )
disp ( W2 , The r e a d i n g o f s e c o n d w a t t m e t e r i n W i s :
)
96
Scilab code Exa 5.14 Phase current resistance and inductance of coil and
power drawn by coil
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// Exa 5 . 1 4
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
V_L = 400; // i n V
f = 50; // i n Hz
I_L = 17.32; // i n A
phi = acosd (0.8) ;
I_Ph = I_L / sqrt (3) ; // i n A
V_Ph = V_L ; // i n V
Z_Ph = Z_Ph * expm ( phi * %i * %pi /180) ; // i n ohm
R = real ( Z_Ph ) ; // i n ohm
XL = imag ( Z_Ph ) ; // i n ohm
L = XL /(2* %pi * f ) ; // i n H
L = L *10^3; // i n mH
disp (R , The r e s i s t a n c e o f t h e c o i l i n
i s : )
disp (L , The i n d u c t a n c e o f t h e c o i l i n mH i s : )
// The power drawn by e a c h c o i l
P_Ph = V_Ph * I_Ph * cosd ( phi ) ; // i n W
disp ( P_Ph , The power drawn by e a c h c o i l i n W i s : )
Scilab code Exa 5.15 Reading of each wattmeter

1 // Exa 5 . 1 5
2 clc ;
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clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,8)
// Given d a t a
P = 30; // i n kW
pf = 0.7;
// c o s d ( p h i ) = p f ;
phi = acosd ( pf ) ; // i n d e g r e e
theta = 30; // i n d e g r e e
V_LI_L = P /( sqrt (3) * cosd ( phi ) ) ;
W1 = V_LI_L * cosd ( theta - phi ) ; // i n kW
disp ( W1 , The r e a d i n g o f f i r s t w a t t m e t e r i n kW i s ) ;
W2 = V_LI_L * cosd ( theta + phi ) ; // i n kW
disp ( W2 , The r e a d i n g o f s e c o n d w a t t m e t e r i n kW i s ) ;
Scilab code Exa 5.16 Values and nature of load components and power
factor
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// Exa 5 . 1 6
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7)
// Given d a t a
P = 18; // i n kW
P = P *10^3; // i n W
I_L = 60; // i n A
V_L = 440; // i n V
f = 50; // i n Hz
phi = acosd ( P /( sqrt (3) * V_L * I_L ) ) ; // i n
I_L = I_L * expm ( phi * %pi * %i /180) ; // i n A
I_Ph = I_L ; // i n A
V_Ph = V_L / sqrt (3) ; // i n V
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27

R = real ( Z_Ph ) ; // i n ohm
XC = abs ( imag ( Z_Ph ) ) ; // i n ohm
C = 1/(2* %pi * f * XC ) ; // i n F
C = C *10^6; // i n
F
pf = cosd ( phi ) ; // l e a d
disp ( The power f a c t o r i s : + string ( pf ) + l e a d i n g )
disp (R , The r e s i s t a n c e i n
i s : )
disp (C , The c a p a c i t a n c e i n
F i s : );
disp ( The l o a d i s c a p a c i t i v e i n n a t u r e . )
Scilab code Exa 5.17 Line current impedance of each phase and resistance
and inductance of each phase
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// Exa 5 . 1 7
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7)
// Given d a t a
V_L = 400; // i n V
f = 50; // i n Hz
W1 = 8000; // i n W
W2 = 4000; // i n W
W = W1 + W2 ; // i n W
phi =( atand ( sqrt (3) *(( W1 - W2 ) /( W1 + W2 ) ) ) ) ; // i n l a g
P = W ; // i n W
//P = s q r t ( 3 ) V L I L c o s d ( p h i ) ;
I_L = P /( sqrt (3) * V_L * cosd ( phi ) ) ; // i n A
V_Ph = V_L / sqrt (3) ; // i n V
I_Ph = I_L ; // i n A
Z_Ph = Z_Ph * expm ( phi * %i * %pi /180) ; // ohm
R_Ph = real ( Z_Ph ) ; // i n ohm
99
21 XL_Ph = imag ( Z_Ph ) ; // i n ohm

22 L_Ph = XL_Ph /(2* %pi * f ) ; // i n H
24 pf = cosd ( phi ) ;
25 disp ( pf , The power f a c t o r i s : )
26 disp ( I_L , The l i n e c u r r e n t i n A i s ) ;
27 disp ( Z_Ph , The i m p e d a n c e o f e a c h p h a s e i n
28 disp ( R_Ph , The r e s i s t a n c e o f e a c h p h a s e i n
29
i s : )
is :
)
disp ( L_Ph , The i n d u c t a n c e o f e a c h p h a s e i n H i s : )
100
Chapter 6
Measuring Instruments
Scilab code Exa 6.1 Required shunt resistance

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// Exa 6 . 1
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
Rm = 8; // i n ohm
Im = 20; // i n mA
Im = Im * 10^ -3; // i n A
I = 1; // i n A
// M u l t i p l y i n g f a c t o r
N = I / Im ;
// Shunt r e s i s t a n c e
Rsh = Rm /( N -1) ; // i n ohm
disp ( Rsh , The s h u n t r e s i s t a n c e r e q u i r e d i n
Scilab code Exa 6.2 Multiplying factor
101
i s );
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// Exa 6 . 2
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
Rm = 6; // i n ohm
Rsh = 0.025; // i n ohm
N = 1 + ( Rm / Rsh ) ; // m u l t i p l y i n g f a c t o r
disp (N , The m u l t i p l y i n g f a c t o r i s ) ;
Scilab code Exa 6.3 Resistance to be connected in parallel and series

// Exa 6 . 3
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7)
// Given d a t a
Rm = 5; // i n ohm
Im = 15; // i n mA
Im = Im * 10^ -3; // i n A
I = 1; // i n A
N = I / Im ; // m u l t i p l y i n g f a c t o r
Rsh = Rm /( N -1) ; // i n ohm
disp ( Rsh , The r e s i a t n c e t o be c o n n e c t e d i n p a r a l l e l
in
i s );
14 V = 10; // i n V
15 Rs = ( V / Im ) - Rm ; // i n ohm
16 disp ( Rs , The r e s i a t n c e t o be c o n n e c t e d i n s e r i e s i n
i s );
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Scilab code Exa 6.4 Current range

102
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// Exa 6 . 4
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,5)
// Given d a t a
V =250; // f u l l s c a l e v o l t a g e r e a d i n g i n V
Rm = 2; // i n ohm
Rsh = 2; // i n m ohm
Rsh = Rsh * 10^ -3; // i n ohm
R = 5000; // i n ohm
Im = V /( Rm + R ) ; // i n A
Ish = ( Im * Rm ) / Rsh ; // i n A
// C u r r e n t r a n g e o f i n s t r u m e n t
I = Im + Ish ; // i n A
disp (I , The c u r r e n t r a n g e o f i n s t r u m e n t i n A i s ) ;
Scilab code Exa 6.5 Percentage error

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// Exa 6 . 5
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
V = 230; // i n V
I = 35; // i n A
N = 200;
t = 64; // i n s e c
kwh = 500;
phi = acosd (0.8) ; // i n
Er = N / kwh ; // i n kWh
Et = V * I * cosd ( phi ) * t ; // i n J o u l e s
Et = Et /3600; // i n W h o u r
Et = Et * 10^ -3; // i n kWh
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// p e r c e n t a g e e r r o r
PerError = (( Er - Et ) / Et ) *100; // i n %
disp ( PerError , The p e r c e n t a g e e r r o r i n % i s ) ;

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// Exa 6 . 6
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
I = 50; // i n A
V = 230; // i n V
N = 61;
t = 37; // i n s e c
KWh = 500;
phi = acosd (1) ; // i n
Er = N / KWh ; // i n kWh
Et = V * I * cosd ( phi ) * t ; // i n J o u l e s
Et = Et /3600; // i n Wh
Et = Et *10^ -3; // i n kWh
// P e r c e n t a g e e r r o r
Scilab code Exa 6.7 Series resistance

1 // Exa 6 . 7
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 format ( v ,9)
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// Given d a t a
Im = 20; // i n mA
Im = Im * 10^ -3; // i n A
Vm = 50; // i n mV
Vm = Vm * 10^ -3; // i n V
V = 500; // i n V
Rm = Vm / Im ; // i n ohm
Rs = ( V / Im ) - Rm ; // i n ohm
disp ( Rs , The s e r i e s r e s i s t a n c e i n ohm i s ) ;
Scilab code Exa 6.8 Value of Rs and Rsh

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// Exa 6 . 8
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
Rm = 50; // i n ohm
Im = 10; // i n mA
Im = Im * 10^ -3; // i n A
V = 100; // i n V
Rs = ( V / Im ) - Rm ; // i n ohm
disp ( Rs , The v a l u e o f Rs i n
N = 1/ Im ;
Rsh = Rm /( N -1) ; // i n ohm
disp ( Rsh , The v a l u e o f Rsh i n

1 // Exa 6 . 9
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
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i s );
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close ;
format ( v ,5)
// Given d a t a
I = 40; // i n A
V = 230; // i n V
N = 600;
t = 46; // i n s e c
P = V * I * cosd ( phi ) ; // i n W
P = P * 10^ -3; // i n kW
// 1 kWh = 500 r e v o l u t i o n
P = P * 500; // i n r e v o l u t i o n
T = (3600/ t ) *60; // i n r e v o l u t i o n
PerError = (( T - P ) / P ) *100; // i n %
Scilab code Exa 6.10 Number of revolution

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// Exa 6 . 1 0
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
N = 100;
I = 20; // i n A
V = 210; // i n V
pf = 0.8; // i n l a d
Er = 350; // i n r e v
a = 3.36; // assumed
Et = ( a *3600) /3600; // i n kWh
// 1 kWh = 1 0 0 ; / /
revolution
Et = Et * N ; // r e v o l u t i o n
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17
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// Exa 6 . 1 1
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
I = 5; // i n A
V = 230; // i n V
N = 61; // number o f r e v o l u t i o n
t = 37; // i n s e c
// s p e e d o f t h e d i s c
discSpeed = 500; // i n r e v /kWh
Er = N / discSpeed ;
Et = ( V * I * t ) /(3600*100) ;
// p e r c e n t a g e e r r o r
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Chapter 8
Magnetic Circuits
Scilab code Exa 8.1 Required current

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// Exa 8 . 1
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
a = 3; // i n cm2
a = a * 10^ -4; // i n m2
d = 20; // i n cm
N = 500;
phi = 0.5*10^ -3; // i n Wb
miu_r = 833.33;
miu_o = 4* %pi *10^ -7;
l = %pi * d ; // i n cm
l = l * 10^ -2; // i n m
S = l /( miu_o * miu_r * a ) ; // i n AT/Wb
// C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e c u r r e n t w i t h t h e h e l p o f f l u x
// Formula p h i = (mm f ) / S = (N I ) / S ;
I = ( phi * S ) / N ; // i n A
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Scilab code Exa 8.2 Coil mmf field strength total flux reluctance and permeance of the ring
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// Exa 8 . 2
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,8)
// Given d a t a
N = 300;
miu_r = 900;
l = 40; // i n cm
a = 5; // i n cm2
R = 100; // i n ohm
V = 250; // i n V
miu_o = 4* %pi *10^ -7;
I = V / R ; // i n A
mmf = N * I ; // i n AT
disp ( mmf , The c o i l mmf i n AT i s ) ;
H = ( N * I ) /( l *10^ -2) ; // i n AT/m
disp (H , The f i e l d s t r e n g t h i n AT/m i s ) ;
B = miu_o * miu_r * H ; // i n Wb/m2
phi = B * a *10^ -4; // i n Wb
disp ( phi , T o t a l f l u x i n Wb i s ) ;
S = mmf / phi ; // i n AT/Wb
disp (S , The r e l u c t a n c e o f t h e r i n g i n AT/Wb i s ) ;
// Permeance i s r e c i p o c a l o f r e l u c t a n c e
Permeance = 1/ S ; // i n Wb/AT
disp ( Permeance , Permeance o f t h e r i n g i n Wb/AT i s ) ;
Scilab code Exa 8.3 Ampere turns
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// Exa 8 . 3
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
Ig = 4; // i n mm
Ig = Ig * 10^ -3; // i n m
B = 1.3; // i n Wb/m2
miu_r = 1;
miu_o = 4* %pi *10^ -7;
H = B /( miu_o * miu_r ) ; // i n AT/m
Hg = H ; // i n AT/m
// Ampere t u r n r e q u i r e d f o r a i r gap
AT = Hg * Ig ; // AT f o r a i r gap i n AT
disp ( AT , The amphere t u r n s f o r t h e gap i n AT i s ) ;
Scilab code Exa 8.4 Total flux in the ring

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// Exa 8 . 4
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
N = 500;
R = 4; // i n ohm
d = 0.25; // i n m
a = 700; // i n mm2
a = a *10^ -6; // i n m2
V = 6; // i n V
miu_r = 550;
miu_o = 4* %pi *10^ -7;
// E v a l u a t i o n o f c u r r e n t by ohm s law
I = V / R ; // i n A
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l = %pi * d ; // i n m
H = ( N * I ) / l ; // i n A/m
// E v a l u a t i o n o f f l u x d e n s i t y
B = miu_o * miu_r * H ; // i n T
// E v a l u a t i o n o f t o t a l f l u x
phi = B * a ; // i n Wb
phi = phi *10^3; // i n mWb
disp ( phi , The t o t a l f l u x i n t h e c o i l i n m/Wb i s ) ;
Scilab code Exa 8.5 MMF total reluctance flux and flux density of the
ring
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// Exa 8 . 5
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,8)
// Given d a t a
d_r = 8; // d i a m e t e r o f r i n g i n cm
d_r = d_r *10^ -2; // i n m
d_i = 1; // d i a m e t e r o f i r o n i n cm
d_i = d_i * 10^ -2; // i n m
Permeability = 900;
gap = 2; // i n mm
gap = gap * 10^ -3; // i n m
N = 400;
I = 3.5; // i n A
l_i = ( %pi * d_r ) - gap ; // l e n g t h o f i r o n i n m
a = ( %pi /4) *( d_i ^2) ; // i n m2
mmf = N * I ; // i n AT
disp ( mmf , The mmf i n AT i s ) ;
miu_o = 4* %pi *10^ -7;
miu_r = 900;
Si = l_i /( miu_o * miu_r * a ) ; // i n AT/Wb
miu_r = 1;
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Sg = gap /( miu_o * miu_r * a ) ; // i n AT/Wb

S_T = Si + Sg ; // i n AT/Wb
disp ( S_T , The t o t a l r e l u c t a n c e i n AT/Wb i s ) ;
phi = mmf / S_T ; // i n Wb
disp ( phi , The f l u x i n Wb i s ) ;
// p h i = B a ;
B = phi / a ; // i n Wb/m2
disp (B , The f l u x d e n s i t y o f t h e r i n g i n Wb/m2 ) ;
Scilab code Exa 8.6 Reluctance of magnetic circuit and inductance of coil
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// Exa 8 . 6
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,8)
// Given d a t a
miu_r = 1400;
l = 70; // i n cm
l = l * 10^ -2; // i n m
a = 5; // i n cm2
a = a * 10^ -4; // i n m2
N = 1000;
miu_o = 4* %pi *10^ -7;
S = l /( miu_o * miu_r * a ) ; // i n AT/Wb
disp (S , The r e l u c t a n c e o f t h e m a g n e t i c c i r c u i t i n AT
/Wb i s ) ;
format ( v ,7)
// C a l c u l a t i o n o f i n d u c t a n c e o f t h e c o i l
L = ( N ^2) / S ; // i n H
disp (L , The i n d u c t a n c e o f t h e c o i l i n H i s ) ;
// Note : I n t h e book t h e c a l c u l a t e d v a l u e o f L i s
c o r r e c t but a t l a s t t h e y p r i n t i t s v a l u e wrong
112

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// Exa 8 . 7
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7)
// Given d a t a
l1 = 25; // i n cm
l1 = l1 * 10^ -2; // i n m
miu_o = 4* %pi *10^ -7;
miu_r = 750;
a1 = 2.5*2.5*10^ -4; // i n m
S1 = l1 /( miu_o * miu_r * a1 ) ; // i n AT/Wb
l2 = 40; // i n cm
l2 = l2 * 10^ -2; // i n m
S2 = l2 /( miu_o * miu_r * a1 ) ; // i n AT/Wb
phi2 = 2.5*10^ -3; // i n Wb
N = 500;
//mmf = p h i 1 S1 = p h i 2 S2 ;
phi1 = ( phi2 * S2 ) / S1 ; // i n Wb
phi = phi1 + phi2 ; // i n Wb
// Sum o f mmf r e q u i r e d f o r AEFB
S_AEFB = S2 ; // i n AT/Wb
mmfforAEFB = S_AEFB * phi ; //mmf f o r AEFB i n AT
totalmmf = mmfforAEFB +( phi1 * S1 ) ; // t o t a l mmf i n AT
// N I = t o t a l m m f ;
// C a l c u l a t i o n o f c u r r e n t
I = totalmmf / N ; // i n A
Scilab code Exa 8.8 Exciting current needed in a coil

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// Exa 8 . 8
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
a = 16*10^ -4; // i n m2
lg = 2*10^ -3; // i n m
N = 1000;
phi = 4*10^ -3; // i n Wb
miu_r = 2000;
miu_o = 4* %pi *10^ -7;
l =25; // l e n g t h o f m a g n e t i c i n cm
w = 20; // i n cm ( w i d t h )
t = 4; // i n cm ( t h i c k n e s s )
li = {[ w - t ]* t /2+[ l - t ]* t /2 -0.2}; // i n cm
li = li *10^ -2; // i n m
S_T = 1/( miu_o * a ) *( li / miu_r + lg )
// C a l c u l a t i o n o f c u r r e n t w i t h t h e h e l p o f f l u x
// p h i = mmf/ S T = N I / S T ;
I = ( phi * S_T ) / N ; // i n A
Scilab code Exa 8.9 Total flux in the ring

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// Exa 8 . 9
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7)
// Given d a t a
N = 500;
R = 4; // i n ohm
d_mean = 0.25; // i n m
a = 700; // i n mm2
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a = a * 10^ -6; // i n m
V = 6; // i n V
miu_r = 550;
miu_o = 4* %pi *10^ -7;
l_i = %pi * d_mean ; // i n m
S = l_i /( miu_o * miu_r * a ) ; // i n AT/Wb
I = V / R ; // i n A
// C a l c u l a t i o n o f mmf
mmf = N * I ; // i n AT
// t o t a l f l u x
phi = mmf / S ; // i n Wb
phi = phi * 10^6; // i n W b
disp ( phi , The t o t a l f l u x i n t h e r i n g i n
// Note : I n t h e book t h e v a l u e o f f l u x c a l c u l a t e d
c o r r e c t i n W b but a t l a s t t h e y p r i n t o n l y i n Wb
, s o t h e a n s w e r i n t h e book i s wrong .
Scilab code Exa 8.10 Coil inductance

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W b i s );
// Exa 8 . 1 0
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7)
// Given d a t a
N = 1000;
a = 5; // i n cm2
a = a * 10^ -4; // i n m2
l_g = 2; // i n mm
l_g = l_g * 10^ -3; // i n m
B = 0.5; // i n T
miu_r = %inf ;
phi = B * a ; // i n Wb
miu_o = 4* %pi *10^ -7;
115
16 S = l_g /( miu_o * a ) ; // i n AT/Wb

17 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f c u r r e n t w i t h t h e h e l p o f
18 // p h i = mmf/ S = N I / S ;
19 I = ( phi * S ) / N ; // i n A
20 disp (I , The c u r r e n t r e q u i r e d i n A i s ) ;
21 // E v a l u a t i o n o f c o i l i n d u c t a n c e
22 L = ( N ^2) / S ; // i n H
23 disp (L , The c o i l i n d u c t a n c e i n H i s ) ;
Scilab code Exa 8.11 Ampere turns

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// Exa 8 . 1 1
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,8)
// Given d a t a
l_g = 4; // i n mm
l_g = l_g * 10^ -3; // i n m
Bg = 1.3; // i n Wb/m2
miu_o = 4* %pi *10^ -7;
Hg = Bg / miu_o ;
// Ampere t u r n s f o r t h e gap
AT = Hg * l_g ; // i n AT
disp ( AT , The amphere t u r n s i n AT i s ) ;
Scilab code Exa 8.12 Required MMF

1 // Exa 8 . 1 2
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 format ( v ,6)
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flux
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// Given d a t a
phi = 0.015; // i n Wb
l_g = 2.5; // i n mm
l_g = l_g * 10^ -3; // i n m
a = 200; // i n cm2
a = a * 10^ -4; // i n m2
miu_o = 4* %pi *10^ -7;
// C a l c u l a t i o n o f r e l u c t a n c e o f a i r gap
Sg = l_g /( miu_o * a ) ; // i n AT/Wb
mmf = phi * Sg ; // i n AT
disp ( mmf , The mmf r e q u i r e d i n AT i s ) ;
Scilab code Exa 8.13 Flux density of air gap

// Exa 8 . 1 3
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,9)
// Given d a t a
a = 12; // i n cm2
a = a * 10^ -4; // i n m2
l_i = 50; // i n cm
l_i = l_i * 10^ -2; // i n m
l_g = 0.4; // i n cm
l_g = l_g * 10^ -2; // i n m
N = 2*400;
I = 1; // i n A
miu_r = 1300;
miu_o = 4* %pi *10^ -7;
Si = l_i /( miu_o * miu_r * a ) ; // i n AT/Wb
disp ( Si , The r e l u c t a n c e o f m a g n e t i c c i r c u i t i n AT/Wb
i s );
19 miu_r = 1;
20 Sg = l_g /( miu_o * miu_r * a ) ; // i n AT/Wb
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21 disp ( Sg , The r e l u c t a n c e o f a i r gap i n AT/Wb i s ) ;

22 S_T = Si + Sg ; // i n AT/Wb
23 disp ( S_T , T o t a l r e l u c t a n c e i n AT/Wb i s ) ;
24 format ( v ,7)
25 mmf = N * I ; // i n AT
26 phi_T = mmf / S_T ; // i n Wb
27 phi_T = phi_T *10^3; // i n mWb
28 disp ( phi_T , The t o t a l f l u x i n mWb i s ) ;
29 phi_T = phi_T *10^ -3; // i n Wb
30 // p h i T =B a ;
31 B = ( phi_T ) / a ; // i n Wb/m2
32 disp (B , The f l u x d e n s i t y o f a i r gap i n Wb/m2 i s ) ;

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// Exa 8 . 1 4
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7)
// Given d a t a
l = 30; // i n cm
d = 2; // i n cm
N = 500;
phi = 0.5; // i n mWb
Airgap = 1; // i n mm
miu_r = 4000;
miu_o = 4* %pi *10^ -7;
Ac = ( %pi /4) *( d ^2) ; // i n cm2
Ac = Ac * 10^ -4; // i n m2
l_i = ( l *10^ -2) -( Airgap *10^ -3) ; // i n m
l_g = 1; // i n mm
l_g = l_g * 10^ -3; // i n m
Si = l_i /( miu_r * miu_o * Ac ) ; // i n AT/Wb
Sg = l_g /( miu_o * Ac ) ; // i n AT/Wb
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21 S = Si + Sg ; // i n AT/Wb
22 // p h i = mmf/ S = N I / S ;
23 I = ( phi *10^ -3* S ) / N ; // i n A
24 disp (I , The c u r r e n t r e q u i r e d
i n A i s );
Scilab code Exa 8.15 Coil inductance

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// Exa 8 . 1 5
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7)
// Given d a t a
l = 40; // i n cm
l = l * 10^ -2; // i n m
a = 4; // i n cm2
a = a * 10^ -4; // i n m2
miu_r = 1000;
miu_o = 4* %pi *10^ -7;
l_g = 1; // i n mm
l_g = l_g * 10^ -3; // i n m
N = 1000;
l_i = l - l_g ; // i n m
Si = l_i /( miu_r * miu_o * a ) ; // i n AT/Wb
Sg = l_g /( miu_o * a ) ; // i n AT/Wb
S = Si + Sg ; // i n AT/Wb
// The i n d u c t n a c e o f t h e c o i l
L = ( N ^2) / S ; // i n H
disp (L , The i n d u c t n a c e o f t h e c o i l i n H i s ) ;
119
Chapter 9
Single Phase Transformer
Scilab code Exa 9.1 Primary turns primary and secondary full load current
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// Exa 9 . 1
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
V1 = 3000; // i n V
V2 = 300; // i n V
N2 = 86; // i n Turns
Rating = 60*10^3; // i n VA
K = V2 / V1 ;
// T r a n s f o r m e r r a t i o , N2/N1 = K ;
N1 = N2 / K ; // i n t u r n s
disp ( N1 , The numbers o f p r i m a r y t u r n s i s ) ;
I2 = Rating / V2 ; // i n A
disp ( I2 , The s e c o n d a r y f u l l l o a d c u r r e n t i n A i s ) ;
disp ( I1 , The p r i m a r y f u l l l o a d c u r r e n t i n A i s ) ;
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Scilab code Exa 9.2 Maximum flux density

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// Exa 9 . 2
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,5)
// Given d a t a
E1 = 3000; // i n V
E2 = 200; // i n V
f = 50; // i n Hz
a = 150; // i n cm2
N2 = 80; // t u r n s
// Formula E2 = 4 . 4 4 phi m f N2 ;
phi_m = E2 /(4.44* f * N2 ) ; // i n Wb
Bm = phi_m /( a *10^ -4) ; // i n Wb/m2
disp ( Bm , The maximum f l u x d e n s i t y i n Wb/m2 i s ) ;
Scilab code Exa 9.3 Maximum core flux

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// Exa 9 . 3
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,5)
// Given d a t a
N1 = 500;
N2 = 40;
E1 = 3000; // i n V
f = 50; // i n Hz
K = N2 / N1 ;
Rating = 25*10^3; // i n VA
121
13 I1 = Rating / E1 ; // i n A
14 disp ( I1 , The p r i m a r y f u l l l o a d c u r r e n t i n A i s ) ;
15 I2 = I1 / K ; // i n A
16 disp ( I2 , The s e c o n d a r y f u l l l o a d c u r r e n t i n A i s ) ;
17 // K = E2/E1 ;
18 E2 = K * E1 ; // i n V
19 disp ( E2 , The s e c o n d a r y emf i n V i s ) ;
20 // e .m. f e q u a t i o n o f t h e t r a n s f o r m e r , E1 = 4 . 4 4
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phi m f N1 ;
phi_m = E1 /(4.44* f * N1 ) ; // i n Wb
phi_m = phi_m *10^3; // i n mWb
disp ( phi_m , The maximum c o r e f l u x i n mWb i s ) ;
Scilab code Exa 9.4 Two component of current

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// Exa 9 . 4
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
Rating = 25; // i n KVA
f = 50; // i n Hz
Io = 15; // i n A
Wo = 350; // i n W
Vo = 230; // i n V
// No l o a d power f a c t o r
phi_o = acosd ( Wo /( Vo * Io ) ) ;
// a c t i v e component o f c u r r e n t
Ic = Io * cosd ( phi_o ) ; // i n A
disp ( Ic , The a c t i v e component o f c u r r e n t i n A i s ) ;
// m a g n e t i z i n g component o f c u r r e n t
Im = Io * sind ( phi_o ) ; // i n A
disp ( Im , The m a g n e t i z i n g component o f c u r r e n t i n A
i s );
122
Scilab code Exa 9.5 Equivalent Resistance reactance and impedence reffered to primary and secondary
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// Exa 9 . 5
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,8)
// Given d a t a
V1 = 2200; // i n V
V2 = 110; // i n V
R1 = 1.75; // i n ohm
R2 = 0.0045; // i n ohm
X1 = 2.6; // i n ohm
X2 = 0.0075; // i n ohm
K = V2 / V1 ;
// R1e = R1+R 2 = R1 + ( R2 / (K 2 ) ) ;
R1e = R1 + ( R2 /( K ^2) ) ; // i n ohm
disp ( R1e , E q u i v a l e n t r e s i s t a n c e r e f f e r e d
i n ohm i s ) ;
// R2e = R2+R 1 = R2+((K 2 ) R1 ) ;
R2e = R2 +(( K ^2) * R1 ) ; // i n ohm
disp ( R2e , E q u i v a l e n t r e s i s t a n c e r e f f e r e d
secondary
i n ohm i s ) ;
// X1e = X1+X 2 = X1+(X2 / (K 2 ) ) ;
X1e = X1 +( X2 /( K ^2) ) ; // i n ohm
disp ( X1e , E q u i v a l e n t r e a c t a n c e r e f f e r e d
i n ohm i s ) ;
// X2e = X2+X 1 = X2 + ( (K 2 ) X1 ) ;
X2e = X2 + (( K ^2) * X1 ) ; // i n ohm
disp ( X2e , E q u i v a l e n t r e a c t a n c e r e f f e r e d
i n ohm i s ) ;
Z1e = R1e + %i * X1e ; // i n ohm
Z2e = R2e + %i * X2e ; // i n ohm
123
to primary
to
to primary
to secondary
disp ( abs ( Z1e ) , E q u i v a l e n t i m p e d a n c e r e f f e r e d t o

p r i m a r y i n ohm i s : )
29 disp ( abs ( Z2e ) , E q u i v a l e n t i m p e d a n c e r e f f e r e d t o
s e c o n d a r y i n ohm i s : )
28
Scilab code Exa 9.6 Total copper loss

// Exa 9 . 6
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7)
// Given d a t a
V1 = 2200; // i n V
V2 = 440; // i n V
R1 = 0.3; // i n ohm
R2 = 0.01; // i n ohm
X1 = 1.1; // i n ohm
X2 = 0.035; // i n ohm
K = V2 / V1 ;
I1 = ( Rating *10^3) / V1 ; // i n A
I2 = ( Rating *10^3) / V2 ; // i n A
R1e = R1 + ( R2 /( K ^2) ) ; // i n ohm
X1e = X1 +( X2 /( K ^2) ) ; // i n ohm
Z1e = sqrt ( ( R1e ^2) + ( X1e ^2) ) ; // i n ohm
disp ( Z1e , The e q u i v a l e n t i m p e d a n c e o f t h e
t r a n s f o r m e r r e f f e r e d t o p r i m a r y i n ohm i s ) ;
21 // T o t a l c o p p e r l o s s
22 totalcopperloss = ( I1 ^2) * R1e ; // i n W
23 disp ( totalcopperloss , The t o t a l c o p p e r l o s s i n W i s
);
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124
Scilab code Exa 9.7 Efficiency of transformer

// Exa 9 . 7
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
Rating = 150000; // i n VA
phi = acosd (0.8) ; // i n
Pcu = 1600; // i n W
Pi = 1400; // i n W
n = 1/4;
// T o t a l l o s s o f 25% l o a d
totalloss = Pi + ( n ^2) * Pcu ; // i n W
// e f f i c i e n c y o f t r a n s f o r m e r o f 25% l o a d
Eta = n * Rating * cosd ( phi ) /( n * Rating * cosd ( phi ) + Pi + n ^2*
Pcu ) *100; // i n %
16 disp ( Eta , The e f f i c i e n c y i n % i s ) ;
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Scilab code Exa 9.8 Efficiency on unity power factor

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// Exa 9 . 8
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
V1 = 2000; // i n V
V2 = 200; // i n V
Pi = 350; // i n W
Pi = Pi * 10^ -3; // i n kW
Pcu = 400; // i n W
Pcu = Pcu * 10^ -3; // i n kW
125
14 phi = acosd (1) ; // i n

15 output = Rating ;
16 losses = Pi + Pcu ;
17 Eta = ( output /( output + losses ) ) *100; // %Eta i n %
18 disp ( Eta , The e f f i c i e n c y o f f u l l l o a d power i n % i s
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);
// For h a l f l o a d
output = Rating /2; // i n kW
h = 1;
Pcu = Pcu *(( h /2) ^2) ; // i n kW
losses = Pi + Pcu ;
// e f f i c i e n c y o f h a l f l o a d power
Eta = ( output /( output + losses ) ) *100; // i n %
disp ( Eta , The e f f i c i e n c y o f h a l f l o a d power i n % i s
);
Scilab code Exa 9.9 Maximum efficiency

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// Exa 9 . 9
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7)
// Given d a t a
Rating = 250*10^3; // i n VA
Pi = 1.8; // i n kW
Pi = Pi * 10^3; // i n W
Pcu_f1 = 2000; // i n W
phi = acosd (0.8) ; // i n
Eta = (( Rating * cosd ( phi ) ) /(( Rating * cosd ( phi ) ) + Pi +
Pcu_f1 ) ) *100; // %Eta i n %
disp ( Eta , The e f f i c i e n c y a t f u l l l o a d i n % i s ) ;
// The maximum e f f i c i e n c y
Eta_max = Rating * sqrt ( Pi / Pcu_f1 ) ; // i n VA
Eta_max = Eta_max *10^ -3; // i n kVA
126
17 disp ( Eta_max , The maximum e f f i c i e n c y i n kVA i s ) ;

18 Eta_max = Eta_max *10^3; // i n VA
19 Pcu = Pi ; // i n W
20 Eta_max1 = (( Eta_max * cosd ( phi ) ) /(( Eta_max * cosd ( phi ) )
+ Pi + Pcu ) ) *100; // i n %
21 disp ( Eta_max1 , The maximum e f f i c i e n c y i n % i s ) ;
Scilab code Exa 9.10 Iron and full load copper loss
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// Exa 9 . 1 0
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,9)
// Given d a t a
Pout = 500; // i n kW
Pout = Pout *10^3; // i n W
Eta = 90; // i n %
n =1/2;
// For f u l l l o a d , Eta= Pout 1 0 0 / ( Pout+Pi+P c u f 1 ) o r
Pi+P c u f 1= ( Pout 100 Eta Pout ) / Eta
(i)
// For h a l f l o a d , Eta= n Pout 1 0 0 / ( n Pout+Pi+n 2
P c u f 1 ) o r Pi+n 2 P c u f 1= ( n Pout 100n Eta Pout )
/ Eta
( ii )
// From eq ( i ) and ( i i )
Pcu_fl = [( n * Pout *100 - n * Eta * Pout ) / Eta -( Pout *100 - Eta *
Pout ) / Eta ]/( n ^2 -1)
Pi =( Pout *100 - Eta * Pout ) / Eta - Pcu_fl
disp ( Pi , The i r o n l o s s i n W i s : )
disp ( Pcu_fl , The f u l l l o a d c o p p e r l o s s i n w a t t )
127
Scilab code Exa 9.11 Maximum core flux

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// Exa 9 . 1 1
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
Io = 10; // i n A
phi_o = acosd (0.25) ; // i n
V1 = 400; // i n V
f = 50; // i n Hz
N1 =500;
Im = Io * sind ( phi_o ) ; // i n A
disp ( Im , The m a g n e t i z i n g component o f no l o a d
c u r r e n t i n A i s );
Pi = V1 * Io * cosd ( phi_o ) ; // i n W
disp ( Pi , The i r o n l o s s i n W i s ) ;
E1 = V1 ; // i n V
// E1 v= 4 . 4 4 f phi m N1 ;
phi_m = E1 /(4.44* f * N1 ) ; // i n Wb
phi_m = phi_m *10^3; // i n mWb
disp ( phi_m , The maximum v a l u e o f f l u x i n mWb i s ) ;
Scilab code Exa 9.12 Total copper loss

1 // Exa 9 . 1 2
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 format ( v ,6)
6 // Given d a t a
7 Rating = 30*10^3; // i n VA
8 V1 = 2000; // i n V
9 V2 = 200; // i n V
128
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f = 50; // i n Hz
R1 = 3.5; // i n ohm
X1 = 4.5; // i n ohm
R2 = 0.015; // i n ohm
X2 = 0.02; // i n ohm
K = V2 / V1 ;
R1e = R1 + ( R2 /( K ^2) ) ; // i n ohm
disp ( R1e , The e q u i v a l e n t r e s i s t a n c e t o p r i m a r y s i d e
i n ohm i s ) ;
X1e = X1 + ( X2 /( K ^2) ) ; // i n ohm
disp ( X1e , The e q u i v a l e n t r e a c t a n c e t o p r i m a r y s i d e
i n ohm i s ) ;
Z1e = sqrt ( ( R1e ^2) + ( X1e ^2) ) ; // i n ohm
disp ( Z1e , The e q u i v a l e n t i m p e d a n c e t o p r i m a r y s i d e
i n ohm i s ) ;
// T o t a l c o p p e r l o s s i n t r a n s f o r m e r
Pcu_total = ( I1 ^2) * R1e ; // i n W
disp ( Pcu_total , T o t a l c o p p e r l o s s i n W i s ) ;
Scilab code Exa 9.13 Secondary voltage at full load

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// Exa 9 . 1 3
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7)
// Given d a t a
phi = acosd (0.8)
V1 = 2000; // i n V
V2 = 400; // i n V
R1 = 5.5; // i n ohm
X1 = 12; // i n ohm
R2 = 0.2; // i n ohm
129
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X2 = 0.45; // i n ohm
K = V2 / V1 ;
// R1e = R1 + R 2 = R1 + ( R2 / (K 2 ) ) ;
R1e = R1 + ( R2 /( K ^2) ) ; // i n ohm
// X1e = X1 + X = X1 + ( X2 / (K 2 ) ) ;
X1e = X1 + ( X2 /( K ^2) ) ; // i n ohm
I2 = ( Rating *10^3) / V2 ; // i n A
R2e = ( K ^2) * R1e ; // i n ohm
X2e = ( K ^2) * X1e ; // i n ohm
Vdrop = I2 * ( ( R2e * cosd ( phi ) ) + ( X2e * sind ( phi ) ) ) ;
// v o l t a g e d r o p i n V
// E2 = V2 +Vd ;
E2 = V2 ; // i n V
// The f u l l l o a d s e c o n d a r y v o l t a g e
V2 = E2 - Vdrop ; // i n V
disp ( V2 , The f u l l l o a d s e c o n d a r y v o l t a g e i n V i s ) ;
Scilab code Exa 9.14 Percentage of full load

1 // Exa 9 . 1 4
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 format ( v ,6)
6 // Given d a t a
7 Rating = 40*10^3; // i n VA
8 Pi = 400; // i n W
9 Pcu_f1
= 800; // i n W
10 phi = acosd (0.9) ; // i n
11 Eta_f1 = (( Rating * cosd ( phi ) ) /( ( Rating * cosd ( phi ) ) +
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Pi + Pcu_f1 ) ) *100; // i n %
disp ( Eta_f1 , F u l l l o a d e f f i c i e n c y i n % i s ) ;
// p e r c e n t a g e o f t h e f u l l l o a d
Eta_max = Rating * sqrt ( Pi / Pcu_f1 ) ; // i n KVA
Eta_max = Eta_max / Rating *100; // i n %
130
16
disp ( Eta_max , The p e r c e n t a g e o f t h e f u l l l o a d i n %

i s );
Scilab code Exa 9.15 Full load efficiency

// Exa 9 . 1 5
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
Rating = 8*10^3; // i n VA
phi = acosd (0.8) ; // i n
V1 = 400; // i n V
V2 = 100; // i n V
f = 50; // i n Hz
Pi = 60; // i n W
Wo = Pi ; // i n W
Pcu = 100; // i n W
// The f u l l l o a d e f f i c i e n c y
Eta_f1 = (( Rating * cosd ( phi ) ) /(( Rating * cosd ( phi ) ) +
Pi + Pcu ) ) *100; // i n %
17 disp ( Eta_f1 , The f u l l l o a d e f f i c i e n c y i n % i s ) ;
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Scilab code Exa 9.16 Full load efficiency

1 // Exa 9 . 1 6
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 format ( v ,6)
6 // Given d a t a
7 Rating = 10*10^3; // i n VA
131
phi = acosd (0.8) ; // i n

V1 = 500; // i n V
V2 = 250; // i n V
Pi = 200; // i n W
Pcu = 300; // i n W
Isc = 30; // i n A
// Pcu / ( Pcu ( f 1 ) ) = ( I s c 2 ) / ( I 1 2 ) ;
Pcu_f1 = Pcu * (( I1 ^2) /( Isc ^2) ) ; // i n W
// The e f f i c i e n c y a t f u l l l o a d
Eta_f1 = Rating * cosd ( phi ) /( Rating * cosd ( phi ) + Pi +
Pcu_f1 ) *100; // i n %
19 disp ( Eta_f1 , The f u l l l o a d e f f i c i e n c y i n % i s ) ;
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Scilab code Exa 9.17 Maximum efficiency of transformer

// Exa 9 . 1 7
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7)
// Given d a t a
Rating = 20*10^3; // i n VA
phi = acosd (0.8) ; // i n
V1 = 2000; // i n V
V2 = 200; // i n V
Pi = 120; // i n W
Pcu = 300; // i n W
Eta_max = Rating *( sqrt ( Pi / Pcu ) ) ; // i n VA
Pcu = Pi ; // i n W
// The maximum e f f i c i e n c y o f t r a n s f o r m e r
Eta_max = (( Eta_max * cosd ( phi ) ) /( Eta_max * cosd ( phi ) +
(2* Pi ) ) ) *100; // i n %
17 disp ( Eta_max , The maximum e f f i c i e n c y o f t r a n s f o r m e r
i n % i s );
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Scilab code Exa 9.18 Equivalent circuit of the transformer

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// Exa 9 . 1 8
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
Turnratio = 5;
R1 = 0.5; // i n ohm
R2 = 0.021; // i n ohm
X1 = 3.2; // i n ohm
X2 = 0.12; // i n ohm
Rc = 350; // i n ohm
Xm = 98; // i n ohm
N1 = 5;
N2 = 1;
K = N2 / N1 ;
// E v a l u a t i o n o f t h e e q u i v a l e n t p a r a m e t e r s r e f e r r e d
to secondary s i d e
R2e = R2 + (( K ^2) * R1 ) ; // i n ohm
disp ( The e q u i v a l e n t p a r a m e t e r s r e f e r r e d t o
secondary s i d e are : )
i s : + string ( R2e ) +
)
disp ( The v a l u e o f R 2e
X2e = X2 + (( K ^2) * X1 ) ; // i n ohm
disp ( The v a l u e o f X 2e
i s : + string ( X2e ) +
)
R_c = ( K ^2) * Rc ; // i n ohm
disp ( The v a l u e o f R c
i s : + string ( R_c ) +
)
X_m = ( K ^2) * Xm ; // i n ohm
disp ( The v a l u e o f X m i s : + string ( X_m ) +
)
Scilab code Exa 9.19 Equivalent circuit parameters

133
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// Exa 9 . 1 9
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7)
// Given d a t a
Rating = 100*10^3; // i n VA
V1 = 11000; // i n V
V2 = 220; // i n V
Wo = 2*10^3; // i n W
Vo = 220; // i n V
Io = 45; // i n A
phi_o = acosd ( Wo /( Vo * Io ) ) ;
I_c = Io * cosd ( phi_o ) ; // i n A
I_m = Io * sind ( phi_o ) ; // i n A
Ro = V2 / I_c ; // i n ohm
Xo = V2 / I_m ; // i n ohm
Wsc = 3*10^3; // i n W
Vsc = 500; // i n V
Isc = 9.09; // i n A
R1e = Wsc / Isc ^2; // i n ohm
Z1e = Vsc / Isc ; // i n ohm
X1e = sqrt ( Z1e ^2 - R1e ^2) ; // i n ohm
K = V2 / V1 ;
R2e = K ^2* R1e ; // i n ohm
X2e = K ^2* X1e ; // i n ohm
Z2e = K ^2* Z1e ; // i n ohm
disp ( The v a l u e o f R o i s : + string ( Ro ) +
disp ( The v a l u e o f X o i s : + string ( Xo ) +
disp ( The v a l u e o f R1e i s : + string ( R1e ) +
disp ( The v a l u e o f Z1e i s : + string ( Z1e ) +
disp ( The v a l u e o f X1e i s : + string ( X1e ) +
disp ( The v a l u e o f R2e i s : + string ( R2e ) +
disp ( The v a l u e o f X2e i s : + string ( X2e ) +
disp ( The v a l u e o f Z2e i s : + string ( Z2e ) +
134
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)

// Exa 9 . 2 0
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
V1 = 250; // i n V
V2 = 500; // i n V
Pcu = 100; // i n W
Pi = 80; // i n W
V = V2 ; // i n V
A = 12; // i n A
phi = acosd (0.85) ; // i n
// The e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e t r a n s f o r m e r
Eta = (( V * A * cosd ( phi ) ) /( V * A * cosd ( phi ) + Pi + Pcu ) )
*100; // i n %
16 disp ( Eta , The e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e t r a n s f o r m e r i n % i s
);
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Scilab code Exa 9.21 Iron and copper loss at full and half full load
1 // Exa 9 . 2 1
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 format ( v ,8)
6 // Given d a t a
7 VA = 400*10^3; // i n Mean
8 Eta_fl = 98.77/100; // i n %
9 phi1 = acosd (0.8) ; // i n
135
10 phi2 = acosd (1) ; // i n

11 Eta_hl = 99.13/100; // i n %
12 n = 1/2;
13 // For f u l l l o a d ,
E t a f 1 = ( (VA c o s d ( p h i 1 ) ) / ( VA
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c o s d ( p h i 1 ) + Pi + P c u f 1 ) ) o r Pi+P c u f 1 = VA
c o s d ( p h i 1 ) (1 E t a f l ) / ( E t a f 1 )
(i)
// For h a l f l o a d ,
E t a h l = nVA c o s d ( p h i 2 ) / ( nVA
c o s d ( p h i 2 )+Pi+n 2 P c u f 1 ) o r Pi+n 2 P c u f 1 = nVA
c o s d ( p h i 2 ) ( 1 E t a h l ) / E t a h l
( ii )
// From eq ( i ) and ( i i )
Pcu_fl =( n * VA * cosd ( phi2 ) *( 1 - Eta_hl ) / Eta_hl - VA * cosd (
phi1 ) *(1 - Eta_fl ) /( Eta_fl ) ) /( n ^2 -1) ; // i n W
Pi = VA * cosd ( phi1 ) *(1 - Eta_fl ) /( Eta_fl ) - Pcu_fl ; // i n W
disp ( Pi , The i r o n l o s s on f u l l l o a d and h a l f l o a d
r e m a i n same i n W which a r e : )
disp ( Pcu_fl , The c o p p e r l o s s on f u l l l o a d i n W i s :
)
// The c o p p e r l o s s on h a l f l o a d
C_loss_half_load = n ^2* Pcu_fl ; // i n W
disp ( C_loss_half_load , The c o p p e r l o s s on h a l f l o a d
in W i s : )

1 // Exa 9 . 2 2
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 format ( v ,7)
6 // Given d a t a
7 VA = 100*10^3; // i n VA
8 Eta_max = 98.40/100; // i n %
9 Eta_max1 = 90/100; // i n %
10 phi = acosd (1) ; // i n
136
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// Eta max = ( Eta max1 VA c o s d ( p h i ) / ( Eta max1 VA c o s d

( p h i ) + 2 Pi ) ;
Pi = ( Eta_max1 * VA * cosd ( phi ) / Eta_max - Eta_max1 * VA *
cosd ( phi ) ) /2; // i n W
Pcu = Pi ; // i n W
n = 0.9;
// P c u f l / Pcu = (VA/ ( 0 . 9 VA) ) 2 ;
Pcu_fl = Pcu *( VA /(0.9* VA ) ) ^2; // i n W
Eta_fl = ( ( VA * cosd ( phi ) ) /( ( VA * cosd ( phi ) ) + Pi +
Pcu_fl ) ) *100; // i n %
disp ( Eta_fl , The e f f i c i e n c y o f a t r a n s f o r m e r i n % i s
);
137
Chapter 10
D C Machines
Scilab code Exa 10.1 emf generated by 4 pole wave wound generator
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// Exa 1 0 . 1
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
A = 2; // i n wavewound
N = 1200; // i n rpm
phi = 0.02; // i n Wb
n = 65; // no o f s l o t s
P = 4;
Z = n *12; // t o t a l number o f c o n d u c t o r
// Emf e q u a t i o n
Eg = ( N * P * phi * Z ) /(60* A ) ; // i n V
disp ( Eg , The emf g e n e r a t e d i n V i s ) ;
Scilab code Exa 10.2 Numbers of conductor
138
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// Exa 1 0 . 2
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
P = 8;
N = 1200; // i n rpm
phi = 25; // i n mWb
phi = phi * 10^ -3; // i n Wb
Eg = 440; // i n V
A = P;
// Eg = (NP p h i Z ) / ( 6 0 A) ;
Z = ( Eg *60* A ) /( phi * N * P ) ; // i n c o n d u c t o r s
disp (Z , The numbers o f c o n d u c t o r s when a r m a t u r e i s
l a p wound ) ;
A = 2;
// Eg = (NP p h i Z ) / ( 6 0 A) ;
Z = ( Eg *60* A ) /( phi * N * P ) ; // i n c o n d u c t o r s
disp (Z , The numbers o f c o n d u c t o r s when a r m a t u r e i s
wave wound ) ;
Scilab code Exa 10.3 Induced voltage

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// Exa 1 0 . 3
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7)
// Given d a t a
P = 4;
phi = phi * 10^ -3; // i n Wb
A = 4;
P = A;
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N =720; // i n rpm
n = 144; // no o f s l o t s i n s l o t s
n1 = 2; // no o f c o i l s
n2 = 2; // no o f t u r n s i n t u r n s
Z = n * n1 * n2 ; // t o t a l number o f c o n d u c t o r
// G e n e r a t e d emf
E = ( N * P * phi * Z ) /(60* A ) ; // i n V
disp (E , The i n d u c e d v o l t a g e i n V i s ) ;
Scilab code Exa 10.4 Generated emf

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// Exa 1 0 . 4
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
Eg1 = 100; // i n V
phi1 = 20; // i n mWb
phi1 = phi1 * 10^ -3; // i n Wb
N1 = 800; // i n rpm
N2 = 1000; // i n rpm
// Eg1 / Eg2 = ( p h i 1 / p h i 2 ) ( N1/N2 ) but p h i 1 = p h i 2
Eg2 = ( Eg1 * N2 ) / N1 ; // i n V
disp ( Eg2 , P a r t ( i ) : The g e n e r a t e d emf i n V i s ) ;
phi2 = 24; // i n mWb
phi2 = phi2 * 10^ -3; // i n Wb
N2 = 900; // i n rpm
// Eg1 / Eg2 = ( p h i 1 / p h i 2 ) ( N1/N2 ) ;
Eg2 = ( Eg1 * N2 * phi2 ) /( N1 * phi1 ) ; // i n V
disp ( Eg2 , P a r t ( i i ) : The g e n e r a t e d emf i n V i s ) ;
Scilab code Exa 10.5 Total power developed by armature

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// Exa 1 0 . 5
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
P = 30; // i n kW
P = P * 10^3; // i n W
V = 300; // i n V
Ra = 0.05; // i n ohm
Rsh = 100; // i n ohm
// p = V I L ;
I_L = P / V ; // i n A
Ish = V / Rsh ; // i n A
Ia = I_L + Ish ; // i n A
Eg = V + ( Ia * Ra ) ; // i n V
// power d e v e l o p e d by a r m a t u r e
power = ( Eg * Ia ) ; // i n W
power = power * 10^ -3; // i n kW
disp ( power , The t o t a l power d e v e l o p e d by t h e
a r m a t u r e i n kW i s ) ;
Scilab code Exa 10.6 Power developed in the armature

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// Exa 1 0 . 6
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
V = 200; // i n V
Ra = 0.5; // i n ohm
Rsh = 200; // i n ohm
P = 20; // i n kW
P = P * 10^3; // i n W
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// P = V I L ;
I_L = P / V ; // i n A
Eg = V + ( Ia * Ra ) ; // i n V
// power d e v e l o p e d i n t h e a r m a t u r e
power = Eg * Ia ; // i n W
power = power * 10^ -3; // i n kW
disp ( power , The power d e v e l o p e d i n t h e a r m a t u r e i n
kW i s ) ;
Scilab code Exa 10.7 Total armature current

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// Exa 1 0 . 7
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,8)
// Given d a t a
P = 60;
A =P;
Vbrush = 2; // i n V/ b r u s h
Vt = 100; // i n V
Ra = 0.1; // i n ohm
Rsh = 80; // i n ohm
Ish = Vt / Rsh ; // i n A
Ilamp = P / Vt ; // i n A
I_L = 50* Ilamp ; // i n A
// Armature c u r r e n t
disp ( Ia , The t o t a l a r m a t u r e c u r r e n t i n A i s ) ;
// E v a l u a t i o n o f g e n e r a t e d emf
Eg = Vt + ( Ia * Ra ) + Vbrush ; // i n V
disp ( Eg , The g e n e r a t e d emf i n V i s ) ;
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Scilab code Exa 10.8 Generated voltage

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// Exa 1 0 . 8
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
V = 440; // i n V
I_L =40; // i n A
Rse = 1; // i n ohm
Rsh = 200; // i n ohm
Ra = 0.5; // i n ohm
Eg = V + ( Ia *( Ra + Rse ) ) ; // i n V
disp ( Eg , The g e n e r a t e d v o l t a g e f o r l o n g s h u n t i n V
i s );
// V o l t a g e a c r o s s s h u n t f i e l d , Vsh = V + I s e Rse = V
+ ( I L Rse ) ;
Vsh = V +( I_L * Rse ) ; // i n V
Ish = Vsh / Rsh ; // i n A
Ia = I_L + Ia ; // i n A
Eg = V + ( I_L * Rse ) + ( Ia * Ra ) ; // i n V
disp ( Eg , The g e n e r a t e d v o l t a g e f o r s h o r t s h u n t i n V
i s );
Scilab code Exa 10.9 Back emf

1 // Exa 1 0 . 9
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
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close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
V = 440; // i n V
I = 80; // i n A
Rse = 0.025; // i n ohm
Ra = 0.1; // i n ohm
Bd = 2; // b r u s h d r o p i n V
Ia = I ; // i n A
Ise = I ; // i n A
Eb = V - ( Ia *( Ra + Rse ) ) - Bd ; // i n V
disp ( Eb , The back emf i n V i s ) ;
Scilab code Exa 10.10 Armature current and back emf

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// Exa 1 0 . 1 0
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7)
// Given d a t a
V = 250; // i n V
I_L = 20; // i n A
Ra = 0.3; // i n ohm
Rsh = 200; // i n ohm
// I L = I a+I s h ;
Ia = I_L - Ish ; // inA
disp ( Ia , The a r m a t u r e c u r r e n t i n A i s ) ;
Eb = V -( Ia * Ra ) ; // i n V
disp ( Eb , The back emf i n V i s ) ;
Scilab code Exa 10.11 Speed of motor

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// Exa 1 0 . 1 1
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
P = 4;
A = 2; // ( wave c o n n e c t e d )
Z = 200;
V =250; // i n V
phi = phi * 10^ -3; // i n Wb
Ia = 60; // i n A
I_L = 60; // i n A
Ra = 0.15; // i n ohm
Rse = 0.2; // i n ohm
//V = Eb + ( I a Ra ) + ( I a Rse ) ;
Eb = V - ( Ia * Ra ) - ( Ia * Rse ) ; // i n V
// Eb = ( p h i PNZ ) / ( 6 0 A) ;
N = ( Eb *60* A ) /( phi * P * Z ) ; // i n rpm
disp (N , The s p e e d i n rpm i s ) ;
Scilab code Exa 10.12 Armature resistance and current

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// Exa 1 0 . 1 2
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
Eb = 227; // i n V
Rsh = 160; // i n ohm
Ish = 1.5; // i n A
I_L = 39.5; // i n A
V = Ish * Rsh ; // i n V
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12 Ia = I_L - Ish ; // i n A
13 //V = Eb + ( I a Ra ) ;
14 Ra = (V - Eb ) / Ia ; // i n ohm
15 disp ( Ra , The a r m a t u r e r e s i s t a n c e i n ohm i s ) ;
16 Ia = V / Ra ; // i n A
17 disp ( Ia , The a r m a t u r e c u r r e n t i n A i s ) ;
Scilab code Exa 10.13 Ratio of speed as a generator to speed as a motor

// Exa 1 0 . 1 3
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
V = 230; // i n V
Ra = 0.115; // i n ohm
Rsh = 115; // i n ohm
I_L = 100; // inA
Eg = V + ( Ia * Ra ) ; // i n V
Ia = I_L - Ish ; // i n A
Eb = V - ( Ia * Ra ) ; // i n V
// The r a t i o o f s p e e d a s a g e n e r a t o r t o s p e e d a s a
motor
17 NgBYNm = Eg / Eb ;
18 disp ( NgBYNm , The r a t i o o f s p e e d a s a g e n e r a t o r t o
s p e e d a s a motor i s ) ;
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Scilab code Exa 10.14 Induced voltage

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// Exa 1 0 . 1 4
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clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7)
// Given d a t a
P = 4;
slots = 144;
phi = phi * 10^ -3; // i n Wb
N = 720; // i n rpm
A = 4;
P =4;
n1 = 2; // i n c o i l / s l o t
n2 = 2; // i n t u r n s / c o i l
Z = slots * n1 * n2 ; // t o t a l number o f c o n d u c t o r
Eg = ( N * P * phi * Z ) /(60* A ) ; // i n V
disp ( Eg , The i n d u c e d v o l t a g e i n V i s ) ;
Scilab code Exa 10.15 Generated emf

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// Exa 1 0 . 1 5
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
P = 8;
phi = 0.1; // i n Wb
Z = 400;
N =300; // i n rpm
Eg = ( N * phi * Z ) /(60) ; // i n V (A = p )
disp ( Eg , The emf when l a p i s c o n n e c t e d i n V i s ) ;
// For A=2 , c o n n e c t e d a r m a t u r e
A = 2;
Eg = ( N * phi * P * Z ) /(60* A ) ; // i n V
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disp ( Eg , The emf when wave i s c o n n e c t e d i n V i s ) ;
Scilab code Exa 10.16 Power developed in the armature

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// Exa 1 0 . 1 6
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
P_L = 20; // i n kW
P_L = P_L * 10^3; // i n W
V = 200; // i n V
Ra = 0.05; // i n ohm
Rsh = 200; // i n ohm
// P L = V I L ;
I_L = P_L / V ; // i n A
Eg = V + ( Ia * Ra ) ; // i n V
Pa = Eg * Ia ; // i n W
Pa = Pa * 10^ -3; // i n kW
disp ( Pa , The power d e v e l o p e d i n a r m a t u r e i n kW i s ) ;
Scilab code Exa 10.17 Speed when the current in armature is 30 A

1 // Exa 1 0 . 1 7
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 format ( v ,6)
6 // Given d a t a
7 N1 = 600; // inrpm
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I_L1 = 60; // i n A
V = 230; // i n V
Rsh = 115; // i n ohm
Ra = 0.2; // i n ohm
Ia2 = 30; // i n A
Ia1 = I_L1 - Ish ; // i n A
Eb1 = V -( Ia1 * Ra ) ; // i n V
Eb2 = V - ( Ia2 * Ra ) ; // i n V
// N1/N2 = Eb1 / Eb2 ;
N2 = ( N1 * Eb2 ) / Eb1 ; // i n rpm
disp ( N2 , The s p e e d when 30 A c u r r e n t t h r o u g h t h e
a r m a t u r e i n rpm i s ) ;
Scilab code Exa 10.18 Speed of motor

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// Exa 1 0 . 1 8
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
P = 6;
A = 6;
Z = 500;
Ra = 0.05; // i n ohm
Rsh =25; // i n ohm
V = 100; // i n V
I_L = 120; // i n A
phi = 2*10^ -2; // i n Wb
Eb = V - ( Ia * Ra ) ; // i n V
// Eb = (NP p h i Z ) / ( 6 0 A) ;
N = ( Eb *60* A ) /( P * phi * Z ) ; // i n rpm
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disp (N , The s p e e d o f t h e motor i n rpm i s ) ;
Scilab code Exa 10.19 Change in emf induced

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// Exa 1 0 . 1 9
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given a t a
N1 = 1;
N2 = 1.2* N1 ;
phi1 = 1;
phi2 = 0.8* phi1 ;
Eg1BYEg2 = ( N1 / N2 ) * ( phi1 / phi2 ) ;
Eg1 = 1; // assumed
// The c h a n g e i n emf
Eg2 = ( Eg1 * phi2 * N2 ) /( phi1 * N1 ) ;
Eg2 = Eg2 * 100; // i n %
disp ( Eg2 , The c h a n g e i n emf i n % i s ) ;
Scilab code Exa 10.20 Total power developed by armature

1 // Exa 1 0 . 2 0
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 format ( v ,7)
6 // Given d a t a
7 Pout = 25; // i n kW
8 Pout = Pout *10^3; // i n W
9 Vt = 250; // i n V
10 Ra = 0.06; // i n ohm
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Rsh = 100; // i n ohm

// Pout = Vt I L ;
I_L = Pout / Vt ; // i n A
Ish = Vt / Rsh ; // i n A
Eg = Vt + ( Ia * Ra ) ; // i n V
// T o t a l a r m a t u r e power d e v e l o p e d when w o r k i n g a s a
generator
Pdeveloped = Eg * Ia ; // i n W
Pdeveloped = Pdeveloped * 10^ -3; // i n kW
disp ( Pdeveloped , T o t a l a r m a t u r e power d e v e l o p e d i n
kW i s ) ;
Eb = Vt - ( Ia * Ra ) ; // i n V
// T o t a l a r m a t u r e power d e v e l o p e d when w o r k i n g a s a
motor
Pdeveloped = Eb * Ia ; // i n W
Pdeveloped = Pdeveloped * 10^ -3; // i n kW
disp ( Pdeveloped , T o t a l a r m a t u r e power d e v e l o p e d when
w o r k i n g a s a motor i n kW i s ) ;
Scilab code Exa 10.21 Useful flux per pole

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// Exa 1 0 . 2 1
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
P = 4;
A = 4;
Turns = 100;
N = 600; // i n rpm
Eg = 220; // i n V
n = 2; // no o f t o t a l c o n d u c t o r s
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13 Z = n * Turns ;
14 // Eg = (NP p h i Z ) / ( 6 0 A) ;
15 phi = ( Eg *60* A ) /( N * P * Z ) ; // i n Wb
16 disp ( phi , The u s e f u l f l u x p e r mole when a r m a t u r e
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is
LAP c o n n e c t e d i n Wb i s ) ;
A = 2;
// Eg = (NP p h i Z ) / ( 6 0 A) ;
phi = ( Eg *60* A ) /( N * P * Z ) ; // i n Wb
disp ( phi , The u s e f u l f l u x p e r mole when a r m a t u r e i s
WAVE c o n n e c t e d i n Wb i s ) ;
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Chapter 11
Induction Motors
Scilab code Exa 11.1 Synchronous Speed

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// Exa 1 1 . 1
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
P = 4;
f = 50; // i n Hz
Ns = (120* f ) / P ; // i n rpm
disp ( Ns , The s y n c h r o n o u s s p e e d i n rpm i s ) ;
s = 4;
// s = ( ( NsN) / Ns ) 1 0 0 ;
N = Ns - ( ( s * Ns ) /100 ) ; // i n rpm
N = 1000; // i n rpm
s = (( Ns - N ) / Ns ) ;
f_desh = s * f ; // i n Hz
disp ( f_desh , The r o t o r c u r r e n t f r e q u e n c y i n Hz i s ) ;
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Scilab code Exa 11.2 Slip and speed of motors

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// Exa 1 1 . 2
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
f = 50; // i n Hz
P = 4;
f_DASH = 2; // i n Hz
// f DASH = s f ;
s = ( f_DASH / f ) *100; // i n %
disp (s , The s l i p i n % i s ) ;
N_S = (120* f ) / P ; // i n rpm
// s = ( N SN) / N S ;
N = N_S - ( s /100* N_S ) ; // i n rpm
Scilab code Exa 11.3 Synchronous speed and no load speed

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// Exa 1 1 . 3
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
P = 6;
f = 50; // i n Hz
Snl = 1/100;
Sfl = 3/100;
N_S = (120* f ) / P ; // i n rpm
disp ( N_S , The s y n c h r o n o u s s p e e d i n rpm i s ) ;
Nnl = N_S *(1 - Snl ) ; // i n rpm
disp ( Nnl , No l o a d s p e e d i n rpm i s ) ;
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Nfl = N_S *(1 - Sfl ) ; // i n rpm . . c o r r e c t i o n

disp ( Nfl , The f u l l l o a d s p e e d i n rpm i s ) ;
// f r e q u e n c y o f r o t o r c u r r e n t
s = 1;
Sf = s * f ; // i n Hz
disp ( Sf , The f r e q u e n c y o f r o t o r c u r r e n t i n Hz i s ) ;
// f r e q u e n c y o f r o t o r c u r r e n t a t f u l l l o a d
f_r = Sfl * f ; // i n Hz
disp ( f_r , The f r e q u e n c y o f r o t o r c u r r e n t a t f u l l
l o a d i n Hz i s ) ;
// Note : The c a l c u l a t e d v a l u e o f Nnl i s wrong and
v a l u e o f N f l i s c o r r e c t but a t l a s t t h e y p r i n t e d
wrong .
Scilab code Exa 11.4 Number of the pole in the motor

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// Exa 1 1 . 4
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
Pa = 12;
N = 1440; // i n rpm
Na = 500; // i n rpm
Nm = 1450; // i n rpm
fa = Pa * Na /120; // i n Hz
Pm = round (120* fa / Nm ) ;
// S y n c h r o n o u s s p e e d o f motor
Ns = 120* fa / Pm ; // i n rpm
s = ( Ns - N ) / Ns *100; // i n %
disp ( Pm , The numbers o f p o l e i s : )
disp (s , The p e r c e n t a g e s l i p i s : )
155
Scilab code Exa 11.5 Frequency of rotor emf in running condition

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// Exa 1 1 . 5
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
K = 1/2;
P = 4;
f = 50; // i n Hz
N = 1445; // i n rpm
E1line = 415; // i n V
Ns = (120* f ) / P ; // i n rpm
N = 1455; // i n rpm
s = ( Ns - N ) / Ns *100; // i n %
f_r = s /100* f ; // i n Hz
disp ( f_r , The f r e q u e n c y o f r o t o r i n Hz i s ) ;
E1ph = E1line / sqrt (3) ; // i n V
// E2ph / E1ph = K ;
E2ph = E1ph * K ; // i n V
disp ( E2ph , The m a g n i t u d e o f i n d u c e d emf i n V i s ) ;
E2r = s /100* E2ph ; // i n V
disp ( E2r , The m a g n i t u d e o f i n d u c e d emf i n t h e
running c o n d i t i o n i n V i s );
Scilab code Exa 11.6 Rotor speed when slip is 4 percent

1 // Exa 1 1 . 6
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
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format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
P = 4;
S =4/100;
f = 50; // i n Hz
Ns = (120* f / P ) ; // i n rpm
disp ( Ns , The v a l u e o f Ns i n rpm i s ) ;
// The r o t o r s p e e d when s l i p i s 4 %
N = Ns *(1 - S ) ; // i n rpm
disp (N , The r o t o r s p e e d when s l i p i s 4% i n rpm i s ) ;
// The r o t o r s p e e d when r o t o r r u n s a t 600 rpm
N1 = 600; // i n rpm
s1 = (( Ns - N1 ) / Ns ) *100; // i n %
f_r = ( s1 /100) * f ; // i n Hz
disp ( f_r , The r o t o r f r e q u e n c y when r o t o r r u n s a t 600
rpm i n Hz i s ) ;
Scilab code Exa 11.7 Number of poles

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// Exa 1 1 . 7
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
V_L = 230; // i n V
f = 50; // i n Hz
N = 950; // i n rpm
E2 = 100; // i n V
Ns =1000; // i n rpm
// Ns = 120 f /P ;
P = (120* f ) / Ns ;
disp (P , The Number o f p l o e s i s ) ;
s = (( Ns - N ) / Ns ) *100; // %s i n %
disp (s , The p e r c e n t a g e o f f u l l l o a d s l i p i n % i s ) ;
157
17 // The r o t o r i n d u c e d v o l t a g e a t f u l l l o a d
18 E2r = ( s /100) * E2 ; // i n V
19 disp ( E2r , The r o t o r i n d u c e d v o l t a g e i n V i s ) ;
20 // The r o t o r f r e q u e n c y a t f u l l l o a d
21 f_r = ( s /100) * f ; // i n Hz
22 disp ( f_r , The f r e q u e n c y a t f u l l l o a d i n Hz i s ) ;
Scilab code Exa 11.8 Number of poles in the machine

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// Exa 1 1 . 8
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
V = 440; // i n V
f = 50; // i n Hz
N = 1450; // i n rpm
Ns = 1450; // i n rpm
Nr = 1450; // i n rpm
P = round ((120* f ) / Ns ) ;
disp (P , The number o f p o l e s i n t h e machine i s ) ;
P = 4;
Ns = (120* f ) / P ; // i n rpm
disp ( Ns , Speed o f r o t a t i o n a i r gap f i e l d i n rpm i s )
;
k = 0.8/1;
// Pemf = k E1 = k V ;
Pemf = k * V ; // p r o d u c e d emf i n r o t o r i n V
disp ( Pemf , Prod uced emf i n r o t o r i n V i s ) ;
s = (( Ns - Nr ) / Ns ) *100; // i n %
Ivoltage = k *( s /100) * V ; // r o t o r i n d u c e s v o l t a g e i n V
f_r = ( s /100) * f ; // i n Hz
disp ( f_r , The f r e q u e n c y o f r o t o r c u r r e n t i n Hz i s )
;
158
Scilab code Exa 11.9 Full load speed and corresponding speed
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// Exa 1 1 . 9
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
P = 8;
f = 50; // i n Hz
f_r = 2; // i n Hz
// f r = s f ;
s = ( f_r / f ) *100; // i n %
disp (s , The f u l l l o a d s l i p i n % i s ) ;
// s = NsN/ Ns ;
Ns = (120* f ) / P ; // i n rpm
N = Ns *(1 -( s /100) ) ; // i n rpm
disp (N , The c o r r e s p o n d i n g s p e e d i n rpm i s ) ;
Scilab code Exa 11.10 Speed at which maximum torque is developed

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10
// Exa 1 1 . 1 0
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
R2 = 0.024; // i n p e r p h a s e
X2 = 0.6; // i n ohm p e r p h a s e
s = R2 / X2 ;
f = 50; // i n Hz
159
11 P = 4;
12 Ns = (120* f ) / P ; // i n rpm
13 // Speed c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o maximum t o r q u e
14 N = Ns *(1 - s ) ; // i n rpm
15 disp (N , The s p e e d a t which maximum t o r q u e
is
d e v e l o p e d i n rpm i s ) ;
Scilab code Exa 11.11 Rotor speed in rpm

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// Exa 1 1 . 1 1
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
P = 4;
f =60; // i n Hz
s = 0.03;
Ns = (120* f ) / P ; // i n rpm
N = Ns *(1 - s ) ; // i n rpm
disp ( Ns , The s y n c h r o n o u s s p e e d i n rpm i s : )
disp (N , The r o t o r s p e e d i n rpm i s ) ;
f_r = s * f ; // i n Hz
disp ( f_r , The r o t o r c u r r e n t f r e q u e n c y i n Hz i s ) ;
// R o t o r m a g n e t i c f i e l d r o r a t s a t s p e e d
Rm = (120* f_r ) / P ; // i n rpm
disp ( Rm , The r o t o r m a g n e t i c f i e l d r o t a t e s a t s p e e d
i n rpm i s ) ;
Scilab code Exa 11.12 Slip and frequency of rotor induced emf
1 // Exa 1 1 . 1 2
2 clc ;
160
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clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
N = 960; // i n rpm
f = 50; // i n Hz
Ns = 1000; // i n rpm
s = (( Ns - N ) / Ns ) *100; // %s i n %
disp (s , The s l i p i n % i s ) ;
f_r = ( s /100) * f ; // i n Hz
disp ( f_r , The f r e q u e n c y o f r o t o r i n d u c e d emf i n Hz
i s );
// Ns = ( 1 2 0 f ) /P ;
P = (120* f ) / Ns ;
disp (P , The number o f p l o e s i s ) ;
// Speed o f r o t o r f i e l d w i t h r e s p e c t t o r o t o r
structure
s1 = (120* f_r ) / P ; // i n rpm
disp ( s1 , Speed o f r o t o r f i e l d w i t h r e s p e c t t o r o t o r
s t r u c t u r e i n rpm i s ) ;
Scilab code Exa 11.13 Full load speed of motor

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12
// Exa 1 1 . 1 3
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
// Given d a t a
P = 4;
f = 50; // i n Hz
Sfl = 4/100;
Ns = (120* f ) / P ; // i n rpm
// The f u l l l o a d s p e e d , S f l = ( NsN f l ) / Ns ;
Nfl = Ns - ( Sfl * Ns ) ; // i n rpm
161
13
disp ( Nfl , The f u l l l o a d s p e e d i n rpm i s ) ;
162

Introduction To Electrical Engineering - Er. J. P. Navani and Er. S. Sapra

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Scilab Textbook Companion for

by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

4 Three Phase AC Circuits

5 Three Phase AC Circuits

9 Single Phase Transformer

List of Scilab Codes

Current in each element . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Value of current across 12 ohm . . . . . . . . . . . .

Resistance and inductance of coil . . . . . . . . . . . .

Exciting current needed in a coil . . . . . . . . . . . .

Scilab code Exa 1.1 Current in each element

disp ( I1 , The c u r r e n t t h r o u g h 4 ohm r e s i s t o r i n A i s

Scilab code Exa 1.2 Current in each branch

Scilab code Exa 1.3 Voltage source to current source

Scilab code Exa 1.4 Value of current

Scilab code Exa 1.5 Value of I1 and I2

Scilab code Exa 1.7 Mesh analysis

Scilab code Exa 1.8 Current in 6 ohm resistor

Scilab code Exa 1.9 Current in each element

Scilab code Exa 1.10 Value of R3 and R4

Scilab code Exa 1.11 Current through each resistor

Scilab code Exa 1.12 Current in each branch

Scilab code Exa 1.13 Voltage at node 1 and 2

// U s i n g KCL a t node 2 : V1R4V2 ( R3+R4 )= I 5 ( R3R4

Scilab code Exa 1.14 Current I1 and I2

Scilab code Exa 1.15 Current I1 and I2

Scilab code Exa 1.16 Current in resistor R1

Scilab code Exa 1.17 Current in 10 ohm resistor

Scilab code Exa 1.19 Current in each branch

Scilab code Exa 1.20 Current in 8 ohm resistor

Scilab code Exa 1.21 Current drawn from the source

Scilab code Exa 1.22 Current in all branch

Scilab code Exa 1.24 Voltage across 6 ohm resistor

Scilab code Exa 1.25 Resistance between point B and C

Scilab code Exa 1.26 Voltage across R1 and R2

Scilab code Exa 1.27 Current I1 and I2

Scilab code Exa 2.1 Current through load resistance

Scilab code Exa 2.2 Value of current across 12 ohm

Scilab code Exa 2.3 Value of current across 12 ohm

Scilab code Exa 2.4 Load resistor

Scilab code Exa 2.5 Current across 4 ohm resistor

Scilab code Exa 2.6 Current in branch AB

R_T = R_desh + R1 ; // i n ohm

Scilab code Exa 2.7 Current through 8 ohm resistor

Scilab code Exa 2.8 Current across 16 ohm resistor

Scilab code Exa 2.9 Current through 6 ohm resistor

Scilab code Exa 2.10 Current in 10 ohm resistor

Scilab code Exa 2.11 Current in 5 ohm resistor

Scilab code Exa 2.12 Thevenins equivalent of the netword

Scilab code Exa 2.13 Current in 6 ohm resistor

Scilab code Exa 2.14 Current in 10 ohm resistor

Scilab code Exa 2.15 Current in 5 ohm resistor

Scilab code Exa 2.16 Value of R

Scilab code Exa 2.18 Current in 6 ohm resistor

Scilab code Exa 2.19 Current in 8 ohm resistor

Scilab code Exa 2.20 Thevenins equivalent circuit

Scilab code Exa 2.21 Current in 5 ohm resistor

Scilab code Exa 2.22 Norton equivalent circuit

Scilab code Exa 2.23 Vth and Rth

Scilab code Exa 2.24 Load resistance

Scilab code Exa 2.25 Load resistance and maximum power

disp ( Pmax , The v a l u e o f maximum power i n W i s ) ;