Welcome to BIOL 220

Instructor: Catherine Scollick

The Human Organism

Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy: study of the body structure

Physiology: study of how the body functions

Anatomy

Developmental
Embryology
Cytology
Histology
Gross anatomy
Surface anatomy

Physiology

Cellular
Systemic
Neurophysiology
Cardiovascular

Levels of Organization

Atoms: smallest unit of matter

Chemical: interactions between atoms
Macromolecules: complex molecules (DNA)
Organelles: specialized structures in cells
Cells: basic units of life
Tissues: specialized groups of cells
Organs: tissues that function together
Systems: organs working together

Body Systems

Body Systems
Different systems for different purposes
Protection, support, and movement
Coordination and control
Circulation
Nutrition and fluid balance
Production of offspring

Protection, Support, and

Movement

Integumentary: skin and associated

structures

Skeletal: bones and joints

Muscular: muscles

http://nmhm.washingtondc.museum/exhibits/
exhibits.html

Coordination and Control

Nervous: receives stimuli that are converted

to impulses. Includes brain, spinal cord, and
nerves.

Endocrine: production of hormones from

endocrine glands

Circulation

Cardiovascular: pumps blood to tissues.

Includes heart and blood vessels.

Lymphatic: bring fluid from tissues to blood

and aids in absorption of digested fats

Nutrition and Fluid Balance

Respiratory: take in air for gas exchange.

Includes lungs and passages.

Digestive: take in nutrients and convert to form

that cells can use. Includes mouth, esophagus,
stomach, intestine, liver, and pancreas.

Urinary: rid body of waste. Includes kidneys,

ureters, bladder, and urethra.

Production of Offspring

Reproductive: includes all internal and

external structures related to production of
offspring

Body Systems in BIOL 220

Integumentary
Endocrine
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous

Homeostasis

Homeostasis

Maintaining state of internal balance

For example: blood pressure, heart rate, and

respiration

How is it maintained?

Fluid balance and feedback

Fluid Balance

Bodies composed of large amounts of fluid

Amount and composition needs to be
regulated
2 types of fluid: extracellular and intracellular

Feedback

Negative: reverses
upward or downward
shifts

Positive: given action

promotes more of the
same

Negative Feedback

Positive Feedback

Directions of the Body

Terms

Superior: higher position

Inferior: lower position
Ventral/Anterior: located
toward the front of the
body
Dorsal/Posterior: located
toward the back of the
body
Cranial: near the head
Caudal: toward the sacral
region

Terms (cont)

Medial: near to the imaginary plane that

passes through midline of body dividing into
left and right sides
Lateral: away from the midline
Proximal: nearer to the origin of a structure
Distal: farther from the origin of a structure

Planes of Division

Frontal
Sagittal
Transverse

Tissue Sections Plane

Divisions

Cross Section
Longitudinal Section
Oblique Section

Body Cavities

2 Main Cavities

Dorsal: Cranial and Spinal

Ventral: Thoracic and Abdominopelvic

Dorsal Cavity
Two Cavities
Cranial: Brain
Spinal: Spine

Ventral Cavity
Two cavities separated by diaphragm

Thoracic

Pericardial
Pleural

Abdominopelvic

Abdominal
Pelvic

Thoracic Cavity

Abdominopelvic Cavity

Below the diaphragm

Consists of 9 regions and 4 quadrants

Regions of the Abdomen

Epigastric
Umbilical
Hypogastric
Hypochondriac (right
and left)
Lumbar (right and
left)
Iliac (right and left)

Quadrants of the Abdomen

Right Upper
Left Upper
Right Lower
Left Lower