Diabetes Melitus
Diabetes Melitus
MELITUS
Definisi
Suatu kumpulan problema anatomik dan
kimiawi akibat dari sejumlah faktor
defisiensi insulin absolut atau relatif dan
gangguan fungsi insulin (PERKENI 2006)
DM
adalah
penyakit
metabolik
(kebanyakan herediter) sebagai akibat
kurangnya insulin efektif karena disfungsi
sel beta pankreas atau ambilan glukosa di
jaringan perifer atau keduanya (DM tipe 2)
atau kurangnya insulin absolut (DM tipe 1).
Tanda-tanda:
Hiperglikemia
Glukosuria
Faktor resiko
Klasifikasi
Etiologi
Etiologi
American
American Diabetes
Diabetes Association
Association (ADA)
(ADA)
(2009)
(2009)
destruksi
Diabetes
atofisiologi
Diagnosis
Anamnesis:
Anamnesis: gejala
gejala atau
atau keluhan
keluhan
Kriteria
Kriteria diagnosis
diagnosis diabetes
diabetes melitus.
melitus. Sumber
Sumber :: PERKENI,
PERKENI,
2006
2006
The
The hemoglobin
hemoglobin A1c
A1c (HbA1c)
(HbA1c) level
level is
is useful
useful for
for
monitoring
monitoring responses
responses to
to therapy
therapy but
but is
is not
not
recommended
recommended for
for screening
screening or
or diagnosis
diagnosis of
of DM.
DM.
Kadar
Kadar GDS
GDS dan
dan GDP
GDP sebagai
sebagai standar
standar penyaring
penyaring
dan
dan
diagnosis
diagnosis diabetes
diabetes melitus.
melitus.
Penatalaksan
aan
pendek
panjang
Sarana
Saranafarmakologis
farmakologisdan
dantitik
titikkerja
kerjaobat
obatuntuk
untuk
pengendalian
pengendaliankadar
kadarglukosa
glukosadarah.
darah.Sumber:
Sumber:Sudoyo,
Sudoyo,Aru
Aru
W,
W,2006.
2006.
Edukasi
Edukasi
Terapi
Terapi gizi
gizi medis
medis
Karbohidrat diabetes <55-65% dari total energi /hr atau
Protein
Lemak
Serat
Kalori
rumus Brocca
Latihan
Latihan jasmani
jasmani
Aktifitas
Aktifitasfisik
fisiksehari-hari.
sehari-hari.Sumber
Sumber::PERKENI,
PERKENI,2006
2006
Oral
Oral Anti-Diabetic
Anti-Diabetic Agents
Agents
Sulfonylureas
Sulfonylureas (Oral
(Oral Hypoglycemic
Hypoglycemic drugs)
drugs)
1st generation
Rel. Potency
2nd generation
Gliclazid
Glipizide (Minidiab, Glucotrol)
Glyburide / Glibenclamid (Daonil, Glulo, Prodiabet)
Gliklasid (Diamicron, Glidiabet, Zumadiac)
3rd generation
Glimepiride (Amaryl )
CONTRAINDICATIONS OF
SULPHONYLUREAS
Pregnancy, lactation
Major stress
Meglitinides
Meglitinides
Ex:
Ex:Repaglinide,
Repaglinide,Nateglinide
Nateglinide
PHARMACOKINETICS
MECHANISM OF
ACTION
CLINICAL USE
SIDE EFFECTS:
Hypoglycemia
Caution in pts
with renal &
hepatic
impairement.
Insulin sensitisizers
Biguanides
Ex: Metformin
PHARMACO
KINETICS
Given orally
Not bind to
plasma proteins
Not metabolized
Excreted
unchanged in
urine
t
1/2
2 hr
MECHANISM OF
ACTION
SIDE EFFECTS
CONTRAINDICA
TIONS
Increase peripheral
glucose utilization
Inhibits
gluconeogenesis
Impaired absorption
of glucose from the
gut
Does not cause
hypoglycemia
Does not result in
wt gain
Hepatic
impairment
Renal
impairment
Alcoholism
Heart failure
Indications:
Obese patients
with type II
diabetes
Alone or in
combination
with
sulfonylureas
Thiazolidinedione
Thiazolidinedione
ss
Ex:
Ex: Rosiglitazone,
Rosiglitazone, Pioglitazone
Pioglitazone
PHARMA
COKINETICS
MECHANISM OF
ACTION
99%
Increase target
absorbed
tissue sensitivity
Metabolized
to insulin by:
by liver
reducing hepatic
99% of drug
glucose output &
binds to
increase glucose
plasma
uptake &
proteins
oxidation in
Half-life 3 4
muscles &
h
adipose tissues.
Eliminated
They do not
via the urine
cause
64% and
hypoglycemia
feces 23%
(similar to
metformin and
acarbose ) .
ADVERSE EFFECTS
Mild to moderate
edema
Wt gain
Headache
Myalgia
Hepatotoxicity
INDICATIONS
Type II diabetes
alone or in
combination
with
metformin or
sulfonylurea or
insulin in
patients
resistant to
insulin
treatment.
Glucosidase
Inhibitors
Ex: Acarbose
PHARMACOK
INETICS
MECHANISM OF
ACTION
SIDE EFFECTS
INDICATIONS
Given orally
Not
absorbed
from
intestine
except small
amount
t1/2 3 - 7 hr
Excreted
with stool
Inhibits
intestinal alphaglucosidases
and delays
carbohydrate
absorption,
reducing
postprandial
increase in
blood glucose
Flatulence
Loose stool or
diarrhea
Abdominal pain
Alone does not
cause
hypoglycemia
Repaglinid, Nateglinid :
sesaat/ sebelum makan
Metformin : sebelum
/pada saat / sesudah
makan
Penghambat
glukosidase
(Acarbose) : bersama
makan suapan pertama
Tiazolidindion : tidak
bergantung pada jadwal
makan.
INSULIN
INSULIN
Insulin
Insulin diperlukan
diperlukan pada
pada
keadaan
keadaan (PERKENI,
(PERKENI, 2006)
2006) ::
BB yang cepat
Hiperglikemia berat yang
disertai ketosis
Ketoasidosis diabetik
(KAD)
Hiperglikemia
hiperosmolar non ketotik
(KHONK)
Hiperglikemia dengan
asidosis laktat
Gagal dengan kombinasi
OHO dosis hampir
maksimal
Berdasar
Farmakokinetik
Farmakokinetik insulin
insulin
berdasarkan
berdasarkan waktu
waktu kerja
kerja