Cardiac Glycosides

Specimen
Scientific Name
Digitalis
Digitalis purpurea
D. lanata
Strophantu
s

Strophantus
komber,
S. hispidus

Anthraquinone Glycosides
Specimen Scientific Name
Cascara
Rhamnus
sagrada
purshianus

Family
Scrophulariacea
e
Apocynaceae

Family
Rhamnaceae

Synonyms
Foxglove, Ladys
finger, Thimbles,
Ladys Glove
Grecian foxglove
Onaya, Veneno de
las Flechas

Parts Used
Dried leaf

Ripe seed
deprived for
awns

Constituents
Digitoxin,
Gitoxin,
Gitaloxin
Digoxin
Kstrophantoside,
strophanthidin

Uses
For congestive heart failure,
paroxysmal atrial tachycardia,
atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation
Cardiac insufficiency, Herpes
zoster

Synonyms
Sacred bark, Chittem
bark, Bitter or yellow
bark
Buckthorn bark,
Alder bark

Parts Used
Dried bark

Constituents
Cascarosides
A, B, C, & D

Uses
Cathartic, stimulant laxative

Dried bark

Laxative, Treatment for cancer

(Orally), Sunscreen (topically)

Frangula

Rhamnus frangula

Rhamnaceae

Aloe

Aloe barbadensis
Aloe elongate

Liliaceae

Sabila, Lily of the

desert

Dried latex
(juiceO or
leaves

Frangulin A &
B,
Glucofrangulin
A&B
Barbaloin,
Aloin, Aloeemodin

Rhubarb

Rheum officinale,
R. palmatum, R.
emodin

Polygonacea
e

Rheum, Chinese
Rhubarb, Himalayan
Rhubarb, Indian
rhubarb

Dried rhizome
and root
deprived of
periderm

Chysophanol,
emodin, rhein,
Calcium
oxalate

Alexandria
Senna

Cassia senna, C.
acutifolia

Fabaceae

Dried leaflet

Sennoside A
and B

Tinnevelly
Senna

Cassia augustifolia

Fabaceae

Khartoum senna,
Sennae Folium,
Hojas de Sen
Sennae Folium,
Hojas de Sen

Dried leaflet

Sennoside A
and B

Saponin Glycosides
Specimen
Scientific Name
Mexican
Smilax
Sarsaparilla
aristochiafolia

Family
Liliaceae

Synonyms
Mexican
Sarsaparilla, Vera
Cruz or Grey
Honduras
Sarsaparilla

Parts Used
Dried roots

Constituents
Sarsaponin,
Smillagen

Dried roots

Sarsaponin,
Smillagen

Purgative, pharmaceutical aid

(benzoin tincture), wound
healing, treatment of burns,
abrasions, skin irritations
Purgative, astringent,
cardiotonic, treatment of
jaundice, kidney stones, gout,
headache, toothache, skin,
mucous inflammation
Cathartic
Cathartic

Uses
Treatment of syphilis,
rheumatism, psoriasis, other
urinary problems
Treatment of syphilis,
rheumatism, psoriasis, other
urinary problems
Medicine: detergent for
cleaning wounds, emulsifying
agent
Industry: metal polish, cleaning
silk, fire extinguisher
Pharmaceutical: emulsifier,
volatile oils, tars
For the treatment of abdominal
pain, counter irritant

Honduras
Sarsaparilla

Smilas regelii

Liliaceae

Quillaja

Quillaja saponaria

Rosaceae

Sabila, Lily of the

desert

Dried inner
bark

Quillajasaponin,
Quillaja
sapotoxin

Gogo bark

Entada scandens

Fabaceae

Gogo, Gandoc,
Balogo (Tree),
Balugo, Bayogo

Bark

Senega

Polygala senega

Polygalaceae

Senega snakeroot,
rattlesnake root

Dried root

Condurang
o

Masdenia
condurango

Asclepiadacea
e

Condor vine, Eagle

vine

Dried bark

Saponin, Fixed
oil, Oleanolic
acid,
sapogenin
Senegin,
Sterol,
Polygalitol
Condurangin

Cyanophore glycosides
Specimen
Scientific Name
Wild cherry
Prunus serotina,
Prunus viginiana

Family
Rosaceae

Synonyms
Wild black cherry,
Virginian prune bark,
Rum or whisky bark

Parts Used
Carefully dried
stem bark

Constituents
Prunasin

Uses
Flavoring vehicle, sedative
expectorant, antitussive,
astringent, treatment for colds,
bronchitis, whooping cough

Isothiocyanate Glycosides
Specimen
Scientific Name
Black
Brassica nigra, B.
mustard
juncea

Family
Brassicaceae

Synonyms
Brown or chinese
mustard, Sinapis
nigra

Parts Used
Dried ripe
seed

Constituents
Sinigrin

Uses
Local irritant, emetic
Externally: rubefacient,
vesicant, pulmonary
congestion, rheumatic arthritis
Commercial: condiment

Stimulating expectorant
Bitter stomachic, astringent,
kills tumor cells, stimulates
appetite, alleviates dyspepsia,
promotes diuresis, treat
stomach cancer

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White
mustard

Brassica alba

Brassicaceae

Yellow or English
mustard

Dried seed

Sinalbin

Same as Black mustard

Used to clear voice and those
with tendency for infection

Family
Rutaceae

Synonyms
Garden Rue, Herb
or Grace,
herbygrass

Parts Used
Leaves

Constituents
Rutin (Vit P.
factor)

Citrus aurantium

Rutaceae

Citrus sinensis

Rutaceae

Seville Orange,
Bigarade Orange
Cajel, Kahel

Dried outer
peel, Fruit
Fruit, Peel

Limonene,
Hesperidin
Citric acid,
Volatile oil, Dlimonene,
Pectin,
Hesperidin

Uses
Treatment of various conditions
characterized by capillary
bleeding and increased
capillary fragility, uterine
stimulant, insect repellant
(topical)
Constipation, Skin stress,
Flatulence
Nausea and fainting, bronchitis,
chills, relaxes smooth muscles,
insecticide, antibacterial,
antifungal

Flavonol Glycosides
Specimen
Scientific Name
Rue
Ruta graveolens

Bitter
Orange
Sweet
orange

Alcohol Glycosides
Specimen
Scientific Name
Poplar bud
Populus
candicans, P.
tacamahacca

Family
Salicaceae

Synonyms
Balm of Gilead
Buds, Black
Poplar buds,
Willow buds,
Quaking aspen

Parts Used
Air-dried closed
winter leaf bud

Constituents
Humulene,
salicin, populin
(in volatile oil)

Salicin,
viburmin,
viburnic acid,
isovaleric acid,
tannin, oxalic
acid, scopoletin
Quebrachitol

Uses
Stimulating expectorant,
anti-rheumatic, sluggish
sores, micturition,
complaints in prostatic
hyperplasia, antiseptic,
stimulant for wound healing,
gargle for laryngitis
Uterine sedative, diuretic,
astringent, tonic,
dysmenorrhea, treatment or
threaten abortion (uterine
relaxant)

Viburnum
prunifolium

Viburnum
prunifolium

Caprifoliaceae

Black Haw, Sherry

berry, Stugbush

Dried bark of
roots or stem

Aspidosperm
a

Aspidosperma
quebrachoblanco
Hamamelis
viginiana

Apocynaceae

Quebracho

Dried bark

Hamamelidacea
e

Witch hazel leaf

Dried leaf

Dried leaf

Daphne
mezereum
Xanthoxylum
clavaherculis

Thymelaceae

Paradise plant,
mezereon
Prickly ash,
Hercules club

Dried twigs,
Bark
Dried bark

Family
Orchidaceae

Synonyms
Vanilla pod or bean

Parts Used
Cured, full
grown unripe
fruit

Constituents
Glucovanillin
(vanilloside),
glucovanillic
alcohol

Uses
Flavoring agent, perfumery

Family
Asteraceae

Synonyms
Levant, Aleppo,
Alexandria,
Wormseed, Semen
Cinae, sea
wormseed
Spanish flies,
Russian flies,
Blistering Flies

Parts Used
Dried
unexpanded
flower head

Constituents
-santonin,
artemisin

Uses
Anthelmintic (in roundworms
ascaris), little effect on
threadworm, no effect on
Taenia

Dried insects

Cantharidin

Topically: Irritant, vesicant,

rubefacient, removes warts
Internally: irritating to urinary
tract (results to priapism)
Aphrodisiac (dangerous and
can cause death)

Synonyms
Bearberry,
Rockberry,
Sandberry

Parts Used
Dried leaf

Constituents
Arbutin,
Ericolin,
Ursone (ursolic
acid)

Uses
Urinary antiseptic, diuretic,
urethritis and cystitis, treatment
of hepatitis, effective against E.
coli, Proteus mirabilis and
vulgaris, P. aeroginosa, S.
aureus and UTI bacteria

Hamamelis
Mezereum
Xanthoxyllum

Aldehyde Glycosides
Specimen
Scientific Name
Vanilla
Vanilla planifolia,
V. fragrans, V.
tahitensis
Lactone Glycosides
Specimen
Scientific Name
Santonica
Artemisia cinae

Russian
Cantharides

Cantharis
vesicatoria

Phenol Glycosides
Specimen
Scientific Name
Uva ursi
Arctostaphylos
uva-ursi var.
coactylis or
adenotricha

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Rutaceae

Meloidae

Family
Ericaceae

Hamamelitannin
, Volatile oils,
Flavonoids
Daphin,
Daphnetoxin
Xanthoxylin

Respiratory stimulant
For dyspnea
Astringent, for tonsillitis,
hemmorhoids
Appetite stimulant, Poison
Carminative, Mucous
membrane stimulant, For
fever, rheumatism, Gout

Miscellaneous Glycosides
A. Bitter Glycosides
Specimen
Scientific Name
Gentian
Gentiana lutea
root
Quassia

Picrasma excels,
Quassia amara

B. Sweet Glycosides
Specimen
Scientific Name
Spanish
Glycyrrhiza glabra
Licorice
Russian
Licorice

Family
Gentianaceae

Synonyms
Yellow gentian root,
Bitter root

Simarubaceae

Bitter wood, Bitter

ash, Corrales (Tag.)

Family
Fabaceae

Synonyms
Liquorice root,
Glycyrrhiza, sweet
wood, licorice

Parts Used
Dried
fermented root
and rhizomes
Stem wood

Constituents
Gentiopicrin,
Gentiomarin,
Xanthone
Quassin,
Neoquassin,
18hydrozyquassin
, scopoletin,
cathine-6-one

Uses
Bitter tonic, stimulate appetite

Parts Used
Dried rhizome

Constituents
Glycyrrhizin,
liquiritin,
isoliquirin,
hernaiarin,
umbelliferone

Uses
Demulcent, expectorant,
flavoring agent, surfactant, antiulcer, anti-inflammatory, antihepatotoxic agent, added to
gums, chocolate, candies,
cigarette, smoking mixture
chewing tobacco, snuff

G. glabra var.
glandulifera

C. Coloring Glycosides
Specimen
Scientific Name
Red
Pterocarpus
Saunders
santalinus

Family
Fabaceae

Synonyms
Red Sandal wood

Parts Used
Heartwood

Constituents
Santalin or
santalinic acid,
santalic acid
Hematoxylin,
hematein,
tannin
(gallotannic
acid)
Carminic acid

Uses
Coloring matter (cabinets)

Crocin,
Picrocrocin

Coloring agent and flavorant

Pricrotoxin

Intravenously in barbiturate
and narcotic poisoning, fish
poison

Flowers,
seeds

Carthamin,
fixed oil,
proteins,
cellulose

Seeds: Purgative, Laxative

Flowers: Tonic,
Emmenagogue

Parts Used
Dried peeled
rhizome

Constituents
Cadinene,
acorane, acorin,
volatile oil
(sesquiterpenes
) and asarone

Haematoxylo
n

Haematoxylon
campechianum

Fabaceae

Logwood,
redwoods

Heartwood

Cochineal

Dactylopius
coccus (Coccus
cacti)

Hemiptera
(Order)

Cochinella, Coccus

Crocus

Crocus sativus

Iridaceae

Saffron

Cocculus

Anaminta
cocculus

Menispermacea
e

Kasubha

Carthamus
tinctorius, C.
denatus Blanco

Compositae

Ligtang, Balising,
Fish berry, Indian
berry, Cocculus
indicus
Safflower, Biri,
Lago, Parrot seed,
Fake saffron,
Bastard saffron,
Wild saffron

Dried female
insect
containing
eggs and
larvae
Dried stigma
and tops of
the styles
Dried fruits

D. Glycosides with Volatile Oil

Specimen
Scientific Name
Calamus
Acorus calamus

Family
Araceae

Synonyms
Sweet flag lubigan

Bitter tonic, insecticide, enema

for expulsion of threadworms

Astringent, microscopic stain,

indicator (volumetric analysis)

Colorant and indicator

Uses
Carminative, aromatic bitter
and vermifuge, toothache
remedy, tonic, treatment of
dysentery

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