Giai Tich 2 PDF

TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI
VIN TON NG DNG & TIN HC
BI XUN DIU
Bi Ging
GII
TCH
II
(lu hnh ni b)
CC NG DNG CA PHP TNH VI PHN, TCH PHN BI, TCH PHN
PH THUC THAM S,
TCH PHN NG, TCH PHN MT, L THUYT

TRNG
Tm tt l thuyt, Cc v d, Bi tp v li gii
H Ni- 2009
MC
Mc lc .
LC
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chng 1 . Cc ng dng ca php tnh vi phn trong hnh hc . . . . . . .
Cc ng dng ca php tnh vi phn trong hnh hc phng . . . . . . . . . .

5
1.1
Phng trnh tip tuyn v php tuyn ca ng cong ti mt im.
5
1.2
cong ca ng cong. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
1.3
Hnh bao ca h ng cong ph thuc mt tham s . . . . . . . . . .
7
2
Cc ng dng ca php tnh vi phn trong hnh hc khng gian . . . . . . . 10
2.1
Hm vct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.2
Phng trnh tip tuyn v php din ca ng cong cho di dng tham s 10
2.3
Phng trnh php tuyn v tip din ca mt cong. . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.4
Phng trnh tip tuyn v php din ca ng cong cho di dng giao ca hai m
Chng 2 . Tch phn bi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1
Tch phn kp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1
nh ngha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2
Tnh tch phn kp trong h to Descartes . .
1.3
Php i bin s trong tch phn kp . . . . . . .
2
Tch phn bi ba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1
nh ngha v tnh cht . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2
Tnh tch phn bi ba trong h to Descartes
2.3
Phng php i bin s trong tch phn bi ba .
3
Cc ng dng ca tch phn bi . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1
Tnh din tch hnh phng . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2
Tnh th tch vt th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3
Tnh din tch mt cong . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chng 3 . Tch phn ph thuc tham s. . . . . . . . .
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15
15
16
24
35
35
35
38
50
50
55
62
. 63
Tch phn xc nh ph thuc tham s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.1
Gii thiu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
63
63
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MC LC
1.2
Cc tnh cht ca tch phn xc nh ph thuc tham s. . . . .
1.3
Cc tnh cht ca tch phn ph thuc tham s vi cn bin i.
2
Tch phn suy rng ph thuc tham s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1
Cc tnh cht ca tch phn suy rng ph thuc tham s. . . . .
2.2
Bi tp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
Tch phn Euler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1
Hm Gamma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2
Hm Beta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3
Bi tp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chng 4 . Tch phn ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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63
66
67
67
68
75
75
75
76
. 79
Tch phn ng loi I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.1
nh ngha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2
Cc cng thc tnh tch phn ng loi I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3
Bi tp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
Tch phn ng loi II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1
nh ngha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2
Cc cng thc tnh tch phn ng loi II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3
Cng thc Green. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4
ng dng ca tch phn ng loi II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5
iu kin tch phn ng khng ph thuc ng ly tch phn.
Chng 5 . Tch phn mt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
Tch phn mt loi I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.1
nh ngha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2
Cc cng thc tnh tch phn mt loi I . . . . . . . . . .
1.3
Bi tp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
Tch phn mt loi II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1
nh hng mt cong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2
nh ngha tch phn mt loi II . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3
Cc cng thc tnh tch phn mt loi II . . . . . . . . . .
2.4
Cng thc Ostrogradsky, Stokes . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5
Cng thc lin h gia tch phn mt loi I v loi II . .
Chng 6 . L thuyt trng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
Trng v hng . . . . . . .
1.1
nh ngha . . . . . .
1.2
o hm theo hng
1.3
Gradient . . . . . . .
1.4
Bi tp . . . . . . . .
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. 95
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107
107
107
108
109
MC LC
2
Trng vct . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1
nh ngha . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2
Thng lng, dive, trng ng
2.3
Hon lu, vct xoy . . . . .
2.4
Trng th - hm th v . . .
2.5
Bi tp . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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111
111
111
111
112
112
MC LC
CHNG
CC
NG DNG CA PHP TNH VI PHN

TRONG HNH HC
1. CC NG DNG CA PHP TNH VI PHN TRONG

HNH HC PHNG
1.1 Phng trnh tip tuyn v php tuyn ca ng

cong ti mt im.
1. im chnh quy.
Cho ng cong ( L) xc nh bi phng trnh f ( x, y) = 0. im M ( x0 , y0 )
c gi l im chnh quy ca ng cong ( L) nu tn ti cc o hm ring
0
0
f x ( M) , f y ( M) khng ng thi bng 0.
x = x ( t)
Cho ng cong ( L) xc nh bi phng trnh tham s
. im
y = y (t)
M ( x (t0 ) , y (t0 )) c gi l im chnh quy ca ng cong ( L) nu tn ti cc
o hm x 0 (t0 ) , y0 (t0 ) khng ng thi bng 0.
Mt im khng phi l im chnh quy c gi l im k d.

2. Cc cng thc.
Phng trnh tip tuyn v php tuyn ca ng cong xc nh bi phng
trnh ti im chnh quy:
5
Chng 1. Cc ng dng ca php tnh vi phn trong hnh hc

Tip tuyn
0
Php tuyn
(d) : f x ( M) . ( x x0 ) + f y ( M) . (y y0 ) = 0.
x x0
y y0
d0 : 0
= 0
.
f x ( M)
f y ( M)
Ch : Trng hp c bit, ng cong cho bi phng trnh y = f ( x )

th phng trnh tip tuyn ca ng cong ti im M( x0 , y0 ) chnh quy l
y y0 = f 0 ( x0 )( x x0 ). y l cng thc m hc sinh bit trong chng
trnh ph thng.
Phng trnh tip
tuyn v php tuyn ca ng cong ( L) xc nh bi phng
x = x ( t)
ti im M ( x (t0 ) , y (t0 )) chnh quy:
trnh tham s
y = y ( t)
Tip tuyn
(d) :
y y ( t0 )
x x ( t0 )
=
.
0
x ( t0 )
y 0 ( t0 )
Php tuyn

d0 : x 0 (t0 ) . ( x x (t0 )) + y0 (t0 ) . (y y (t0 )) = 0.
1.2 cong ca ng cong.

1. nh ngha.
2. Cc cng thc tnh cong ca ng cong ti mt im.

Nu ng cong cho bi phng trnh y = f ( x ) th:
C ( M) =
| y00 |
( 1 + y 02 )
3/2
x = x ( t)
Nu ng cong cho bi phng trnh tham s
y = y ( t)
C ( M) =
th:

x 0 y0

00 00
x y
( x 02 + y 02 )
3/2
Nu ng cong cho bi phng trnh trong to cc r = r () th:

2

r + 2r 02 rr 00
C ( M) =
3/2
( r 2 + r 02 )
6
1. Cc ng dng ca php tnh vi phn trong hnh hc phng
1.3 Hnh bao ca h ng cong ph thuc mt tham

s
1. nh ngha: Cho h ng cong ( L) ph thuc vo mt hay nhiu tham s. Nu mi
ng cong trong h ( L) u tip xc vi ng cong (E) ti mt im no trn E
v ngc li, ti mi im thuc (E) u tn ti mt ng cong ca h ( L) tip xc
vi (E) ti im th (E) c gi l hnh bao ca h ng cong ( L).
2. Quy tc tm hnh bao ca h ng cong ph thuc mt tham s.
nh l 1.1. Cho h ng cong F ( x, y, c) = 0 ph thuc mt tham s c. Nu h
ng cong trn khng c im k d th hnh bao ca n c xc nh bng cch
kh c t h phng trnh
F ( x, y, c) = 0
(1 )
F0 ( x, y, c) = 0
c
3. Nu h ng cong cho c im k d th h phng trnh (1) bao gm hnh bao

(E) v qu tch cc im k d thuc h cc ng cong cho.
Bi tp 1.1. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn v php tuyn vi ng cong:
a) y = x3 + 2x2 4x 3 ti (2, 5).
Phng trnh tip tuyn y = 5

Li gii.
Phng trnh php tuyn x = 2
b) y = e1 x ti giao im ca ng cong vi ng thng y = 1 .
Phng trnh tip tuyn 2x y + 3 = 0

Li gii.
Ti M1 (1, 1),
Phng trnh php tuyn x + 2y 1 = 0
Phng trnh tip tuyn 2x + y 3 = 0

Ti M2 (1, 1),
Phng trnh php tuyn x 2y + 1 = 0
2
c.
x=
y=
1+ t
t3
3
+ 2t1
2t3
Li gii.
ti A(2, 2).
Phng trnh tip tuyn y = x.
Phng trnh php tuyn x + y 4 = 0.

7

d. x 3 + y 3 = a 3 ti M(8, 1).
2
Li gii.
Phng trnh tip tuyn x + 2y 10 = 0.
Phng trnh php tuyn 2x y 15 = 0.

Bi tp 1.2. Tnh cong ca:
a. y = x3 ti im c honh x = 12 .
Li gii.
C ( M) =
b.
| y00 |
3/2
( 1 + y 02 )
= ... =
192
125
x = a (t sin t)
(a > 0) ti im bt k.
y = a (t cos t)
Li gii.
C ( M) =

x 0 y0

00 00
x y
( x 02 + y 02 )
3/2
= ... =
1
1

2a 2 1 cos x
c. x 3 + y 3 = a 3 ti im bt k (a > 0).
(
x = a cos3 t
, nn
Li gii. Phng trnh tham s:
y = a sin3 t

x 0 y0

00 00
x y
1
C ( M) =
=
...
=
3/2
3a |sin t cos t|
( x 02 + y 02 )
2
d. r = aeb , (a, b > 0)

Li gii.
C ( M) =
2

r + 2r 02 rr 00
3/2
( r 2 + r 02 )
Bi tp 1.3. Tm hnh bao ca h ng cong sau:

a. y =
x
c
+ c2
8
aeb
1 + b2
1. Cc ng dng ca php tnh vi phn trong hnh hc phng
b. cx2 + c2 y = 1
c. y = c2 ( x c)2
Li gii.
a. t F ( x, y, c) := y xc c2 = 0.
iu kin: c 6= 0.
(
(
Fx0 ( x, y, c) = 0
Fx0 ( x, y, c) = 0
, h phng trnh v
Xt h phng trnh:
Fy0 ( x, y, c) = 0
1=0
nghim nn h ng cong khng c im k d. Ta c
(
(
(
y xc c2 = 0
F ( x, y, c) = 0
x = 2c3
Fc0 ( x, y, c) = 0
2c + cx2 = 0
y = 3c2
y 3
3 = 0. Do iu kin c 6= 0 nn x, y 6= 0. Vy ta c hnh bao ca h
2
y 3
ng cong l ng x2 3 = 0 tr im O (0, 0).
nn

x 2
2
b. t F ( x, y, c) := cx2 + c2 y 1 = 0. Nu c = 0 th khng tho mn phng trnh

cho nn iu kin: c 6=(0.
(
Fx0 ( x, y, c) = 0
2cx = 0
x = c = 0, nhng im k
Xt h phng trnh:
0
Fy ( x, y, c) = 0
c2 = 0
d khng thuc h ng cong cho nn h ng cong cho khng c im k
d. Ta c
(
(
(
x = 2c
cx2 + c2 y = 1
F ( x, y, c) = 0
x2 + 2cx = 0
Fc0 ( x, y, c) = 0
y = c21
Do x, y 6= 0 v ta c hnh bao ca h ng cong l ng y = x4 tr im O(0, 0).
4
c. t F ( x, y, c) := c2 ( x (c)2 y = 0.
(
Fx0 ( x, y, c) = 0
Fx0 = 0
, h phng trnh v nghim
Xt h phng trnh:
Fy0 ( x, y, c) = 0
1 = 0
nn h ng cong cho khng c im k d.
Ta c
(
(
c2 ( x c ) 2 y = 0 ( 1)
F ( x, y, c) = 0
Fc0 ( x, y, c) = 0
2c ( x c) 2c2 ( x c) = 0 (2)
c=0
x4
.
(2) c = x , th vo (1) ta c y = 0, y = 16
x
c= 2
Vy hnh bao ca h ng cong l y = 0, y =
x4
16 .
10
2. CC NG DNG CA PHP TNH VI PHN TRONG

HNH HC KHNG GIAN
2.1 Hm vct
Gi s I l mt khong trong R.
I Rn
nh x
c gi l hm vct ca bin s t xc nh trn R. Nu
t 7 r (t) R n
n = 3, ta vit r (t) = x (t) . i + y (t) . j + z (t) . k . t M ( x (t) , y (t) , z (t)), qu tch
M khi t bin thin trong I c gi l tc ca hm vct r (t).

a=
Gii hn: Ngi ta ni hm vct c gii hn l
a khi t t0 nu lim r (t)
t t0

0 , k hiu lim r (t) = a .

t t0
Lin tc: Hm vct r (t) xc nh trn I c gi l lin tc ti t0 I nu lim r (t) =

t t0
r (t0 ). (tung ng vi tnh lin tc ca cc thnh phn tng ng x (t) , y (t) , z (t))
r (t + h)
r (t )
0
0
c gi l o hm
o hm: Gii hn, nu c, ca t s lim hr = lim
h
h 0
h 0
d
r (t )
ca hm vct r (t) ti t0 , k hiu

r 0 (t0 ) hay dt 0 , khi ta ni hm vct r (t) kh
vi ti t0 .
Nhn xt rng nu x (t) , y (t) , z (t) kh vi ti t0 th r (t) cng kh vi ti t0 v

r 0 ( t0 ) =
x 0 ( t0 ) . i + y 0 ( t0 ) . j + z 0 ( t0 ) . k .
2.2 Phng trnh tip tuyn v php din ca ng

cong cho di dng tham s
Cho ng cong
x = x (t)
y = y(t)
z = z(t)
v M( x0 , y0 , z0 ) l mt im chnh quy.
Phng trnh tip tuyn ti M
(d) :
x x ( t0 )
y y ( t0 )
z z ( t0 )
=
=
.
0
0
x ( t0 )
y ( t0 )
z 0 ( t0 )
Phng trnh php din ti M.
( P) : x 0 (t0 ) . ( x x (t0 )) + y0 (t0 ) . (y y (t0 )) + z0 (t0 ) . (z z ( t0 )) = 0.

10
2. Cc ng dng ca php tnh vi phn trong hnh hc khng gian
11
2.3 Phng trnh php tuyn v tip din ca mt

cong.
Cho mt cong S xc nh bi phng trnh f ( x, y, z) = 0 v M( x0 , y0 , z0 ) l mt im
chnh quy ca S.
Phng trnh php tuyn ti M
(d) :
y y0
zz
x x0
= 0
= 0 0.
0
f x ( M)
f y ( M)
f z ( M)
Phng trnh tip din ti M
( P) : f x0 ( M) . ( x x0 ) + f y0 ( M) . (y y0 ) + f z0 ( M) . (z z0 ) = 0.
c bit, nu mt cong cho bi phng trnh z = z ( x, y) th phng trnh tip din ti M
l ( P) : z z0 = z0x ( M) . ( x x0 ) + z0y ( M) . (y y0 ).
2.4 Phng trnh tip tuyn v php din ca ng

cong cho di dng giao ca hai mt cong
(
f ( x, y, z) = 0
.
Cho ng cong xc nh bi giao ca hai mt cong nh sau
g ( x, y, z) = 0

= f 0 ( M) , f 0 ( M) , f 0 ( M) , l vct php tuyn ca mt phng tip din ca mt
t
n
f
z
y
x
cong f ( x, y,

z) = 0 ti M.
t n g = g0x ( M) , gy0 ( M) , gz0 ( M) , l vct php tuyn ca mt phng tip din ca mt

cong g ( x, y, z) = 0 ti M.
l vct ch phng ca tip tuyn ca ng cong cho ti M. Vy phng

Khi
n
n
g
f
trnh tip tuyn l:
(
f x0 ( M) . ( x x0 ) + f y0 ( M) . (y y0 ) + f z0 ( M) . (z z0 ) = 0.
PTTQ
:
g0x ( M) . ( x x0 ) + gy0 ( M) . (y y0 ) + gz0 ( M) . (z z0 ) = 0.

y y0
x x0
z z0
=
=

PTCT : 0

0
0
0
0
f z ( M) f x ( M)
f y ( M) f z ( M)
f x ( M ) f y0 ( M )
0

0
0

gz ( M ) g0x ( M )
gy ( M ) gz0 ( M )
gx ( M ) gy0 ( M )
Bi tp 1.4. Gi s
p ( t) ,
q ( t) ,
(t) l cc hm vct kh vi. Chng minh rng:
a.
d
dt
p ( t) +
q ( t) =
d
p (t)
dt
d
q (t)
dt
11
12

b.
d
dt
c.
d
dt
d.
d
dt
Li gii.

d
p (t)
p ( t)
( t)
p (t) = (t) dt + 0 (t)

d
q (t)
p ( t)
q ( t) =
p (t) dt +
p ( t)
q ( t) =
p (t)
d
p (t)
q ( t)
dt
d
q (t)
dt
d
p (t)
dt
q ( t)
q (t) = (q1 (t) , q2 (t) , q3 (t)), khi :

a. Gi s
p (t) = ( p1 (t) , p2 (t) , p3 (t)) ,

d
d
p ( t) +
q ( t) =
( p1 (t) + q1 (t) , p2 (t) + q2 (t) , p3 (t) + q3 (t))
dt
dt

= p10 (t) + q10 (t) , p20 (t) + q20 (t) , p30 (t) + q30 (t)

= p10 (t) , p20 (t) , p30 (t) + q10 (t) , q20 (t) , q30 (t)
d
p ( t) d
q (t)
=
+
dt
dt
b.

d
( t)
p (t)
dt

= [ (t) p1 (t)] 0 , [ (t) p2 (t)]0 , [ (t) p3 (t)]0

= 0 (t) p1 (t) + (t) p10 (t) , 0 (t) p2 (t) + (t) p20 (t) , 0 (t) p3 (t) + (t) p30 (t)

= 0 (t) p1 (t) , 0 (t) p2 (t) , 0 (t) p3 (t) + (t) p10 (t) , (t) p20 (t) , (t) p30 (t)
d
p (t)
+ 0 ( t)
p ( t)
= ( t)
dt
c. Chng minh tng t nh cu b, s dng cng thc o hm ca hm hp.

d.

d
p ( t)
q ( t)
dt

d p2 (t) p3 (t)
=

dt q2 (t) q3 (t)
= ...

p ( t) p ( t)
3
1
,
q3 ( t ) q1 ( t )

p ( t) p ( t)
1
2
,
q1 ( t ) q2 ( t )

p ( t) p0 ( t)

3
1
,
,
0
q3 ( t ) q1 ( t )

0
0
p2 (t) p3 (t) p3 (t) p1 (t)
,
,
q20 (t) q3 (t) q30 (t) q1 (t)
d
q ( t) d
p ( t)
=
p ( t)
+
q ( t)
dt
dt

=

+

p2 (t) p30 (t)

q2 (t) q30 (t)
!

!
p10 (t) p2 (t)

q10 (t) q2 (t)
p1 (t) p20 (t)
q1 (t) q20 (t)
Bi tp 1.5. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn v php din ca ng:

12
2. Cc ng dng ca php tnh vi phn trong hnh hc khng gian
x = a sin t
a.
y = b sin t cos t ti im ng vi t =
z = c cos2 t
et
sin t
x=
2
b.
ti im ng vi t = 2.
y=1
cos t
z = et
4 , ( a, b, c
> 0 ).
x a
y b
z c
Phng trnh tip tuyn: (d) : a 2 = 0 2 = c2

Phng trnh php din: ( P) : a x 2a c z 2c = 0.
Li gii.
a.
Phng trnh tip tuyn: (d) :
b.
2
2
2
2
y1
0

Phng trnh php din: ( P) : 22 x + 22 z
2
2
2
2
= 0.
Bi tp 1.6. Vit phng trnh php tuyn v tip din ca mt cong:

a) x2 4y2 + 2z2 = 6 ti im (2, 2, 3).
b) z = 2x2 + 4y2 ti im (2, 1, 12).
c) z = ln (2x + y) ti im (1, 3, 0)
Li gii.
a.
Phng trnh php tuyn: (d) :
x 2
4
y2
16
z3
12
Phng trnh tip din: ( P) : 4 ( x 2) 16 (y 2) + 12 (z 3) = 0

b.
x 2
8
y1
8
z12
1
Phng trnh tip din: ( P) : 8 ( x 2) + 8 (y 1) (z 12) = 0.

c.
x +1
2
y3
1
z
1
Phng trnh tip din: ( P) : 2 ( x + 1) + (y 3) z = 0.

Bi tp 1.7. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn v php din ca ng:
(
x2 + y2 = 10
ti im A (1, 3, 4)
a.
y2 + z2 = 25
b.
2x2 + 3y2 + z2 = 47
ti im B (2, 6, 1)
x2 + 2y2 = z
13
13
14

(
f ( x, y, z) := x2 + y2 10 = 0
nn
Li gii.
a. Ta c
g ( x, y, z) := y2 + z2 25 = 0
Do n f n g = 2 (21, 8, 3). Vy:
Phng trnh tip tuyn (d) :
x 1
21
y3
8
y1
27
n f = (2, 6, 0)
.
n g = (0, 6, 8)
z4
3
Phng trnh php din ( P) : 21 ( x 1) 8 (y 3) + 3 (z 4) = 0

(
n f = (8, 6, 12)
, n f n g = 2 (27, 27, 4) nn
b. Tng t,
n g = (4, 4, 1)
Phng trnh tip tuyn (d) :
x +2
27
z6
4
Phng trnh php din ( P) : 27 ( x + 2) + 27 (y 1) + 4 (z 6) = 0
14
CHNG
TCH
PHN BI
1. T CH PHN KP
1.1 nh ngha
nh ngha 2.1. Cho hm s f ( x, y) xc nh trong mt min ng, b chn D. Chia
min D mt cch tu thnh n mnh nh. Gi cc mnh v din tch ca chng l
S1 , S2 , ..., Sn . Trong mi mnh Si ly mt im tu M ( xi , yi ) v thnh lp tng tch
n
phn In = f ( xi , yi ) Si . Nu khi n sao cho max {Si 0} m In tin ti mt gi

i =1
tr hu hn I , khng ph thuc vo cch chia min D v cch chn im M ( xi , yi ) th gii

hn y c gi l tch phn kp ca hm s f ( x, y) trong min D, k hiu l
ZZ
f ( x, y) dS
Khi ta ni rng hm s f ( x, y) kh tch trong min D. Do tch phn kp khng ph

thuc vo cch chia min D thnh cc mnh nh nn ta c th chia D thnh hai h ng
thng song song vi cc trc to , khi dS = dxdy v ta c th vit
ZZ
f ( x, y) dS =
ZZ
f ( x, y) dxdy
ZZ
f ( x, y) dxdy +
Tnh cht c bn:

Tnh cht tuyn tnh:
ZZ
[ f ( x, y) + g ( x, y)] dxdy =
15
ZZ
g ( x, y) dxdy
16
Chng 2. Tch phn bi

ZZ
k f ( x, y) dxdy = k
ZZ
f ( x, y) dxdy
Tnh cht cng tnh: Nu D = D1 D2 v D1 D2 = th

ZZ
f ( x, y) dxdy =
ZZ
f ( x, y) dxdy +
D1
ZZ
f ( x, y) dxdy
D2
1.2 Tnh tch phn kp trong h to Descartes

tnh cc tch phn hai lp, ta cn phi a v tnh cc tch phn lp.
1. Phc tho hnh dng ca min D.
2. Nu D l min hnh ch nht ( D ) : a 6 x 6 b, c 6 y 6 d th ta c th s dng mt
trong hai tch phn lp
ZZ
f ( x, y) dxdy =
Zb
a
dx
Zd
f ( x, y) dy =
Zd
c
dy
Zd
f ( x, y) dx
3. Nu D l hnh thang cong c cch cnh song song vi Oy, ( D ) : a 6 x 6 b, ( x ) 6

y 6 ( x ) th dng tch phn lp vi th t dy trc, dx sau.
ZZ
f ( x, y) dxdy =
Zb
dx
Z( x )
f ( x, y) dy
( x )
4. Nu D l hnh thang cong c cch cnh song song vi Ox, ( D ) : c 6 y 6 d, (y) 6

x 6 (y) th dng tch phn lp vi th t dx trc, dy sau.
ZZ
f ( x, y) dxdy =
Zd
c
dy
Z(y)
f ( x, y) dx
( y)
5. Nu D l min c hnh dng phc tp, khng c dng 3,4 th thng thng ta s chia
min D thnh mt s hu hn min c dng 3 hoc 4 ri s dng tnh cht cng tnh
a v vic tnh ton nhng tch phn lp trn min c dng 3, 4.
Cc dng bi tp c bn
16
1. Tch phn kp
17
Dng 1: i th t ly tch phn.

Trong phn trn, chng ta bit rng th t ly tch phn v hnh dng ca min D c
lin quan cht ch n nhau. Nu th t dy trc, dx sau th min D c dng hnh thang
cong song song vi trc Oy, v c biu din l ( D ) : a 6 x 6 b, ( x ) 6 y 6 ( x ). Ngc li,
nu th t dx trc, dy sau th min D c dng hnh thang cong song song vi trc Ox,
v c biu din l ( D ) : c 6 y 6 d, (y) 6 x 6 (y). Do vy vic i th t ly tch phn
trong tch phn lp chng qua l vic biu din min D t dng ny sang dng kia.
1. T biu thc tch phn lp, v phc tho min D.
2. Nu D l min hnh thang cong c cc cnh song song vi Oy th ta chia D thnh cc
hnh thang cong c cc cnh song song vi Ox. Tm biu din gii tch ca cc min
con, v d ( Di ) : ci 6 y 6 di , i (y) 6 x 6 i (y), sau vit
Zb
dx
yZ2 ( x )
f ( x, y) dy =
Zdi
dy
i c
i
y1 ( x )
Zi (y)
f ( x, y) dx
i (y)
3. Lm tng t trong trng hp D l hnh thang cong c cc cnh song song vi Ox.
Bi tp 2.1. Thay i th t ly tch phn ca cc tch phn sau:
a)
Z1
0
dx
Z1 x2
f ( x, y) dy
1 x 2
y
1
D1
D2
1 x
Hnh 2.1 a)
Chiamin D thnh hai min con D1 , D2
nh hnh v,
1 6 y 6 0
0 6 y 6 1
D1 :
, D2 :
p
p
1 y2 6 x 6 1 y2
p1 y 6 x 6 p1 y
I=
Z0
dy
Z1y
f ( x, y) dx +
Z1
0
1 y2
17
dy
Z1y
1 y
f ( x, y) dx
18
Chng 2. Tch phn bi
b)
Z1
1+
dy
Z 1 y
f ( x, y) dx
2 y
2
1
O
2 x
Hnh 2.1 b)
1 6 x 6 2
nn:
Li gii. Ta c: D :
2 x 6 y 6 2x x2
I=
Z2
dx
c)
dx
f ( x, y) dy
2 x
Z2
2x
Z x2
Z 2x
f ( x, y) dx
2x x2
1
Hnh 2.1 c)
Li gii. Chia D thnh 3 min nh hnh v,
0 6 y 6 1
0 6 y 6 1
D1 : y 2
,
D
:
p
p
2
6 x 6 1 1 y2
1 + 1 y2 6 x 6 2
2
, D3 :
Vy:
I=
Z1
0
dy
Z 1 y
y2
2
f ( x, y) dx +
Z1
0
dy
1+
18
Z2
1 y2
f ( x, y) dx +
Z2
1
dy
1 6 y 6 2
y2 6 x 6 2
2
Z2
y2
2
f ( x, y) dx
1. Tch phn kp
d)
Z2
dy
Zy
19
f ( x, y) dx +
Z2
dy
Z4y
f ( x, y) dx
Hnh 2.1 d)
0 6 x 6 2
D:
x 6 y 6 4 x2
Li gii.
nn:
I=
Z2
Z4 x2
dx
f ( x, y) dy
Mt cu hi rt t nhin t ra l vic i th t ly tch phn trong cc bi ton tch

phn kp c ngha nh th no? Hy xt bi ton sau y:
Bi tp 2.2. Tnh I =
Z1
0
dx
Z1
xey dy.
x2
y
2
1
Hnh 2.2
Li gii. Chng ta bit rng hm s f ( x, y) = xey lin tc trn min D nn chc chn
kh tch trn D. Tuy nhin cc bn c th thy rng nu tnh tch phn trn m lm theo
2
19
20
Chng 2. Tch phn bi
th t dy trc th khng th tnh c, v hm s ey khng c nguyn hm s cp! Cn

nu i th t ly tch phn th:
2
I=
Z1
dy
Zy
0
y2
xe dx =
Z1
Z1

2
1
1
1 2
x= y
ey .ydy = ey |10 = (e 1)
x=0 dy =
2
2
4
4
y2 x
Dng 2: Tnh cc tch phn kp thng thng.

Bi tp 2.3. Tnh cc tch phn sau:
a)
ZZ

x sin ( x + y ) dxdy, D = ( x, y) R2 : 0 6 y 6
2,0
6x6
Li gii.
I=
Z2
0
b) I =
ZZ
dx
Z2
0
x sin ( x + y) dy = ... = hoc I =

2
Z2
0
dy
Z2
x sin ( x + y) dx = ... =
x2 (y x ) dxdy, D gii hn bi y = x2 &x = y2

y
y = x2
x = y2
1
Hnh 2.3
Li gii.
I=
Z1
0
dx
Z x
x2

1
x2 y x3 dy = ... =
504
20
1. Tch phn kp
21
Dng 3: Tnh cc tch phn kp c cha du gi tr tuyt i.

Mc ch ca chng ta l ph b c du gi tr tuyt i trong cc bi ton tnh
tch
phn kp c cha du gi tr tuyt i. V d, tnh cc tch phn kp dng
ZZ
D
| f ( x, y)| dxdy. Kho st du ca hm f ( x, y), do tnh lin tc ca hm f ( x, y) nn
ng cong f ( x, y) = 0 s chia min D thnh hai min, D + , D . Trn D + , f ( x, y) > 0, v

trn D , f ( x, y) 6 0. Ta c cng thc:
ZZ
| f ( x, y)| dxdy =
ZZ
f ( x, y) dxdy
D+
ZZ
f ( x, y) dxdy (1)
(1 )
Cc bc lm bi ton tnh tch phn kp c cha du gi tr tuyt i:

1. V ng cong f ( x, y) = 0 tm ng cong phn chia min D.
2. Gi s ng cong tm c chia min D thnh hai min. xc nh xem min no
l D + , min no l D , ta xt mt im ( x0 , y0 ) bt k, sau tnh gi tr f ( x0 , y0 ).
Nu f ( x0 , y0 ) > 0 th min cha ( x0 , y0 ) l D + v ngc li.
3. Sau khi xc nh c cc min D + , D , chng ta s dng cng thc (1) tnh tch
phn.
Bi tp 2.4. Tnh
ZZ

| x + y|dxdy, D : ( x, y) R2 || x 6 1| , |y| 6 1
y
1
D+
O
Li gii. Ta c:
Hnh 2.4
D + = D { x + y > 0} = {1 6 x 6 1, x 6 y 6 1}
D = D { x + y 6 0} = {1 6 x 6 1, 1 6 y 6 x }
21
22
Chng 2. Tch phn bi
nn:
I=
ZZ
D+
Bi tp 2.5. Tnh
ZZ p
D
( x + y ) dxdy
ZZ
( x + y) dxdy = ... =
8
3

|y x2 |dxdy, D : ( x, y) R2 || x | 6 1, 0 6 y 6 1
y
1
D+
D
O
Hnh 2.5
Li gii.

o n
o
n

D + = D ( x, y) y x2 > 0 = 1 6 x 6 1, x2 6 y 6 1

o

D = D ( x, y) y x2 6 0 = {1 6 x 6 1, 0 6 y 6 x }
n
ZZ q
I=
D+
x2 dxdy +
ZZ q
D
x2 ydxdy = I1 + I2
trong
I1 =
Z1
dx
Z1 q
x2
I2 =
y x2 dy =
Z1
Vy I =
Z1
2
1 x2
dx
Zx q
0
2
x2 ydy =
3
3
Z1
+ 13
22
x =sin t
dx =
4
3
4
| x | dx =
3
3
Z2
cos4 tdt = ... =
Z1
0
x3 dx =
1
3
1. Tch phn kp
23
Dng 4: Tnh cc tch phn kp trong trng hp min ly tch phn l min i
xng.
nh l 2.2. Nu min D l min i xng qua trc Ox (hoc tng ng Oy) v hm l
hm l i vi y (hoc tng ng i vi x) th
ZZ
f ( x, y) dxdy = 0
nh l 2.3. Nu min D l min i xng qua trc Ox (hoc tng ng Oy) v hm l

hm chn i vi y (hoc tng ng i vi x) th
ZZ
f ( x, y) dxdy = 2
ZZ
f ( x, y) dxdy
D0
trong D 0 l phn nm bn phi trc Ox ca D (hoc tng ng pha trn ca trc Oy

tng ng)
nh l 2.4. Nu min D l min i xng qua trc gc to O v hm f ( x, y) tho mn
f ( x, y) = f ( x, y) th
ZZ
f ( x, y) dxdy = 0
Bi tp 2.6. Tnh
ZZ
| x |+|y|61
| x | + |y| dxdy.
y
1
D1
O
Hnh 2.6
Li gii. Do D i xng qua c Ox v Oy, f ( x, y) = | x | + |y| l hm chn vi x, y nn
I=4
ZZ
D1
f ( x, y) dxdy = 4
Z1
0
23
dx
1Z x
( x + y)dy =
4
3
24
Chng 2. Tch phn bi
1.3 Php i bin s trong tch phn kp

Php i bin s tng qut
Php i bin s tng qut thng c
ZZ s dng trong trng hp min D l giao ca
f ( x, y) dxdy, trong f ( x, y) lin tc trn D.
hai h ng cong. Xt tch phn kp: I =
Thc hin php i bin s x = x (u, v ) , y = y (u, v ) (1)tho mn:
x = x (u, v) , y = y (u, v ) l cc hm s lin tc v c o hm ring lin tc trong

min ng Duv ca mt phng O0 uv.
Cc cng thc (1) xc nh song nh t Duv D.
0

x x0

D ( x,y)
nh thc Jacobi J = D(u,v) = 0u 0v 6= 0
yu yv
Khi ta c cng thc:

I=
ZZ
f ( x, y) dxdy =
ZZ
Duv
f ( x (u, v ) , y (u, v)) | J | dudv
Ch :
Mc ch ca php i bin s l a vic tnh tch phn t min D c hnh dng
phc tp v tnh tch phn trn min Duv n gin hn nh l hnh thang cong hoc
hnh ch nht. Trong nhiu trng hp, php i bin s cn c tc dng lm n
gin biu thc tnh tch phn f ( x, y).
Mt iu ht sc ch trong vic xc nh min Duv l php di bin s tng qut
s bin bin ca min D thnh bin ca min Duv , bin min D b chn thnh min
Duv b chn.

0
u u0

D (u,v)
C th tnh J thng qua J 1 = D( x,y) = 0x 0y .
v x vy
Bi tp 2.7. Chuyn tch phn sau sang hai bin u, v:
Z1
Zx
u = x + y
a)
dx
f ( x, y) dxdy, nu t
v = x y
0
b) p dng tnh vi f ( x, y) = (2 x y)2 .
24
1. Tch phn kp
25
v
2
y
1
D
O
Li gii.
hn na
u = x + y
v = x y
nn
1 x
Hnh 2.7
x = u+v
2
y = uv
1
I=
2
Bi tp 2.8. Tnh I =

1 1
D ( x, y)

=
, | J| =
= 2
1 1
D (u, v )
0 6 x 6 1
D
x 6 y 6 x
ZZ
2 u
O0
Z2
du
Duv
2Z u
0
0 6 u 6 2
0 6 v 6 2 u

u+v uv
dv
,
2
2
1 6 xy 6 4

2
2
4x 2y dxdy, trong D :
x 6 y 6 4x
y
y = 4x
y=x
xy = 4
xy = 1
Hnh 2.8
25
26
Chng 2. Tch phn bi
Li gii. Thc hin php i bin
u = xy
v = y
x = p u
v
y = uv
khi
I=
Z4
1
du
Z4
1
1 6 u 6 4
, Duv :
, J 1
1 6 v 6 4
1
u
4 2uv . dv =
v
2v
Z4
du
Z4
1
y x
uv
y

= y 1 = 2 = 2 p u = 2v
2 x
x
v
x

Z4
2u
45
3
u dv = udu =
2
2
4
v
1
Php i bin s trong to cc

Trong rt nhiu trng hp, vic tnh ton tch phn kp trong to cc n gin
hn rt nhiu so vi vic tnh tch phn trong to Descartes, c bit l khi min D c
dng hnh trn, qut trn, cardioids,. . . v hm di du tch
c nhng biu thc
phn
r = OM

.
x2 + y2 . To cc ca im M ( x, y) l b (r, ), trong
\
= OM,Ox
x = r cos
Cng thc i bin:
, trong min bin thin ca r, ph thuc vo hnh
y = r sin
dng ca min D. Khi J =
D ( x,y)
D (r,)
= r , v I =
6 6
2
1
c bit, nu D :
r1 ( ) 6 r 6 r2 ( )
I=
Z2
ZZ
f (r cos , r sin )rdrd
Dr
, th
rZ
2 ( )
f (r cos , r sin ) rdr
r1 ( )
Bi tp 2.9. Tm cn ly tch phn trong to cc I =
ZZ
min xc nh nh sau:
a) a2 6 x2 + y2 6 b2
26
f ( x, y) dxdy, trong D l
1. Tch phn kp
27
y
b
a
b
a
Hnh 2.9a
Li gii.
0 6 6 2
D:
a 6 r 6 b
I =
Z2
Zb
b) x2 + y2 > 4x, x2 + y2 6 8x, y > x, y 6 2x

y
Hnh 2.9b
Li gii. Ta c:
6 6
3
D: 4
4 cos 6 r 6 8 cos
I =
Z3
8Z
cos
4 cos
Bi tp 2.10. Dng php i bin s trong to cc, hy tnh cc tch phn sau:
a)
ZR
0
dx
R
Z2 x2
0

ln 1 + x2 + y2 dy ( R > 0).
27
28
Chng 2. Tch phn bi

y
Hnh 2.10 a
0 6 x 6 R
T biu thc tnh tch phn ta suy ra biu thc gii tch ca min D l:
0 6 y 6 R2 x 2
x = r cos
0 6 6
2
nn chuyn sang to cc, t:
th
y = r sin
0 6 r 6 R
Z2
ZR
ZR

2
2
ln 1 + r d 1 + r
I = d ln 1 + r rdr =
4
0
0
0

i
h 2
2
2
=
R + 1 ln R + 1 R
4
b) Tnh
ZZ
x 2 + ( y 1 )2 = 1
2
xy dxdy, D gii hn bi
x2 + y2 4y = 0
O
Hnh 2.10 b
x = r cos
t
y = r sin
0 6 6
2 sin 6 r 6 4 sin
28
1. Tch phn kp
29
I=
4Z
sin
r cos . (r sin )2 rdr
2 sin
=0
Cch 2: V D i xng qua Oy v xy2 l hm s l i vi x nn I = 0.
a)
ZZ
4y 6 x2 + y2 6 8y
dxdy
2 , trong D :
( x 2 + y2 )
x 6 y 6 x 3
y
y=x 3
y=x
4
O
Hnh 2.11a
Li gii.
x = r cos
t
y = r sin
I=
Z3
b)
ZZ r
8Z
sin
4 sin
1 x 2 y2
dxdy
1+ x 2 + y2
1
1
rdr =
4
2
r
Z3
6 6
3
4
4 sin 6 r 6 8 sin
1
1
2
64 sin 16 sin2
trong D : x2 + y2 6 1
29
3
d =
128
1
1
3
30
Chng 2. Tch phn bi

y
1
Hnh 2.11b
x = r cos
t
y = r sin
Ta c:
I=
Z2
Z1
0
0 6 6 2
0 6 r 6 1
1 r2
u =r2
= 2
rdr
1 + r2
Z1
0
1
2
1u
du
1+u
t
t=
Z1
du =
4t
2 dt
1u
( 1+ t 2 )
1 + u 0 6 t 6 1
Z1
Z1
dt
4dt
+
4
I= t
dt
=
2
2
1 + t2
( 1 + t2 )
( 1 + t2 )
0
0
0

1
1 t

1
+ arctg t 10
= 4 arctg t 0 + 4
2 t2 + 1 2
2
=
2
4t
x2 + y2 6 12
ZZ
x2 + y2 > 2x
xy
dxdy
trong
D
:
c)
x 2 + y2
2 + y2 > 2 3y
x > 0, y > 0
30
1. Tch phn kp
31
y
2 3
D2
D1
O
2 3
Hnh 2.11c
Li gii. Chia min D thnh hai min nh hnh v,
0 6 6
6 6
6
2
D = D1 D2 , D1 =
, D2 = 6
2 cos 6 r 6 2 3
2 3 sin 6 r 6 2 3
Vy I = I1 + I2 , trong
Z6
I1 =
2 cos
I2 =
Z2
nn I =
2Z 3
2Z 3
2 3 sin
sin
1
rdr =
2
2
r
Z6
r2 cos sin
1
rdr
=
r2
2
Z2
r2 cos

17
cos sin 12 4cos2 d = ... =
32

27
cos sin 12 12 sin2 d = ... =
32
11
8
Php i bin s trong to cc suy rng.

Php i bin trong to cc suy rng c s dng khi min D c hnh dng ellipse
hoc hnh trn c tm khng nm trn cc trc to . Khi s dng php bin i ny, bt
buc phi tnh li cc Jacobian ca php bin i.
x = ar cos
y2
x2
1. Nu D : a2 + b2 = 1, thc hin php i bin
, J = abr
y = br sin
x = a + r cos
2. Nu D : ( x a)2 + (y b)2 = R2 , thc hin php i bin
y = b + r sin
,J =r
3. Xc nh min bin thin ca r, trong php i bin trong h to cc suy rng.

31
32
Chng 2. Tch phn bi
4. Thay vo cng thc i bin tng qut v hon tt qu trnh i bin.

ZZ

2
9x2 4y2 dxdy, trong D : x2 + y 6 1.
Bi tp 2.12. Tnh
4
9
D
Hnh 2.12
Li gii.
x = 2r cos
t
y = 3r sin
Ta c:
I=6
0 6 6 2
J = 6r,
0 6 r 6 1
Z1
Z2

2
2
2
2
36r cos 36r sin rdrd = 6.36 |cos 2| d r3 dr = ... = 216
ZZ
Dr
Bi tp 2.13. Tnh
ZR
0
dx
R
Z2 x2
R2 x 2
Rx x2 y2 dy, ( R > 0)
y
Hnh 2.13
Li gii. T biu thc tnh tch phn suy ra biu thc gii tch ca D l:

0 6 x 6 R
R 2
R2
D:
x
+ y2 6
Rx x2 6 y 6 Rx x2
2
4
32
1. Tch phn kp
33
x = R + rcos
2
t
y = r sin
Vy
I=
Z2
Bi tp 2.14. Tnh
R
Z2 r 2
R
ZZ
r2 rdr
0 6 6 2
| J | = r,
0 6 r 6 R
2
= 2.
R
Z2 r 2
R
1
r2 d
R2
r2
4
R3
12
xydxdy, vi
a) D l mt trn ( x 2)2 + y2 6 1
Hnh 2.14a
Li gii.
nn
x = 2 + r cos
t
y = r sin
I=
Z2
0
Z1
0 6 r 6 1
0 6 6 2
(2 + r cos ) r sin .rdr = 0
Cch 2. Nhn xt: Do D l min i xng qua Ox, f ( x, y) = xy l hm l i vi y

nn I = 0.
b) D l na mt trn ( x 2)2 + y2 6 1, y > 0
y
Hnh 2.14b
33
34
Chng 2. Tch phn bi

Li gii.
nn
x = 2 + r cos
t
y = r sin
I=
Z
0
Z1
0 6 r 6 1
0 6 6
(2 + r cos ) r sin .rdr =
34
4
3
2. Tch phn bi ba
35
2. T CH PHN BI BA
2.1 nh ngha v tnh cht
nh ngha 2.2. Cho hm s f ( x, y, z) xc nh trong mt min ng, b chn V ca khng
gian Oxyz. Chia min V mt cch tu thnh n min nh. Gi cc min v th tch
ca chng l V1 , V2 , ..., Vn . Trong mi min i ly mt im tu M( xi , yi , zi ) v thnh
n
lp tng tch phn In = f ( xi , yi , zi ) Vi . Nu khi n + sao cho max {Vi 0} m In

i =1
tin ti mt gi tr hu hn I , khng ph thuc vo cch chia min V v cch chn im

M( xi , yi , zi )ZZZth gii hn y c gi l tch phn bi ba ca hm s f ( x, y, z) trong min V ,
f ( x, y, z) dV .
k hiu l
Khi ta ni rng hm s f ( x, y, z) kh tch trong min V.

Do tch phn bi ba khng ph thuc vo cch chia min V thnh cc min nh nn ta c
th chia V bi ba h mt thng song song vi cc mt phng to , khi dV = dxdydz
v ta c th vit
ZZZ
ZZZ
f ( x, y, z) dV =
f ( x, y, z) dxdydz
V
Cc tnh cht c bn
Tnh cht tuyn tnh
ZZZ
[ f ( x, y, z) + g ( x, y, z)] dxdydz =
ZZZ
f ( x, y, z) dxdydz +
ZZZ
k f ( x, y, z) dxdydz = k
g ( x, y, z) dxdydz
ZZZ
ZZZ
f ( x, y, z) dxdydz
Tnh cht cng tnh: Nu V = V1 V2 v V1 V2 = th:

ZZZ
V
f ( x, y, z) dxdydz =
ZZZ
f ( x, y, z) dxdydz +
ZZZ
f ( x, y, z) dxdydz
V2
V1
2.2 Tnh tch phn bi ba trong h to Descartes

Cng ging nh vic tnh ton tch phn kp, ta cn phi a tch phn ba lp v tch
phn lp. Vic chuyn i ny s c thc hin qua trung gian l tch phn kp.
Tch phn ba lp Tch phn hai lp Tch phn lp
35
36
Chng 2. Tch phn bi
S trn cho thy vic tnh tch phn ba lp c chuyn v tnh tch phn kp (vic
tnh tch phn kp c nghin cu bi trc). ng nhin vic chuyn i ny ph
thuc cht ch vo hnh dng ca min V. Mt ln na, k nng v hnh l rt quan trng.
Nu min V c gii hn bi cc mt z = z1 ( x, y) , z = z2 ( x, y), trong z1 ( x, y) , z2 ( x, y)
l cc hm s lin tc trn min D, D l hnh chiu ca min V ln mt phng Oxy th ta
c:
I=
ZZZ
ZZ
dxdy
z2Z( x,y)
f ( x, y, z) dz
(2.1)
z1 ( x,y)
Thut ton chuyn tch phn ba lp v tch phn hai lp

1. Xc nh hnh chiu ca min V ln mt phng Oxy.
2. Xc nh bin di z = z1 ( x, y) v bin trn z = z2 ( x, y) ca V.
3. S dng cng thc 2.1 hon tt vic chuyn i.
n y mi vic ch mi xong mt na, vn cn li by gi l:
Xc nh D v cc bin z = z1 ( x, y) , z = z2 ( x, y) nh th no?
C hai cch xc nh: Dng hnh hc hoc l da vo biu thc gii tch ca min V.
Mi cch u c nhng u v nhc im ring. Cch dng hnh hc tuy kh thc hin
hn nhng c u im l rt trc quan, d hiu. Cch dng biu thc gii tch ca V tuy
c th p dng cho nhiu bi nhng thng kh hiu v phc tp. Chng ti khuyn cc
em sinh vin hy c gng th cch v hnh trc. Mun lm c iu ny, i hi cc bn
sinh vin phi c k nng v cc mt cong c bn trong khng gian nh mt phng, mt
tr, mt nn, mt cu, ellipsoit, paraboloit, hyperboloit 1 tng, hyperboloit 2 tng, hn
na cc bn cn c tr tng tng tt hnh dung ra s giao ct ca cc mt.
Ch : Cng ging nh khi tnh tch phn kp, vic nhn xt c tnh i xng ca min
V v tnh chn l ca hm ly tch phn f ( x, y, z) i khi gip sinh vin gim c khi
lng tnh ton ng k.
nh l 2.5.ZZZNu V l min i xng qua mt phng z = 0(Oxy) v f ( x, y, z) l hm s l
i vi z th
f ( x, y, z) dxdydz = 0.
nh l 2.6. Nu ZV
phng z = 0(Oxy) v f ( x, y, z) l hm s
Z
ZZ l min i xng quaZZmt
f ( x, y, z) dxdydz = 2
f ( x, y, z) dxdydz, trong V + l phn pha
chn i vi z th
V
trn mt phng z = 0 ca V.
V+
36
2. Tch phn bi ba
37
Tt nhin chng ta c th thay i vai tr ca z trong hai nh l trn bng x hoc y. Hai
nh l trn c th c chng minh d dng bng phng php i bin s.
0
6
x
6
ZZZ
4
zdxdydz trong min V c xc nh bi: x 6 y 6 2x

Bi tp 2.15. Tnh
0 6 z 6 1 x 2 y2
Li gii.
I=
1
Z4
dx
Z2x
1 x 2 y2
dy
Bi tp 2.16. Tnh
zdz =
Z4
0
ZZZ
x2 + y

2
dx
Z2x
x

1
1
1 x2 y2 dy =
2
2
dxdydz trong V:
z
z=
Z4
0

10 3
43
x x dx =
3
3072
x 2 + y 2 + z2 = 1
x 2 + y 2 z2 = 0
1 x 2 y2
z=
x 2 + y2
y
O
Hnh 2.16
37
38
Chng 2. Tch phn bi
Li gii. Do tnh cht i xng,
ZZZ
V
ZZZ

x2 + y2 dxdydz = 2
V1 l na pha trn mt phng Oxy ca V. Ta c

vi D l hnh chiu ca V1 ln Oxy. Ta c
I1 =
ZZ
x + y dxdy
1 x 2 y2
dz =
ZZ
x +y
x 2 + y2
0 6 6 2
x = r cos
J = r,
1 nn
y = r sin
0 6 r 6
2
1
I1 =
Z2
0
p
1 r2 r dr
Z2
1
2
d = 2
Vy
Z
0
p

x2 + y2 dxdydz = 2I1 , trong
V1 q
q
V1 : x2 + y2 6 z 6 1 x2 y2
D : x 2 + y2 6 1 ,
2
q
x2
y2
1 r2 r dr =
x2
(r =cos )
...
+ y2
dxdy
2 8 5 2
=
.
5
12
4 8 5 2
.
I=
5
12
2.3 Phng php i bin s trong tch phn bi ba

Php i bin s tng qut
Php i bin s tng qut thng
ZZZc s dng trong trng hp min V l giao ca
f ( x, y, z) dxdydz trong f ( x, y, z) lin tc trn V.
ba h mt cong. Gi s cn tnh I =
Thc hin php i bin s
tho mn
x = x (u, v, w )
y = y (u, v, w )
z = z u, v, w
(
)
(2.2)
x, y, z cng vi cc o hm ring ca n l cc hm s lin tc trn min ng Vuvw

ca mt phng O0 uvw.
Cng thc 2.2 xc nh song nh Vuvw V.
38
2. Tch phn bi ba
J=
39
D ( x,y,z)
D (u,v,w)
6= 0 trong Vuvw . Khi
ZZZ
ZZZ
I=
Vuvw
f [ x (u, v, w ) , y (u, v, w ) , z (u, v, w)] | J | dudvdw
Cng ging nh php i bin trong tch phn kp, php i bin trong tch phn bi ba
cng bin bin ca min V thnh bin ca min Vuvw , bin min V b chn thnh min
Vuvw b chn.
x + y + z = 3
ZZZ
dxdydz.
Bi tp 2.17. Tnh th tch min V gii hn bi x + 2y z = 1 bit V =
x + 4y + z = 2
V
u = x+y+z
Li gii. Thc hin php i bin

v = x + 2y z . V php i bin bin bin ca V
w = x + 4y + z
u = 3
thnh bin ca Vuvw nn Vuvw gii hn bi: v = 1
w = 2
J 1

1 1 1
ZZZ

1
1
D (u, v, w)
1

dudvdw = .6.2.4 = 8
=
= 1 2 1 = 6 J = V =

D ( x, y, z)
6
6
6
1 4 1
Vuvw
Php i bin s trong to tr

Khi min V c bin l cc mt nh mt paraboloit, mt nn, mt tr, v c hnh chiu
D ln Oxy l hnh trn, hoc hm ly tch phn f ( x, y, z) c cha biu thc ( x2 + y2 ) th ta
hay s dng cng thc i bin trong h to tr. To tr ca im M( x, y, z) l b ba
(r, , z), trong (r,
) chnh l to cc ca im M0 l hnh chiu ca im M ln Oxy.
x = r cos
D ( x,y,z)
Cng thc i bin y = r sin . nh thc Jacobian ca php bin i l J = D(r,,z) = r,
z = z
ta c:
I=
ZZZ
V
ZZZ
Vr z
39
f (rcos, r sin , z) rdrddz
40
Nu min V :
Chng 2. Tch phn bi

(
( x, y) D
z1 ( x, y) 6 z 6 z2 ( x, y)
I=
Z2
Bi tp 2.18. Tnh
ZZZ
x2
rZ
2 ( )
rdr
r1 ( )
+y

2
, trong D :
z2 (r cosZ,r sin )
1 6 6 2
r1 ( ) 6 r 6 r2 ( )
th:
f (r cos , r sin , z) dz
z1 (r cos ,r sin )
dxdydz, trong V :
x 2 + y2 6 1
16z62
z
2
V
1
y
x
Hnh 2.18
0 6 6 2
x
=
r
cos
Li gii. t y = r sin th 0 6 r 6 1 . Ta c
1 6 z 6 2
z = z
I=
Z2
0
Bi tp 2.19. Tnh
ZZZ
V
Z1
0
r dr
Z2
zdz = ... =
3
4
x2 + y2 dxdydz, trong :
a) V l min gii hn bi mt tr: x2 + y2 = 2x v cc mt phng z = 0, z = a ( a > 0).

b) V l na ca hnh cu x2 + y2 + z2 6 a2 , z > 0 (a > 0)
40
2. Tch phn bi ba
41
z
Hnh 2.19a
66
x
=
r
cos
2
Li gii. a) t y = r sin . T x2 + y2 = 2x suy ra r = 2 cos . Do : 0 6 r 6 2 cos .
z = z
0 6 z 6 a
Vy
I=
Z2
2Z
cos
r dr
Za
zdz = ... =
16a2
9
x
Hnh 2.19b
41
42
Chng 2. Tch phn bi
0 6 6 2
x
=
r
cos
Li gii. b) t y = r sin , ta c 0 6 r 6 a
. Vy
z = z
0 6 z 6 a2 r 2
I=
Z2
Bi tp 2.20. Tnh I =
Za
r dr
ZZZ
a2 r 2
Z
zdz = 2
Za
r2 .
a2 r 2
2a5
dr =
2
15
ydxdydz, trong V gii hn bi:
y=
z2 + x 2
y=h
x
Hnh 2.20
0 6 6 2
x = r cos
Li gii. t y = r sin , ta c 0 6 r 6 h . Vy
r 6 y 6 h
z = z
I=
Z2
Bi tp 2.21. Tnh I =
ZZZ p
Zh
0
rdr
Zh
ydy = 2
Zh
0
r.
h2 r 2
h4
dr =
2
4
x2 + y2 dxdydz trong V gii hn bi:
42
x 2 + y 2 = z2
z=1
2. Tch phn bi ba
43
z
y
O
x
Hnh 2.21
x = r cos
0 6 6 2
Li gii. t y = r sin , ta c 0 6 r 6 1 . Vy
z = z
r 6 z 6 1
I=
Z2
0
Bi tp 2.22. Tnh
ZZZ
V
Z1
r dr
dxdydz
x2 + y2 +(z2)2
Z1
dz = 2
Z1
0
, trong V :
43
r2 (1 r ) dr =
x2 + y2 = 1
|z| 1
44
Chng 2. Tch phn bi

z
x
Hnh 2.22
x
=
r
cos
0 6 6 2
Li gii. t y = r sin | J | = r, Vrz : 0 6 r 6 1

, ta c
z0 = z 2
3 6 z 0 6 1
I=
Z2
Z1
0
r 0
r. ln z +
= 2
V lim r ln
Z1
rdr
Z1
Z1
0
r ln
p
dz0
r 2 + z 02
r2
+ z 02
0
z =1
z0 =3 dr

r2 + 1 1 dr
Z1
r ln
= 2 ( I1 I2 )
p
r2 + 9 3 dr

r2 + 1 1 = lim r ln
r2 + 9 3 = 0 nn thc cht I1 , I2 l cc tch phn
r 0
xc nh.
t r2 + 1 = t rdr = tdt, ta c
Z
r ln
Z
p

r2 + 1 1 dr
t ln (t 1) dt
t2
t2
1
= ln (t 1)
dt
2
2 t1
t2 1
t2
t
=
ln (t 1) + C
2
4
2
44
2. Tch phn bi ba
nn
45

1 1

1
t2 1
t2
t 2
I1 =
21
21
| = ln
ln (t 1)
2
4
2 1
2
4 2
9
t
3t
Tng t, I2 = t
2 ln ( t 3) 4 2 + C nn
2

1 3

1
t 9
t2 3t 10
10 3
10 3
I2 =
|3 = ln
ln (t 3)
2
4
2
2
4 2
2
Vy
21
I = 2 ( I1 I2 ) = ln
+ 3 10 8 2
10 3
Php i bin trong to cu

Trong trng hp min V c dng hnh cu, chm cu, mi cu,. . . v khi hm ly tch

phn f ( x, y, z) c cha biu thc x2 + y2 + z2 th ta hay s dng php i bin trong to
cu.
To cu ca im M( x, y, z) trong khng gian l b ba (r, , ), trong :

r
=
OM

\
= OM, Oz

0
\
= OM
, Ox
x = r sin cos
Cng thc ca php i bin l: y = r sin sin .
z = r cos
nh thc Jacobian J =
ZZZ
D ( x,y,z)
D (r,,)
= r2 sin , ta c:
ZZZ
f (r sin cos , r sin sin , r cos ) r2 sin drdd
Vr
c bit, nu Vr
I=
6 6 2 , ( 2 1 6 2 )
1
: 1 ( ) 6 6 2 ( )
th
r , 6 r 6 r ,
)
)
2(
1(
Z2
Z
2 ( )
1 ( )
sin d
r2Z(,)
f (r sin cos , r sin sin , r cos )r2 dr
r1 (,)
45
46
Chng 2. Tch phn bi
Bi tp 2.23. Tnh
ZZZ
x 2 + y2 + z

2
dxdydz, trong V :
1 6 x 2 + y 2 + z2 6 4
x 2 + y 2 6 z2
V1
y
O
x
Hnh 2.23
x = r sin cos
Li gii. t y = r sin sin . Do 1 6 x2 + y2 + z2 6 4 nn 1 r 2; trn mt nn c
z = r cos
phng trnh x2 + y2 = z2 nn =
4.
Vy
0 6 6 2
066
1 6 r 6 2
nn
I=2
Z2
0
Z4
sin d
Bi tp 2.24. Tnh
Z2
1
ZZZ p
r5
4.31

2 2
r .r dr = 2.2. ( cos ) 04 . 21 =
5
5
!
2
1
2
x2 + y2 + z2 dxdydz trong V : x2 + y2 + z2 6 z.
46
2. Tch phn bi ba
47
y
O
x
Hnh 2.24
x = r sin cos
Li gii. t y = r sin sin . Nhn hnh v ta thy 0 6 6 2, 0 6 6
z = r cos
2.
Do x2 + y2 + z2 6 z nn 0 6 r 6 cos . Vy
I=
Z2
Z2
sin d
r.r2 dr = 2.
cos
Z
Z2
0
sin . cos4 d =
4
10
Php i bin trong to cu suy rng.

Tng t nh khi tnh tch phn kp, khi min V c dng hnh ellipsoit hoc hnh cu
c tm khng nm trn cc trc to th ta s s dng php i bin s trong to cu
suy rng. Khi ta phi tnh li Jacobian ca php bin i.
1. Nu min V c dng hnh ellipsoit hoc hnh cu c tm khng nm trn cc trc to
nn ngh ti php i bin s trong to cu suy rng.
2.
Nu V :
x2
a2
y2
b2
z2
c2
= 1 th thc hin php i bin
x = ar sin cos
y = br sin sin , J = abcr2 sin
z = cr cos
47
48
Chng 2. Tch phn bi

Nu V : ( x a)2 + (y b)2 + (z c)2 = R2 th thc hin php i bin
x = a + r sin cos
y = b + r sin sin , J = r2 sin
z = c + r cos
3. Xc nh min bin thin ca , , r.
4. Dng cng thc i bin tng qut hon tt vic i bin.

Bi tp 2.25. Tnh
ZZZ
V
1, z > 0, (a, b > 0)
x2 + y2 dxdydz, trong V l na ca khi ellipsoit
x 2 + y2
a2
+ bz2 6
Li gii. Cch 1: S dng php i bin trong to tr suy rng.

t
z = bz0
o
n
p
D ( x, y, z)
= a2 br, Vrz0 = 0 6 6 2, 0 6 r 6 1, 0 6 z0 6 1 r2
x = ar cos J =
D (r, , z)
y = ar sin
Vy
I=
Z2
Z1
dr
Z1r2
3 2
bz .ar.a brdz = 2a b
Z1
r2 .
2a3 b2
1 r2
dr =
2
15
Cch 2: S dng php i bin trong to cu suy rng.

t
x = ar sin cos
o
n
D ( x, y, z)
= a2 br2 sin , Vrz0 = 0 6 6 2, 0 6 6 , 0 6 r 6 1

y = ar sin sin J =
D (r, , )
2
z = br cos
Vy
I=
Z2
0
Z2
0
Z1
3 2
br cos .ar sin .a b sin = 2a b
Bi tp 2.26. Tnh
Z2
cos sin d
ZZZ
V
x2
a2
y2
b2
z2
c2
dxdydz , V :
48
x2
a2
Z1
0
y2
b2
z2
c2
r4 dr =
2a3 b2
15
6 1, (a, b, c > 0).
2. Tch phn bi ba
49
Li gii. t
x = ar sin cos
D ( x, y, z)
= abcr2 sin , Vrz0 = {0 6 6 2, 0 6 6 , 0 6 r 6 1}
y = br sin sin J =
D (r, , )
z = cr cos
Vy
I = abc
Z2
0
Z
0
Z1
r2 .r2 sin =
49
4
abc
5
50
Chng 2. Tch phn bi
3. CC NG DNG CA TCH PHN BI

3.1 Tnh din tch hnh phng
Cng thc tng qut: S =
ZZ
dxdy
y = 2x
Bi tp 2.27. Tnh din tch ca min D gii hn bi: y = 2 x .
y = 4
y
y = 2 x
y = 2x
O
Hnh 2.27
Li gii. Nhn xt:

D = D1 D2 , D1
nn
S=
ZZ
dxdy =
ZZ
D1
dxdy +
(
ZZ
2 6 x 6 0
6y64
dxdy = 2
D2
ZZ
D1
50
, D2
06x62
2x 6 y 6 4

3
dxdy = ... = 2 8
ln 2
3. Cc ng dng ca tch phn bi
51
Bi tp 2.28. Tnh din tch ca min D gii hn bi:
y = x2
y2 = x, y2 = 2x
x2 = y, x2 = 2y
x2 = 2y
2x = y2
x = y2
O
Hnh 2.28
Li gii. Ta c S =
ZZ
dxdy. Thc hin php i bin
th
y2
u =
16u62
x
D
:
,
uv
x2
1
6
v
6
2
v =
y
J 1
Vy

y2 2y
D (u, v )

x
= 2xx2
=
2
y
D ( x, y)
xy2
S=
ZZ
Duv

= 3

1
1
dudv =
3
3
Bi tp 2.29. Tnh din tch min D gii hn bi

51
y = 0, y2 = 4ax
x + y = 3a, y 6 0 ( a > 0)
52
Chng 2. Tch phn bi

y
3a
3a
6a
Hnh 2.29
Li gii. Nhn hnh v ta thy D :
6a 6 y 6 0
nn
y2
6 x 6 3a y
4a
3a

Z y
Z0
ZZ
Z0
y2
dy
dxdy =
3a y
S=
dx =
dy = 18a2
4a
6a
6a
y2
4a
Bi tp 2.30. Tnh din tch min D gii hn bi

y
x2 + y2 = 2x, x2 + y2 = 4x
x = y, y = 0
y=x
Hnh 2.30
Li gii. Ta c S =
ZZ
dxdy, t
S=
Z4
0
0 6 6
x = r cos
4
th D :
nn
y = r sin
2 cos 6 r 6 4 cos
4Z
cos
2 cos
rdr =
1
2
Z4
0
52
12 cos2 d =
3 3
+
4
2
53
Bi tp 2.31. Tnh din tch min D gii hn bi ng trn r = 1, r =

Ch :
2
3
cos .
r = a l phng trnh ng trn tm O(0, 0), bn knh a.

r = a cos l phng trnh ng trn tm (a, 0), bn knh a.
y
Hnh 2.31
Li gii. Giao ti giao im ca 2 ng trn:
2
r = 1 = cos =
6
3
nn
2 cos
3Z

Z6
Z6
4
3
1
cos2 1 d =
S = 2 d
rdr = 2.
2
3
6
18
0
Bi tp 2.32. Tnh din tch min D gii hn bi ng x2 + y2

)
y
r=a
sin 2
O
x
Hnh 2.32
53
2
= 2a2 xy ( a > 0) (ng
54
Chng 2. Tch phn bi

(
Li gii. Tham s ho ng cong cho, t
x = r cos
, phng trnh ng cong

y = r sin
tng ng vi r2 = a2 sin 2. Kho st v v ng cong cho trong h to cc (xem
hnh v 2.32). Ta c
0 6 6 , 6 6 3
2p
2
D:
0 6 r 6 a sin 2
Do tnh i xng ca hnh v nn
S=2
Z2
0
Zsin 2
rdr =
Z2
a2 sin 2d = a2
Bi tp 2.33. Tnh din tch min D gii hn bi ng x3 + y3 = axy ( a > 0) (L Descartes)
1
2
1
2
TCX: y = x 13
Hnh 2.33
(
x = r cos
Tham s ho ng cong cho, t
, phng trnh ng cong tng ng
y = r sin
vi
a sin cos
r=
sin3 + cos3
Kho st v v ng cong cho trong h to cc (xem hnh v 2.33). Ta c
0 6 6 2
D:
a sin cos
0 6 r 6
sin3 + cos3
54
55
nn
S=
Z2
a sin cos
sin3 Z
+cos3
rdr =
Z2
a2
sin2 cos2
t= tg a2
1
.
d =

2
2 3
sin3 + cos3
+
Z
0
d t3 + 1
( t 3 + 1)
a2
6
Bi tp 2.34. Tnh din tch min D gii hn bi ng r = a (1 + cos ) ( a > 0), (ng
Cardioids hay ng hnh tim)
y
a
O
2a
a
Hnh 2.34
Li gii. Ta c
D = {0 6 6 2, 0 6 r 6 a (1 + cos )}
nn
S=2
a (1+
Zcos )
rdr = a
(1 + cos )2 d = ... =
3a2
2
3.2 Tnh th tch vt th

Cng thc tng qut:
V=
ZZZ
dxdydz
Cc trng hp c bit
1. Vt th hnh tr, mt xung quanh l mt tr c ng sinh song song vi trc
Oz, y l min D trong mt phng Oxy, phaZZtrn gii hn bi mt cong z =
f ( x, y) dxdy. (Xem hnh v di
f ( x, y) , f ( x, y) > 0 v lin tc trn D th V =
y).
55
56
Chng 2. Tch phn bi

z = f ( x, y)
O
D
x
2. Vt th l khi tr, gii hn bi cc ng sinh song song vi trc Oz, hai mt

z = z1 ( x, y) , z = z2 ( x, y). Chiu cc mt ny ln mt phng Oxy ta c min D,
z1 ( x, y) , z2 ( x, y) l cc hm lin tc, c o hm ring lin tc trn D. Khi :
V=
ZZ
|z1 ( x, y) z2 ( x, y)| dxdy
z = f ( x, y)
z = g( x, y)
y
O
D
x
3x + y > 1
Bi tp 2.35. Tnh din tch min gii hn bi 3x + 2y 6 2

.
y > 0, 0 6 z 6 1 x y
56
57
z
Hnh 2.35
Li gii.
V=
ZZ
f ( x, y) dxdy =
Z1
0
dy
22y
Z3
1 y
3
1
(1 x y ) dx =
6
Bi tp 2.36. Tnh th tch ca min V gii hn bi
Z1
0

1
1 2y + y2 dy =
18
z = 4 x 2 y2
2z = 2 + x2 + y2
2z = 2 + x2 + y2
z = 4 x 2 y2
Hnh 2.36
57
58
Chng 2. Tch phn bi
Li gii. Giao tuyn ca hai mt cong:
x 2 + y2 = 2
z=2
, nn hnh chiu ca V ln mt phng
Oxy l D : x2 + y2 2. Hn na trn D th 4 x2 y2 >

V=
ZZ
D
x = r cos
y = r sin
th
2+ x 2 + y2
2
2 + x 2 + y2
4x y
2
2
nn ta c:
dxdy
0 6 6 2
, do
06r6 2
V=
Z2
Bi tp 2.37. Tnh th tch ca V :
Z 2
0

3 2
3 r rdr = ... = 3
2
0 6 z 6 1 x 2 y2
.
y > x, y 6 3x
z
1
y
Hnh 2.37
x
Li gii. Do x y
3x nn x, y 0. Ta c
V=
ZZ
D

1 x2 y2 dxdy
58
59
66
x = r cos
4
3 . Vy
th
y = r sin
06r61
Z3
V=
Bi tp 2.38. Tnh th tch V :
Z1
0
1 r2 rdr = . . . =
48
x2 + y2 + z2 6 4a2
x2 + y2 2ay 6 0
2a
O
2a
2a
Hnh 2.38
Li gii. Do tnh cht i xng ca min V nn

V=4
ZZ q
D
trong D l na hnh trn D :
4a2 x2 y2 dxdy,
x + y 2ay 6 0
x>0
59
. t
0 6 6
x = r cos
2
0 6 r 6 2a sin
y = r sin
60
Chng 2. Tch phn bi
Vy
V=4
Z2
2aZsin
= 4.
4
3
1
2
Z2
32a3
=
3
Z2
4a2 r2 rdr
3
2 2
2 r =2a sin
d
4a r2 r=0
3

8a3 8a3 cos3 d
2
3
z=0
x 2 y2
Bi tp 2.39. Tnh th tch ca min V gii hn bi z = a2 + b2 .
2
2
x + y = 2x
a2
b2
a
z
z=
x2
a2
y2
b2
O
a
Hnh 2.39
Li gii. Ta c hnh chiu ca V ln mt phng Oxy l min D :
i xng ca min V nn:

ZZ 2
y2
x
+ 2 dxdy,
V=2
a2
b
D+
60
x2
a2
y2
b2
2x
a .
Do tnh cht
61
y2
trong D + l na ellipse D + : xa2 + b2 = 2x

a ,y > 0
(
0 6 6
x = ar cos
2
. Vy
t
th | J | = abr,
y = br sin
0 6 r 6 2 cos
2
V=2
Z2
0
2Z
cos
r2 rdr = ... =
3
2
az = x2 + y2
q
Bi tp 2.40. Tnh th tch ca min V :
.
z = x 2 + y2
z
Hnh 2.40
Li gii. Giao tuyn ca hai ng cong:
z=
x 2 + y2
x 2 + y2 =
a
x 2 + y 2 = a2
z=a
Vy hnh chiu ca V ln mt phng Oxy l

D : x 2 + y 2 = a2
Nhn xt rng, trong min D th mt nn pha trn mt paraboloit nn:

ZZ q
x 2 + y2
2
2
V=
x +y
dxdy
a
D
61
62
t
Chng 2. Tch phn bi

(
x = r cos
y = r sin
th
0 6 6 2
06r6a
V=
Z2
0
. Vy
Za
0

a3
r2
rdr = ... =
r
a
6
3.3 Tnh din tch mt cong

Mt z = f ( x, y) gii hn bi mt ng cong kn, hnh chiu ca mt cong ln mt
phng Oxy l D. f ( x, y) l hm s lin tc, c cc o hm ring lin tc trn D. Khi :
ZZ q
1 + p2 + q2 dxdy, p = f x0 , q = f y0
=
D
z = f ( x, y)
O
D
x
62
CHNG
TCH
PHN PH THUC THAM S .
1. T CH PHN XC NH PH THUC THAM S .

1.1 Gii thiu
Xt tch phn xc nh ph thuc tham s: I (y) =
Zb
f ( x, y) dx, trong f ( x, y) kh
tch theo x trn [ a, b] vi mi y [ c, d]. Trong bi hc ny chng ta s nghin cu mt s

tnh cht ca hm s I (y)nh tnh lin tc, kh vi, kh tch.
1.2 Cc tnh cht ca tch phn xc nh ph thuc

tham s.
1) Tnh lin tc.
nh l 3.7. Nu f ( x, y)l hm s lin tc trn [ a, b ] [ c, d] th I (y)l hm s lin
tc trn [c, d]. Tc l:
lim I (y) = I (y0 ) lim
y y0
y y0
Zb
a
f ( x, y) dx =
Zb
f ( x, y0 ) dx
2) Tnh kh vi.
nh l 3.8. Gi s vi mi y [c, d], f ( x, y) l hm s lin tc theo x trn [ a, b] v
0
f y ( x, y) l hm s lin tc trn [ a, b] [c, d] th I (y) l hm s kh vi trn (c, d) v
63
64
Chng 3. Tch phn ph thuc tham s.
I (y) =
Zb
f y ( x, y) dx , hay ni cch khc chng ta c th a du o hm vo trong

0
tch phn.
3) Tnh kh tch.
nh l 3.9. Nu f ( x, y) l hm s lin tc trn [ a, b] [ c, d] th I (y)l hm s kh
tch trn [c, d] , v:
Zd
I (y) dy :=
Zd
c
Zb
a
f ( x, y) dx dy =
Zb
a
Zd
c
f ( x, y) dy dx
Bi tp
Bi tp 3.1. Kho st s lin tc ca tch phn I (y) =
Z1
y f (x)
dx
x 2 + y2
, vi f ( x ) l hm s
dng, lin tc trn [0, 1] .

Li gii. Nhn xt rng hm s g ( x, y) =
y f (x)
x 2 + y2
lin tc trn mi hnh ch nht [0, 1] [ c, d]
v [0, 1] [d, c] vi 0 < c < d bt k, nn theo nh l 3.7, I (y) lin tc trn mi

[c, d] , [d, c] , hay ni cch khc I (y) lin tc vi mi y 6= 0.
By gi ta xt tnh lin tc ca hm s I (y) ti im y = 0 . Do f ( x ) l hm s dng, lin
tc trn [0, 1] nn tn ti m > 0 sao cho f ( x ) > m > 0 x [0, 1] . Khi vi > 0 th:
I ( ) =
Z1
f ( x)
dx >
x 2 + 2
Z1
f ( x )
dx 6
x 2 + 2
I () =
Suy ra | I () I ()| >

0 khi 0 , I (y) gin on ti y = 0 .
2m.arctg x
2m. 2
Z1
0
Z1
0
.m
x
dx = m.arctg
2
x2
.m
x
dx = m.arctg
2
2
x +
khi 0 , tc l | I () I ()| khng tin ti

a) In () =
Z1
x lnn xdx , n l s nguyn dng.
Li gii.
Vi mi > 0, hm s f n ( x, ) = x lnn x, n = 0, 1, 2, ... lin tc theo x
trn [0, 1]
64
1. Tch phn xc nh ph thuc tham s.

V lim x lnn+1 x = 0 nn
x 0+
65
f n ( x,)
= x lnn+1 x lin tc trn [0, 1] (0, +).
Ngha l hm s f n ( x, ) = x lnn x tho mn cc iu kin ca nh l 3.8 nn:

d
In1 () =
d
0
Z1
x ln
n 1
xdx =
Z1
d n 1
x ln
x dx =
d
Z1
x lnn xdx = In ()
Tng t, In2 = In1 , ..., I2 = I1 , I1 = I0 , suy ra In () = [ I0 ()](n) . M I0 () =

Z1
h
i(n )
(1)n n!
1
1
x dx = +
I
=
(
)
n
n +1 .
1
+1
0
( + 1)
b)
Z2
0

ln 1 + y sin2 x dx, vi y > 1.

Li gii. Xt hm s f ( x, y) = ln 1 + y sin2 x tho mn cc iu kin sau:

f ( x, y) = ln 1 + y sin2 x xc nh trn 0, 2 (1, +) v vi mi y > 1 cho

trc, f ( x, y) lin tc theo x trn 0, 2 .

2x
0
Tn ti f y ( x, y) = 1+sin
xc
nh,
lin
tc
trn
0, 2 (1, +) .
2
y sin x
Theo nh l 3.8, I 0 (y) =

t t = tgx th dx =
0
I (y) =
+
Z
0
Z2
0
dt
,0
1+ t 2
sin2 x
dx
1+ y sin2 x
Z2
0
6 t 6 + .
dx
1
+y
sin2 x

1
1
1
dt
y t2 + 1 1 + ( y + 1 ) t2
0
#
p

arctg t y + 1 |0+
t2 dt
=
(t2 + 1) (1 + t2 + yt2 )
"
+
Z
1
1
arctgt|0+ p
y
y+1
!
1
p
1 p
= p
.
=
2y
1+y
2 1+y 1+ 1+y
=
Suy ra

p
1
p
.
dy = ln 1 + 1 + y + C
2 1+y 1+ 1+y
p

Do I (0) = 0 nn C = ln 2 v I (y) = ln 1 + 1 + y ln 2.
I (y) =
I (y) dy =
Bi tp 3.3. Xt tnh lin tc ca hm s I (y) =
Z1
0
65
y2 x 2
2 dx.
( x 2 + y2 )
66
Li gii. Ti y = 0 , I (0) =
Z1
0
Z1
Ti y 6= 0 , I (y) =
x12 dx = , nn hm s I (y) khng xc nh ti y = 0.
( x2 +y2 )2x.x
( x 2 + y2 )
dx =
vi mi y 6= 0 .
Z1
0
x
x 2 + y2
1
,
1+ y2
nn I (y) xc nh v lin tc
1.3 Cc tnh cht ca tch phn ph thuc tham s vi

cn bin i.
Xt tch phn ph thuc tham s vi cn bin i
J (y) =
bZ(y)
a(y)
f ( x, y) dx, vi y [c, d] , a 6 a (y) , b (y) 6 b y [c, d]
1) Tnh lin tc
nh l 3.10. Nu hm s f ( x, y) lin tc trn [ a, b ] [c, d] , cc hm s a ( y) , b (y)
lin tc trn [c, d] v tho mn iu kin a 6 a (y) , b (y) 6 b y [ c, d] th J (y) l
mt hm s lin tc i vi y trn [c, d] .
2) Tnh kh vi
nh l 3.11. Nu hm s f ( x, y) lin tc trn [ a, b] [ c, d] , f y ( x, y) lin tc trn
[ a, b ] [c, d] , v a (y) , b (y) kh vi trn [c, d] v tho mn iu kin a 6 a ( y) , b (y) 6
b y [c, d] th J (y) l mt hm s kh vi i vi y trn [ c, d], v ta c:
0
J 0 (y) =
bZ(y)
a(y)
f y ( x, y) dx + f (b (y) , y) by (y) f (a ( y) , y) ay (y)
Bi tp
Bi tp 3.4. Tm lim
y 0
1Z+ y
dx
.
1+ x 2 + y2
Li gii. D dng kim tra c hm s I (y) =
1Z+ y
y
l 3.10, nn lim
y 0
1Z+ y
y
dx
1+ x 2 + y2
= I (0 ) =
Z1
dx
1+ x 2
= 4 .
66
dx
1+ x 2 + y2
lin tc ti y = 0 da vo nh
2. T CH PHN SUY RNG PH THUC THAM S .

2.1 Cc tnh cht ca tch phn suy rng ph thuc
tham s.
Xt tch phn suy rng ph thuc tham s I (y) =
+
Z
a
f ( x, y)dx, y [c, d]. Cc kt qu
di y tuy pht biu i vi tch phn suy rng loi II (c cn bng v cng) nhng u
c th p dng mt cch thch hp cho trng hp tch phn suy rng loi I (c hm di
du tch phn khng b chn).
1) Du hiu hi t Weierstrass
nh l 3.12. Nu | f ( x, y)| 6 g ( x ) ( x, y) [ a, + ] [ c, d] v nu tch phn suy
rng
+
Z
g ( x ) dx hi t, th tch phn suy rng I (y) =
+
Z
f ( x, y)dx hi t u i vi
y [c, d].
2) Tnh lin tc
nh l 3.13. Nu hm s f ( x, y) lin tc trn [ a, + ] [c, d] v nu tch phn suy
rng I (y) =
trn [ c, d].
+
Z
a
f ( x, y)dx hi t u i vi y [c, d] th I (y) l mt hm s lin tc
3) Tnh kh vi
nh l 3.14. Gi s hm s f ( x, y) xc nh trn [ a, + ] [ c, d] sao cho vi mi y
0
[c, d] , hm s f ( x, y) lin tc i vi x trn [ a, +] v f y ( x, y) lin tc trn [ a, + ]
[c, d]. Nu tch phn suy rng I (y) =
+
Z
f ( x, y)dx hi t v
i vi y [ c, d] th I (y) l hm s kh vi trn [c, d] v
+
Z
a
I 0 (y)
f y ( x, y)dx hi t u
0
+
Z
f y ( x, y) dx.
0
4) Tnh kh tch
nh l 3.15. Nu hm s f ( x, y) lin tc trn [ a, + ] [c, d] v nu tch phn suy
rng I (y) hi t u i vi y [c, d] th I (y) l hm s kh tch trn [ c, d] v ta c
67
68
th i th t ly tch phn theo cng thc:
Zd
I (y) dy :=
Zd
c
+
Z
a
f ( x, y) dx dy =
+ Zd
Z
f ( x, y) dy dx.
2.2 Bi tp
Dng 1. Tnh tch phn suy rng ph thuc tham s bng cch i th t ly
tch phn
Gi s cn tnh I (y) =
+
Z
f ( x, y)dx.
B1. Biu din f ( x, y) =
Zd
F ( x, y) dy.
B2. S dng tnh cht i th t ly tch phn:
I (y) =
+
Z
f ( x, y)dx =
+ Zd
Z
a
F ( x, y) dydx =
Zd
c
+
Z
a
F ( x, y) dx dy
Ch : Phi kim tra iu kin i th t ly tch phn trong nh l 3.15 i vi tch

phn suy rng ca hm s F ( x, y).
a)
Z1
xb x a
ln x dx,
(0 < a < b ).
Li gii. Ta c:
xb x a
= F ( x, b) F ( x, a) =
ln x
Zb
Fy ( x, y) dy =
Zb
x dy;
xy
F ( x, y) :=
ln x
nn:
Z1
0
xb
xa
dx =
ln x
Z1
0
Zb
a
x dy dx =
y
Zb
a
Z1
0
x dx dy =
Kim tra iu kin v i th t ly tch phn:

68
Zb
a
1
b+1
dy = ln
y+1
a+1
2. Tch phn suy rng ph thuc tham s.
b)
+
Z
ex e x
dx,
x
69
(, > 0).
Li gii. Ta c:

ex e x
x
F (x,y): = e
yx
x
F ( x, ) F ( x, ) =
Fy ( x, y) =
eyx dy
nn:
+
Z
ex e x
+ Z
Z
dx =
yx
dy dx =

c)
+
Z
ex e x
x2
+
Z
yx
dx dy =
dy
= ln .
y
dx, (, > 0).
Li gii. Ta c:
2
ex
2
e x
x2
F (x,y): = e
yx 2
x2
nn:
+
2
2
Z
ex e x
x2
Vi iu kin bit
F ( x, ) F ( x, ) =
dx =
+
Z
2
e x dx
+ Z
Z
ta c
Suy ra I =
2 y dy
+
Z
Fy ( x, y) dy =
eyx dy
e x y dx =
+
Z
0
2 y.
e x y dx dy
e x y dy dx =

.

e)
+
Z
sin cx
, (a, b, c > 0).
e ax sin bx
x
Li gii. Ta c:
ax sin bx
sin cx
x
F (x,y)=
e ax sin yx
x
F ( x, b) F ( x, c) =
69
Zb
c
Fy ( x, y) dy =
Zb
c
e ax cos yxdx
70

nn:
I=
+ Zb
Z
e ax cos yxdx
v I =
Zb
a
dy
a2 + y2
e ax cos yxdy dx =
a2 +a y2 e ax
cos yx +
Zb
c
y
e ax
a2 + y2
+
Z
0
e ax cos yxdx dy
sin yx, suy ra
+
Z
e ax cos yxdx =
a
,
a2 + y2
= arctg ba arctg ac .

Dng 2. Tnh tch phn bng cch o hm qua du tch phn.
Gi s cn tnh I (y) =
+
Z
f ( x, y)dx.
B1. Tnh
I 0 (y)
bng cch
I 0 (y)
+
Z
f y ( x, y) dx.
B2. Dng cng thc Newton-Leibniz khi phc li I (y) bng cch I (y) =
I 0 (y) dy.
Ch : Phi kim tra iu kin chuyn du o hm qua tch phn trong nh l 3.14.
Bi tp 3.6. Chng minh rng tch phn ph thuc tham s I (y) =
+
Z
arctg( x + y)
dx
1+ x 2
l mt
hm s lin tc kh vi i vi bin y. Tnh I 0 (y) ri suy ra biu thc ca I (y).

Li gii. Ta c:
f ( x, y) =
arctg( x + y)
1+ x 2

arctg(x+y)
1+ x 2 6
lin tc trn [, + ] [, + ].
1
2 . 1+ x 2
trn [, +].
, m
+
Z
1
1+ x 2
= hi t, nn I (y) =
+
Z
arctg( x + y)
dx
1+ x 2
hi t u
Theo nh l 3.13, I (y) lin tc trn [, + ].

+
Z

0
0

1
1
6 1+ x2 , y; do
Hn na f y ( x, y) =
f y ( x, y)dx hi t u trn
(1+ x2 )[1+( x + y)2 ]
[, +]. Theo nh l 3.14, I (y) kh vi trn [, +], v:
I 0 (y)
+
Z
70
1
dx.
(1+ x2 ) [1+( x + y)2 ]
71
1
+B
= Ax
+ Cx+ D 2 , dng phng php ng nht h s ta thu c:A
1+ x 2
1+( x + y)
(1+ x2 )[1+( x + y)2 ]
2
2
1
, B = y(y2 +4) , C = y2 +4 , D = y23+4 . Do :
y(y2 +4)
1
I 0 (y) = 2
y +4
1
+4
4
= 2
y +4
y2
Suy ra I (y) =
#
2x + 3y
2x + y
+
1 + x2
1 + ( x + y)2

i

h

2
2
ln 1 + x + y arctg x + ln 1 + ( x + y) + y arctg ( x + y) |+
x =
"
+
Z
= 2 arctg + C, mt khc I (0) =

y
2
I 0 (y) dy
+
Z
arctg x
dx
1+ x 2
= 0 nn C = 0 v
y
2
I (y) = 2 arctg

a)
Z1
xb x a
ln x dx,
(0 < a < b ).
Li gii. t I ( a) =
Z1
xb x a
ln x dx,
f ( x, a) =
xb x a
ln x .
Ta c:
xb x a
ln x lin tc trn theo x trn [0, 1]
= x a lin tc trn [0, 1] (0, +).
f ( x, a) =
0
f a ( x, a)
Z1
f a ( x, a)dx =
Z1
0
vi mi 0 < a < b.
x a dx = a+1 1 hi t u trn [0, 1] v n l TPX.
Do theo nh l 3.14,
0
I ( a) =
Z1
0
f a ( x, a) dx =
1
I ( a) =
a+1
I 0 ( a) da = ln ( a + 1) + C.
+1
Mt khc I (b) = 0 nn C = ln (b + 1) v do I ( a) = ln ba+
1.
b)
+
Z
ex e x
dx,
x
(, > 0).
Li gii. t I () =
+
Z
ex e x
dx,
x
f ( x, ) =
71
ex e x
.
x
Ta c:
72

ex e x
lin tc theo x trn [0, +) vi
x
= ex lin tc trn [0, +) (0, +).
f ( x, ) =
0
f ( x, )
+
Z
mi , > 0.
+
Z
f ( x, ) dx =
ex dx = 1 hi t u i vi trn mi khong [, +)
theo tiu chun Weierstrass, tht vy,
|ex |
ex ,
+
Z
ex dx =
hi t.
Do theo nh l 3.14,
+
Z
I () =
f ( x, ) dx =
1
I () =
I 0 () d = ln + C.
Mt khc, I ( ) = 0 nn C = ln v I = ln .
c)
+
Z
ex e x
x2
dx, (, > 0).
+
Z
Li gii. t I () =
ex e x
x2
dx, f ( x, ) =
ex e x
x2
. Ta c:
f ( x, ) =
ex e x
x2
lin tc theo x trn [0, +) vi mi , > 0.
f ( x, ) = ex lin tc trn [0, +) (0, +).

0
+
Z
f ( x, ) dx =
+
Z
2
ex dx
x = y
+
Z
ey
dy
1
2 .
hi t u theo

2
2

trn mi [, + ) theo tiu chun Weierstrass, tht vy, ex 6 ex m
0
+
Z
ex dx hi t.
2
Do theo nh l 3.14,
0
I ( ) =
+
Z
0
f ( x, ) dx =
Mt khc, I ( ) = 0 nn C =
d)
+
Z
1
. I () =
2

I 0 () d = . + C.
p
p

. v I () =
.
dx
n +1
( x2 + y)
72

+
Z
Li gii. t In (y) =
73
dx
n+1 , f n ( x, y )
( x 2 + y)
1
n +1 .
( x2 + y)
Khi :
[ In1 (y)]y =
+
Z
0
dx
= n
n
2
( x + y)
y
+
Z
0
dx
( x2 + y)
n +1
0
1
= n.In (y) In = ( In1 ) .
n
1
1
Tng t, In1 = n
1 ( In 2 ) , In 2 = n 2 ( In 3 ) , ..., I1 = ( I0 ) .
Do , In (y) =
In (y) =
(1)n
n!
[ I0 (y)]
(n )
+
Z
. M I0 (y) =
1
dx
x2 + y
(2n 1)!! 1
2 . (2n)!! . y2n+1 .
1 arctg x |+
y
y 0
2 y
nn
Vn cn li l vic kim tra iu kin chuyn o hm qua du tch phn.
Cc hm s f ( x, y) =
x2 + y
, f y ( x, y) =
(n )
2
( x2 + y)
, ..., f yn ( x, y) =
trong [0, +) [ , + ) vi mi > 0 cho trc.

(1)n
1
1
1
1
x2 +y 6 x2 + , 2 2 6 2 2 , ..., 2 n+1 6 2 1 n+1
( x + y)
( x + )
( x + y)
( x + )
M cc tch phn
+
Z
f ( x, y) dx,
1
dx, ...,
x2 +
+
Z
1
n+1 dx
( x2 + )
lin tc
u hi t, do
f y ( x, y) dx, ...,
+
Z
f yn ( x, y) dx hi t u trn [, + )vi mi >

(n )
0.
e)
+
Z
+
Z
(1)n
n +1
( x 2 + y)
+
Z
sin cx
e ax sin bx
dx (a, b, c > 0) .
x
Li gii. t I (b) =
+
Z
sin cx
sin cx
e ax sin bx
dx, f ( x, b) = e ax sin bx
. Ta c:
x
x
f ( x, b) = e ax sin bxx sin cx lin tc theo x trn [0, +) vi mi a, b, c > 0.

f b ( x, b) = e ax cos bx lin tc trn [0, +) (0, +).
0
+
Z
f b ( x, b) dx =
+
Z
e ax cos bx
a2 +a b2 e ax
cos bx +
b
e ax sin bx
a2 + b 2

+
0 =
hi t u theo b trn mi (0, +) theo tiu chun Weierstrass, tht vy,
| e ax cos bx |
2
e ax
+
Z
e ax dx hi t.
2
73
a
a2 + b 2
74

Z
Do theo nh l 3.14, Ib ( x, b) =
0
Mt khc I (c) = 0 nn C =
f)
+
Z
a
, I = a2 +a b2 db = arctg ba
a2 + b 2
arctg ac v I = arctg ba arctg ac .
+ C.
e x cos (yx ) dx.
Li gii. t I (y) =
+
Z
e x cos (yx ) dx, f ( x, y) = e x cos (yx ) .Ta c:

2
f ( x, y) lin tc trn [0, +) (, +).

f y ( x, y) = xe x sin yx lin tc trn [0, +) (, +).
0
+
Z
f y ( x, y) dx =
+
Z
0
2
xe x
sin yxdx =
1 x2
2e

sin yx 0+
1
2
+
Z
ye x cos yxdx =
y
2 I
(y)
+
Z

2
2
0

x
hi t u theo tiu chun Weierstrass, tht vy, f y ( x, y) 6 xe , m
xe x dx =
1
2
hi t.
Do theo nh l 3.14,
M I (0) = C =
I 0 (y)
I (y)
nn I (y) =
y2
= 2 I = Ce 4 .
y
y4
2 e
Nhn xt:
Vic kim tra cc iu kin o hm qua du tch phn hay iu kin i th t
ly tch phn i khi khng d dng cht no.
+
Z
Cc tch phn
f ( x, ) dx cu b, c, d ch hi t u trn khong [, + ) vi mi
0
> 0, m khng hi t u trn (0, +). Tuy nhin iu cng khng nh

rng I =
0
+
Z
f ( x, ) dx trn (0, +).

0
74
3. Tch phn Euler
75
3. T CH PHN EULER
3.1 Hm Gamma
( p) =
+
Z
x p1 e x dx xc nh trn (0, +)
Cc cng thc
1. H bc: ( p + 1) = p ( p) , ( n) =
(1)n ()
.
(1 )(2 )...(n )
ngha ca cng thc trn l nghin cu ( p) ta ch cn nghin cu ( p) vi

0 < p 6 1 m thi, cn vi p > 1 chng ta s s dng cng thc h bc.
2. c
nn (n) = (n 1)! n N.
bit, (1) = 1
(2n 1)!!
1
.
2 = nn n + 12 = 22
3. o hm ca hm Gamma:
( k)
( p) =
+
Z
0
4. ( p) . (1 p ) =
sin p
x p1
ln x .e x dx.
0 < p < 1.
3.2 Hm Beta
Dng 1: B ( p, q) =
Dng 2: B ( p, q) =
Z1
x p1 (1 x )
0
+
Z
q 1
x p 1
dx.
(1+ x ) p + q
Dng lng gic: B ( p, q) = 2

Cc cng thc:
dx.
Z2
sin2p1 t cos2q1 tdt, B
m+1 n +1
2 , 2
= 2
Z2
sinm t cosm tdt.
1. Tnh i xng: B ( p, q) = B (q, p ).

2. H bc:
B ( p, q) =
B ( p, q) =
p1
p+ q 1 B ( p 1, q) ,
q 1
p+ q 1 B ( p, q 1) ,
nu p > 1
nu q > 1
ngha ca cng thc trn ch mun nghin cu hm bta ta ch cn nghin cu

n trong khong (0, 1] (0, 1] m thi.
75
76

3. c bit, B (1, 1) = 1 nn
B (m, n) =
B ( p, n) =
( m1)!(n 1)!
, m, n N
(m+ n 1)!
(n 1)!
n
( p+ n 1)( p+ n 2)...( p+1) p
4. Cng thc lin h gia hm Bta v Gamma: B ( p, q) =

5. B ( p, 1 p ) = ( p) (1 p) =
N.
( p) (q )
.
( p+ q)
sin p .
3.3 Bi tp
Z2
Bi tp 3.8. Biu th
sinm x cosn xdx qua hm B (m, n).
Li gii. t sin x =
t 0 6 t 6 1, cos xdx =
Z2
sin x cos xdx =
Z2
0
sin x 1 sin x
n 1
2
dt
2 t
1
. cos xdx =
2
Z2
0
m
2
t (1 t )
n 1
2
12
1
dt = B
2
m+1 n+1
,
2
2
y chnh l cng thc dng lng gic ca hm Beta.

Bi tp 3.9.
a)
Z2
sin6 x cos4 xdx.
Li gii. Ta c
1
I= B
2
b)
Za
0
7 5
,
2 2
7
2
1
= .
2
( 6)
5
2

1
1
5!! 3!!
3
+
2
+
2
2
3
1
1 23 . 22
=
= .
= .
2
( 6)
2
5!
512
x2n a2 x2 dx ( a > 0) .
Li gii. t x = a t dx =
adt
2 t

Z1
2n +2
1
a2n+2
adt
a
1
3
n 21
I = a t .a (1 t) . =
. t
B n+ ,
(1 t) 2 dt =
2
2
2 2
2 t
0
0

1
3
(2n 1)!!
n
+
2n
+
2
.
2 2
a2n+2
a2n+2 (2n 1)!!
a
n
2
. 2
=
=
=
2
( n + 2)
2
2 (2n + 2)!!
( n + 1) !
Z1
2n n
1
2
76
3. Tch phn Euler
c)
+
Z
77
x10 e x dx
Li gii. t x =
+
Z
I=
t dx =
dt
2 t
dt
1
t e . =
2
2 t
d)
5 t
+
Z
1
t e dt =
2
9
2
11
2
1 9!!
9!!
= . 5 =
.
2 2
26
+
Z
x
2 dx
(1+ x 2 )
Li gii. t x2 = t 2xdx = dt
I=
+ 41 dt
Z
t .
1
=
2
2
(1 + t )
2 t
+
Z
0
Vy
1
I= B
2
e)
+
Z
3 5
,
4 4
p 1 = 1
1
4
= B ( p, q) vi
2
2
(1 + t )
p+q = 2
1
t 4 dt
1 5 1
= .3 4 5
B
2 4 + 4 1
3 1
,
4 4
1
= .B
8
3 1
,
4 4
p =
q =
= .
=
8 sin 4
4 2
1
dx
1+ x 3
Li gii. t x3 = t dx = 13 t 3 dt
2
1
I=
3
f)
+
Z
0
x n +1
dx,
(1+ x n )
+ 2
Z
t 3 dt
1
= B
1+t
3
1 2
,
3 3
1
2
=
3 sin 3
3 3
(2 < n N )
Li gii. t x n = t dx = n1 t n 1 dt
1
I=
+
Z
1
.
n

1
2
2
dt = B
+ 1, 1
n
n
n
(1 + t)2
(1 + t)2
0

2
2
2
2
n

.
= 2
B
,1
2
n
n
n sin 2
+1 + 1 n 1
n
n +1
n
2
n
. n1 t n 1 dt
1
=
n
+
Z
77
tn
3
4
5
4
78
g)

Z1
0
dx,
n
1 x n
n N
Li gii. t x n = t dx = n1 t n 1 dt
1
I=
Z1 1 n1 1
dt
nt
0
1
1 =
n
(1 t ) n
Z1
0
1
n 1
. (1 t )
78
n1
1
dt = B
n
1
1
,1
n
n
1
n sin n
CHNG
TCH
PHN NG
1. T CH PHN NG LOI I
1.1 nh ngha
c . Chia cung AB
c thnh n cung
Cho hm s f ( x, y) xc nh trn mt cung phng AB
nh, gi tn v di ca chng ln lt l s1 , s2 , ...sn . Trn mi cung si ly mt im
n
Mi bt k. Gii hn, nu c, ca tng f ( Mi ) si khi n sao cho max si 0 khng

i =1
c v cch chn cc im Mi c gi l tch phn ng

ph thuc vo cch chia cung AB
Z
c
f ( x, y) ds.
loi mt ca hm s f ( x, y) dc theo cung AB, k hiu l
c
AB
Ch :
c
Tch phn ng loi mt khng ph thuc vo hng ca cung AB.
c c khi lng ring ti M ( x, y) l ( x, y) th khi lng ca n l

Nu
cung AB
Z
( x, y) ds. nu tch phn tn ti.
c
AB
c c tnh theo cng thc l =

Chiu di ca cung AB
c
AB
ds.
Tch phn ng loi mt c cc tnh cht ging nh tch phn xc nh.

79
80
Chng 4. Tch phn ng
1.2 Cc cng thc tnh tch phn ng loi I

c cho bi phng trnh y = y ( x ) , a 6 x 6 b th
1. Nu cung AB
Z
f ( x, y) ds =
Zb
f ( x, y ( x ))
c
AB
1 + y02 ( x )dx.
c cho bi phng trnh x = x (y) , c 6 y 6 d th

2. Nu cung AB
Z
f ( x, y) ds =
Zd
f ( x (y) , y)
c
AB
1 + x 02 (y)dy.
c cho bi phng trnh x = x (t), y = y(t), t1 t t2 , th

3. Nu AB
Z
f ( x, y)ds =
Zt2
f ( x (t), y(t))
t1
c
AB
x 02 (t) + y02 (t) dt
(1 )
(2 )
(3 )
c cho bi phng trnh trong to cc r = r ( ) , 1 2 th coi n

4. Nu cung AB
p
nh l phng trnh di dng tham s, ta c ds = r2 ( ) + r 02 ( )d v
Z
f ( x, y) ds =
Z2
f (r ( ) cos , r ( ) sin )
c
AB
r2 ( ) + r 02 ( )d
1.3 Bi tp
Bi tp 4.1. Tnh
( x y) ds, C l ng trn c phng trnh x2 + y2 = 2x.
x = 1 + cos t
Li gii. t
y = sin t
I=
Z2
0
Bi tp 4.2. Tnh
, 0 6 t 6 2
(1 + cos t sin t)
( sin t)2 + cos2 tdt = 2
x = a ( t sin t)
2
y ds, C l ng cong
y = a (1 cos t)
80
, 0 6 t 6 2, a > 0.
(4 )
1. Tch phn ng loi I

Li gii.
x 0 (t) = a (1 cos t)
y0 (t) = a sin t
I=
Bi tp 4.3. Tnh
Z p
C
Li gii.
I=
81
Z2r
0
a2
Z2
0
x 02 (t) + y02 (t) = 2a sin
t
2
t
256a3
a2 (1 cos t)2 .2a sin dt =
.
2
15
x = a (cos t + t sin t)
x2 + y2 ds, C l ng
y = a (sin t t cos t)
x 0 (t) = at cos t
y0 (t) = at sin t
x 02 (t) + y02 (t) = at

i
a3
(cos t + t sin t) + (sin t t cos t) .atdt =
3
2
81
, 0 6 t 6 2, a > 0.
q
3
(1 + 4 2 )
82
Chng 4. Tch phn ng
2. T CH PHN NG LOI II
2.1 nh ngha
c Chia cung AB
c thnh n cung nh
Cho hai hm s P ( x, y) , Q ( x, y) xc nh trn cung AB.
si bi cc im chia A0 = A, A1 , A2 , ..., An = B.Gi to ca vect Ai 1 Ai = (xi , yi ) v

n
ly im Mi bt k trn mi cung si . Gii hn, nu c, ca tng [ P ( Mi ) xi + Q ( Mi ) yi ]

i =1
c v cch chn cc im Mi
sao cho max xi 0, khng ph thuc vo cch chia cung AB
c , k
c giZl tch phn ng loi hai ca cc hm s P ( x, y) , Q ( x, y) dc theo cung AB
hiu l
P ( x, y) dx + Q ( x, y) dy.
c
AB
Ch :
c nu i chiu trn ng
Tch phn ng loi hai ph thuc Zvo hng ca cung AB,
Z
ly tch phn th tch phn i du,
c
AB
P ( x, y) dx + Q ( x, y) dy =
P ( x, y) dx + Q ( x, y) dy.
c
BA
Tch phn ng loi hai c cc tnh cht ging nh tch phn xc nh.
2.2 Cc cng thc tnh tch phn ng loi II

c c cho bi phng trnh y = y ( x ), im u v im cui ng vi
1. Nu cung AB
x = a, x = b th
Z
Pdx + Qdy =
Zb
a
c
AB

P ( x, y ( x )) + Q ( x, y ( x )) .y0 ( x ) dx.
(5 )
c c cho bi phng trnh x = x (y), im u v im cui ng vi

2. Nu cung AB
y = c, y = d th
Z
Pdx + Qdy =
Zd
c
c
AB

P x (y) .x 0 (y) dy, y + Q ( x (y) , y).
x = x ( t)
c c cho bi phng trnh
3. Nu cung AB
y = y ( t)
(6 )
, im u v im cui tng
ng vi t = t1 , t = t2 th
Z
c
AB
Pdx + Qdy =
Zt2
t1

P ( x (t) , y (t)) .x 0 (t) + Q ( x (t) , y (t)) y0 (t) dt
82
(7 )
2. Tch phn ng loi II
83
Bi tp
Bi tp 4.4. Tnh

c l cung parabol y = x2 t
x2 2xy dx + 2xy y2 dy, trong AB
c
AB
A (1, 1) n B (2, 4).
Li gii. p dng cng thc (5) ta c:

I=
Z2 h
1
Bi tp 4.5. Tnh
x 2x
+ 2x x
.2x dx =
41
.
30
x = a(t sin t)

x2 2xy dx + 2xy y2 dy trong C l ng cong
y = a(1 cos t)
theo chiu tng ca t, 0 t 2, a > 0.
x 0 (t) = a(1 cos t)

Li gii. Ta c
nn:
y0 (t) = a sin t
I=
Z2
0
{[2a(t sin t) a(1 cos t)] a(1 cos t) + a(t sin t).a sin t} dt
Z2
[(2t 2) + sin 2t + (t 2) sin t (2t 2) cos t]dt
= a2
Z2
[(2t 2) + t sin t 2t cos t]dt
=a
0

= a2 4 2 6 .
Bi tp 4.6. Tnh
ABCA
A(0, 0), B(1, 1), C(0, 2).

2 x2 + y2 dx + x (4y + 3) dy ABCA l ng gp khc i qua
y
C
B
1
O
A
Hnh 4.6
83
84
Chng 4. Tch phn ng
Li gii. Ta c
I=
... +
AB
Z1 h
0
phng trnh ng thng AB : x = y

phng trnh ng thng BC : x = 2 y nn
phng trnh ng thng CA : x = 0
... +
BC
2 y +y
...
CA
2
+ y (4y + 3) dy +
Z2
1
i
h
2 (2 y)2 + y2 . (1) + (2 y) (4y + 3) dy + 0
=3
Bi tp 4.7. Tnh
ABCDA
dx + dy
| x |+|y|
trong ABCDA l ng gp khc qua A(1, 0), B(0, 1), C(1, 0), D (0
y
1B
C
1
A
D
Li gii. Ta c
nn
Hnh 4.7
AB : x + y = 1
BC : x y = 1
CD : x + y = 1
DA : x y = 1
I=
... +
AB
= 0+
BC
Z1
BC
dx = dy
dx + dy = 0
dx = dy
Z
... +
CD
2dx
+0+
x+y
2dx +
... +
dx + dy = 0
Z1
2dx
=0
84
DA
DA
2dx
xy
85
x
=
t
sin
t
x 2 + y2
Bi tp 4.8. Tnh
dx + dy trong y = t cos t
2
C
0 t 2
4
Li gii. t u =
x = u2 sin u
t0 u ,
y = u2 cos u
I=
Z2 h
u
0
Z 3
u
0
x 0 (u) = 2u sin u + u2 cos u
y0 (u) = 2u cos u u2 sin u
theo chiu tng ca t.
2u sin u + u cos u + 2u cos u u sin u du

+ 2u cos udu
3
= 2 + 2
2
2.3 Cng thc Green.

Hng dng ca ng cong kn: Nu ng ly tch phn l ng cong kn th
ta quy c hng dng ca ng cong l hng sao cho mt ngi i dc theo ng
cong theo hng y s nhn thy min gii hn bi n gn pha mnh nht nm v pha
bn tri.
y
D
C
x
Gi s D R2 l min n lin, lin thng, b chn vi bin gii D l ng cong kn vi

hng dng, hn na P, Q cng cc o hm ring cp mt ca chng lin tc trn D.
Khi
Z
ZZ
Q P
Pdx + Qdy =
dxdy
x
y
C
Ch :
85
86
Chng 4. Tch phn ng

Nu D c hng m th
Pdx + Qdy =
ZZ
Q
D
P
dxdy
y
Trong nhiu bi ton, nu C l ng cong khng kn, ta c th b sung C c

ng cong kn v p dng cng thc Green.
Bi tp 4.9. Tnh cc tch phn sau
( xy + x + y) dx + ( xy + x y) dy bng hai cch:
tnh trc tip, tnh nh cng thc Green ri so snh cc kt qu, vi C l ng:
a) x2 + y2 = R2
y
Hnh 4.9 a
Cch
2: S dng cng thc Green
P( x, y) = xy + x + y
P
Q
x y = y x
Q( x, y) = xy + x y
Cch
1: Tnh trc tip
x = R cos t
t
0 t
y = R sin t
I = ...
R3
=
2
Z2
I =
(cos t cos 2t + sin t cos 2t) dt
ZZ
(y x ) dxdy
ZZ
ydxdy
x 2 + y2 6 R 2
x 2 + y2 6 R 2
=0
=0
b) x2 + y2 = 2x
y
86
Hnh 4.9 b
ZZ
x 2 + y2 6 R 2
xdxdy
87
2
2
2
2
Cch
1: Tnh trc tip. Ta c x + y = 2x ( x 1) + y = 1 nn
x = 1 + cos t
t
, 0 t 2
y = sin t
I=
Z2
{[(1 + cos t) sin t + 1 + cos t + sin t] ( sin t) + [(1 + cos t) sin t + 1 + cos t sin t] cos t}dt
0
Z2
0
2 sin t + cos t cos t sin t + cos t sin t cos t sin t + cos t sin t dt
= ...
=
Cch 2:
S dng cng thc Green.
P( x, y) = xy + x + y
Ta c:
Q
x
Q( x, y) = xy + x y
I =
ZZ
( x 1) 2 + y2 61
I=
Z2
Z2
P
y
x = r cos
(y x ) dxdy, t
y = r sin
2Z
cos
0
(r sin 1 r cos )rdr

1
2
(sin cos ) .4 cos 2 cos d
2
c)
x2
a2
y2
b2
= yx
= 1, (a, b > 0)
87
2
2
88
Chng 4. Tch phn ng

Cch 1: Tnh trc tip
x = a cos t
0 t 2
x 0 (t) = a sin t
t
y = b sin t
y0 (t) = b cos t
Cch
2: S dng cng thc Green
P( x, y) = xy + x + y
P
Q
x y = y x
Q( x, y) = xy + x y
I =
I = ...
Z2
0
y2
x2
+ 2 61
a2
b
ab sin t + ab cos t dt
ZZ
x 2 + y 2 61
a2
b2
=0
Bi tp 4.10. Tnh
ZZ
(y x ) dxdy
ydxdy
ZZ
xdxdy
x 2 + y 2 61
a2
b2
=0
Z
x2 y +
x
4
x2 + y2 =2x
dy y2 x +
y
4 dx.
Hnh 4.10
Li gii. p dng cng thc Green ta c:

Z
Z
Z
Z

Q P
3 2 3 2
3 2
2
I=
4xydxdy = 0
4xy + x + y dxdy =
dxdy =
x + y dxdy v
x
y
4
4
4
D
D
D
D
x = r cos
t
, ta c 2 2 , 0 r 2 cos . Vy
y = r sin
3
I=
4
Bi tp 4.11. Tnh
OABO
Z2
2Z
cos
0
3
r2 .rdr =
4
Z2
4 cos4 =
e x [(1 cos y ) dx (y sin y) dy] trong OABO l ng gp
khc O(0, 0), A(1, 1), B(0, 2)
88
89
y
B
A
1
O
Hnh 4.11
P ( x, y) = e x (1 cos y)
Li gii. t
Q ( x, y) = e x (y sin y)
Q
x
ZZ
e x ydxdy
P
y
= e x y.
p dng cng thc Green ta c:
I=
D
Z1
dx
1
=
2
2Z x
Z1
0
e x ydy
e x (4x 4) dx
= 4 2e
Bi tp 4.12. Tnh
x2 + y2 =2x
( xy + e x sin x + x + y) dx ( xy ey + x sin y) dy
y
Hnh 4.12
P ( x, y) = xy + e x sin x + x + y
Li gii. t
Q ( x, y) = xy ey + x sin y
89
Q
x
P
y
= y x 2.
90
Chng 4. Tch phn ng
I=
ZZ
D
ZZ
D
y x 2dxdy
x 2dxdy v
x = r cos
t
y = r sin
Z2
ZZ
ydxdy = 0
, 0 r 2 cos
2
2
2Z
cos
0
(r cos 2) rdr
= 3
3

H

xy4 + x2 + y cos xy dx + x3 + xy2 x + x cos xy dy
Bi tp 4.13. Tnh
C
x = a cos t
trong C
( a > 0 ).
y = a sin t
y
Hnh 4.13
P ( x, y) = xy4 + x2 + y cos xy
Li gii. t
Q ( x, y) = x3 + xy2 x + x cos xy
3
90
Q
x
P
y
= x2 + y2 4xy3 1.
91

I=
ZZ
x2 + y2 4xy3 1dxdy
D
ZZ
D
x = r cos
t
y = r sin
Z2
0
ZZ
x + y 1dxdy v
2
Za
0
4
a
4xy3 dxdy = 0
0 2, 0 ra

r 1 rdr
2.4 ng dng ca tch phn ng loi II

p dng cng thc Green cho hm s P( x, y), Q( x, y) tho mn
S (D) =
ZZ
1dxdy =
Ly P( x, y) =
P
y
= 1 ta c:
Pdx + Qdy
xdy
Ly P( x, y) = y, Q( x, y) = 0 th S ( D ) =
1
2y
Ly P( x, y) = 0, Q( x, y) = x th S ( D ) =
1
2 x, Q ( x, y)
Q
x
th S ( D ) =
1
2
ydx
Z
xdy ydx
Bi tp4.14. Dng tch phn ng loi II, tnh din tch ca min gii hn bi mt nhp
x = a(t sin t)
v Ox (a > 0).
xycloit
y = a(1 cos t)
y
Hnh 4.14
91
A
2
92
Chng 4. Tch phn ng
Li gii. p dng cng thc

S( D ) =
xdy =
xdy +
AmO
xdy =
Z0
OnA
a ( t sin t) .a sin tdt = 3a2
2.5 iu kin tch phn ng khng ph thuc

ng ly tch phn.
Gi s rng D l min n lin, lin thng, P, Q cng vi cc o hm ring cp mt
ca chng lin tc trn D. Khi bn mnh sau l tng ng:
1.
P
Q
=
vi mi ( x, y) D.
x
y
2.
Pdx + Qdy = 0 vi mi ng cong ng kn L nm trong D.
Pdx + Qdy = 0 khng ph thuc vo ng i t A nB, vi mi ng cong AB
3.
AB
nm trong D.
4. Pdx + Qdy l vi phn ton phn. Ngha l c hm s u( x, y) sao cho du = Pdx + Qdy.
Hm u c th c tm theo cng thc:
u( x, y) =
Zx
P( x, y0 )dx +
x0
Zy
Q( x, y)dy =
Zx
x0
y0
P( x, y)dx +
Zy
Q( x0 , y)dy
y0
Gii bi ton tnh tch phn ng khng ph thuc ng i:

1. Kim tra iu kin Py = Q x .
0
(1 )
2. Nu iu kin (1) c tho mn v ng ly tch phn l ng cong kn th I = 0.

3. Nu iu kin (1) c tho mn v cn tnh tch phn trn cung AB khng ng
th ta chn ng tnh tch phn sao cho vic tnh tch phn l n gin nht, thng
thng ta chn l ng thng ni A vi B, hoc ng gp khc c cc cnh song
song vi cc trc to . Mt khc, nu tm c hm F sao cho du = Pdx + Qdy th
I = u ( B ) u ( A ).
92
Bi tp 4.15. Tnh
93
(Z3,0)

x4 + 4xy3 dx + 6x2 y2 5y4 dy.
(2,1)
B
x
Hnh 4.15
0
0

Li gii. Nhn xt rng x4 + 4xy3 y = 6x2 y2 5y4 x nn tch phn cho khng ph
thuc vo ng i. Vy ta chn ng i l ng gp khc ACB nh hnh v.

I=
Pdx + Qdy +
AC
Bi tp 4.16. Tnh
2, )
(Z
(1, )
y2
x2
Pdx + Qdy = 62
CB
cos
y
x
y
y
y
dx + sin x + x cos x dy
P = 1 y2 cos y
x
x2
Li gii. t
Q = sin y + y cos y
x
1 2 x
Hnh 4.16
P
y =
Q
x
2y
= x2 cos x +
y2
x3
sin x nn tch phn

y
cho khng ph thuc vo ng i t A n B. Khi ta chn ng ly tch phn l

ng thng AB, n c phng trnh y = x.
I=
Z2
1
1 cos dx +
Z2
1
93
(sin + cos ) dx = 1
94
Chng 4. Tch phn ng
94
CHNG
TCH
PHN MT
1. T CH PHN MT LOI I
1.1 nh ngha
Cho hm s f ( x, y, z) xc nh trn mt cong S. Chia mt cong S thnh n mt nh
n
S1 , S2 , . . . , Sn . Trn mi Si ly mt im Mi bt k. Gii hn, nu c, ca tng f ( Mi )Si

i =1
khi n v max d(Si ) 0 khng ph thuc vo cch chia mt cong S v cch chn
1 i n
cc im Mi c gi l tch phn mt loi I ca hm s f ( M) trn mt cong S, k hiu l

ZZ
f ( x, y, z)dS.
1.2 Cc cng thc tnh tch phn mt loi I

Gi s S l mt c cho bi phng trnh z = z( x, y); (( x, y) D R2 ), hay l hnh
chiu ca S ln mt phng Oxy l D, z( x, y) cng vi cc o hm ring ca chng
lin tc trn D. Khi
s
ZZ
ZZ
z 2 z 2
+
dxdy
f ( x, y, z)dS =
f ( x, y, z( x, y)) 1+
x
y
D
1.3 Bi tp
Bi tp 5.1. Tnh
ZZ
S
z + 2x +
4y
3

dS trong S = ( x, y, z) | x2 +
95
y
3
+ 4z = 1, x > 0, y > 0, z > 0
96
Chng 5. Tch phn mt

z
C
A
x
Hnh 5.1
Li gii. Ta c hnh chiu ca mt S ln mt phng Oxy l

n

o n
x y
x o
D = ( x, y) | + 6 1, x > 0, y > 0 = ( x, y) |0 6 x 6 2, 0 6 y 6 3 1
2 3
2
p = z 0 = 2
p
x
y
x
2 + q2 dxdy = 61 dxdy nn
Mt khc z = 4(1 2 3 )
1
+
p
dS
=
3
q = z0 = 4
y
3
I=
ZZ
D
x y
4y
4 1
+ 2x +
2 3
3
Bi tp 5.2. Tnh
ZZ
3Z 3x
Z2
2
61
61
dx
dxdy = 4
dy = 4 61
3
3

x2 + y2 dS, S = ( x, y, z) |z = z2 + y2 , 0 6 z 6 1 .
z
1
x
Hnh 5.2
96
1. Tch phn mt loi I
97

2 + y2 6 1
x,
y
|
x
Li gii. Ta c hnh chiu
ca
mt
cong
ln
mt
phng
Oxy
l
D
=
(
)
p = z0 = 2x
x
2
2
Mt khc, z = x + y
nn
q = z0 = 2y
y
I=
ZZ
x +y
q
x = r cos
t
y = r sin
I=
Z2
Z1
Z5
=
=
16
r2
Z1
r2
1 + 4x2 + 4y2 dxdy
0 2, 0 r 1
1 + 4r2 rdr

1 + 4r2 d 1 + 4r2

t 1
tdt tt = 1 + 4r2
4
!
20 5
4
+
3
15
97
98
Chng 5. Tch phn mt
2. T CH PHN MT LOI II
2.1 nh hng mt cong
Cho mt cong S trong khng gian. Ti mi im M chnh quy ca mt cong S c hai
vect php tuyn n v l

n v
n.
Nu c th chn c ti mi im M ca mt mt vect php tuyn n v n sao cho
vect n bin thin lin tc trn S th ta ni mt S nh hng c. Khi ta chn
mt hng lm hng dng th hng cn li c gi l hng m.
Ngc li, th mt S gi l khng nh hng c. V d nh l Mobius.
2.2 nh ngha tch phn mt loi II

Cho mt mt cong nh hng S trong min V R3 v n = (cos , cos , cos ) l
vct php tuyn n v theo hng dng chn ca S ti im M( x, y, z). Gi trng
vect F ( M) = ( P ( M) , Q ( M) , R ( M)) bin thin lin tc trn V, ngha l cc to

P ( M) , Q ( M) , R ( M) ca n l nhng hm s lin tc trn V. Chia mt S thnh n mt
cong nh, gi tn v c din tch ca chng ln lt l S1 , S2 , ..., Sn . Trn mi Si ly
mt im Mi bt k v gi vect php tuyn n v theo hng dng chn ca n l ni =
n
(cos i , cos i , cos i ). Gii hn, nu c, ca tng [ P ( Mi ) cos i + Q ( Mi ) cos i + R ( Mi ) cos i ]Si
i =1
c gi l tch phn mt loi II ca cc hm s P ( x, y, z) , Q (x, y, z) , R ( x, y, z) trn mt S,

v c k hiu l:
ZZ
P( x, y, z)dydz + Q( x, y, z)dzdx + R( x, y, z)dxdy
2.3 Cc cng thc tnh tch phn mt loi II

Gi s
I=
ZZ
Pdydz +
{z
I1
ZZ
Qdzdx +
{z
I2
ZZ
Rdxdy .
{z
I3
Ngi ta tnh tch phn mt loi II bng cch a v tch phn kp. Chng hn xt tch
phn I3 . Gi s mt S c phng trnh z = z( x, y), z( x, y) cng vi cc o hm ring ca
chng lin tc trn min D l hnh chiu ca S ln mt phng Oxy. Khi :
98
2. Tch phn mt loi II
99
Nu vect php tuyn n v theo hng dng

n to vi Oz mt gc nhn th
ZZ
Rdxdy =
ZZ
R ( x, y, z ( x, y)) dxdy
Nu vect php tuyn n v theo hng dng

n to vi Oz mt gc t th
ZZ
Rdxdy =
ZZ
R ( x, y, z ( x, y)) dxdy
Tng t nh vy chng ta c th a I1 , I2 v tch phn kp.

Bi tp
Bi tp 5.3. Tnh
ZZ

z x2 + y2 dxdy, trong S l na mt cu x2 + y2 + z2 = 1, z > 0,
hng ca S l pha ngoi mt cu.
n ( x, y, z)
y
O
D:
x2
+ z2
a2
Hnh 5.3
p
Li gii. Ta c mt z = 1 x2 y2 , hnh chiu ca S ln mt phng Oxy l min D :
x2 + y2 1, hn na
n to vi Oz mt gc nhn nn:
ZZ q

2
2
2
2
I=
1 x y x + y dxdy
D
x = r cos
t
y = r sin
Z2
4
15
Z1 p
0
0 2, 0 r 1
1 r2 r3 dr
99
100
Chng 5. Tch phn mt
Bi tp 5.4. Tnh
0, y > 0, z > 0.
ZZ
ydxdz + z2 dxdy trong S l pha ngoi mt x2 +
y2
4
n ( x, y, z)
y
Hnh 5.4
x
Li gii. Tnh I1 =
ZZ
ydxdz
Mt S : y = 2 1 x2 z2
Hnh chiu ca S ln Oxz l
1
4
hnh trn, D1 : x2 + z2 1, x 0, z 0.
= (
n , Oy l gc nhn.
nn:
I=
ZZ
D1
1 x2 z2 dxdz
x = r cos
t
z = r sin
Z2
=
3
Tnh I2 =
ZZ
Z1 p
,0 r 1
2
1 r2 rdr
z2 dxdy
Mt S : z2 = 1 x2
y2
4
Hnh chiu ca S ln Oxz l
1
4
elip, D2 : x2 +
= (
n , Oz l gc nhn.
100
y2
4
1, x 0, y 0.
+ z2 = 1, x >
101
nn:
I=
ZZ
D2
1 x2
y2
dxdy
4
x = r cos
t
y = 2r sin
Z2
0
=
4
Vy I =
Z1
0
, 0 r 1, J = 2r
2
(1 r2 )2rdr
7
12
Bi tp 5.5. Tnh
R 2 , z 0.
ZZ
x2 y2 zdxdy trong S l mt trn ca na mt cu x2 + y2 + z2 =
Hnh 5.5
Li gii. Ta c:
Mt S : z =
R2 x 2 y 2
Hnh chiu ca S ln Oxy l hnh trn, D : x2 + y2 R2 .
= (
n , Oz) l gc nhn.
101
102
Chng 5. Tch phn mt
nn:
I=
ZZ
2 2
x y
R2 x2 y2 dxdy
D
x = r cos
t
y = r sin
I=
Z2
0
ZR
2R7
0 2, 0 r R, J = r
sin2 cos2
R2 r2 .r5 dr
105
2.4 Cng thc Ostrogradsky, Stokes

Gi s P, Q, R l cc hm kh vi, lin tc trn min b chn, o c trong V R3 . V
gii hn bi mt cong kn S trn hay trn tng mnh, khi :
ZZ
Pdydz + Qdzdx + Rdxdy =
ZZZ
V
P Q R
+
+
x
y
z
dxdydz
trong tch phn v tri ly theo hng php tuyn ngoi.

Ch :
Nu tch phn v tri ly theo hng php tuyn trong th
ZZ
Pdydz + Qdzdx + Rdxdy =
ZZZ
V
P Q R
+
+
x
y
z
dxdydz
Nu mt cong S khng kn, c th b sung thnh mt cong S0 kn p dng cng

thc Ostrogradsky, ri tr i phn b sung.
Bi tp 5.6. Tnh
y2
+ z2
a2 .
ZZ
xdydz + ydzdx + zdxdy trong S l pha ngoi ca mt cu x2 +
102
103
z
n ( x, y, z)
Hnh 5.6
Li gii. p dng cng thc Ostrogradsky ta c

ZZ
xdydz + ydzdx + zdxdy =
3dxdydz = 3V = 4a2
Bi tp 5.7. Tnh
ZZZ
ZZ
x3 dydz + y3 dzdx + z3 dxdy trong S l pha ngoi ca mt cu x2 +
y 2 + z 2 = R2 .
Li gii. Xem hnh v 5.6, p dng cng thc Ostrogradsky ta c:

ZZZ

3 x2 + y2 + z2 dxdydz
I=
V
x = r sin cos
t y = r sin sin
z = r cos
I=3
Z2
Z
0
ZR
0 2
0
0 r R
r4 sin dr
12R5
5
103
, J = r2 sin
104
Chng 5. Tch phn mt
Bi tp 5.8. Tnh
ZZ
y2 zdxdy + xzdydz + x2 ydxdz trong S l pha ngoi ca min x
0, y 0, x2 + y2 1, z x2 + y2 .
z
Hnh 5.8
Li gii. p dng cng thc Ostrogradsky ta c:

I=
ZZZ
V

y2 + z + x2 dxdydz
x = r cos
y = r sin
z = z
Z2
0
=
8
Bi tp 5.9. Tnh
x2
+ y2 , a
ZZ
Z1
0
dr
Zr
0
0r1
0 z r 2
, J = r

r2 + z rdr
xdydz + ydzdx + zdxdy trong S l pha ngoi ca min (z 1)2 6
6 z 6 1, a > 0.
104
105
z
n
a
y
a1
1a
x
Hnh 5.9
Li gii. p dng cng thc Ostrogradsky ta c:
I=
ZZZ
V
1
3dxdydz = 3V = 3. Bh = (1 a)3
3
2.5 Cng thc lin h gia tch phn mt loi I v loi

II
ZZ
[ P( x, y, z) cos + Q( x, y, z) cos + R( x, y, z) cos ] dS

(5.1)
ZZ
P( x, y, z)dydz + Q( x, y, z)dzdx + R( x, y, z)dxdy
trong cos , cos , cos l cosin ch phng ca vct php tuyn n v ca mt S.

Bi tp 5.10. Gi S l phn mt cu x2 + y2 + z2 = 1 nm trong mt tr x2 + x + z2 =
0, y 0, hng S pha ngoi. Chng minh rng
ZZ
( x y)dxdy + (y z)dydz + (z x )dxdz = 0

105
106
Chng 5. Tch phn mt
y
O
Li gii. Ta c y =
(
n , Oy) < 2 nn
Hnh 5.10
1 x2 y2 nn vct php tuyn ca S l

n = (y0x , 1, y0z ). V
n = (y0x , 1, y0z ) =
Do |
n|=
x2
1 x 2 z2
+ 1 + 1 xz2 z2 =
x
1 x 2 z2
1
.
1 x 2 z2
, 1,
z
1 x 2 z2
Vy
cos = cos(
n , Ox ) =
cos = cos(
n , Oy) =
cos = cos( n , Oz) =
n1
=x
|n|
n2
=y
|n|
n3
=z
|
n|
p dng cng thc lin h gia tch phn mt loi I v II 5.1 ta c

I=
ZZ
ZZ
[( x y) cos + (y z) cos + (z x ) cos ] dS

( x y)z + (y z) x + (z x )ydS
=0
106
CHNG
L
THUYT TRNG
1. T RNG V HNG
1.1 nh ngha
nh ngha 6.3. Cho l mt tp con m ca R3 (hoc R2 ). Mt hm s
u:R
( x, y, z) 7 u = u( x, y, z)
c gi l mt trng v hng xc nh trn .
Cho c R, khi mt S = {( x, y, z) |u( x, y, z) = c} c gi l mt mc ng vi gi tr

c (ng tr).
1.2 o hm theo hng

nh ngha 6.4. Cho u = u( x, y, z) l mt trng v hng xc nh trn v M0 .
Vi l l mt vct khc khng bt k v M( x, y, z) sao cho M0 M cng phng vi l , t

p
( x x )2 + ( y y )2 + ( z z )2
nu M0 M l
0
0
0
=
(6.1)
p
( x x0 )2 + (y y0 )2 + (z z0 )2 nu
M0 M l
4u
c gi l o hm theo hng l ti M0 ca trng
0
u
v hng u v c k hiu l
( M0 ).
l
Gii hn (nu c) ca t s lim
Ch :
107
108
Chng 6. L thuyt trng
Gii hn trong cng thc 6.1 c th c thay bng

u( x0 + t cos , y0 + t cos , z0 + t cos ) u( x0 , y0 , z0 )
,
t 0
t
trong cos , cos , cos l cc cosin ch phng ca l .

lim
Nu l Ox th
( M0 )
l
u
x ( M0 ).
o hm theo hng l ti im M0 ca trng v hng u th hin tc bin
thin ca trng v hng u ti M0 theo hng l .

nh l 6.16. Nu u = u( x, y, z) kh vi ti M( x0 , y0 , z0 ) th n c o hm theo mi hng
l 6= 0 ti M0 v
u
u
u
u
( M0 ) = x ( M0 ). cos + y ( M0 ). cos + z ( M0 ). cos ,

l
trong cos , cos , cos l cc cosin ch phng ca l .
(6.2)
1.3 Gradient
nh ngha 6.5. Cho u( x, y, z) l trng v hng c cc o hm ring ti M0 ( x0 , y0 , z0 ).
Ngi ta gi gradient ca u ti M0 l vct

u
u
u
( M0 ), ( M0 ), ( M0 )
x
y
z
v c k hiu l gradu( M0 ).
nh l 6.17. Nu trng v hng u( x, y, z) kh vi ti M0 th ti ta c
u
( M0 ) = gradu.~l
~l
u
( M0 ) th hin tc bin thin ca trng v hng u ti M0 theo hng ~l.
~
l

u

~ ~
u
T cng thc
( M0 ) = gradu.l = gradu l . cos gradu,~l ta c ( M0 ) t gi tr ln
~l
~l

~
nht bng gradu l nu ~l c cng phng vi grad u. C th
Ch :
Theo hng ~l, trng v hng u tng nhanh nht ti M0 nu ~l c cng phng, cng
hng vi grad u.
Theo hng ~l, trng v hng u gim nhanh nht ti M0 nu ~l c cng phng,
ngc hng vi grad u.

108
1. Trng v hng
109
1.4 Bi tp
Bi tp 6.1. Tnh o hm theo hng l ca u = x3 + 2y3 3z3 ti A(2, 0, 1), l =
AB, B(1, 2, 1).
Li gii. Ta c AB = (1, 2, 2) nn
1
1
,
cos = =
3
| AB |
2
2
cos = = ,
3
| AB |
2
2
cos = =
,
3
| AB |
u
u
= 3x2
( A) = 12
x
x
u
u
= 6y2
( A) = 0
y
x
u
u
= 9z2
( A ) = 9
z
x
p dng cng thc 6.2 ta c

u
1
2
2
( A) = 12. 3 + 0. 3 + (9). 3 = 2
l
Bi tp 6.2. Tnh mnun ca gradu vi u = x3 + y3 + z3 3xyz ti A(2, 1, 1). Khi no th
graduOz, khi no gradu = 0.

Li gii. Ta c

u u u
= (3x2 = 3yz, 3y2 3zx, 3z2 3xy)
, ,
x y z

nn gradu = (9, 3, 3) v gradu = 92 + 32 + 32 = 3 11.
gradu =
E
graduOz gradu, k = 0
x2 = yz
gradu = 0 y2 = zx
z2 = xy
u
x
= 0 z2 = xy
x=y=z
Bi tp 6.3. Tnh gradu vi u = r2 + 1r + ln r v r = x2 + y2 + z2 .
Bi tp 6.4. Theo hng no th s bin thin ca hm s u = x sin z y cos z t gc to

O(0, 0) l ln nht?
109
110

u

~ ~
u

~
Li gii. T cng thc
(O) = gradu.l = gradu l . cos gradu, l ta c (O) t gi
~l
~l

~
tr ln nht bng gradu l nu ~l c cng phng vi gradu(O) = (0, 1, 0).
p
p
Bi tp 6.5. Tnh gc gia hai vct gradz ca cc hm z = x2 + y2 , z = x 3y + 3xy

ti M(3, 4).
Li gii. Ta c
gradz1 =
gradz2 =
2x 2 ,
x +y
1+
y
x 2 + y2

nn gradz1 ( M) = 53 , 45 .

3y
, 3 + 3x
2 y
2 x
nn gradz2 ( M) = 2, 94 . Vy
D E
gradz1 , gradz2
12

cos = =
5 145
gradz1 . gradz2
110
2. Trng vct
111
2. T RNG VCT
2.1 nh ngha
Cho l mt min m trong R3 . Mt hm vct
F : R3
M 7 F = F ( M ),
trong
F = Fx ( M) i + Fy ( M) j + Fz ( M) k
2.2 Thng lng, dive, trng ng
a. Thng lng: Cho S l mt mt nh hng v F l mt trng vct. i lng

=
ZZ
Fx dydz + Fy dzdx + Fz dxdy
(6.3)
c gi l thng lng ca F i qua mt cong S.
b. Dive: Cho F l mt trng vct c thnh phn Fx , Fy , Fz l cc hm s c o hm
Fy
Fz
x
ring cp mt th tng F
x + y + z c gi l dive ca trng vct F v k hiu
l div F .
c. Trng vct F xc nh trn c gi l mt trng ng nu div F ( M) = 0 vi

mi M .
Tnh cht: Nu F l mt trng ng th thng lng i vo bng thng lng i ra.
2.3 Hon lu, vct xoy

a. Hon lu: Cho C l mt ng cong (c th kn hoc khng kn) trong khng gian.
i lng
Z
Fx dx + Fy dy + Fz dz
(6.4)
C
c gi l hon lu ca F dc theo ng cong C.

b. Vct xoy: Vct

i
j
k

rot F := x y z
Fx
111
Fy
Fz
112
c gi l vct xoy (hay vct rota) ca trng vct F .
2.4 Trng th - hm th v
Trng vct F c gi l trng th (trn ) nu tn ti trng v hng u sao cho
gradu = F (trn ). Khi hm u c gi l hm th v.
nh l 6.18. iu kin cn v trng vct F = F ( M) l mt trng th (trn
) l rot F ( M) = 0 vi mi M .
Ch : Nu F l trng th th hm th v u c tnh theo cng thc

u=
Zx
Fx ( x, y0 , z0 )dx +
x0
Zy
Fy ( x, y, z0 )dy +
Zz
Fz ( x, y, z)dz + C
(6.5)
z0
y0
2.5 Bi tp
Bi tp 6.6. Trong cc trng sau, trng no l trng th?
a.
a = 5( x2 4xy) i + (3x2 2y) j + k .
b.
a = yz i + xz j + xy k .
c.
a = ( x + y) i + ( x + z) j + (z + x ) k .
Li gii.
a. Ta c
rot
a =

y

Q

, z
R R

x , x

P P
nn trng cho khng phi l trng th.
= (0, 0, 6x 20y) 6= 0
b. Ngoi cch tnh rot

a , sinh vin c th d dng nhn thy tn ti hm th v u = xyz
nn a l trng th.
c. Ta c
rot
a =

y

Q

, z
R R
112

x , x

P P
= (0, 0, 0)
2. Trng vct
113
nn
a l trng th. Hm th v c tnh theo cng thc 6.5:
u=
Zx
Fx (t, y0 , z0 )dt +
x0
Zx
Fy ( x, t, z0 )dt +
tdt +
( x + 0)dt +
+ xy +
Zz
Fz ( x, y, t)dt + C
z0
y0
Zy
x2
Zy
Zz
(t + y)dt + C
z2
2
+ yz + C
Bi tp 6.7. Cho F = xz2 i + 2 j + zy2 k . Tnh thng lng ca F qua mt cu S :

x2 + y2 + z2 = 1 hng ra ngoi.
Li gii. Theo cng thc tnh thng lng 6.3 ta c
=
ZZ
xz2 dydz + yx2 dxdz + zy2 dxdy
p dng cng thc Ostrogradsky ta c

=
ZZZ
( x2 + y2 + z2 )dxdydz
Thc hin php i bin trong to cu

ta c
=
Z2
0
x = r sin cos
y = r sin sin
z = r cos
Z1
r2 .r2 sin dr =
0 2
0
0 r 1
, J = r2 sin
4
5
Bi tp 6.8. Cho F = x (y + z) i + y(z + x ) j + z( x + y) k v L l giao tuyn ca mt
tr x2 + y2 + y = 0 v na mt cu x2 + y2 + z2 = 2, z 0. Chng minh rng lu s ca F

dc theo L bng 0.
Li gii. Theo cng thc tnh lu s 6.4
I=
x (y + z)dx + y(z + x )dy + z( x + y)dz
113
114
p dng cng thc Stokes ta c

I=

y

Q
ZZ
ZZS
S

dydz + z
R
R

x dzdx

+ x
P
dxdy
Q
(z y)dydz + ( x z)dzdx + (y x )dxdy
= 0 (theo bi tp 5.10).
114

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TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI

VIN TON NG DNG & TIN HC

TCH PHN NG, TCH PHN MT, L THUYT

Chng 1 . Cc ng dng ca php tnh vi phn trong hnh hc . . . . . . .

Cc ng dng ca php tnh vi phn trong hnh hc phng . . . . . . . . . .

Tch phn xc nh ph thuc tham s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tch phn ng loi I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tch phn mt loi I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

NG DNG CA PHP TNH VI PHN

1. CC NG DNG CA PHP TNH VI PHN TRONG

1.1 Phng trnh tip tuyn v php tuyn ca ng

Mt im khng phi l im chnh quy c gi l im k d.

Chng 1. Cc ng dng ca php tnh vi phn trong hnh hc

Ch : Trng hp c bit, ng cong cho bi phng trnh y = f ( x )

1.2 cong ca ng cong.

2. Cc cng thc tnh cong ca ng cong ti mt im.

Nu ng cong cho bi phng trnh trong to cc r = r () th:

1. Cc ng dng ca php tnh vi phn trong hnh hc phng

1.3 Hnh bao ca h ng cong ph thuc mt tham

3. Nu h ng cong cho c im k d th h phng trnh (1) bao gm hnh bao

Phng trnh tip tuyn y = 5

b) y = e1 x ti giao im ca ng cong vi ng thng y = 1 .

Phng trnh tip tuyn 2x y + 3 = 0

Phng trnh tip tuyn 2x + y 3 = 0

Phng trnh tip tuyn y = x.

Phng trnh php tuyn x + y 4 = 0.

Chng 1. Cc ng dng ca php tnh vi phn trong hnh hc

Phng trnh tip tuyn x + 2y 10 = 0.

Phng trnh php tuyn 2x y 15 = 0.

d. r = aeb , (a, b > 0)

Bi tp 1.3. Tm hnh bao ca h ng cong sau:

1. Cc ng dng ca php tnh vi phn trong hnh hc phng

b. t F ( x, y, c) := cx2 + c2 y 1 = 0. Nu c = 0 th khng tho mn phng trnh

Chng 1. Cc ng dng ca php tnh vi phn trong hnh hc

2. CC NG DNG CA PHP TNH VI PHN TRONG

n = 3, ta vit r (t) = x (t) . i + y (t) . j + z (t) . k . t M ( x (t) , y (t) , z (t)), qu tch

M khi t bin thin trong I c gi l tc ca hm vct r (t).

0 , k hiu lim r (t) = a .

Lin tc: Hm vct r (t) xc nh trn I c gi l lin tc ti t0 I nu lim r (t) =

ca hm vct r (t) ti t0 , k hiu

Nhn xt rng nu x (t) , y (t) , z (t) kh vi ti t0 th r (t) cng kh vi ti t0 v

2.2 Phng trnh tip tuyn v php din ca ng

Phng trnh tip tuyn ti M

Phng trnh php din ti M.

( P) : x 0 (t0 ) . ( x x (t0 )) + y0 (t0 ) . (y y (t0 )) + z0 (t0 ) . (z z ( t0 )) = 0.

2. Cc ng dng ca php tnh vi phn trong hnh hc khng gian

2.3 Phng trnh php tuyn v tip din ca mt

Phng trnh tip din ti M

2.4 Phng trnh tip tuyn v php din ca ng

t n g = g0x ( M) , gy0 ( M) , gz0 ( M) , l vct php tuyn ca mt phng tip din ca mt

l vct ch phng ca tip tuyn ca ng cong cho ti M. Vy phng

g0x ( M) . ( x x0 ) + gy0 ( M) . (y y0 ) + gz0 ( M) . (z z0 ) = 0.

Chng 1. Cc ng dng ca php tnh vi phn trong hnh hc

q (t) = (q1 (t) , q2 (t) , q3 (t)), khi :

c. Chng minh tng t nh cu b, s dng cng thc o hm ca hm hp.

p2 (t) p30 (t)

Bi tp 1.5. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn v php din ca ng:

2. Cc ng dng ca php tnh vi phn trong hnh hc khng gian

Phng trnh tip tuyn: (d) : a 2 = 0 2 = c2

Phng trnh tip tuyn: (d) :

Bi tp 1.6. Vit phng trnh php tuyn v tip din ca mt cong:

Phng trnh php tuyn: (d) :

Phng trnh tip din: ( P) : 4 ( x 2) 16 (y 2) + 12 (z 3) = 0