Julianne Garrity, Intern

President Obamas America

Barack Obama was first inaugurated as President of the United States of America
in 2009, taking on the harrowing footsteps of George W. Bush and the War in Iraq. He
had a great deal of global issues to deal with that many candidates do not face heading
into office. President Obama spoke fervently on equality and the relentless American
spirit in his Yes We Can Campaign. Whats interesting is that that the slogan Yes We
Can is derived from the Spanish phrase Si Se Puede which is used as a driving force
in a social movement for the working class to have better working conditions and wages.
In adopting this phrase, Mr. Obama gained support from the Hispanic community
(McGuire). This slogan spurred an incredible amount of support an ultimately created a
symbol of the future of our country. Not only was Barack Obamas inductions as
President of the United States of America historic for our country, it also rang loud for
countries across the world. President Obama is not a typical American president-white,
conservative, and from a well-to-do upbringing.

Defining the United States of America

What makes America exceptional has not changed since our countrys founding:
all men are created equal and protected by rights consisting of life, liberty, and the pursuit
of happiness. Our purpose also remains the same, a nation that rewards the effort and
determination of every single American (Inauguration, 2013). President Obama calls for
a unified America to work together to confront new challenges. Religion is emphasized
by the president, mentioning God in many speeches as well as those who may be
prejudiced based on their race, ethnicity, gender, or sexual orientation. President Obama
says that America is made up such diverse backgrounds that we cannot, nor are we
expected to, agree on the government and its role; however, we must act and do whats
best for the greater good and ultimately make a history of our own. Because we are built
on a melting pot full of intelligence, experience, and innovation, we are bestow[ed] an
enduring burden. But as Americans, we welcome our responsibility to lead (Hudson,
2014).

President Obama is; however, recognized for casting a negative light on the
United States. It seems at the beginning of Mr. Obamas presidency he was confident in
our countrys abilities; however, now is hesitant to say or do the wrong thing. Whenever
the president is under scrutiny, he is quick to hide under the shelter of the Congress.
The presidents inconsistent action in relation to statements he has made, make Obama
appear weak to the American people. This has caused the American people to have less
confidence in President Obamas abilities (Traub, 2015).

Foreign Policy
Foreign policies gain their titles by the serving administration at the time as a
means of distinguishing themselves from past administrations. President Obamas actions
are more often than not inconsistent with his words. Inconsistency brings with it the
image of uncertainty and ultimately weakness-something the president definitely should
not possess (Shesol, 2013). The Presidents image is something that is difficult to piece
together because of these inconsistencies. At one end of the spectrum, the President is a
liberal professor from Chicago and at the other; he is bound by institutional constraints
that determine action.
President Obama is known for being extremely liberal-minded; this ideology
centers on order. Order can be thought of, in an international sense, as economic
interdependence (Dunne, Kirki and Smith, 2013). International institutions such as the
World Trade Organization are a major aspect of liberal thinking. Liberals also campaign
for others to adopt democracy, thus decision-making is easier if all players have the same
basic framework. The President is adamant about addressing the issues he has laid out in
his many speeches and White House press releases, although it has resulted in strange
behavior exhibited by the House and Senate. Instead of getting Congress advice or
approval, President Obama will take an executive order or other measures to fast-track
his agenda for the United States. At the America in the World Symposium, Pierre
Guerlain analyzed wavering issues with the Obama Administration with much attention
paid to the Middle East.
President Obama released a new strategy for the remainder of his presidency in
2009. Gone were the days of inspirational speeches in front of enthusiastic crowds;
President Obama now focuses on positive and normative theories what the United

States is and how it ought to be (Traub, 2015). The strategy says that the United States is
among the strongest militaries in the world but it does come with limits. Therefore, the
administration is taking slow strategic steps as to what they feel is best. The criticisms of
this pertain to Russias assaults on the Ukraine and with the rise of the Islamic State.
Also, factors that influence Americans attitudes about foreign policy include national
interests, partisanship, ideology, gender, education, and race (Holsti, 2004). The strategy
also outlines how the United States plans to deal with other threats to national security,
China being a major player. Economic and financial power will be employed in addition
to military force to discipline world leaders. However hopeful President Obama was at
the beginning of his presidency, drastically decreased with the economic recession in
2008. Limited by less governmental funding, America could no longer afford the
foreign-policy instruments President Obama had hoped to use or rather, the American
people were no longer prepared to pay for them (Foreign Policy).

The Middle East

Despite good intentions in the beginning of his presidency, the Arab Spring
completely blind sighted Mr. President. By [the] time [the conflict in Syria began it]
seemed as if the President who wanted to engage the Arab and Muslim worlds in 2009,
has suspended his intellectual curiosity about the region (Melhem, 2015). Gone are the
inspiring words from his famous Cairo speech:
I have come here to seek a new beginning between the United States
and Muslims around the world; one based upon mutual interest and
mutual respect; and one based upon the truth that America and Islam are
not exclusive, and need not be in competition. Instead, they overlap, and
share common principles principles of justice and progress; tolerance
and the dignity of all human beings.

IRAN
Congress is a predominant figure in determining Israels inclusion in the United
States foreign policy. According to Ilan Papp, [there are] four pillars in the pro-Israel
lobby: big oil, the military-industrial complex, AIPAC and Christian Zionists (Guerlain).
President Obama, after he spoke at the United Nations Summit in 2012 with attention

paid to Israel, clearly was adamant that he did and does not support a war with Iran.
According to Guerlain, this opposition has nothing to do with President Obamas
personality; George W. Bush was also against conflict with Iran. Irans policy, therefore,
is inconsistent because there are so many forces at play.

IRAQ
Early on in President Obamas first term, it looked like the war in Iraq was
coming to a close. Troops were being deployed out of the country and headed back to the
United States. Obama said the U.S. was leaving behind a sovereign, stable and selfreliant Iraq (Pace, 2015)." However, just last year troops were sent back to deal with the
emerging threat of the Islamic State and lead airstrikes. Foregoing this action, President
Obama undermined his own words just two years prior of saying that America would
leave Iraq to the Iraqis and would not interfere with its sovereignty.

SYRIA
ISIL, or the Islamic State of Iraq and Levant, is a radical group that exploits other
people/cultures for their own gain. In the past, this group was affiliated with Al Qaeda
and has since grown exponentially. The President has boldly spoken out about this group,
ISIL is not Islamic. No religion condones the killing of innocents, and the vast majority
of ISILs victims have been Muslim (Hudson, 2014). President Obama also said in this
address to America that if left unattended, ISIL poses as serious a threat to not only its
neighbors but the word as well. The United States] will degrade, and ultimately destroy,
ISIL through a comprehensive and sustained counter-terrorism strategy (Hudson, 2014).
The strategy is divided into four parts: airstrikes against ISIL, increase support to those
fighting ISIL on the frontline, work with terrorist experts to prevent any more attacks or
violence, and provide humanitarian relief to innocents who are affected by ISIL.

LIBYA
February 2011, was when Libyan forces unleashed their military on innocent
civilians and rebels of the country. It was here that President Obama had to directly face
the complicated question of whether or not to intervene-the basis of the United Nations
Responsibility to Protect Doctrine. Libya was waging battles against its own people; it
did not pose as a threat to American soil. After much deliberation with his advisors,
President Obama agreed to send airstrikes to force the Libyan military to stop (Traub,

2015). Although the action taken by the United States ultimately defeated Libyan militia
forces, the price paid was high. One of our ambassadors was assassinated, thus shedding
light on the sad reality that the Middle East is or may become unstable again.

Asia
In November 2011, President Obama visited various countries in the AsianPacific region of the world. It took attention away from the controversial and scary reality
that was Libya and looked towards the future. As president, I have, therefore, made a
deliberate and strategic decision as a Pacific nation, the United States will play a
larger and long-term role in shaping this region and its future, by upholding core
principles and in close partnership with our allies and friends (Foreign Policy).
Our countys involvement in foreign nations deliberately makes them hostile
towards us. It has not so much to do leadership, rather that the United States is involved
in their country in the first place. This is something that President Obama wanted the
complete opposite of in the Cairo speech but shows that most of the time, actions speak
louder than words. It seems that the Middle East actions taken by the Obama
Administration are a paradox; the very policies that Americans constantly justify by
spouting the Terrorism slogan are exactly what causes anti-American hatred and antiAmerican Terrorism in the first place (Greenwald, 2013).

Foreign Investment
President Obama mentioned in his Cairo speech that while much attention is paid
to oil and gas, it must also be focused on education and innovation- something that other
nations may currently be lacking. In 2009, President Obama stated that educational
elements such as more exchange programs and scholarships would be in store. According
to the article Obama Administration Must Live Up To Its Rhetoric on Study Abroad, 2012
still saw no changes in this department. Thus blatantly showing how the White House
Administration and President Obamas actions are rarely in line with actions taken.
[Many] scholarship programs have been eliminated. It is therefore valid to question the
administration's commitment to its stated objectives (Vargo, 2012). Scholarship
programs such as the Georege J. Mitchell Scholarship contribute the most to minorities
studying abroad and whose scholars are devoted to topics that the United States has
deemed of vital importance, such as nuclear warfare and climate change.

With regard to technological development in Muslim countries President Obama

said in 2009 that, we will launch a new fund to support technological development in
Muslim-majority countries, and to help transfer ideas to the marketplace so they can
create jobs. The problem many Muslim countries face is that they buy technology as
opposed to creating innovations themselves. The United States investing in education is
directly linked with the lack of science and technology in Islamic states. Without funding,
there is no incentive for students to achieve a higher education much less in the science
and technology fields.

Trade Agreements
As we know, the United States is a political union; however, we still have customs
unions with other nations to help make trade easier. The President has been in
negotiations about the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP). This
agreement would allow for limited tariffs between the United States and Europe. Because
this is an economic agreement, talks have been behind closed doors making the public
and other lawmakers skeptical. TTIP is not solely an economic agreement; rather it aims
to strengthen the bond between the two and result in better engagement with other
countries. The mere existence of TTIP is affecting other countries behavior/actions and
helps to advance economic integration, like Japan joining the Trans Pacific Partnership.
TTIP will help to create more transparency with trade and investments while also paying
attention to health, safety, and environmental regulations (Office of the Trade
Representative, 2014).
The reason the TTIP is successful this time around, unlike other global
agreements is because it offers job opportunities that both the EU and United States are
still reeling from the recession, eliminating tariffs helps regulatory differences become
less pronounced, and lastly it helps maintain the rules-based order that both areas follow
and may be the last window of opportunity to spread this philosophy in a 21st century
mindset (Hamilton, 2014). There are many criticisms of the TTIP, specifically the
Investment Dispute Settlements (ISDS) which will likely result in differential treatment
of investors (BusinessEurope, 2014).

Global Warming

The free market has survived in its ability to promote fair competition. We the
people, understand that our country cannot succeed when a shrinking few do very well
and a growing many barely make it (Inauguration, 2013). New technology is needed to
refurbish the government and help protect against global warming. President Obama
mentions climate change, though not the scientific evidence, rather in a layman way. He
mentions forest fires and droughts things all us Americans can grasp and see with our
own eyes. Sustainability is also another item on the Presidents agenda. He mentions in
his inauguration speech that new sustainable practices are something we need to tackle
head on in order to maintain our economy (i.e. agriculture).
The Obama administration has pushed for a balance of energy and environment
policy in their foreign policy strategy. In 2010, the year of the BP oil spill, President
Obama put forth a five year oil planning and development bill along with a climate
change bill- both of which inevitably failed to pass through Senate (Davenport). Five
years later, we are now looking at the same bill but with a new spin. If enacted, this
climate change bill could force many coal-powered power plants, the leading cause of
carbon pollution in the United States, to switch to renewable energy sources as a basis of
power because of new Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations. This bill is
called the Clean Power Plan by the EPA. According to the EPA Administrator, the Clean
Power Plan will also give the United States a competitive advantage, inspire engineers to
innovate, and create many jobs (McCarthy, 2014).
However, it was announced on January 28th that the President is exploring oil rigs
off the East coast of the United States- something that does not align with sustainability.
This could have major ramifications to the nearby states such as Georgia and Alabama.
There is risk and fear that new oil and gas drilling could lead to another disaster like the
BP spill of 2010. According to Coral Davenports article Obamas Plan: Allow Drilling in
Atlantic, but Limit it in the Artic, In announcing the drilling now, he is trying to achieve
a balancing act on energy and the environment that he failed to achieve in his first term,
in large part because of the BP disaster. Yet, the United States is talking a globalized
view on the pressing matter of climate change. Negotiations are currently underway for a
universal agreement on climate change; it involved over 190 countries with seven days of

meetings on the issue. It is likely that a decision regarding a universal agreement may
very well be reached by the end of this year (Menon, 2015).

Non-violent Peacekeeping
In his January 2013 inaugural speech, President Obama said that war is not the
only option to protect our national security and uphold international peacekeeping. He
emphasized that we will defend America through not only the use of force, but also via
the use of law. It is President Obamas belief that through the use of nonviolent methods
of ensuring peace, we can instill a sense of trust between countries and lift away any
stigma of fear or hesitance. In 2009, President Obama visited Egypt and addressed the
issue of anti-Semitism associated with Muslims and the United States since the
devastating events of September 11, 2001. The President attempted to reach out to the
Arab community saying, I have come here to seek a new beginning between the United
States and Muslims around the worldone based upon mutual interest and mutual respect
(Guerlain, 2014). The President supported efforts to work together drawing on
diplomatic channels. Nonetheless, President Obama is yet again faced with the cruel
reality that diplomatic relations are not enough to enforce change.
According to the article America in the mind of Obama, President Obama asked
Congress for the Authorization for the Use of Military Force (AUMF) after a three year
campaign for just the opposite. This document would provide the flexibility to conduct
ground combat operationssuch as rescue operationsor the use of special operations
forces to take military action against ISIS leadership (Melhem, 2015).
In February 2015, President Obama and Germanys Chancellor, Merkel,
reinforced their strategy of using diplomatic resolution when dealing with Russia and the
Ukraine by providing financial stimulus to help them create reforms. The hope is that
continued diplomatic efforts will encourage Russia to agree to the terms Europe and the
United States have set forth (Office of the Press Secretary, 2015)

Nuclear warfare
In 2010, [Obama] reached an arms-reduction deal with Russia and, signed up
other nations, including Russia and China, on tough sanctions against Iran sanctions
that have held until now, and made possible the current talks on curbing Tehrans nuclear
enrichment program (Foreign Policy). While it has not officially been confirmed, it is

believed that the United States created a cyber worm that infected Irans nuclear plant
(Moon). President Obama recently spoke to Germanys chancellor, Angela Merkel, about
global security issues- nuclear weapons being one topic. [Merkel and Obama] agree that
the international community has to continue enforcing existing sanctions as part of our
diplomatic effort to prevent Iran from obtaining a nuclear weapon (Office of the Press
Secretary, 2015).
We have reached a decisive point. This is not simply about America's
interests. It is about preventing a nuclear arms race in the Middle East
that could lead this region and the world down a hugely dangerous
path.
These words were spoken by President Obama during his Cairo speech in 2009. It
shows actions the president has taken with respect to nuclear weapons has been fairly
consistent. In 2010, the Pentagon actually helped advance President Obamas vision by
enacting the Nuclear Posture Review; this document stated that the United States would
not create new nuclear warfare and would not support military against in favor of nuclear
weapons (Carroll, 2014). According to an article by Foreign Policy, other countries are
less likely to concede their nuclear weaponry until the United States also did so, thus the
world has come to a consensus of sorts on nuclear warfare.
Nonetheless, the Obama Administration has allowed Iran the right to enhance
uranium- something that the Administration was strongly against around Obamas
inauguration in 2009. Apparently Iran is on track to put a nuclear warhead on
intercontinental missiles with a range reaching beyond Europe. This puts the whole
civilized world at risk of nuclear blackmail but more, it threatens Israels very existence
(Evans, 2015). In an article that appeared in the Huffington Post titled The Abolition of
Abolition, the author says President Obama has since entered a rock and a hard place with
Vladimir Putins and Irans impending threats. He really has no choice but to use seminuclear weapons in the Navy and Air Force because of this increasing threat to our
American people and borders.

Cyber Attacks

The government and consumers alike are doing business now more than any other
time in history. This puts the United States at both a significant advantage, but also poses
as a major threat. Foreign government hackers are attempting to break our system
everyday; this calls for new measures to be put in place. President Obama brings up
examples that the public can understand such as an air traffic control system going down
and disrupting flights or blackouts that plunge cities into darkness (Office of the Press
Secretary, 2015). Events that can hinder not just the government, but put the American
people in danger, call for new public safety standards to be implemented.
President Obama, at this years Cybersecurity and Consumer Protection Summit,
outlined what exactly he intends to do in the remaining time he is in office with regard to
cyber threats and security. The President identified three points. First, the private sector
need to work together to protect against cyber attacks. Second, the government and
private sector alike need to determine their strengths in regard to cyber security and
delegate who does what task. Innovative technologies and software need to constantly be
developed in order to keep cyber terrorists at bay, thus investing in todays youth to
encourage them interest and occupations in information technology. Last but not least
President Obama concludes by stating, we have to make sure we are protecting the
privacy and civil liberty of the American people (Office of the Press Secretary, 2015).
President Obama spoke out about Americas leading role in the digital world. The
President said that we are constantly coming up with innovations that transcend borders
and we need to continue to invest in developing new technologies to hold this position in
the world. The most recent advances with regard to cyber warfare occurred this past
month, February 2015. Lisa Monaco, the homeland security advisor, said that the world
transforming thanks to cyber threats. In the article titled Obama Administration Plans to
Open Center to Fight Cyberattacks that appeared in the New York Times, President
Obama started to push for cyber security measures in 2009 after the amount of data
breaches had increased five times over. The President emphasized that, the same
information technologies that help make our military the most advanced in the world are
targeted by hackers from China and Russia who go after our defense contractors and
systems that are built for our troops (Office of the Press Secretary, 2015).

Ms. Monaco discussed the need for opening a center that would deal solely and
directly with cyber attacks to the United States. This comes at an opportune time after the
Sony Pictures Entertainment and the JP Morgan Chase incidents. In light of this push,
Obama is urging companies, as well as the government, to be more transparent with
cyber attack information they possess. He is signing an Executive Order to make this
mandatory for all parties involved. Companies may actually have no choice but to share
this information, because President Obama is set to sign an Executive Order putting this
measure in place (Office of the Press Secretary, 2015). The article also goes on to say that
a cyber security bill will reenter Congress this year- the same bill which has been denied
for the past three years. The countries that continually attack United States networks are
China, Russia, Iran and North Korea. Lisa Monaco states quite bleakly, I worry that
malicious attacks, like the one on Sony Pictures, will increasingly become the norm
unless we adapt quickly (Sanger). The problem with getting foreign countries to comply
with the United States is that they do not share the same beliefs about transparency as we
do.
So far, it seems that President Obamas statements about cyber security and his
actions are quite consistent. He has laid out what he hopes to see the United States
accomplish in the remainder of his term and has acted upon these notions. He signed an
Executive Order to bring the government and private together, established a cyber
security center to directly deal with incoming threats to American soil, and has invested
in research and development of new technologies and software.

Immigration Reform
According to the White House website, there are over eleven million
undocumented peoples living in the United States. Support from the House and Senate to
create a reform has been slow to grow these last few years. Recently, President Obama
initiated an immigration reform via an executive order to bypass Congress. The White
House shares that Obamas executive actions have dealt with the following immigration
issues: cracking down on illegal immigration at the border, deporting felons, and holding
immigrants accountable.
President Obamas actions are set to severely constraint attempts to cross
American border illegally. New security measures at United States borders will be

heightened. In fact, from 2004 to 2010 troops at the border practically doubled to ten
thousand (Building a 21st Century Immigration System, 2011). In response to illegal
immigrants that pose as a threat to Americas national security- these peoples will be
amongst the first to be deployed. Illegal immigrants, who have successfully lived in the
United States for five years or more, are expected to become registered in the system.
They will not officially become a citizen, but are required to pay taxes. The White House
notes that every three years, an immigrant will be evaluated on whether or not to be
deported back to their home country. President Obama is also pursuing a bipartisan
proposal on immigration reform. This proposal, termed common-sense will also focus
on tightened border security and earning citizenship, in addition to streamlining the
immigration process and stop businesses from exploiting illegal workers (The White
House, 2015). According to Building a 21st Century Immigration System released by the
White House in May 2011, Apprehensions of illegal aliens decreased from nearly
724,000 in FY 08 to approximately 63,000 in FY 10, a 36 percent reduction, indicating
fewer people are attempting to illegally cross the border.

Obamas Legacy
In the article titled Obama, Unbound, it details steps that President Obama might
consider in leaving a lasting impact on the United States as well as laying a solid
foundation for the next President. He should select an enthusiastic United Nations
Secretary-General to become the successor of the current Secretary-General, Ban kiMoon. The introduction of an individual who has a different perspective and attitude can
greatly impact the overall operations of the United Nations. Perhaps this new successor
will have a panel of diverse backgrounds thus leading to more creative solutions as well
as pertinent information that a panel made of people with similar knowledge and
backgrounds might lack. With a new outlook on the supranational institution that governs
international relations, also comes the consideration of adapting old military measures.
From the start of his presidency, President Obama has been against the use of
torture to receive information. Democratic ideology condemns the use of such tactics;
without the proper measures in place, whos to say that another President could reverse
this step in the right direction. Obama should require the Pentagon to update the Army
Field Manual on Human Intelligence Collector Operations to repeal its notorious

Appendix M, which authorizes sensory deprivation and extreme isolation to break

detainees, and prohibit a wider list of torture (Nossel, 2015). Such issues are not only
American problems, but world issues as well. Harold Koh, the Obama Administrations
State Department advisor, has suggested that the President take into consider whether the
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights apply outside United States
territorial bounds (Nossel, 2015). Attention must also be paid to what is happening right
in Capitol Hill.
What is most shocking and frightening to me, is that the Pentagon has never been
audited. It receives the most governmental funds from the annual budget set forth from
the Administration, thus should remain accountable like all the other branches of
government. Auditing is extrememly important to make sure that there is no corruptness
or questionable practices being undertaken. In addition to this, there have been countless
unfulfilled promises made by Mr. President. Guantanamo Bay prison remains open,
surveillance has not undergone reform, and there is not much transparency in regard to
drones (Nossel, 2015).
With the upcoming election quickly approaching, it should be interesting to see
how President Obama acts without bounds of seeking approval. According to Suzanne
Nossel at Foreign Policy, his legacy will turn on whether he can conclude landmark
accords (a nuclear agreement with Iran, a sweeping trade pact in the Pacific Rim, and a
global climate compact), as well as on the long-term fates of Iraq and Afghanistan
(Nossel, 2015).

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