on
Product Development strategy
Given the rapid changes in consumer tastes technology arid competition
companies must develop a steady stream of new products and services A
firm can obtain-new products m two ways. One is through acquisition by
buying a whole company a patent or a license to produce someone else s
product The other as through new-product development m the company s
own research -and-development department By new products we mean
original products product improvements product modifications and new
brands that the firm develops through its own research-and-development
efforts.
New products continue to fail at a disturbing rate. One source estimates that
more than 90 percent of all new products fail in within 2 years Another-
study suggested that of the staggering 25,000 new consumer food, beverage,
beauty, and healthcare products to hit the market each year, only 40 percent
will be around 5 years later Moreover failure rates for new industrial
products may be as high as 30 percent.
Why do so many new products fail? There re several reasons Although an
idea may be good the market size may have been overestimated Perhaps the
actual product was not designed as well as it should have beer Or maybe it
was incorrectly positioned in the market priced too high or advertised poorly
A high-level executive might push a favorite idea despite poor marketing
research findings- Sometimes the costs of product development are higher
than expected, and sometimes Competitors fight back harder than Expected.
However the reasons behind some new product failures seem pretty obvious
Try the following on for size.
Review of
Literature
Product strategies
When an organization introduces a product into a market they must ask
themselves a number of questions.
Level 1: Core Product. What is the core benefit your product offers?.
Customers who purchase a camera are buying more then just a camera they
are purchasing memories.
Level 2Actual Product: All cameras capture memories. The aim is to ensure
that your potential customers purchase your one. The strategy at this level
involves organizations branding, adding features and benefits to ensure that
their product offers a differential advantage from their competitors.
Idea generation
New product development starts with idea generation the systematic search
for new product ideas. A company typically has to generate many in order to
find a few good once. According to one well-known management
consultant, For every 1 000 ideas, only 100 will have enough commercial t0
promise to merits a small sca1e experiment only 10 of those will Warrant
substantial financial commitment and of those a couple will turn out to be
unqualified successes. “His conclusion?“ If you want to find a few ideas
with the power to enthrall customer, foil competition, and thrill investors’
you must’ first generate hundreds and potentially thousands of
unconventional strategic ideas.
Using internal sources the company can find new ideas through formal
research and development. It can pick the brains of its executives Scientists
engineers manufacturing staff Sand sales people Some companies have-
developed successful entrepreneurial programs that encourage employees to
think up and develop new product ideas. For example 3M s well known 15-
percent rule allow employees to spend 15 percent of their tine bootlegging
—working on projects of personal interest whether or not those project
directly benefit the company.
Companies some times look for creative innovation approaches that
overcome barriers to the free flow-of new product ideas For example firms
like Eureka’ Ranch—a well known new product hatchery —employ both
method and madness in helping companies to jumpstart their new product
idea generation process.
Good new product idea also come from watching and listening to customers
The company can analyze customer questions and complaints to find new
products that better solve consumes problems Company engineers or
salespeople can meet with and work. Alongside customers to get suggestions
and ideas The Company can conduct surveys or focus groups to learn about
Consumer needs and wants. Heinz did just that when its researchers
approached children who consume more than half of the ketchup sold find
out what would make ketchup more appealing to them The answer change
the color So, Heinz developed and launc1iedEZ Squirt green ketchup that
comes iii a squeezable bottle targeted at kids Blastin Green ketchup was a
smash hit, so Heinz followed up with an entire rainbow of EZ Squirt colors,
including Funky Purple Passion Pink, Awesome Orange, Totally Teal, and
Stellar Blue. The EZ Squirt bottle s special nozzle also emits a thin ketchup
stream, “so tykes can autograph their burgers (or squirt someone across the
table though Heinz neglects to mention that).” In all the new line earned the
Company a 5 percent increase in sales ii the first year after hitting the
grocery shelf.
Consumers often create new products and uses on their own and companies
can benefit by putting them on the market. For example for years customers
were spreading the word that Skin-so-soft bath oil and moisturizer was also
a terrific bug repellent. Whereas some Consumers Were content simply to
bathe an water scented with the fragrant oil others carried it in their
backpacks to mosquito-infested campsites or kept a bottle on the deck of
their beach houses Avon tuned the idea into a complete line of Skin-So-Soft
Bug Guard PLUS lR335® products including the Insect Repellent Gentle
Breeze Moistures Sun block Lotion SPF 30 a combination moisturizer insect
repellent and sunscreen.
•
Appoint a respected senior person to be the company s idea manager.
•
Create a cross-functional idea management committee consisting of
people from R&D, engineering purchasing operations finance and
sales and marketing to meet regri1rly and evaluate proposed new
product and service ideas.
•
Set up a toll-free number or Web site for anyone who wants to send a
new idea to the idea manager.
•
Encourage all company stakeholders-employees suppliers,
distributors, dealers—to send their ideas to the idea manager.
•
Set up formal recognition programs to reward those who contribute
the best new ideas.
Idea Screening
Concept Development
Concept Testing
Concept testing calls for testing new-product concepts with groups of target
consumers. The concepts may be presented to consumers symbolically or
physically. Here; in words, is
concept 3: An efficient fun-to drive fuel cell-powered electric subcompact
car that seats four.
This methanol powered high-tech wonder provides practical and reliable
trans potation with virtually o pollution It goes up to 90 miles per hour and
unlike battery-powered electric cars, it never needs recharging It s priced,
fully equipped at $20000.
For some concept tests a word or picture description might be sufficient.
However a more concrete and physical presentation of the concept will
increase the reliability of the concept test Today some marketers are finding
innovative ways to make product concepts more real to consumer subjects
For example some are using virtual reality to test product concepts. Virtual
reality programs use computers and sensory devices (such as gloves or
goggles) to simulate reality A designer of kitchen cabinets might use a
virtual reality program to help a customer ‘ see how his or her kitschier
would look and work if remodeled with the company’s products. After being
exposed to the concept consumers then may be asked to react to at by
answering questions such as those. The answers will help the company
decide which concept has the strongest appeal For example the last question
asks about the consumers intention to buy Suppose 10 percent of the
consumers said they definitely would buy and another 5 percent said
“obab1y ‘The company could project these figures to the full population in
this target group to estimate sales volume Even then the estimate is uncertain
because people do not always carry out their stated intentions.
The marketing strategy statement consists of three parts. The first part
describes the tar get market the planned product positioning; and the sates,
market share, and profit goals for the first few years. Thus:
The target market is younger well educated moderate to high income
individuals couples or small families seeking practical environmentally
responsible transportation The car will be positioned as more economical to
operate, more fun to drive, and less polluting than today s internal
combustion engine or hybrid cars It is also less restricting than battery
powered electric cars which must be recharged regularly. The company will
aim to sell 100 000 cars in the first year at a loss of not more than $15
million In the second year the company wall aim for sales of 120,000 cars
and a profit of $25 million.
The second part of the marking strategy statement outlines the product s
planned price distribution and marketing budget for the first year:
The fuel cell powered electric car will be offered an three colors—red white
and blue—and will have optional air-conditioning and power drive features
It will sell at a retail price of $20,000—with 15 percent off the list price to
dealers. Dealers who sell more than 10 cars per month will get an additional
discount of5 percent on each car sold that month An advertising budget
of$5Q million will be split 50-50 between a national media campaign and
local advertising. Advertising will emphasize the car’s fun spirit and low
emissions. During the first year, $100,000 will be spent on
marketing research to find out who is buying the car and their satisfaction
levels.
Business analysis
Product development
So far for many new product concepts the product may have existed only as
a word a thawing or perhaps a crude mock-up If the product concept passes
the business test it moves into product development Here R&D or
engineering develops the product concept into a physical product. The
product development step however now calls for a large jump in investment
It will show whether the product idea can be turned into a work
able product. The R&D department will develop and test one or more
physical versions of the product concept R&D hopes to design a prototype
that will satisfy and excite consumers and that can be produced quickly aid
at budgeted costs. Developing a successful prototype can take days,
weeks, months, or even years. Often products under go rigorous tests to
make sure that they perform safely and effectively,
or that consumers will find value in them. Here are some examples of such
product tests:
Procter & Gamb1e (P&G)spends $150 million on 4,000 to 5 0O studies a
year test in everything from the ergonomics of picking up a shampoo bottle
to how long women can keep their hands in sudsy water. On any given day
subjects meet an focus groups e11 their dirty laundry to researchers put
prototype diapers on their babies bottoms and rub mysterious creams on
their faces Last year one elementary school raised $17000 by having
students and parents take part in P&G product tests Students tested
toothpaste and shampoo and ate brownies while their mothers watched
advertising for Tempo tissue P&G s paper wipes packaged to fit in a car.
At Gillette almost everyone gets involved in new product testing. Every
working day at Gillette, 200 volunteers from various departments come to
work unshaven troop to the second floor of the company’s gritty South
Boston plant and enter small booths with a sink and mirror. There they take
instructions from technicians on the other side of a small window as to
which razor, shaving cream or after shave to use The volunteers evaluate
razors for sharpness of blade, smoothness of glide and ease of handling In a
nearby shower room women perform the same ritual on their legs,
underarms and what the company delicately refers to as the bikini area. We
bleed so you. 11 get a good shave at home says one Gillette
employee.
Test marketing
If the product passes functional and consumer tests, the next step is test
marketing the stage at which the product and marketing program are
introduced into more realistic market settings. Test marketing ’gives the
marketer experience with marketing the product before going to the great
expense of full ‘introduction. It lets the company test the product and its
entire marketing program-positioning strategy advertising distribution
pricing branding and packaging and budget levels. The amount of test
marketing needed varies with each new product Test marketing costs can be
high, and it takes time that may allow competitors to gain advantages.
Commercialization
When?
The company has to decide on the introduction timing. When facing the
danger of cannibalizing the sales of the company’s other products, if the
product can be improved further, or if the economy is down, the launch
should be delayed.
Every single bank in Nigeria today has been commercialized. But its sad
enough to know that most of these banks are not straight forward in their
various dealings with their clines/customers.
Where?
The company has to decide where to launch its products. It can be in a single
location, one or several regions, a national or the international market. This
decision will be strongly influenced by the company’s resources, in terms of
capital, managerial confidence and operational capacities. Smaller
companies usually launch in attractive cities or regions, while larger
companies enter a national market at once.
To Whom?
The primary target consumer group will have been identified earlier by
research and test marketing. These primary consumer groups should consist
of innovators, early adopters, heavy users and/or opinion leaders. This will
ensure adoption by other buyers in the market place during the product
growth period.
How?
The company has to decide on an action plan for introducing the product by
implementing the above decisions. It has to develop a viable marketing mix
and create a respective marketing budget.
Many companies organize their new product development process into the
orderly sequence of starting-with idea generation and ending with
commercialization Under this sequential product development approach one
company department works individually to complete its stage of the process
before passing the new product along to the development next department
and stage. This orderly step-by step process can help bring control to
complex and risky projects. But it also can be dangerously slow. In fast
changing highly competitive works markets such slow but sure product
development can result in pro4uct failures lost sales arid profits and
crumbling market positions Speed to market and reducing new product
development cycle time have become pressing concerns to companies in all
industries.
In order to get their new products to market more quickly many companies
are adopting a faster team-oriented approach called simultaneous product
development (or team bad or collaborative product-development) Under this
approach company departments work closely together through cross
functional teams overlapping the steps in the product development process
to save time and increase effectiveness Instead of passing the new product
from department to department the company assembles a team -of people
from various departments that Stays with the new product from start to
finish. Such teams usually include people from the marketing finance
design, manufacturing and legal departments and even supplier and
customer companies.
top management gives the product development team general strategic
direction but no clear cut product idea or work plan It challenges the team
with stiff and seemingly contradictory goals— turn out carefully planned
and superior new products but do it quickly —and then givers the team
whatever freedom and resources it needs to meet the challenge In the
sequential process a bottleneck at one phase can seriously slow the entire
protect In the simultaneous approach, if one functional area hits snags it
works to resolve them while the team moves on.
The Data Collection
Primary Data
BOOKS
Part III
Chapter# 9
Page # 274,276,280,282
Web site
www.learnmarketing.net
www.wikipedia.org
www.infotrends.com
Secondary Data
Organization
Web site
www.pg.com
Practical Study
Three billion times a day, P&G brands touch the lives of people around the world. We are
one of the largest and strongest portfolios of trusted, quality, leadership brands. At P&G,
the people who develop and build the brands are the foundation of our success.
OUR COMMITMENT
At P&G, we believe in giving back to the communities we live in. Corporate social
responsibility is close to P&G’s heart. P&G develops and runs several initiatives and
programs aimed at helping communities and improving people’s lives, especially
children.
OUR HISTORY
P&G commenced operations in Pakistan in 1991. Headquartered in Karachi, our goal was
to become the finest global consumer goods company operating locally in Pakistan. To
fulfill this goal, we are serving Pakistani consumers with 12 brands that strive to make
their everyday lives better.
PRODUCT INFORMATION
PRODUCTS RANGE
Data Analysis
Did you know P&G invented the concept of brand, brand management and
even the Soap Opera (originally designed to showcase our soap powders on
TV)? Over the years, we¹ve remained consistently on the cutting edge of
marketing always finding new and exciting ways of reaching consumers. So,
it’s not surprising that some of the world’s best marketing pros started here.
Here, you will lead a brand’s strategic choices and vision, product and
commercial innovations, and marketing elements across all media, while
collaborating with multi-function teams and agency partners. You will need
to make tough calls to a build a brand’s market shares and deliver profit to
P&G shareholders. Join us today if you¹re ready to challenge paradigms and
push creative boundaries to propel brand building to a new level. A degree is
required.
Concept Development
Product Development
References
BOOKS
Part III
Chapter# 9
Page # 274,276,280,282
Website
http://learnmarketing.net/product.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_product_development
http://www.npd-solutions.com/strategy.html
http://www.infotrends.com/public/Content/MRD/Projectdescriptions
/productconcepttesting.html
http://www.businessplans.org/Market.html
http://www.proddev.com/pdf/Succeeding_at_New_Products_the_PG_
Way.pdf
www.pg.com